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rough and ready methods employed by the navigatorsof his day.

Nothing better illustrates the pleasure whichGilbert derived from knowing his experiments tobe of use than his expressed gratification at thebenefits which seamen were to derive from the use ofhis nautical instruments. By observations of thevariation and the declination of the magnetic needlehe saw the possibility of fixing the position of a shipat sea by magnetic observations alone. Owing tothe fact that to each latitude there does not corresponda constant dip, his hope has remained unfulfilled,and the charting of the seas for the magnetic irregu-larities which exist throughout them is a work whichcontinues to the present day. Gilbert’s electricaldiscoveries were quite important and include theobservation that glowing bodies and flames dispel theelectrical charge in other bodies, and that the attrac-tion of an electric is in a straight line toward it. He ewas the inventor of an electroscope which was theforerunner of the delicate instruments of the presentday.

Thomas Young.I pass now to a few remarks upon the physical

researches of a most amazing man, Thomas Young,born in 1773, son of a man of some property in thewest of England. Young was an intellectual giant,was a Fellow of the Royal Society when he was 21,and was known among his university colleagues as" Phenomenon Young." Besides being the founder ofphysiological optics his experiments upon the natureof light mark a most important epoch in the historyof the subject ; for. they clinched the argument onceand for all for the wave theory of Huygens as againstthe corpuscular theory of the great Newton. Young’sexperiments were sufficiently decisive for him tostate that " radiant light consists of undulations ofthe luminiferous ether." Even at the present time,when the existence of the ether itself is questioned, theimportance of Young’s discovery remains undi-minished. It was as the outcome of his work andthat of Fresnol that a theory of the nature of light ’,evolved, which, in the hands of Clark Maxwell,led to the most brilliant generalisation of the lastcentury-namely, the electro-magnetic theory of light.Young’s work upon the elasticity of solids and uponthe cohesion of liquids remains good to the presentday. Young had the reputation as a lecturer of beingvery obscure. It is recorded that two courses oflectures delivered at the Middlesex Hospital were butsparsely attended !

Physics and Medicine.The discoveries of both these men mark epochs in

the history of physical science. Gilbert rescued thesubject of magnetism from a state of hopeless chaosand confusion, and put its study upon a firm experi-mental basis, while Young’s discoveries led up to thegeneralisations of Maxwell and the study of radiologyin its widest sense.A word of reassurance may be directed to those

at the start of their medical studies and forwhose welcome these gatherings are especiallydesigned. The discoveries in physics of two mendevoted to the practice of medicine did not preventthem from succeeding in their profession. Gilberthaving graduated in arts and medicine at Cambridgesome years later settled in practice in London.Success in no ordinary measure came to him here,for he became physician to Queen Elizabeth, andafterwards to King James I. He also became a

Fellow and subsequently Censor, Treasurer, and finallyPresident of the College of Physicians. ThomasYoung received his medical education at Cambridge,St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and Göttingen. Hepractised in Welbeck-street, became a Fellow of theCollege of Physicians in 1809, acted as Censor for theCollege during two years, and became one of thephysicians to St. George’s Hospital. His methods asa physician were not the vigorous measures of hisday, yet we can fairly assume that he did not lackpatients.

KING’S COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL.’.I’1IE opening of the winter session took place on

Oct. 3rd, when Sir HERBERT JACKSON gave theinaugural address. Ile said : During the last fewyears a good deal has been heard of the neglect ofscience in early education, and no one who hasfollowed the discussions which have taken place onthe subject can doubt that there was good reason forstriving after reform in the direction of giving muchmore attention in schools to the broad general prin-ciples of science. It is always difficult for the advocatesof reform to avoid exaggeration, and in some mindsthere is a feeling of the possible danger that inremedying a neglect of science in early educationthere may be too much of a tendency to bring aboutneglect of the study of the humanities. I wouldendeavour to emphasise that possibly to no memberbof the community more than to those who intendto follow the medical profession is breadth of earlyeducation more important.

Value of Early Education.Some of the great men in the medical profession

in the past owed to the education they had inhumanities in their early school days, to the wideoutlook in science which was given to them in theirearly professional education, and to their ability tosee medicine more or less as a whole, much of thepower and influence which they exerted, not onlyin their profession but also as citizens, because ofwhat was called their " individuality." Limitationto the study of so impersonal a subject as science ishardly likely in itself to be the best training for anindividual in powers of expression and communicationof his feelings, and it would appear, therefore, to beclear that the inclusion of the subjects groupedtogether under the term " humanities " is vital inthe education of one who enters into such intimaterelations with his fellow creatures as does a medicalman.

As to his scientific education, it is admittedlyimpossible now for anyone to have so comprehensivea knowledge of medical science and all the collateralsciences as was possible in earlier years. But thelabours of those who have been bringing the sciencesmore and more together, and pointing out the greatsimilarity in their underlying principles, have madeit possible for the present and future students ofmedicine to acquire so wide and sympathetic anoutlook that they will have practically the same kindof mental attitude towards their fellow creaturesand their other surroundings as their predecessorshad. While acquiring more profound and detailedknowledge of the special branch which they may electto follow, they will still be capable of feeling and show-ing that general sympathy with human activities whichappears to be a necessary equipment if a man is toinfluence others. The outlook on science changesso rapidly, and the applications come one after theother so quickly, that it does seem as if a muchsounder and more comprehensive early study ofgeneral principles throughout the sciences would bethe best means of ensuring that, in later life, a medicalman would not have to learn anew what he had passedover, but being familiar with it could build upon itat once. I can imagine that even perhaps at thepresent day-at all events a year or two ago-a lecturerenlarging much to medical students on certainbranches of physics and chemistry would possiblymeet with a certain measure of inattention. If, fora moment, however, I may call your attention towhat appears to be a most inspiring outlook fromparticular work on crystals, I think you will see therelevancy of the suggestion that the students’ timewas not being wasted.

Possibilities of Chemistry and Physics.From work on the structure of crystals there has

arisen the notion, described at the last meeting ofthe British Association by its author, Sir WilliamBragg, of crystal units which may consist of two, three.or more molecules, or perhaps in some cases of only

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one molecule. The interpretation by the results ofX rays of the structure of these crystal units in spaceof three dimensions promises to yield more and moreperfect knowledge of the physical properties of matterin the gross, since it is evident that these physicalproperties are nearly all implicit in and traceable tothe crystal unit itself. We have, therefore, a newconception of a physical reality in the shape of aunit from which existing properties of crystallinematter can be deduced, facts about it can be moreclosely related, and possibilities more reasonablypredicted than could be done with any of the earlierconfigurations of the molecule familiar to the chemist.Again, there is the wonderful development which

may be very briefly described as the progressive useof light of shorter and shorter wave length. Wherethe microscope fails, even with ultra-violet light,to reveal structure and the nature of structure, theshorter wave lengths continue the story right downto the very molecules and atoms, so that we seemalmost now to be able to see them-at least, we cansee models of them which are based on very soundobservations and deductions. I have chosen thisillustration because these things might perhaps notbe of special interest to medical students ; but iffurther development of all this work with the utilisa-tion of a larger range of short wave lengths carriesthe investigations from crystals to all such substancesas cellulose, horn, tendon or muscle, which havedefinite structure, there can be no question that thetime will come when it will all be a matter of pro-found interest to medical men.

I need do no more than mention to this audiencethe great developments that are taking place inpsychology, in physiology, in other departments ofbiology and in biological chemistry ; and on thisoccasion-the commencement of a session-I feelthat one may indeed congratulate those who are

entering on the study for their profession that theyare doing so at a period when there has probablynever been a feeling of greater hope of wonderfulnew discoveries or greater enthusiasm exhibited inthe search for them.

Obituary.ANNE FENTON CLEAVER, L.R.C.P. EDIN.,

D.P.H. CAMB.Dr. Anne F. Cleaver, Assistant Medical Inspector of

Schools under the Transvaal Education Department,died at Johannesburg on Sept. 4th. She was a memberof a well-known Orange Free State family, and hadbeen a hospital nurse before qualifying L.R.C.P.,L.R.C.S. Edin., and L.R.F.P.S. Glasg. from the London(R.F.H.) School of Medicine for Women. In 1903 sheheld an appointment as senior house surgeon at theClapham Maternity Hospital, and then, taking uppublic health work, she proceeded to UniversityCollege and took the D.P.H. Camb. in 1904. A yearlater she returned to South Africa and started privatepractice at Johannesburg. She felt a keen interestin public affairs, and was appointed one of the membersof the first school board on the Rand, in which capacityshe did excellent service. In 1915 she was appointedassistant medical inspector of schools, in charge of theWitwatersrand area, a position which she held up tothe time of her death. In addition she was depart-mental examiner in physiology and hygiene, anddirector of the new school clinic, an institution whichpractically owes its existence to her insist,ence onthe necessity of following up and treating defectiveschool-children.

Dr. C. Louis Leipoldt, Chief Medical Inspector ofSchools, Transvaal Education Department, writes :" Through the death of Dr. Cleaver the departmentloses a conscientious and highly capable official, towhose energetic efforts the success of school medicalinspection in the Transvaal is largely due. Her personalcharm and large heartedness endeared her to all who

had to work with her, and her popularity, both as aninspector and as a lecturer, made her a very welcomevisitor in all the schools under her charge. She didexcellent pioneer service, especially in regard tothe investigation of malaria, ankylostomiasis, andbilharziasis in the low veld. The malarial survey of ourschools was started when she entered the service in1915, and she was responsible for the investigation ofthe disease in the Rustenburg and Pietersburg areas-a work that entailed travelling on an average 1200miles by motor car per month, camping on theveld, and exposure to considerable danger of infec-tion. The results of her inquiry are collated in thereport on malaria published in 1920 ; the results ofher investigations into bilharzia and ankylostomiasisstill await publication. Her contributions to themedical journals were few, and owing to her diffidencein publishing the results of her work the data sheaccumulated on such interesting subjects as the onsetof puberty in South African girls-an investigationwhich she started as soon as she became medicalinspector-the incidence of rheumatic fever inTransvaal children, and the association betweenrheumatic fever and chronic malaria have not

yet appeared. She took a broad view of thepossibilities of medical inspection of schools, especiallyin connexion with the prevention of defects byante-natal effort and by vigorous propagandawork. At the school clinic-a fine institutionwhich she had helped to plan and which she hadbeen largely instrumental in establishing while Iwas absent in the Cape Province-she instituted amodern, up-to-date ante-natal clinic (a feature ofwhich was the systematic routine blood testing of everypatient), besides devoting every Saturday morning tothe treatment of minor ailments, and latterly, everyWednesday to ionisation treatment of children suffer-ing from otorrhoea. As a colleague she was keenlyinterested in the development of the service, andindefatigable in her efforts to cope with an enormousarea with its 1500 scattered schools. Her death is agreat loss to us and to the service, for she was an idealmedical inspector, and a pioneer whose record is aninspiration for those who will have to follow her."

THOMAS DAVEY LUKE, M.D.R.UT..,F.R.C.S. EDIN.

Dr. T. D. Luke, who died on Sept. 25th at the ageof 49, was well known in the West of England for hisinterest in hydrotherapy. He studied medicine atBelfast, Dublin, London, and Edinburgh, and graduatedM.B. at the Royal University of Ireland in 1894. In1902 he took the F.R.C.S. Edin. and six years laterproceeded to the M.D.R.U.I. His first interest afterqualification was anaesthetics. He was appointedlecturer in anesthetics in Edinburgh University andlater wrote a Guide to Anaesthetics, and, in conjunctionwith J. S. Ross, Anaesthesia in Dental Surgery, whichhas gone through four editions. He soon becameinterested in hydrotherapy and he was made residentphysician successively at Smedley’s Hydro at Matlock,at the hydro at Grange-over-Sands, and at PeeblesIlydro. Later he became medical director of theOchil Hills Sanatorium at Kinross. Dr. Luke wrotethe article on Hydropathic Treatment in Osler andMurphy’s Encyclopaedia of Medicine and several otherpublications on his special subject, including a Guideto British Health Resorts, which appeared in 1919.His last work, a Manual of Physio-Therapeutics,described a number of methods of treatment notemployed as they might be by medical men generally.He had exceptional opportunities for the study ofphysical agents and did much to popularise them.

CARNEGIE HERO FUND.-A medallion has beenawarded to Dr. J. W. L. Spence, also an annuity of £130,in recognition of his valuable work in electro-medicalresearch and radiology. Dr. Spence, in spite of an ampu-tation of his right forearm necessitated by X ray dermatitis,still carries on his work as medical officer in charge of theelectrical department of the Royal Hospital for Sick Children,Edinburgh, and radiologist to other institutions.