KJM3100 V2007
KJM3100/KJM4100/KJM9100
Materialkjemi/Chemistry of materials
Poul Norby
Kjemisk Institutt,
Kontor Ø148
228 55566
KJM3100 V2007
Additional teachers:
Bo Nyström: Gels and polymer nanoparticles
Jaan Roots: Polymers
Some classes of materials which will be covered in the course:MineralsCeramicsGlassMicro and mesoporous materialsNanomaterialsLiquid crystalsPolymers
KJM3100 V2007
The course material (pensum) V2006:
Title Author Year ISBN Chapter start end pages acc.Solid State Chemistry and Its Applications West, Anthony R 1985 0471908746 Kap. 18 Glass 594 636 43 43
Kap. 19 Cement and concrete 638 653 16 59Kap. 20 Refractories 654 665 12 71
Crystal Chemistry and Refractivity Student edition Howard W. Jaffe 1988 0521369851
Kap. 4 The crystal chemistry of the ionic bond 42 59 18 89
Kap. 5 Paulings second rule of electrostatic valency in ionic coordination compounds 61 69 9 98
Modern Perspectives in Inorganic Crystal Chemistry Erwin Parthé (ed.) 1992 0792319540
The bond valence method in crystal chemistry (M. O'Keeffe) 163 177 15 113
Properties of Materials (Paperback) Mary Anne White 1999 0195113314
Kap. 2 Atomic and molecular origins of color 11 23 13 126Kap. 3 Color in metals and semiconductors 32 39 8 134
Understanding Solids, The science of materials Richard Tiley 2004 0470852763
Kap. 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 151 191 41 175
The Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
C. N. R. Rao (Editor), Achim Müller (Editor), Anthony K. Cheetham (Editor) 2004 3-527-30686-2 Semiconducting nanoparticles 20 195
Pensum vedr. polymerer og flytende krystaller Noter/kopier 100 295
KJM3100 V2007
18514279266
Acta Cryst. (1976) A29 266-2821973
I.D. Brown and R.D. Shannon
Empirical Bond-Strength-Bond-Length Curves for Oxides
171911611153
small 2005, 1, No. 12, 1152 – 11622005
Celso de Mello Doneg, Peter Liljeroth, and Daniel Vanmaekelbergh
Physicochemical Evaluation of the Hot-Injection Method, a Synthesis Route for MonodisperseNanocrystals
16217395379
Ch. 8.1-8.15: Microporousand Mesoporous Materials from Soft Building Blocks085404664X2005
G. A. Ozin and A.C. Arsenault
Nanochemistry; A chemical approach to Nanomaterials
1455191187subtract. Polymers
14021171151Ch. 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites0470852763 2004Richard Tiley
Understanding Solids, The science of materials
11983932Ch. 3 Color in metals and semiconductors
111132311Ch. 2 Atomic and molecular origins of color01951133141999Mary Anne WhiteProperties of Materials
(Paperback)
9896961
Ch. 5 Paulings second rule of electrostatic valency in ionic coordination compounds
89185942Ch. 4 The crystal chemistry of the ionic bond05213698511988Howard W. Jaffe
Crystal Chemistry and Refractivity Student edition
7112665654Ch. 20 Refractories
5916653638Kap. 19 Cement and concrete
4343636594Ch. 18 Glass04719087461985West, Anthony R
Solid State Chemistry and Its Applications
acc.pagesendstartChapterISBNYearAuthorTitle
KJM3100 V2007
Structure of the course:
Total: 45 lectures, 15 colloquiaOne project report
32h inorganic materials10h: project report18h: polymers and soft materials
KJM3100 V2007
•Minerals: •Bonding, Paulings rules and bond valence
•Ceramics: from pottery shards to space shuttles•Reactivity and stability
•Glass:•Properties of glasses•Colour of materials
•Micro and mesoporous materials:•Catalysis and solid acids
•Nanomaterials: •Semiconducting quantum dots
•Liquid crystals:•Smart materials
•Polymers:•Soft is beautiful
KJM3100 V2007
Materials in everyday life
KJM3100 V2007
The mobile phone is an example of devices, which welook at as a natural component in everyday life.
There are several things that have made the mobile telephone revolution so powerful:
•New materials,
•Microtechnology
•Advanced programming.
Your cellphone is crammed full of materials, withfunctionality which could only be dreamed of a fewdecades back.
The hard cover is made from organic polymers; strong, light, durable and machinable. And also nowadays, and more in the future, with a focus on making the materials recyclable and the processes and environmentally safe.
KJM3100 V2007
Loudspeakers in the mobile phone is an effect of another astonishing development in materials technology. The development of stronger and stronger magnets has allowed miniaturization of loudspeakers, although the technology and principle of construction of the loudspeaker is old.
The present material for high field permanent magnets is Nd2Fe14B (neodymium magnets)
Another class of loudspeakers (and buzzers) are based on piezoelectric ceramics.
KJM3100 V2007
The display has liquid crystals as the functional ”material”.Liquid crystals are somewhere between crystals and fluids. The molecules are ordered to some extent. But they move easily and may reorganize.
The display consist of a thin layer of liquid crystals between two glass plates with crossed polarizing filters. We can control the ordering of the molecules by an electrical field. The liquid crystals rotate the polarization of the light, and the transmission or blocking of light gives the black/transparent effect. In order to apply an electrical field, a thin layer of another functional material is deposited on the glass plates. This is an transparent conducting oxide, e.g. tin/indium oxide (ITO).
KJM3100 V2007
Light on the screen and keypad is provided by micro diodes (LED, LightEmitting Diodes). Layered structures of p- and n-dopedsemiconducters are used.
KJM3100 V2007
* aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared* aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) - green* aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) - high-brightness orange-red, orange,
yellow, and green* gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange-red, orange, and yellow* gallium phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green* gallium nitride (GaN) - green, pure green (or emerald green), and blue* indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - near ultraviolet, bluish-green and blue* silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate - blue* silicon (Si) as substrate - blue (under development)* sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate - blue* zinc selenide (ZnSe) - blue* diamond (C) - ultraviolet* aluminium nitride (AlN), aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) - near to far ultraviolet
Coming up: OLEDs
Organic light-emitting diodes
KJM3100 V2007
The mobile phone contains many electric and electronic components; resistors, amplifiers, transitors, condensators…
The heart of the device is the integrated circuits; the mobile phone has become a powerful computer!
The components are synchronized by a piezoelectric quartz crystal. The picture shows thecrystal in its protective casing.
KJM3100 V2007
Mechanical Properties•Metals/Alloys, e.g. Titanium for aircraft •Cement/Concrete Ca3SiO5
•'Ceramics', e.g. clays, BN, SiC•Lubricants, e.g. Graphite, MoS2
•Abrasives, e.g. Diamond, Quartz (SiO2), Corundum(Al2O3, TiN, Si3N4
Materials:
AppearancePrecious and Semi-precious Gemstones
Graphite
Diamond
Corundum
Sapphire
MoS2
KJM3100 V2007
Sensors•Oxygen sensor, e.g. ZrO2/CaO solid solution
Electrical PropertiesMetallic Conductors, e.g. Cu, Ag... Semiconductors, e.g. Si, GaAsSuperconductors, e.g. Nb3Sn, YBa2Cu3O7
Electrolytes, e.g. LiI in pacemaker batteries Piezoelectrics, e.g. α-Quartz (SiO2) watches
Magnetic Propertiese.g. CrO2, Fe3O4 for recording technology Magnetoresistance, La1-xSrxMnO3
Optical PropertiesPigments, e.g. TiO2 in paints Phosphors, e.g. Eu3+ in Y2O3 is red on TV Lasers, e.g. Cr3+ in Al2O3 is rubyFrequency-doubling of light, e.g. LiNbO3
CatalystsZeolite ZSM-5Petroleum refining methanol-to-octane
Magnetite, Fe3O4
Ruby
Quartz
Rutile
KJM3100 V2007
Approaches to nanomaterials
Bottom_up
Top_down
KJM3100 V2007
Thena
nowor
ld
Molecular Wires. Tailor-made parts in size from nano to submicron
Drug Delivery System (DDS): A novel type of synthetic liposomalnanoparticle (100 nm in diameter) which bears sugar chain-protein conjugates and functions as DDS in a blood vessel
Single Electron TransistorsUltra low power devices
Carbon Nanotube Field EmitterCarbon nanotube grown at the top of the silicon tip for field emitter display with ultra low power dissipation
KJM3100 V2007
Nanomaterials in batteries andnanobatteries
KJM3100 V2007
Conversion of Zinc Oxide Nanobelts into Superlattice-Structured Nanohelices
Science 2005
KJM3100 V2007
a) nacre in red-abalone. b) synthetic ZnO crystals. c) a diatom. d)-h) different types of synthetic
silica crystals
Biomimeticsand nanostructures
