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REVIEW CENTER ASSOCIATION OF THE PH v. ERMITAApril 2, 2009|Carpio J. | Non-delegation

Digester: Yee, Jenine

SUMMARY:Due to a leakage in the nursing exaination, !hi"h!as "ir"ulated aong the exainees re#ie!ing at $A %apu&$e#ie! Center and 'nress $e#ie! Center, the CA restrained that(ro)essional $egulation Coission )ro pro"eeding !ith the

oath-taking o) the su""ess)ul exainees. Conse*uentl+ (residentArro+o issued the assailed // !hi"h authori&ed CD tosuper#ise the esta1lishent and operation o) all re#ie! "entersand siilar entities in the (hilippines. (etitioner les a petitiondire"tl+ 1e)ore the Court assailing the "onstitutionalit+ o) the )or expanding the s"ope o) CD3s 4urisdi"tion.

DOCTRINE:5he exer"ise o) the (resident3s residual po!ersunder this pro#ision re*uires legislation. 678

FACTS:

n and 2 June 200/, the (ro)essional $egulationCoission 6($C8 "ondu"ted the Nursing oard xainationsnation!ide.

'n June 200/, li"ensure appli"ants !rote the ($C to reportthat handwritten !"ie# !$ tw! #et# !$ e%a&inati!n# wereir'(ated d'rin) the e%a&inati!n "eri!d a&!n) thee%a&inee# reviewin) at the R.A. *a"'+ Review Centerand Inre## Review Center.

%eorge Cordero, 'nress $e#ie! Center3s (resident, !as thenthe in"u1ent (resident o) the (hilippine Nurses Asso"iation.

o 5he exainees !ere pro#ided !ith a list o) 00*uestions and ans!ers in t!o o) the exainations3 #esu14e"ts.

o

5he ($C later aditted the leakage and tra"ed it to t!ooard o) Nursing e1ers. n 9 June 200/, the ($Creleased the results o) the Nursing oard xainations.

n ; August 200/, the Court o) Appeals restrained the ($C)ro pro"eeding !ith the oath taking o) the su""ess)ulexainees set on 22 August 200/.

Conse*uentl+, (resident %loria


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dialogue, parti"ularl+ on lo!ering o) the registration )ee )ro(?00,000 to (20,000 and the re*uireent )or re#ie!ers toha#e #e +ears3 tea"hing experien"e instead o) #e +ears3adinistrati#e experien"e. (etitioner like!ise re*uested )or a"ategori"al ans!er to their re*uest )or the suspension o) the'$$. 5he CD did not repl+ to the letter.

n B e"tion ;, enuerating the CD3s po!ers and )un"tions.CD has the po!er to Ionitor and e#aluate the per)oran"eo) "r!)raand institutions !$ hi)her (earnin))orappropriate in"enti#es as !ell as the iposition o) san"tionsEthe ter Iprogras x x x o) higher learningE is 1road enough

to in"lude progras o@ered 1+ re#ie! "enters.

COURT:

>e"tion = o) $A BB22 pro#ides I5he Coission shall 1eindependent and separate )ro the Departent o) du"ation,Culture and >ports 6DC>8, and atta"hed to the @i"e o) the(resident )or adinistrati#e purposes onl+. It# !vera)e #ha((-e -!th "'-(i and "rivate in#tit'ti!n# !$ hi)hered'ati!n a# we(( a# de)ree)rantin) "r!)ra in a(("!#t#e!ndar2 ed'ati!na( in#tit'ti!n#1 "'-(i and"rivate.=

Neither $A BB22 nor CD rder No. =, series o) 99?6'pleenting $ules o) $A BB2282? denes an institution o)higher learning or a progra o) higher learning.Iigher edu"ation,E ho!e#er, is dened as Iedu"ation 1e+ondthe se"ondar+ le#elE or Iedu"ation pro#ided 1+ a "ollege oruni#ersit+.E Knder the Iplain eaningE or #er1a legis rule instatutor+ "onstru"tion, i) the statute is "lear, plain, and )ree)ro a1iguit+, it ust 1e gi#en its literal eaning and applied!ithout interpretation. 5he legislature is presued to kno! theeaning o) the !ords, to ha#e used !ords ad#isedl+, and toha#e expressed its intent 1+ use o) su"h !ords as are )ound inthe statute. Hene1 the ter&


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inter"reted t!)ether with the "hra#e % argues that (resident Arro+o !as erel+

exer"ising her exe"uti#e po!er to ensure that the la!s are)aith)ull+ exe"uted. 5he >% )urther argues that (residentArro+o !as exer"ising her residual po!ers under xe"uti#erder No. 292 6 29282.

The e%eri#e !$ the Pre#ident9# re#id'a( "!wer# 'nder

thi# "r!vi#i!n re'ire# (e)i#(ati!n, as the pro#ision "learl+states that the exer"ise o) the (resident3s other po!ers and)un"tions has to 1e Ipro#ided )or under the la!.E

COURT:

5here is no la! granting the (resident the po!er to aend the)un"tions o) the CD. (resident a+ not aend $A BB22

through an xe"uti#e rder !ithout a prior legislation grantingher su"h po!er.

o 5he (resident has no inherent or delegated legislati#epo!er to aend the )un"tions o) the CD under $ABB22. Fegislati#e po!er is the authorit+ to ake la!sand to alter or repeal the, and this po!er is #ested!ith the Congress.

'n Ople v. Torres, the Court de"lared #oid, as a usurpation o)legislati#e po!er, Adinistrati#e rder No. =0; 6A =0;8issued 1+ the (resident to "reate a national identi"ations+ste.

'n that "ase, the Court distinguished 1et!een Fegislati#e andxe"uti#e po!ers, as )ollo!s:

Fegislati#e po!er is Ithe authorit+, under the Constitution, toake la!s, and to alter and repeal the.E 'n ne, ex"ept asliited 1+ the Constitution, either expressl+ or ipliedl+,legislati#e po!er e1ra"es all su14e"ts and extends to atterso) general "on"ern or "oon interest.

2Seti!n /. Re#id'a( P!wer#.BKnless Congress pro#ides other!ise, thePre#ident #ha(( e%eri#e #'h !ther "!wer# and $'nti!n# ve#ted in thePre#ident whih are "r!vided $!r 'nder the (aw#and !hi"h are not spe"i"all+enuerated a1o#e, or !hi"h are not delegated 1+ the (resident in a""ordan"e !ithla!.


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Ghile Congress is #ested !ith the po!er to ena"t la!s, thePre#ident e%e'te# the (aw#. The e%e'tive "!wer i#

ve#ted in the Pre#ident.o 't is generall+ dened as the po!er to en)or"e and

adinister la!s. 't is the po!er o) "arr+ing the la!s intopra"ti"al operation and en)or"ing their due o1ser#an"e.

o As head o) the xe"uti#e Departent, the (resident isthe Chie) xe"uti#e. e represents the go#ernent as a

!hole and sees to it that all la!s are en)or"ed 1+ theo@i"ials and eplo+ees o) his departent.

o He ha# !ntr!( !ver the e%e'tive de"art&ent1

-'rea'# and !7ie#.5his eans that he has theauthorit+ to assue dire"tl+ the )un"tions o) theexe"uti#e departent, 1ureau and o@i"e, or inter)ere!ith the dis"retion o) its o@i"ials.

o C!r!((ar2 t! the "!wer !$ !ntr!(1 the Pre#identa(#! ha# the d't2 !$ #'"ervi#in) the en$!re&ent!$ (aw# $!r the &aintenane !$ )enera( "eae and"'-(i !rder. Th'#1 he i# )ranted ad&ini#trative"!wer !ver -'rea'# and !7ie# 'nder hi# !ntr!(

t! ena-(e hi& t! di#har)e hi# d'tie# e7etive(2.Ad&ini#trative "!wer i# !nerned with the w!r5 !$

a""(2in) "!(iie# and en$!rin) !rder# a# deter&ined -2"r!"er )!vern&enta( !r)an#. It ena-(e# the Pre#ident t!6% a 'ni$!r& #tandard !$ ad&ini#trative e7iien2 andhe5 the !7iia( !nd't !$ hi# a)ent#. T! thi# end1 hean i##'e ad&ini#trative !rder#

1 r'(e# and re)'(ati!n#.


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"r!&"t(2 i##'ed a Pr!(a&ati!n1 rai#in) the (ien#e $ee#!n i&"!rted !i(.

our da+s a)ter the (ro"laation !as issued, respondents eight>tates and their %o#ernors, 0 utilit+ "opanies, andCongressan $o1ert . Drinan o) tates in the Knited

>tates Distri"t Court )or the Distri"t o) Colu1ia. >eekingde"larator+ and in4un"ti#e relie)

, the2 a((e)ed that thei&"!#iti!n !$ the $ee# wa# -e2!nd the Pre#identJ#!n#tit'ti!na( and #tat't!r2 a'th!rit2, that the )ees !ereiposed !ithout ne"essar+ pro"edural steps ha#ing 1eentaken, and that petitioners 6hereina)ter the %o#ernent8#iolated the National n#ironental (oli"+ A"t o) 9/9 6N(A8.

QDistri"t CourtR Denied respondents3 otions )or preliinar+in4un"tion. >e"tion 2=2618 is a #alid delegation o) po!er.

QCourt o) Appeals )or the Distri"t o) Colu1ia Cir"uitR$e#ersed lo!er "ourt3s de"ision. >e"tion 2=2618 does notauthori&e the (resident to ipose a li"ense )ee s"hee as a

ethod o) ad4usting iports.

RU>IN*:(etition granted.

KRe(evant i##'eL Whether Seti!n G- !$ the TradeE%"an#i!n At !$ 0 i# a va(id de(e)ati!n !$ "!wer ?YES.

6>5ANDA$D> >K'C'N58 #en i) 2=2618 is read to authori&ethe iposition o) a li"ense )ee s+ste, the standards that itpro#ides the (resident in its ipleentation are (ear(2#'7iient t! &eet an2 de(e)ati!n d!trine atta5.

apton, Jr., SCo. #. K>: PI$ C!n)re## #ha(( (a2 d!wn -2(e)i#(ative at an inte((i)i-(e "rini"(e t! whih theGPre#ident i# direted t! !n$!r&1 #'h (e)i#(ative ati!ni# n!t a $!r-idden de(e)ati!n !$ (e)i#(ative "!wer.P

>e"tion 2=2618 easil+ )ullls that test. 't esta1lishes "learpre"onditions to (residential a"tionL nding 1+ the >e"retar+o) the 5reasur+ that an arti(e i# -ein) i&"!rted int! theUnited State# in #'h 'antitie# !r 'nder #'hir'tane# a# t! threaten t! i&"air the nati!na(#e'rit2.

e"tion 2=26"8 6see notes8 arti"ulates a series o) spe"i")a"tors to 1e "onsidered 1+ the (resident in exer"ising hisauthorit+ under >e"tion 2=2618.

'n light o) these )a"tors and the Court3s reognition thatP6n8e"essit+ . . . xes a point 1e+ond !hi"h it is unreasona1leand ipra"ti"a1le to "opel Congress to pres"ri1e detailedrules . . .,P 6Aeri"an (o!er S Fight Co., # >C8, the Courtsees no looing pro1le o) iproper delegation.

Whether the Pre#ident e%eeded hi# #tat't!r2 a'th!rit2 ?NO.

$espondents argue that the a'th!ri+ati!n t! the Pre#identt! ad;'#t i&"!rt# #h!'(d -e read t! en!&"a## !n(2'antitative &eth!d# Gi.e. '!ta#1 a# !""!#ed t!&!netar2 &eth!d# Gi.e. (ien#e $ee# !$ e7etin) #'had;'#t&ent#. 5he Court disagrees.

'n authori&ing the (resident to Ptake su"h a"tion, and)or su"h tie, as he dees ne"essar+ to

ad4ust the iports o) 6an8 arti"le and its

deri#ati#es,P the language o) >e"tion 2=2618 sees (ear(2t! )rant hi& a &ea#'re !$ di#reti!n in deter&inin) the&eth!d t! -e '#ed t! ad;'#t i&"!rt#.o 5his "an 1e seen in the language o) the pro#ision, !hi"h

authori&es the (resident to a"t a)ter a nding 1+ the>e"retar+ o) the 5reasur+ that a gi#en arti"le is 1eingiported Pin su"h 'antitie#or 'nder #'h

ir'tane#as to threaten to ipair the nationalse"urit+.P

5he la!3s legislati#e histor+ also suggests that the (resident3sauthorit+ extends to the iposition o) onetar+ exa"tions 6i.e.li"ense )ees and duties8. 5he )ollo!ing aendents during the"ongressional hearings on the 5rade Agreeents xtension A"tillustrate this 6I don't think this is important, but I took thesignicant parts of the Courts discussion ust in case8:o >+ington Aendent: 1arred redu"tions in duties Pon an+

arti"le i) the (resident nds that su"h redu"tion !ouldthreaten doesti" produ"tion needed )or pro4e"ted nationalde)ense re*uireentsE


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o Neel+ Aendent: Gould ha#e gi#en the (resident theauthorit+ to ipose onetar+ exa"tions as a ethod o)restri"ting iports 1ut this pro#ision !as ultiatel+ notin"luded

o +rd-iilar to Neel+ Aendentauthori&ed the (resident, a)ter appropriatere"oendations had 1een ade 1+ the Dire"tor o) theDe"tion 2=2618 o) the5rade xpansion A"t o) 9/2 6the present "ontested pro#ision8.

5aken as a !hole then, the legislati#e histor+ o) >e"tion 2=26181elies an+ suggestion that Congress, despite its use o) 1roadlanguage in the statute itsel), intended to liit the (residentOs

authorit+ to the iposition o) *uotas and to 1ar the (resident)ro iposing a li"ense )ee s+ste like the one "hallengedhere.

NOTES:

Seti!n G-pro#ides in )ull:

PKpon re*uest o) the head o) an+ departent or agen"+, uponappli"ation o) an interested part+, or upon his o!n otion, the>e"retar+ o) the 5reasur+ 6hereina)ter re)erred to as theO>e"retar+O8 shall iediatel+ ake an appropriate in#estigation,in the "ourse o) !hi"h he shall seek in)oration and ad#i"e )ro,and shall "onsult !ith, the >e"retar+ o) De)ense, the >e"retar+ o)Coer"e, and other appropriate o@i"ers o) the Knited >tates, todeterine the e@e"ts on the national se"urit+ o) iports o) thearti"le !hi"h is the su14e"t o) su"h re*uest, appli"ation, or otion.

5he >e"retar+ shall, i) it is appropriate and a)ter reasona1lenoti"e, hold pu1li" hearings or other!ise a@ord interested partiesan opportunit+ to present in)oration and ad#i"e rele#ant to su"hin#estigation. 5he >e"retar+ shall report the ndings o) hisin#estigation under this su1se"tion !ith respe"t to the e@e"t o) the

iportation o) su"h arti"le in su"h *uantities or under su"h

"ir"ustan"es upon the national se"urit+ and, 1ased on su"hndings, his re"oendation )or a"tion or ina"tion under thisse"tion to the (resident !ithin one +ear a)ter re"ei#ing anappli"ation )ro an interested part+ or

other!ise 1eginning an in#estigation under this su1se"tion. ') the>e"retar+ nds that su"h arti"le is 1eing iported into the Knited>tates in su"h *uantities or under su"h "ir"ustan"es as to

threaten to ipair the national se"urit+, he shall so ad#ise the(resident and the (resident shall take su"h a"tion, and )or su"htie, as he dees ne"essar+ to ad4ust the iports o) su"h arti"leand its deri#ati#es so that su"h iports !ill not threaten to ipairthe national se"urit+, unless the (resident deterines that thearti"le is not 1eing iported into the Knited >tates in su"h*uantities or under su"h "ir"ustan"es as to threaten to ipairthe national se"urit+.P

Seti!n G !$ the Atpro#ides the (resident and the>e"retar+ o) the 5reasur+ !ith guidan"e as to soe o) the )a"torsto 1e "onsidered in ipleenting T 2=2618. 't pro#ides:

Por the purposes o) this se"tion, the >e"retar+ and the (residentshall1 in the (i)ht !$ the re'ire&ent# !$ nati!na( #e'rit2and with!'t e%('din) !ther re(evant $at!r#1 )ive!n#iderati!n t! d!&e#ti "r!d'ti!n needed $!r "r!;etednati!na( de$en#e re'ire&ent#1 the a"ait2 !$ d!&e#tiind'#trie# t! &eet #'h re'ire&ent#1 e%i#tin) andantii"ated avai(a-i(itie# !$ the h'&an re#!'re#1 "r!d't#1raw &ateria(#1 and !ther #'""(ie# and #ervie# e##entia( t!the nati!na( de$en#e1 the re'ire&ent# !$ )r!wth !$ #'hind'#trie# and #'h #'""(ie# and #ervie# in('din) theinve#t&ent1 e%"(!rati!n1 and deve(!"&ent nee##ar2 t!

a##'re #'h )r!wth1 and the i&"!rtati!n !$ )!!d# in ter!$ their 'antitie#1 avai(a-i(itie#1 harater1 and '#e a# th!#ea7et #'h ind'#trie# and a"ait2 !$ the United State# t!&eet nati!na( #e'rit2 re'ire&ent#. 'n the adinistration o)this se"tion, the >e"retar+ and the (resident shall )urtherre"ogni&e the "lose relation o) the e"onoi" !el)are o) the Nationto our national se"urit+, and shall take into "onsideration theipa"t o) )oreign "opetition on the e"onoi" !el)are o)indi#idual doesti" industries and an+ su1stantial uneplo+ent,de"rease in re#enues o) go#ernent, loss o) skills or in#estent,or other serious e@e"ts resulting )ro the displa"eent o) an+doesti" produ"ts 1+ ex"essi#e iports shall 1e "onsidered,


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!ithout ex"luding other )a"tors, in deterining !hether su"h!eakening o) our internal e"ono+ a+ ipair the nationalse"urit+.P

Leon WHITE et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v C. Vaughn ROUHTO!,"upe#viso# of the To$nship of the Cit% of Cha&paign an' Wesle% (.")h$engel, Chai#&an of the Cha&paign Count% *oa#' of "upe#viso#s,+efen'ants-Appellees.

T#igge#e' enneth )oe 'avies to epoun' on his vie$s that non-'elegation 'o)t#ine )an e &o'ifie', st#engthene', th#ough the#e/ui#e&ents of a'&in autho#ities an' agen)ies ee#)ising 'elegativepo$e#s shoul' have $#itten a'&inist#ative stan'a#'s

AE!C0 (A+E "TA!+AR+" I! THI" CA"E

!atu#e: Appeal from the denial of a preliminary injunction

1a)ts: Defendant C. Vaughn Roughton is supervisor of the town of the Cityof Champaign Township. In this )apa)it% he a'&iniste#s the gene#al

to$nship assistan)e p#og#a& $hi)h p#ovi'es lo)all% )olle)te' taes fo#'ist#iution as $elfa#e to nee'% to$nship #esi'ents.

Roughton, is set to terminate the general assistance grants to plaintiffs eon!hite and "lester !al#er and refused to provide the same generalassistance to $eatrice %ilagy.

Thus, eon !hite, et. al sued Roughton allegedly for violating theirprocedural due process rights under the &' thAmendment (procedural dueprocess) notice and hearing*.

They allege that Roughton commited the following violations:

(&* he operates the general assistance welfare program without pu+lishedstandards for eligi+ility or the amount of aid given

(-* he terminates general assistance without giving the recipient notice and ahearing prior to that termination

(* he denies applications for general assistance welfare without giving theapplicant notice and a hearing after the denial of the application

'* he fails ade/uately to inform recipients and applicants of their right toappeal.

0n the other hand, Defendant !esley 1. %chwengel is Chairman of theChampaign County $oard of %upervisors. 2e has assumed the responsi+ilityof the County $oard in receiving appeals from decisions of the townshipsupervisors granting or denying general assistance, allegedly he has failed toesta+lish a consistent and orderly appeal procedure.

3laintiff !hite received general assistance in the form of 4food orders4 for five

periods of one wee# each in &56'. 2e received this last allotment ofassistance on 0cto+er 7, &56'.

%u+se/uent to that, his assistance was terminated. He $as given neithe# a$#itten noti)e of his te#&ination no# an% eplanation as to the #easonfo# the te#&ination.White $as not info#&e' of his #ight to appeal o#p#ovi'e' $ith info#&ation as to ho$ he &ight appeal.

3laintiff !al#er was provided assistance in the form of a food order for 8&'on August -, &56'. Defendant Roughton also paid 89 for !al#er4s rentfrom 0cto+er & to ;ovem+er &, &56'. %u+se/uent to that payment, Wal2e#3sassistan)e $as te#&inate' $ithout $#itten noti)e an' $ithout info#&ing

hi& of his #ight to appeal.

3laintiff %ilagy applie' fo# to$nship gene#al assistan)e on at least th#eeo))asions in 4567. %he was 'enie' assistan)e ut $as neve# info#&e'of the #easons suppo#ting the #e8e)tion of he# appli)ation no# info#&e'of he# #ight to appeal.

The lower court denied the issuance of a preliminary injunction hence thisappeal.


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I""UE9 !0; there was a violation on the right to due process of thepetitioners +ecause of the lac# of standards the agency failed to employwhen it decides whether to approve or terminate welfare grantse"retar+8 to exer"ise all the po!ers #ested in the (resident)or the purpose o) en)or"ing >e". 96"8.

o Thi# in('ded the "!wer t! "r!&'()ate r'(e# andre)'(ati!n#1 t! #et '" -!ard# and a)enie#1 and t!de#i)nate and a""!int !7iia(#.

o 5he like!ise pro#ided )or penal san"tions in "ase o)#iolations o) the rulesregulations proulgated 1+ the>e"retar+.

(ursuant to the se"ond , the >e"retar+ issued regulations:o #er+ produ"er o) petroleu shall le a onthl+ stateent

under oath !ith details su"h as addresses o) the produ"er,lo"ation o) properties and !ells, allo!a1le produ"tion,aount o) dail+ produ"tion, all deli#eries, et".


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o #er+ pur"hasershipper is also re*uired to le a siilarstateent detailing the aount o) petroleu re"ei#ed, thepla"etie o) re"eipt, et".

$oose#elt again issued a third , stating that pursuant to5itle ' o) the N'$A, he appro#ed a IC!de !$ Fair C!&"etiti!n$!r the Petr!(e'& Ind'#tr2.E

5he $!'rth authori&ed the >e"retar+, as Adinistrator, toexer"ise on 1ehal) o) the (resident all po!ers #ested in hi

under the N'$A and the ne! Code. One !$ the "r!vi#i!n# GSe. !$ the C!de "r!vided that

"r!d'ti!n !$ "etr!(e'& in e%e## !$ the '!ta #ha(( -edee&ed an 'n$air trade "ratie.

5hrough the 6$th, this pro#ision !as deleted.

At the trial "ourt le#el, the "auses o) a"tion !ere se#ered6)ederal and state8.o >tate: sustained the orders, denied in4un"tion.o ederal: granted peranent in4un"tion.

CA re#ersed the de"rees against the )ederal o@i"ials.

RU>IN*:Judgent re#ersed.

A#ertain&ent !$ Fat

=t is no answer to insist that deleterious conse/uencesfollow the transportation of 4hot oil4Foil eceeding stateallowances. The Congress did not prohi+it thattransportation. The Congress did not underta#e to say thatthe transportation of 4hot oil4 was injurious. The Congressdid not say that transportation of that oil was 4unfaircompetition.4 The Congress did not declare in what

circumstances that transportation should +e for+idden, orre/uire the 3resident to ma#e any determination as to anyfacts or circumstances. Among the numerous and diverseo+jectives +roadly stated, the 3resident was not re/uired tochoose. The 3resident was not re/uired to ascertain andproclaim the conditions prevailing in the industry whichmade the prohi+ition necessary. The Congress left thematter to the 3resident without standard or rule, to +e dealtwith as he pleased. The effort +y ingenious and diligentconstruction to supply a criterion still permits such a

+readth of authoriGed action as essentially to commit to the3resident the functions of a egislature rather than those ofan eecutive or administrative H-5 I.%. 77, '&5J officereecuting a declared legislative policy. !e find nothing insection & which limits or controls the authority conferred +ysection 5(c*

WON Se. !$ the Petr!(e'& C!de i# inva(id GN! At the tie this "ase !as 1rought, the assailed pro#ision had

alread+ 1een deleted #ia the )th , thus there is no issueripe )or ad4udi"ation.

WON Se. G vi!(ate# the n!nde(e)ati!n d!trine GYe#

5>5: Whether the C!n)re## ha# #et '" a #tandard $!rthe Pre#ident9# ati!n!hether the Congress has re*uiredan+ nding 1+ the (resident in the exer"ise o) the authorit+ toena"t the prohi1ition.

Congress has not pro#ided a standard in >e". 96"8 itsel).

o >e". 96"8 does not state !hether, or in !hat"ir"ustan"es or under !hat "onditions, the(resident is to prohi1it the transportation o) theaount o) petroleu or petroleu produ"tsprodu"ed in ex"ess o) the >tate3s "riterion.

o Pre#ident i# )iven 'n(i&ited a'th!rit2 t! deter&ine

the "!(i2 t! (a2 d!wn the "r!hi-iti!n1 !r n!t t! (a2 itd!wn1 a# he &a2 #ee 6t.

Neither "an the standard 1e iplied )ro other se"tions o) theN'$A.o irst se"tion is a de"laration o) poli"+.

$eo#e o1stru"tions to the )ree Mo! o) intestate and)oreign "oer"e.

(ro#ide )or the general !el)are. liinate un)air "opetiti#e pra"ti"es.

o 5his general outline "ontains nothing as to the"ir"ustan"es or "onditions in !hi"h transportation o)petroleu produ"ts should 1e prohi1ited.

o 't la+s do!n no poli"+ o) liitation.o >e". 2 relates to adinistrati#e agen"ies !hi"h a+ 1e

"onstituted.o >e". = authori&es the (resident to "ause in#estigations.o

>e". ? relates to li"ensing.


12/32

o >e". re)ers to anti-trust la!s.o >e". / and B ipose liitations upon the appli"ation o)

5itle '.

o None o) these pro#isions "an 1e deeed to pres"ri1ean+ liitation o) the grant o) authorit+ in >e". 96"8.

5he issue o) non-delegation "annot 1e 1rushed aside #i&"(2-ea'#e it #h!'(d -e a##'&ed that the Pre#ident at# $!rthe !&&!n )!!d.

o ') the Court allo!s the delegation in this "ase, thenthere is nothing to stop Congress )ro delegating toother o@i"ials other than the (resident.

o 5he Court a"kno!ledges the po!er o) Congress to

delegate to sele"ted instruentalities the "!wer !$&a5in) #'-!rdinate r'(e#, 1ut not thepo!er to la+ do!n poli"ies and to esta1lishstandards.

o 6HAF'D GN8 'n a long line o) "ases, the Court hasupheld the #alidit+ o) delegations ade 1+ Congress

when the in#tr'&enta(itie# are re'ired t!

a#ertain the e%i#tene !$ $at# t! whih(e)i#(ati!n i# direted.

Se. G d!e# n!t re'ire the Pre#ident t! a#ertain

ir'tane# and !nditi!n# in whih thetran#"!rtati!n i# t! -e a((!wed !r "r!hi-ited.

o Due pro"ess o) la! re*uires that it shall appear thatthe !rder i# within the a'th!rit2 !$ the !7ier1-!ard !r !&&i##i!n1 and1 i$ that a'th!rit2de"end# !n deter&inati!n# !$ $at1 th!#edeter&inati!n# &'#t -e #h!wn.

5hus, the assailed s are un"onstitutional.

DISSENTIN* OPINION KCard!+!1J.L:

5here is a standard in this "ase. e a+ prohi1it thetransportation in interstate and )oreign "oer"e o)petroleu and the produ"ts thereo) produ"ed or !ithdra!n)ro storage in ex"ess o) the aount peritted 1+ an+ statela! or #alid regulation or order pres"ri1ed thereunder.

Ghat else ust he as"ertain in order to regulate his dis"retionand 1ring the po!er into pla+7

o Ans!er is not in 96"8 1ut "an 1e deterined 1+ipli"ation )ro a #ie! o) other se"tions.

o First standard: >e". de"lares the eliination o)un)air "opetiti#e pra"ti"es as one o) the poli"ies o)Congress. Githout a dou1t, the transportation o)petroleu in ex"ess o) !hat is allo!ed 1+ la! is anun)air "opetiti#e pra"ti"e.

o Second standard:Another de"lared poli"+ o) Congressis to Iproote the )ullest possi1le utili&ation o) thepresent produ"ti#e "apa"it+ o) industries,P and Pex"ept

as a+ 1e teporaril+ re*uiredP to Pa#oid unduerestri"tion o) produ"tion. Io 'n a nutshell, Congress said to the (resident: IYou are

to "onsider !hether the transportation o) oil in ex"esso) the statutor+ *uotas is o@ensi#e to one or ore o) thepoli"ies enuerated in T , !hether the e@e"t o) su"h"ondu"t is to proote un)air "opetition or to !aste thenatural resour"es or to deorali&e pri"es or to in"reaseuneplo+ent or to redu"e the pur"hasing po!er o) the!orkers o) the nation. ') these standards or soe o)the ha#e 1een Mouted !ith the result o) a su1stantialo1stru"tion to industrial re"o#er+, +ou a+ then 1+ a

prohi1itor+ order eradi"ate the is"hie). I 5he de"rees in ea"h "ase should 1e a@ired.

>OVINA1 MONTI>>A v. HON. MORENO1 SEC. OF PU4>ICWORQS AND COMMUNICATIONS1 YONON

No#e1er 29, 9/2 | $e+es, J..F., J. | (erissi1le Delegation

6As"ertainent o) a"t8Digester: 5an, $a+a %ra"e 5.

SUMMARY:>ps. Fo#ina "onstru"ted das and dikes in theirshpond. $esidents "oplained that su"h "onstru"tions 1lo"kedthe I>apang ulati,E a na#iga1le ri#er. 5he >e"retar+ o) (u1li"Gorks and Couni"ation )ound the "onstru"tions to 1e a pu1li"nuisan"e and ordered its reo#al. (etitioners assailed the"onstitutionalit+ o) $A 20/ on the ground that it "onstitutesundue delegation o) 4udi"ial po!er. >C upheld $A 20/3s"onstitutionalit+.


13/32

DOCTRINE: 5he exer"ise o) the >e"retar+3s po!er to reo#eunauthori&ed o1stru"tions or en"roa"hents upon pu1li" streasne"essaril+ in#ol#es the deterination o) soe *uestions o) )a"t1ut these )un"tions !hether 4udi"ial or *uasi-4udi"ial, are erel+in"idental to the exer"ise o) the po!er granted 1+ la!.

FACTS:

Nuerous residents o) pouses (riiti#o and Nell+ Fo#ina 1lo"kedthe I>apang ulati,E a na#iga1le ri#er in ps.Fo#ina to reo#e "losures 6das and dikes in a shpond the+o!n8 o) >apang ulati other!ise, the >e"retar+ !ould orderthe reo#al at the expense o) the respondent.

5he respondent led a petition in the CFI t! re#train theSeretar2 $r!& en$!rin) hi# dei#i!n )ranted a

"er&anent in;'nti!n. $espondents *uestion the 4urisdi"tion o) the trial "ourt.

Petiti!ner# a##ai( the !n#tit'ti!na(it2 !$ RA /30-ea'#e it inve#t# the Seretar2 !$ P'-(i W!r5# andC!&&'niati!n# with #wee"in)1 'nre#trained1 6na( and'na""ea(a-(e a'th!rit2 t! "a## '"!n the i##'e# !$

whether a river !r #trea& i# "'-(i andnavi)a-(e,

o !hether a da en"roa"hes upon su"h !aters and is"onstituti#e as a pu1li" nuisan"e,

o and !hether the la! applies to the state o) )a"ts,

there1+ "onstituting an a((e)ed 'n(aw$'(de(e)ati!n !$ ;'diia( "!wer.

RU>IN*:De"ision appealed )ro is re#ersed, and the !rits o)in4un"tion issued are annulled and set aside. Costs against >ps.Fo#ina.

W!N RA /30 i# 'n!n#tit'ti!na( ? NO1 it i# !n#tit'ti!na(.It d!e# n!t !n#tit'te an 'n(aw$'( de(e)ati!n !$ ;'diia("!wer.

$A 20/ &ere(2 e&"!wer# the Seretar2 t!

re&!ve 'na'th!ri+ed !-#tr'ti!n#or

en"roa"hents upon pu1li" streas, "onstru"tions that nopri#ate person !as an+!a+ entitled to ake, 1e"ause the 1edo) na#iga1le streas is pu1li" propert+, and o!nership thereo)is not a"*uira1le 1+ ad#erse possession.

The e%eri#e !$ the Seretar29# "!wer nee##ari(2

inv!(ve# the deter&inati!n !$ #!&e 'e#ti!n# !$ $ato -'t the#e $'nti!n# whether ;'diia( !r 'a#i

;'diia(1 are &ere(2 inidenta( t! thee%eri#e !$ the "!wer )ranted -2(awto "lear na#iga1le streas o) unauthori&edo1stru"tions or en"roa"hents, and a'th!ritie#are (ear that the2 are va(id(2 !n$erra-(e '"!n

e%e'tive !7iia(#pro#ided the part+a@e"ted is gi#en opportunit+ to 1eheard, as is expressl+ re*uired 1+$epu1li" A"t No. 20/, se"tion 2.

K> 4urispruden"e:

5he delegation 1+ Congress to exe"uti#e oradinistrati#e agen"ies o) )un"tions o) 4udi"ial, orat least, *uasi- 4udi"ial )un"tions is in"idental tothe exer"ise 1+ su"h agen"ies o) their exe"uti#eor adinistrati#e po!ers, is not in #iolation o) the>eparation o) (o!ers so )ar as that "rini"(e i#re!)ni+ed -2 the Federa( C!n#tit'ti!n n!r i# it in

vi!(ati!n !$ d'e "r!e## !$ (aw.

A statute a+ gi#e to non-4udi"ial o@i"ers thepo!er to de"lare the existen"e o) )a"ts !hi"h "all

into operation its pro#isions, and #i&i(ar(2 &a2)rant t! !&&i##i!ner# and !ther #'-!rdinate!7ier# "!wer t! a#ertain and deter&ine a""r!"riate$at# a# a -a#i# $!r "r!ed're in the en$!re&ent !$"arti'(ar (aw#.

$i#er and ar1or A"t, epo!ered the >e"retar+ o) Garto take a"tion, a)ter hearing, )or the reo#al or alterationo) 1ridges unreasona1l+ o1stru"ting na#igation.

W!N the ati!n !$ the Seretar2 a&!'nt# t! a !n6#ati!n !$"rivate "r!"ert2 ? NO.


14/32

5he >e"retar+ o) (u1li" Gorks )ound )ro the e#iden"e 1e)orehi that, originall+, the sapang ulati Mo!ed a"ross thepropert+ in *uestion, and "onne"ted the Nasi ri#er !ith sapangps. Fo#ina rel+ on the 9/ registration plan o) the propert+,sho!ing it to 1e erel+ 1ounded 1+ the sapang ulati, and the

testion+ that the >apang ulati did not enter the propert+. 5he "on"lusion o) the C' that I>apang ulati !as a ere

estero and "ould not 1e "onsidered a na#iga1le streaE i# n!t#'""!rted -2 it# "re&i#e#. The a-#ene !$ an2 &enti!n !$a navi)a-(e #trea& within a "r!"ert2 !vered -2 T!rren#tit(e d!e# n!t !n$er tit(e t! it1 n!r i# it !n('#ive !ntheir n!ne%i#tene. 't does not pre"lude a su1se*uentin#estigation and deterination o) its existen"e.

5he ndings o) )a"t o) the >e"retar+ o) (u1li" Gorks under$epu1li" A"t No. 20/ should 1e respe"ted in the a1sen"e o)illegalit+, error o) la!, )raud, or iposition, so long as the saidndings are supported 1+ su1stantial e#iden"e su1itted tohi.

!nership o) a na#iga1le strea or o) its 1ed is not a"*uira1le1+ pres"ription.

Appellees "annot 1e "harged !ith )ailure to exhaust adinistrati#ereedies )or the >e"retar+3s de"ision is that o) the (resident, inthe a1sen"e o) disappro#al 6Hillena #. >e"retar+ o) 'nterior8

NOTES:

$A 20/!ection ".An+ pro#ision or pro#isions o) la! to the "ontrar+not!ithstanding, the "onstru"tion or 1uilding o) das, dikes oran+ other !orks !hi"h en"roa"hes into an+ pu1li" na#iga1le ri#er,strea, "oastal !aters and an+ other na#iga1le pu1li" !aters or!ater!a+s as !ell as the "onstru"tion or 1uilding o) das, dikesor an+ other !orks in areas de"lared as "ounal shinggrounds, shall 1e ordered reo#ed as pu1li" nuisan"es or asprohi1ited "onstru"tions as herein pro#ided: (ro#ided, ho!e#er,5hat the >e"retar+ o) (u1li" Gorks and Couni"ations a+authori&e the "onstru"tion o) an+ su"h !orks !hen pu1li" interest

or sa)et+ so re*uires, or !hen it is a1solutel+ ne"essar+ )or the

prote"tion o) pri#ate propert+.

!ection #.Ghen it is )ound 1+ the >e"retar+ o) (u1li" Gorks andCouni"ations, a)ter due noti"e and hearing, that an+ da, dikeor an+ other !orks no! existing or a+ therea)ter 1e "onstru"teden"roa"hes into an+ pu1li" na#iga1le !aters, or that the+ are"onstru"ted in areas de"lared as "ounal shing grounds, heshall ha#e the authorit+ to order the reo#al o) an+ su"h !orksand shall gi#e the part+ "on"erned a period not to ex"eed thirt+da+s )or the reo#al o) the sae: (ro#ided, 5hat shpond"onstru"tions or !orks on "ounal shing grounds introdu"ed ingood )aith 1e)ore the areas !ere pro"laied as shing groundsshall 1e exepted )ro the pro#isions o) this A"t, pro#ided su"h"onstru"tions or !orks do not o1stru"t or ipede the )ree passageo) an+ na#iga1le ri#er, strea, or !ould not "ause inundations o)agri"ultural areas: (ro#ided, )urther, 5hat should the part+"on"erned )ail to "opl+ !ith the order o) the >e"retar+ o) (u1li"Gorks and Couni"ations !ithin the period so stated in theorder, su"h reo#al shall 1e e@e"ted 1+ the >e"retar+ o) (u1li"Gorks and Couni"ations at the expense o) the said part+ !ithin

ten da+s )ollo!ing the expiration o) the period gi#en the part+"on"erned: (ro#ided, )urtherore, 5hat the in#estigation andhearing to 1e "ondu"ted 1+ the >e"retar+ o) (u1li" Gorks andCouni"ations under this se"tion shall 1e terinated andde"ided 1+ hi !ithin a period !hi"h shall not ex"eed ninet+ da+s)ro the tie he shall ha#e 1een notied in !riting or a !ritten"oplaint shall ha#e 1een led !ith hi 1+ an+ interested part+apprising hi o) the existen"e o) a da, dike or an+ other !orksthat en"roa"hes into an+ other pu1li" na#iga1le ri#er, strea,"oastal !aters or an+ other pu1li" na#iga1le !aters or !ater!a+s,and in areas de"lared as "ounal shing grounds: (ro#ided, still)urtherore, 5hat the )ailure on the part o) the >e"retar+ o) (u1li"

Gorks nd Couni"ations !ithout 4ustia1le or #alid reason toterinate and de"ide a "ase or e@e"t the reo#al o) an+ su"h!orks, as pro#ided )or in this se"tion, shall "onstitute an o@ensepunisha1le under se"tion three o) this A"t: And pro#ided, nall+,5hat the reo#al o) an+ su"h !orks shall not ipair shponds"opleted or a1out to 1e "opleted !hi"h do not en"roa"h oro1stru"t an+ pu1li" na#iga1le ri#er or strea andor !hi"h !ouldnot "ause inundations o) agri"ultural areas and !hi"h ha#e 1een"onstru"ted in good )aith 1e)ore the area !as de"lared "ounalshing grounds.


15/32

A>E*RE v. CO>>ECTOR OF CUSTOMSAugust 2B, 929 | Johns, J. | Delegation o) legislati#e po!ers

Digester: >uaga+sa+, $e#

SUMMARY:(etitioner enggaged in )oreign export o) A1a"a tongland and asked )or perission )ro the Colle"tor o) Custos

to export. He wa# n!t "er&itted $!r (a5 !$ a erti6ate !$ theFi-er Standardi+ati!n 4!ard #! he a##ai(ed Seti!n# 88and 2?? o) the Adinistrati#e Code !hi"h pro#ided )or the i1er>tandardi&ation oard. 5he Court held that the a"t in *uestion, isnot a delegation o) legislati#e po!er to the i1er oard, and thatthe po!ers gi#en 1+ the Fegislature to the 1oard are )or anadinistrati#e purposes, to en)or"e and "arr+ out the intent o) thela!.

'FD AD>KKNCN>5'

DOCTRINE: 5he axi that po!er "on)erred upon Fegislature toake la!s "annot 1e delegated to an+ other authorit+ does notpre"lude the Fegislature )ro delegating an+ po!er not legislati#e!hi"h it a+ itsel) right)ull+ exer"ise. 't a+ "on)er an authorit+ inrelation to the exe"ution o) a la! !hi"h a+ in#ol#e dis"retion, 1utsu"h authorit+ ust 1e exer"ised under and in pursuan"e o) thela!. 5he Fegislature ust de"lare the poli"+ o) the la! and x thelegal prin"iples !hi"h are to "ontrol in gi#en "ases 1ut anadinistrati#e o@i"er or 1od+ a+ 1e in#ested !ith the po!er toprin"iples appl+.

FACTS:

A"t No. 2=;0 is entit(ed An At "r!vidin) $!r thein#"eti!n1 )radin)1 and -a(in) !$ a-aa GMani(a he&"1&a)'e2 Ganta(a1 #i#a(1 and !ther 6-er#,P and !as ena"ted1+ the (hilippine Fegislature, e1ruar+ 2;, 9?.

5he petitioner )or a nu1er o) +ears has 1een and is no!engaged in the produ"tion o) a1a"a and its exportation to)oreign arkets.

No#e1er ;, 92B, he applied to the re#"!ndent $!r a "er&itt! e%"!rt !ne h'ndred -a(e# !$ a-aa t! En)(and1 !hi"h

!as denied, and ad#ised that he !ould not 1e peritted to

export the a1a"a in *uestion !ithout a "erti"ate o) the i1er>tandardi&ation oard.

e then led in the Court o) irst 'nstan"e o) u"horder shall ha#e the appro#al o) the >e"retar+ o)Agri"ulture and Natural $esour"es and )or thedisseination o) in)oration, "opies o) the saeshall 1e supplied gratis to the )oreign arkets,pro#in"ial go#ernors, uni"ipal presidents, and tosu"h other persons and agen"ies as shall akere*uest there)or.


16/32

') it is "onsidered expedient to "hange thesestandards at an+ tie, noti"e shall 1e gi#en in thelo"al and )oreign arkets )or a period o) at least sixonths 1e)ore the ne! standard shall go into e@e"t.

5he Fegislature ha#ing ena"ted the la! !hi"h pro#ides )or theinspe"tion, grading and 1aling o) 1ers and the "reation o) a1oard to "arr+ the la! into e@e"t, the 'e#ti!n i# #'are(2

"re#ented a# t! whether !r n!t the a'th!rit2 ve#ted inthe -!ard i# a de(e)ati!n !$ (e)i#(ative "!wer.


Whether the (aw in 'e#ti!n de(e)ate# t! the Fi-er 4!ard(e)i#(ative "!wer# !r ad&ini#trative $'nti!n# t! arr2 !'tthe "'r"!#e and intent !$ the (aw $!r it# &!re e7iientad&ini#trati!n ? ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS.

Coole+ on Constitutional Fiitations, a standard authorit+ allo#er the !orld sa+s: IThe &a%i& that "!wer !n$erred'"!n >e)i#(at're t! &a5e (aw# ann!t -e de(e)ated t!

an2 !ther a'th!rit2 d!e# n!t "re('de the >e)i#(at're$r!& de(e)atin) an2 "!wer n!t (e)i#(ative whih it &a2it#e($ ri)ht$'((2 e%eri#e.

It &a2 !n$er an a'th!rit2 in re(ati!n t! thee%e'ti!n !$ a (aw whih &a2 inv!(vedi#reti!n1 -'t #'h a'th!rit2 &'#t -ee%eri#ed 'nder and in "'r#'ane !$ the (aw.The >e)i#(at're &'#t de(are the "!(i2 !$ the (aw and 6%the (e)a( "rini"(e# whih are t! !ntr!( in )iven a#e#

-'t an ad&ini#trative !7ier !r -!d2 &a2 -e inve#tedwith the "!wer t! "rini"(e# a""(2.') this "ould not 1e donethere !ould 1e innite "on)usion in the la!s, and in an e@ort todetail and to parti"ulari&e, the+ !ould iss su@i"ien"+ 1oth inpro#ision and exe"ution.

oards and "oissions no! pla+ an iportant part in theadinistration o) our la!s. 5he great so"ial and industriale#olution o) the past "entur+, and the an+ deands adeupon our legislatures 1+ the in"reasing "oplexit+ o) huana"ti#ities, ha#e ade essential the "reation o) theseadinistrati#e 1odies and the delegation to the o) "ertain

po!ers. 5hough legislati#e po!er "annot 1edelegated to 1oards and "oissions, theFegislature a+ delegate to the adinistrati#e)un"tions in "arr+ing out the purposes o) a statuteand #arious go#ernental po!er )or the oree@i"ient adinistration o) the la!s.E

IMPT: 5he Fegislature has spe"i"all+ pro#ided )or the "reation o)

Po@i"ial standards )or "oer"ial grades o) 1ers,P and thatPthe i1er >tandardi&ation oard shall deter&ine the !7iia(#tandard# $!r the vari!'# !&&eria( )rade# !$Phi(i""ine 6-er#.= In additi!n1 #eti!n 8, !$ the

Ad&ini#trative C!de1 whih !rre#"!nd# t! #eti!n 3 !$the !ri)ina( at "r!vided $!r the di&en#i!n#1 "a5a)in)1

wei)ht1 and 'a(it2 !$ the "r!d't# $!r e%"!rt. And se"tion B;;, as aended, pro#ides that no 1er shall 1e

exported in *ualit+ greater than the aount su@i"ient to akeone 1ale, !ithout 1eing graded, 1aled, inspe"ted, and "ertied

as in this la! pro#ided.o 5hat is to sa+, the la! pro#ides in

detail )or the inspe"tion, grading and1ailing o) hep the i1er oard !iththe po!er and authorit+ to de#ise!a+s and eans )or its exe"ution.

'n legal e@e"t, the Fegislature has said that 1e)ore an+ hep isexported )ro the (hilippine 'slands it ust 1e inspe"ted,graded and 1aled, and has "reated a 1oard or that purpose and#ested it !ith the po!er and authorit+ to do the a"tual !ork.That i# n!t a de(e)ati!n ! (e)i#(ative "!wer. It i# n!thin)&!re than a de(e)ati!n !$ ad&ini#trative "!wer in theFi-er 4!ard1 t! arr2 !'t the "'r"!#e and intent !$ the(aw. In the ver2 nat're !$ thin)#1 the >e)i#(at're !'(dn!t in#"et1 )rade and -a(e the he&"1 and $r!&nee##it21 the "!wer t! d! that w!'(d have t! -e ve#ted ina -!ard !$ !&&i##i!n.

5he petitionerOs "ontention !ould lea#e the la!, !hi"h pro#ides)or the inspe"tion, grading and 1aling o) hep, !ithout an+eans o) its en)or"eent. 5he "riti"is that there is partialit+or e#en )raud in the adinistration o) the la! is not an

arguent against its "onstitutionalit+.


17/32

Wa(ter E. O>SEN C!. v. Viente A>DANESE and W.Trinidad

April 2;, 922 | Johns, J. | Fiits on $ule-olis, Jose an ran"is"o. lsen hisel) stated duringappli"ation that the "igars !ere anu)a"tured )ro short-llerto1a""o !hi"h !as not the produ"t o) Caga+an, 'sa1ela, orNue#a Hi&"a+a so Colle"tor o) 'nternal $e#enue did not dee itne"essar+ to ake an a"tual exaination and inspe"tion in#ie! o) the )a"t that the "igars !ere not ade !ith long-llernor !ere the+ ade )ro to1a""o ex"lusi#el+ the produ"t o)an+ o) the three entioned pro#in"es.

n e1ruar+ 2?, 922 lsen applied !ith the Colle"tor o)'nternal $e#enue 1ut this !as still denied.

(etitioner assails the C'$3s re)usal to "erti)+ their to1a""oshipent and in addition to this he *uestions the"onstitutionalit+ o) A"t 2/=.$espondents "ontend that (hilippine Fegislature is epo!eredto ake inspe"tion la!s. And A"t 2/= does not #iolate K>Constitution Arti"le , >e"tion 0 paragraph 2:N! State #ha((1 with!'t the !n#ent !$ the C!n)re##1 (a2an2 i&"!#t# !r d'tie# !n i&"!rt# !r e%"!rt#1 e%e"t what


18/32

&a2 -e a-#!('te(2 nee##ar2 $!r e%e'tin) it# in#"eti!n(aw#

and the net "r!d'e !$ a(( d'tie# and i&"!#t#1 (aid -2 an2State !n i&"!rt# !r e%"!rt#1 #ha(( -e $!r the '#e !$ thetrea#'r2 !$ the United State# and a(( #'h (aw# #ha(( -e#'-;et t! the revi#i!n and !ntr!( !$ the C!n)re##.

And a(#! that 'nder it# "!(ie "!wer1 the >e)i#(at're ha#a'th!rit2 t! enat #'h a (aw1 and that it wa# enated inthe intere#t !$ the "'-(i we($are and t! "r!&!te ani&"!rtant ind'#tr21 and that it wa# n!t a de(e)ati!n !$(e)i#(ative "!wer.


Whether Seti!n !$ AO 3 i# va(id ? NO.

Clause A o) se"tion / o) A"t No. 2/= pro#ides: P5o esta1lishgeneral and lo"al rules respe"ting the "lassi"ation, arking,

and pa"king o) to1a""o )or doesti" sale or )or exportation tothe Knited >tates so )ar as a+ 1e ne"essar+ to se"ure lea)to1a""o o) good *ualit+ and to se"ure its handling undersanitar+ "onditions and to the end that lea) to1a""o 1e notixed, pa"ked, and arked as o) the sae *ualit+ !hen it isnot o) the sae "lass and origin.P

(o!er o) the Colle"tor o) 'nternal $e#enue "onned to theaking o) rules and regulations )or the "lassi"ation, aking,

and pa"king o) to1a""o, and that su"h po!er i# $'rther(i&ited t! what i# nee##ar2 t! #e're (ea$t!-a! !$ )!!d 'a(it2 and it# hand(in) 'nder

#anitar2 !nditi!n#. 5he po!er is )urther liited Pto theend that lea) to1a""o 1e not ixed, pa"ked, and arkedas o) the sae *ualit+ !hen it is not o) the sae *ualit+!hen it is not o) the sae "lass and origin.P

o An+ rules or regulations !hi"h are not !ithin thes"ope o) the A"t are null and #oid.

ere, again, the Fegislature has not dened !hat shall 1e thestandard or the t+pe o) lea) or anu)a"tured to1a""o !hi"ha+ 1e exported to the Knited >tates, or e#en spe"ied ho! orupon !hat 1asis the Colle"tor o) 'nternal $e#enue should x ordeterine the standard. All o) that po!er is delegated to theColle"tor o) 'nternal $e#enue.

Anal+&ing the po!er "on)erred, it wi(( -e $!'nd that the"r!vi#i!n# !$ the (e)i#(ative at are n!t (i&ited t! the"r!vine# !$ Ca)a2an1 I#a-e(a1 !r N'eva Vi+a2a1 !r t!an2 "r!vine1 and that there i# n! (i&itati!n a# t! the"(ae where the t!-a! #h!'(d -e )r!wn in thePhi(i""ine I#(ands. 5he purpose and intent o) the Fegislator!as that a proper standard o) the *ualit+ o) to1a""o should 1exed and dened, and that all o) those !ho produ"e to1a""o o)

the sae standard should ha#e e*ual rights and opportunities.'t !as ne#er intended that a standard should 1e xed !hi"h!ould liit the anu)a"ture o) "igars )or export to "ertainpro#in"es o) the 'slands, or that the to1a""o produ"ed in onepro#in"e should 1e easured 1+ another and di@erentstandard than the to1a""o produ"ed in an+ other pro#in"e.

o That w!'(d a&!'nt t! di#ri&inati!n and (a##

(e)i#(ati!n1 whih1 even the >e)i#(at're1 w!'(dn!t have the "!wer t! enat. Again, the legislati#eA"t does not sa+ an+thing a1out Pller,P or !hetherit should 1e short or long. Neither does it sa+"oon kno!ledge that standard "igars are o)

di@erent si&es, !eights, and lengths, and that thepurit+ and standard o) the "igar does not dependupon either.

$espondents rel+ on utteld #. >tranahan 692 K. >., 28,where it wa# he(d that an at !$ C!n)re## "r!vidin) $!rthe in#"eti!n !$ i&"!rted tea wa# n!t a de(e)ati!n !$(e)i#(ative "!wer. That a#e i# )!!d (aw1 -'t there i# a

ver2 i&"!rtant di#tinti!n -etween the At !$ C!n)re##there and !$ the Phi(i""ine >e)i#(at're here.

A"t No. 2/= does not pro#ide the 1asis )or a standard or ho!and in !hat anner *ualit+ should 1e as"ertained. 5he A"t o)Congress in utteld prohi1ited the iportation o) tea, P!hi"h

is in)erior tea in purit+, *ualit+ and tness )or "onsuption tothe standards,P and se"tion = ena"ts that the >e"retar+ o) the5reasur+ shall x and esta1lish uni)or standards o) purit+,*ualit+, and tness upon the re"oendation o) the 1oard o)se#en e1ers. 't spe"i"all+ prohi1its the iportation o) tea,!hi"h is in)erior in purit+, *ualit+, and tness )or "onsuption,1ased on "ertain 1+ a 1oard o) se#en e1ers, ea"h o) !hoshall prepare and su1it standard saples o) tea, and 1asedupon the re"oendation o) the 1oard, the >e"retar+ o) the5reasur+ shall then x and o) the 1oard, the >e"retar+ o) the5reasur+ shall then x and esta1lish a uni)or standard o)purit+, *ualit+, and tness, et".


19/32

5he a"t o) Congress !ithin itsel) pro#ides the s"opeand pur#ie! o) the standards and the ethod, ho!and 1+ !ho the+ shall 1e as"ertained.

NOTES:

$A2/= spe"i"all+ pro#ides:INo lea) to1a""o or anu)a"tured to1a""o shall 1e exported)ro the (hilippine 'slands to the Knited >tates until it shallha#e 1een inspe"ted 1+ the Colle"tor o) 'nternal $e#enue or hisdul+ authori&ed representati#e and )ound to 1e standard )orexport ...'n order to )a"ilitate the )ree entr+ o) to1a""o produ"ts )rothe (hilippine 'slands into the Knited >tates, the Colle"tor o)'nternal $e#enue is authori&ed to a"t as stap agent )or theKntied >tates Coissioner o) 'nternal $e#enue, and to "erti)+to the 'nsular Colle"tor o) Custos that the standard to1a""oexported is the gro!th and produ"t o) the (hilippine 'slands.5he 'nsular Colle"tor o) Custos upon "erti"ate )ro theColle"tor o) 'nternal $e#enue as a)oresaid, shall issue su"h"erti"ate o) origin as a+ 1e ne"essar+ to insure the speed+adission o) the standard to1a""o into the Knited >tates )reeo) "ustos duties.E

S2&an v. @aint!C a@iredthe C'3s de"ision in )a#or o) >++ +


20/32

>in"e the de"ision had 1e"oe nal and "ould no longer 1ere#ie!ed 1+ the Coissioner o) Custos a)ter the lapseo) da+s )ro the date o) noti"ation !as gi#en to the >++ + +


21/32

o ') the iporter is satised !ith the assessent he pa+sthe aount assessed and !ithdra!s the goods. ailureto protest renders the a"tion o) the Colle"tor "on"lusi#eagainst the iporter. 6>e"s =B0 and =B, $AC8.

o ') dissatised he pa+s the aount o) the assessentan+ho! and then les a protest 6>e". =B2, $AC8.Colle"tor re-exaines the atter thus presented. 6>e".=B9, $AC.8

H!wever1 when "r!"ert2 i&"!rted i# #'-;et t! $!r$eit're

'nder the '#t! (aw#1 the )!!d# are #ei+ed1 a warrant$!r their detenti!n i# i##'ed1 the !wner !r hi# a)ent i#n!ti6ed in writin) and a$ter )ivin) a hearin) withre$erene t! the !7en#e !r de(in'en2 whih )ave ri#et! the #ei+'re1 the C!((et!r in writin) &a5e# ade(arati!n !$ $!r$eit're !r 6%e# the a&!'nt !$ the 6ne t!-e i&"!#ed !r ta5e# #'h !ther a""r!"riate #te"# he &a2dee& "r!"er. 6>e"s. =/=, =B?, =B, =B9Q2R, $AC.8

oth under protest and sei&ure "ases the person aggrie#ed 1+the de"ision o) the Colle"tor a+ appeal to the Coissioner!ithin da+s. 6>e". =;0, $AC.8

o 5hereupon, Colle"tor shall transit all the papers in the"ause to the Coissioner, !ho shall appro#e, odi)+, orre#erse the a"tion o) his su1ordinate and shall take su"hsteps and ake su"h order or orders as a+ 1e ne"essar+to gi#e e@e"t to his de"ision.

') the person aggrie#ed does not ake su"h appeal, thede"ision e#identl+ 1e"oes nal, at least as to hi.

'N 5'> CA>: >+ an 1elie#ed that 6sin"e he )ailed or did not "hoose to

appeal8 the de"ision had 1e"oe nal

5>C. =;0. Review -2 C!&&i##i!ner. L 5he person aggrie#ed 1+ thede"ision o) the "olle"tor o) "ustos in an+ atter presented upon protestor 1+ his a"tion in an+ "ase o) sei&ure a+, !ithin )teen da+s a)ternoti"ation in !riting 1+ the "olle"tor o) his a"tion or de"ision, gi#e!ritten noti"e to the "olle"tor signi)+ing his desire to ha#e the atterre#ie!ed 1+ the Coissioner.

o Asked the "ourt that the sae 1e exe"uted or thathe 1e allo!ed to pa+ the aounts xed in thede"ision and

o 5hat the er"handise 1e released 6!ith theex"eption o) the se!ing a"hines !hi"h !erede"lared su14e"t to )or)eiture8.

Coisioner 1elie#es that the unappealed de"ision o) the

Colle"tor in a sei&ure "ase d!e# n!t -e!&e 6na( a#a)ain#t the *!vern&ent a# (!n) a# it ha# n!t -eenreviewed and ated '"!n -2 hi&.

o e does not state the period i) an+ !ithin !hi"h hea+ or has to ake su"h re#ision.

o Coissioner a+ hold !ithout a"tion an appealedsei&ure "ase, the de"ision o) !hi"h is alread+ nal asto the iporter, indenitel+, )or onths i) not )or+ears, as )or instan"e, !hen there are too a+ su"h"ases to stud+ and de"ide, or there are otheratters that ha#e pre)eren"e to this attention anda"tion, a period o) tie !ithout liit.

CK$5: ro the standpoint o) the iporter, su"h rule is de"idedl+

unsatis)a"tor+ and e#en un4ust, i) not oppressi#e. >+ an is !illing to a1ide 1+ the de"ision o) the Colle"tor

he !ants to pa+ the aounts xed and stated in thede"ision, in"luding the nes, and desires to get the goodsreleased so as to 1e a1le to dispose o) the.

o!e#er, Coissioner 6rel+ing ex"lusi#el+ on his po!er o)super#ision and "ontrol, as head o) the ureau o) Custos,o#er Colle"tors as his su1ordinates in that 1ureau, andpresua1l+ on his


22/32

>e". , $AC: I#er+ "hie) o) 1ureau shall pres"ri1e )orsand ake regulations or general orders not in"onsistent !ithla! to "arr+ into )ull e@e"t the la!s relating to atters !ithinthe 1ureauOs 4urisdi"tion.E

K5 to 1e"oe e@e"ti#e, said )ors and regulations ust 1e:a. Appro#ed 1+ the Departent head and1. (u1lished in the @i"ial %a&ette or other!ise pu1li"l+

proulgated.

A((F'D 'N 5'> CA>: 5here is )ailure o) appro#al 1+ the departent head and o)

pu1li"ation. en"e, the


23/32

ne"essar+ to reind the o) it 1+ eans o) aeorandu order.

e". =;0, $AC, it !ould see that in asei&ure "ase, the Colle"tor transits all the papers in the "auseto the Coissioner onl+ !hen and a)ter the iporter notieshi in !riting signi)+ing his desire to ha#e the atter re#ie!ed1+ the Coissioner. 5he se"tion does not sa+ that !ithout the noti"e o) appeal,

the Colle"tor is "alled upon to su1it the papers o) the "aseto the Coissioner. ') this 1e true, then legall+, a "ase o)sei&ure unappealed ends right in the o@i"e o) the Colle"tor,!ith-out pre4udi"e o) "ourse to the Colle"tor su1se*uentl+aking a report o) his a"tion to the Coissioner.

urtherore, >e". =;;, $AC, I!ner shall pa+ theappraised #alue o) the propert+, su"h propert+ shall 1e)orth!ith surrendered, and all lia1ilit+ !hi"h a+ or ightatta"h to the propert+ 1+ #irtue o) the o@ense !hi"h !as theo""asion o) the sei&ure and all lia1ilit+ !hi"h ight ha#e 1een

in"urred under an+ 1ond gi#en 1+ the o!ner or agent inrespe"t to su"h propert+ shall thereupon 1e deeed to 1edis"harged.

Again, under >e". =;9, IGhere pa+ent is ade orredeption e@e"ted as allo!ed under the pre"eding se"tion,the part+ aking pa+ent or e@e"ting the redeption a+, i)he desires to test the #alidit+ o) the pro"eedings, ake )oralprotest at the tie o) aking su"h pa+ent or a@e"ting su"hredeption, or !ithin )teen da+s therea)ter, and ake "lai)or the repa+ent o) the !hole or an+ part o) the su so paid1+ hi, !hereupon the pro"eedings shall take the sae "ourse

as in ordinar+ "ases o) protest against "ustos duties and"harges generall+.

the iporter or o!ner o) goods sei&ed, a)ter pa+ent is ade orredeption e@e"ted, is allo!ed i) he desires to test the #alidit+ or"orre"tness o) the de"ision o) the Colle"tor, to appeal the sae tothe Coissioner o) Custos presua1l+,. 5he in)eren"e )ollo!sthat 1+ aking pa+ent and redeeing the propert+ sei&ed underthe de"ision o) the Colle"tor o) Custos, the o!ner a+ terinatethe "ase right there, altho not!ithstanding his pa+ent he still hasthe right to ha#e the "ase ele#ated to the @i"e o) theCoissioner o) Custos.

$


24/32

>in"e the isheries Fa! does not expressl+ prohi1it ele"tro shing,the >e"retar+ and Coissioner are po!erless to penali&e it.

DOCTRINE: 5o de"lare !hat shall "onstitute a "rie and ho! itshall 1e punished is a po!er #ested ex"lusi#el+ in the legislature,and it a+ not 1e delegated to an+ other 1od+ or agen"+.

FACTS:

Jose uena#entura, %odo)redo $e+es, en4ain $e+es, Na&arioA*uino and Carlito del $osario !ere "harged 1+ aConsta1ular+ in#estigator in the uni"ipal "ourt o) >ta. Cru&,Faguna !ith ha#ing #iolated isheries Adinistrati#e rderNo. ;? )or allegedl+ resorting to ele"tro shing in the !aterso) arrio >an (a1lo Norte, >ta. Cru&, Faguna, 1+ using anele"tro"uting de#i"e lo"all+ kno!n as Vsenso3 to "at"h shusing ele"tri" "urrent.

Kpon otion o) the a""used, the uni"ipal "ourt *uashed the"oplaint.

5he lo!er "ourt held that ele"tro shing "annot 1e penali&ed1e"ause ele"tri" "urrent i# n!t an !-n!%i!'# !r "!i#!n!'##'-#tane a# !nte&"(ated in #eti!n o) the isheriesFa! and that it is not a su1stan"e at all 1ut a )or o) energ+"ondu"ted or transitted 1+ su1stan"es.

5he lo!er "ourt )urther held that, sin"e the la! does not"learl+ prohi1it ele"tro shing1 the e%e'tive and ;'diia(de"art&ent# ann!t !n#ider it 'n(aw$'(. G#ee n!te# $!r(e)a( -a5)r!'nd !$ Fi#herie# >aw8

C' o) Faguna a@ired the order o) disissal. C' and theprose"ution assued that ele"tro shing is punisha1le underse"tion ;= o) the isheries Fa! 6not under se"tion B/ thereo)8,

whih "r!vide# that an2 !ther vi!(ati!n !$ that (aw

an2 r'(e# and re)'(ati!n# "r!&'()ated there'nder #ha((#'-;et the !7ender t! a 6ne !$ n!t &!re than P//.//1!r i&"ri#!n&ent $!r n!t &!re than 0 &!nth#1 !r -!th1 inthe di#reti!n !$ the !'rt.=

5he "ase is no! 1e)ore >C on appeal 1+ prose"ution under $ANo. ??0.

RU>IN*:Fo!er "ourt3s de"ision is set aside )or la"k o) appellate4urisdi"tion. rder o) disissal 1+ e"retar+ o) Natural $esour"es8 under the isheries Fa!sustains the #ie! that he ex"eeded his authorit+ inpenali&ing ele"tro shing 1+ eans o) an adinistrati#eorder.

The (aw&a5in) -!d2 ann!t de(e)ate t! an e%e'tive

!7iia( the "!wer t! de(are what at# #h!'(d !n#tit'tea ri&ina( !7en#e. It an a'th!ri+e the i##'ane !$re)'(ati!n# and the i&"!#iti!n !$ the "ena(t2 "r!vided$!r in the (aw it#e($.

On r'(e&a5in) "!wer !$ e%e'tive !7iia(#


25/32

Adinistrati#e agen"ies are "lothed !ith ruleaking po!ers1e"ause the la!aking 1od+ nds it ipra"ti"a1le, i) notipossi1le, to anti"ipate and pro#ide )or the ulti)arious and"oplex situations that a+ 1e en"ountered in en)or"ing thela!. All that is re*uired is that the regulation should 1egerane to the o14e"ts and purposes o) the la! and that itshould "on)or to the standards that the la! pres"ri1es.

5he la!aking 1od+ "annot possi1l+ pro#ide )or all the details

in the en)or"eent o) a parti"ular statute. The )rant !$ ther'(e&a5in) "!wer t! ad&ini#trative a)enie# i# are(a%ati!n !$ the "rini"(e !$ #e"arati!n !$ "!wer# and i#an e%e"ti!n t! the n!nde(e)ati!n !$ (e)i#(ative "!wer# .Adinistrati#e regulations or Isu1ordinate legislationE"al"ulated to proote the pu1li" interest are ne"essar+1e"ause o) Ithe gro!ing "oplexit+ o) odern li)e, theultipli"ation o) the su14e"ts o) go#ernental regulations, andthe in"reased di@i"ult+ o) adinistering the la!E

Ad&ini#trative re)'(ati!n# ad!"ted 'nder (e)i#(ative

a'th!rit2 -2 a "arti'(ar de"art&ent &'#t -e inhar&!n2 with the "r!vi#i!n# !$ the (aw1 and #h!'(d

-e $!r the #!(e "'r"!#e !$ arr2in) int! e7et it#)enera( "r!vi#i!n#. 42 #'h re)'(ati!n#1 !$ !'r#e1the (aw it#e($ ann!t -e e%tended.The r'(e&a5in) "!wer &'#t -e !n6ned t! detai(# $!r

re)'(atin) the &!de !r "r!eedin) t! arr2 int! e7etthe (aw a# it ha# -een enated. The "!wer ann!t -ee%tended t! a&endin) !r e%"andin) the #tat't!r2re'ire&ent# !r t! e&-rae &atter# n!t !vered -2 the#tat'te. R'(e# that #'-vert the #tat'te ann!t -e#anti!ned.

Arti"le B o) the Ci#il Code e1odies the 1asi" prin"iple that

Iadinistrati#e or exe"uti#e a"ts, orders and regulations shall1e #alid onl+ !hen the+ are not "ontrar+ to the la!s or theConstitution.E

Justi"e ernando: Ix"ept )or "onstitutional o@i"ials !ho "antra"e their "opeten"e to a"t to the )undaental la! itsel), apu1li" o@i"ial ust lo"ate in the statute relied upon a grant o)

po!er 1e)ore he "an exer"ise it.E IDepartent &eala+ not 1e peritted to outrun the authorit+"on)erred 1+ statute.E

$ules and regulations !hen proulgated in pursuan"e o) thepro"edure or authorit+ "on)erred upon the adinistrati#e

agen"+ 1+ la!, partake o) the nature o) a statute, and"oplian"e there!ith a+ 1e en)or"ed 1+ a penal san"tionpro#ided in the la!. 5his is so 1e"ause statutes are usuall+"ou"hed in general ters, a)ter expressing the poli"+,purposes, o14e"ti#es, reedies and san"tions intended 1+ thelegislature. 5he details and the anner o) "arr+ing out the ta!are o)tenties le)t to the adinistrati#e agen"+ entrusted !ithits en)or"eent. 'n this sense, it has 1een said that rules andregulations are the produ"t o) a delegated po!er to "reate ne!or additional legal pro#isions that ha#e the e@e"t o) la!.E 5herule or regulation should 1e !ithin the s"ope o) the statutor+authorit+ granted 1+ the legislature to the adinistrati#eagen"+.

A# a""(ied in the a#e:

5here is no *uestion that the >e"retar+ o) Agri"ulture andNatural $esour"es has ruleaking po!ers. >e"tion ? o) theisheries Fa! pro#ides that the >e"retar+ Ishall )ro tie totie issue instru"tions, orders, and regulations "onsistentE!ith that la!, Ias a+ 1e ne"essar+ and proper to "arr+ intoe@e"t the pro#isions thereo).E

o!e#er, as he exer"ises the ruleaking po!er 1+ delegationo) the la!aking 1od+, it is a re*uisite that he should nottrans"end the 1ounds dear"ated 1+ the statute )or theexer"ise o) that po!er other!ise, he !ould 1e iproperl+exer"ising legislati#e po!er in his o!n right and not as asurrogate o) the la!aking 1od+.

'n the instant "ase the regulation penali&ing ele"tro shing isnot stri"tl+ in a""ordan"e !ith the isheries Fa!, under !hi"hthe regulation !as issued, 1e"ause the la! itsel) does notexpressl+ punish ele"tro shing. >in"e the isheries Fa! doesnot expressl+ prohi1it ele"tro shing, the >e"retar+ and

Coissioner are po!erless to penali&e it. T! de(are what#ha(( !n#tit'te a ri&e and h!w it #ha(( -e "'ni#hed i# a"!wer ve#ted e%('#ive(2 in the (e)i#(at're1 and it &a2n!t -e de(e)ated t! an2 !ther -!d2 !r a)en2.

'n "ase o) dis"repan"+ 1et!een the 1asi" la! and a rule orregulation issued to ipleent said la!, the 1asi" la! pre#ails1e"ause said rule or regulation "annot go 1e+ond the tersand pro#isions o) the 1asi" la!.

NOTES:Fegal 1a"kground o) the isheries Fa!


26/32

>e". W prohi1its Ithe use o) an+ o1noxious or poisonoussu1stan"eE in shing

>e". B/ - punishes an+ person !ho uses an o1noxious orpoisonous su1stan"e in shing !ith a ne o) not less than #ehundred pesos nor ore than #e thousand, and 1+iprisonent )or not less than six onths nor ore than #e+earsFi#herie# >aw d!e# n!t e%"re##(2 "'ni#h $(A(8.

o 5he pro#ision"r!hi-it# the a""!int&ent !$"er#!n# 38 2ear# !(d and '" int! the)!vern&ent #ervie with!'t "ri!r CSC a""r!va(.6C>C


27/32

Att+. 5oledo goes to the C>C to appeal Coele" $esolution No.20//. C>C in a resolution de"lares Att+. 5oledo3s appointent

Ierel+ #oida1le and not #oid ab initioE, Ithere 1eing no1asis in la!E.

Att+. 5oledo "onsidered de facto o@i"er )ro his assuptiono) o@i"e.

Att+. 5oledo les instant petition )or "ertiorari.

e "ontends that the C>C3s $esolution is !ithout legal1asis, !ith C>$(A( 1eing in#alid and unen)or"ea1le )or notha#ing 1een pu1lished in the .% or in an+ ne!spaper o)general "ir"ulation as re*uired under >e". 9618 o) (D ;0B.

o or that reason, the re*uireent o) prior C>Cauthorit+ to appoint persons B +ears or older hasnot I1e"oe e@e"ti#eE and "annot 1e in#okedagainst hi.

RU>IN*:(etition %$AN5D.

Whether Att2. T!(ed!9# a""!int&ent wa# with!'t r'(e# !$

!'rt ? YES.

5he pro#ision pro#iding soe liitation as regards age 6nd#n! -a#i# in (aw.

I. Civi( Servie At !$ 3 6$.A. 22/08

5he C>C is andated to "arr+ into e@e"t the pro#isions o)the 99 Ci#il >er#i"e A"t through suita1le rules. Ci#il >er#i"e A"t o) 99 esta1lished a Ci#il >er#i"e

Coission one o) the )un"tions o) !hi"h !as, P!ith theappro#al 1+ the (resident, to pres"ri1e, aend, anden)or"e #'ita-(e r'(e# and re)'(ati!n# $!r arr2in)int! e7et the "r!vi#i!n# !$ % % the Civi( Servie>aw,P said rules Pto 1e"oe e@e"ti#e thirt+ da+s a)terpu1li"ation in the @i"ial %a&etteP Q>e". / 6e8R.

C>C su1se*uentl+ adopted and proulgated rulesintended to "arr+ the la! into e@e"t, kno!n as the$evised Civil !ervice $ules. 5hose rules !ere pu1lishedin the suppleent to Hol. ;, No. ?9 o) the >ept. =, 9/2%.

o!e#er, the statute itsel) "ontained n! "r!vi#i!n"r!hi-itin) a""!int&ent !r rein#tate&ent in the*!vern&ent #ervie !$ an2 "er#!n wh! wa#a(read2 38 2ear# !(d1or other!ise re*uiring that soe

liitation as regards to age 1e pla"ed on eplo+ent in the%o#ernent ser#i"e. Ne#ertheless, >e"tion , $ule H' o) those pu1lished

$e#ised Ci#il >er#i"e $ules pro#ided 4ust thatB.Th'#1 thi# "r!hi-iti!n wa# "'re(2 a reati!n !$ the

CSC.

II. Civi( Servie Deree !$ the Phi(i""ine# 6(D ;0B8

(D No. ;0B esta1lished Pan independent Ci#il >er#i"eCoission.P Fike $A 22/0 !hi"h it superseded, it is andated to "arr+

into e@e"t the pro#isions o) (D ;0B. (D ;0B epo!ered the Coission to Ppres"ri1e,

aend, and en)or"e suita1le rules and regulations )orarr2in) int! e7et the "r!vi#i!n# !$ the Deree1Pand also pro#ided that said Prules and regulations shall1e"oe e@e"ti#e thirt+ 6=08 da+s a)ter pu1li"ation in the@i"ial %a&ette or in an+ ne!spaper o) general"ir"ulation.P

5he ne! Ci#il >er#i"e Coission adopted thePCi#il >er#i"e $ules on (ersonnel A"tions and(oli"iesP 6C>$(A(8 to )ulll its statutor+andate.

o o!e#er, thesewere never "'-(i#hedin either the O.*. !r in an2 new#"a"er !$)enera( ir'(ati!n.

$ule ''', >e". 22;o) the C>$(A( is su1stantiall+ the sae as>e"tion , $ule H' o) the earlier$evised Civil !ervice $ules.

As 1e)ore, there is no pro#ision at all in (D ;0B dealing inan+ anner !ith the appointent, reinstateent or re-

7P>C. . No person shall 1e appointed or reinstated in theser#i"e i) he is alread+ B +ears old, unless the (resident o) the(hilippines, (resident o) the >enate, >peaker o) the ouse o)$epresentati#es, or the Chie) Justi"e o) the >upree Court, as the"ase a+ 1e, deterines that he possesses spe"ial *uali"ationsand his ser#i"es are needed.P

8P>C. 22. No person shall 1e appointed, reinstated, orreeplo+ed in the ser#i"e i) he is alread+ B +ears old, unless the(resident, or the Chie) Justi"e o) the >upree Court, in the "ase o)eplo+ees in the 4udi"iar+, deterines that he possesses spe"ial

*uali"ations urgentl+ needed 1+ the hiring agen"+.P


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eplo+ent in the %o#ernent ser#i"e o) an+ personalread+ B +ears or an+ parti"ular age, )or that atter.

A)ain1 the "r!vi#i!n re)ardin) "er#!n# 38 2ear# !$

a)e wa# "'re(2 a reati!n !$ the C!&&i##i!n1havin) n! re$erene t! an2 "r!vi#i!n in the dereeintended t! -e i&"(e&ented.

5he C>$(A( !as ne#er pu1lished either in the % at the tie$ule ''', >e". 22 !as applied to Att+. 5oledo to his pre4udi"e. C>C Chair (atri"ia A. >to. 5oas, in a letter to Att+. 5oledo,

stated that:o 6a8 the Coission had Pno re"ord o) the pu1li"ation

o) said $ules 6P$ules on (ersonnel A"tions and(oli"iesP8 in ne!spapers o) general "ir"ulationPalthough said $ules !ere Ppu1lished and distri1uted1+ the National $(A(. 't a+ reasona1l+ 1e assued that the la!-aking

authorit+ at the tie, the (resident,wa# aware !$ the"r!vi#i!n !n 382ear !(d "er#!n# in the !(d Civi(Servie R'(e#.

Yet !hen he proulgated (D ;0B the (resident did not seet to in"orporate therein an+ pro#ision regarding B-+earold persons u"h ore pres"ri1e an+ age 1e+ond !hi"hpersons "ould 1e"oe ineligi1le )or appointent,reinstateent or re-eplo+ent.

Thi# #'re(2 i# an indiati!n !$ an intenti!n n!t t!

!ntin'e the "r!vi#i!n in e7et.

The "r!vi#i!n !n 382ear !(d "er#!n# in -!th the !(d

r'(e# and in the CSRPAP ann!t -e a!rded va(idit2.

I. The CSC "er$!r&ed an 'na'th!ri+ed at !$ (e)i#(ati!n.

5he po!er #ested in the C>C !as to ipleent the la! orput it into e@e"t, not to add to it to "arr+ the la! into e@e"tor exe"ution, not to suppl+ per"ei#ed oissions in it.

o 't is entirel+ a "reation o) the C>C, ha#ing no 1asisin the la! itsel) !hi"h it !as eant to ipleent.

o Teo)on v. *embers of the +oard of Administrators,

hil. -eterans Admin.P+ its adinistrati#eregulations, o) "ourse, the la! itsel) "an not 1e

extended said regulations O"annot aend an a"t o)Congress./

5he ena"tent o) said se"tion, relati#e to B-+ear oldpersons, !as also an at !$ #'"erer!)ati!non the part o)the C>C #ine the r'(e ha# n! re(ati!n t! !r !nneti!n

with an2 "r!vi#i!n !$ the (aw #'""!#ed t! -e arriedint! e7et. The #eti!n wa# an additi!n t! !re%ten#i!n !$ the (aw1 n!t &ere(2 a &!de !$ arr2in) itint! e7et.

II. The CSRPAP wa# n!t e7etive at the ti&e !$a""(iati!n t! Att2. T!(ed! !$ a "r!vi#i!n there!$.

't is undisputed that the C>$(A( !as ne#er pu1lished.

5he arguent that the sae !as Ia ere reiteration o)existing la!E Qthere !as none at allR and had 1eenI"ir"ulari&edE does not exept it )ro the re*uireent o)(D ;0B that the )orer should 1e pu1lished in the % or inan+ ne!spaper o) general "ir"ulation.

II. Even a##'&in) that the r'(e re)ardin) e&"(!2&ent !$382ear !(d "er#!n# i# va(id1 it a""(ie# !n(2 t! th!#ee&"(!2ee# !$ the SC and the Pre#ident.

5hese t!o are the onl+ o@i"ials entioned in $ule ''', >e".22 as ha#ing to gi#e "onsent to the eplo+ent o) saidpersons.

't "annot 1e "onstrued as appl+ing to eplo+ees o#er !honeither the (resident nor the Chie) Justi"e exer"isessuper#ision, su"h as the >enate or the ouse o)$epresentati#es, or the C


29/32

PG$A>, )or the #alidit+ then o) the appointent o) Att+.5oledo as er#i"e Coission 1e o1tained "onsideringthat he !as ore than )t+-se#en 6B8 +ears old at the tie, itust as !ell 1e sho!n that 6a8 the exigen"ies o) the ser#i"e sore*uired, 618 Att+. 5oledo possesses spe"ial *uali"ation notpossessed 1+ other o@i"ers or eplo+ees in the Coission,and 6"8 the #a"an"+ "annot 1e lled 1+ prootion o) *ualied

o@i"ers or eplo+ees in the CoissionPG$A>, there is nothing in the 20 ile o) Att+. 5oledo thatindi"ates that su"h authorit+ !as e#en o1tained )ro the Ci#il>er#i"e Coission or )ro the (resident o) the (hilippinesoreo#er, "onditions 6a8, 618 and 6"8 stated in the iediatel+pre"eding "lause did not then existPG$A>, appointent then o) Att+. 5oledo !as ade in#iolation o) la! and pursuant to >e"tion B, $ule ''' o) the Ci#il>er#i"e $ules on (ersonnel A"tion, the appointent !as #oid)ro the 1eginning.PNG, 5$$, 1e it resol#ed, as it is here1+ resol#ed, toDCFA$ as H'D )ro the 1eginning the appointent o) Att+.Augusto 5oledo as


30/32

)or"e and e@e"ts o) a tax anest+. 5he "lear andexpress ters o) the sho!s an intention that*ualied a#ailers o) the anest+ a+ pa+ ananest+ tax in lieu o) said unpaid taxes !hi"h are)orgi#en. e". ? o) No. ?, as aended, do not indi"ate an+re)eren"e to an assessent or pending in#estigationaside )ro one arising )ro in)oration )urnished 1+an in)orer. 5hus, the rule in $e#enue tate o) itsauthorit+ to ipose penalties on persons other!iseguilt+ o) e#asion or #iolation o) a re#enue or tax la!,partakes o) an a1solute )orgi#eness or !ai#er 1+ the%o#ernent o) its right to "olle"t !hat other!ise

!ould 1e due it, and in this sense, pre4udi"ialthereto, parti"ularl+ to gi#e tax e#aders, !ho !ish torelent and are !illing to re)or a "han"e to do soand there1+ 1e"oe a part o) the ne! so"iet+ !ith a"lean slate. 5o )ollo! the restri"ti#e appli"ation o)$e#enue >>'N K>5'N G$ X5'N%K'>D Y $A>N $($'HA5 $>(NDN5O> AHA'F>>>.

5hese are sued up 1+ the Court in one issue.

RU>IN*:G$$, the de"ision o) the "ourt o) Appeals,sustaining that o) the Court o) 5ax Appeals, is here1+A'$


31/32

No. ? is *uite expli"it and re*uires hardl+ an+thing1e+ond a siple appli"ation o) its pro#isions 6> Notes )ortext o) the la!8.

'), as the Coissioner argues, No. ? had not 1eenintended to in"lude 9;-9; tax lia1ilities alread+ assessed6adinistrati#el+8 prior to August 22, 9;/, the la! "ould ha#esipl+ so pro#ided in its ex"lusionar+ "lauses. 't did not. 5he"on"lusion is una#oida1le, and it is that the exe"uti#e order has1een designed to 1e in the nature o) a general grant o) taxanest+ su14e"t onl+ to the "ases specicall0 ex"epted 1+ it.

5he taxa1le periods "o#ered 1+ the anest+ in"lude the +earsiediatel+ pre"eding the 9;/ re#olution during !hi"h tiethere had 1een persistent "alls, all too #i#id to 1e easil+)orgotten, )or "i#il diso1edien"e, ost parti"ularl+ in thepa+ent o) taxes, to the artial la! regie. 't should 1eunderstanda1le then that those !ho ultiatel+ took o#er thereigns o) go#ernent )ollo!ing the su""ess)ul re#olution !ouldproptl+ pro#ide )or a 1road, and not a "onned, tax anest+.

Also, reading >e". / o) the , there is no pretension that thetax anest+ returns and due pa+ents ade 1+ the taxpa+er

did not "on)or !ith the "onditions expressed in the anest+order.

NOTES:$e#enue e". ?. x"eptions. L 5he )ollo!ing taxpa+ers a+ not a#ail thesel#es o)the anest+ herein granted:

a8 5hose )alling under the pro#isions o) xe"uti#e rderNos. , 2 and ?18 5hose !ith in"oe tax "ases alread+ led in Court as o)the e@e"ti#it+ hereo)"8 5hose !ith "riinal "ases in#ol#ing #iolations o) the

in"oe tax alread+ led in "ourt as o) the e@e"ti#it+ ledin "ourt as o) the e@e"ti#it+ hereo)d8 5hose that ha#e !ithholding tax lia1ilities under theNational 'nternal $e#enue Code, as aended, inso)ar asthe said lia1ilities are "on"ernede8 5hose !ith tax "ases pending in#estigation 1+ theureau o) 'nternal $e#enue as o) the e@e"ti#it+ hereo) as aresult o) in)oration )urnished under >e"tion =/ o) theNational 'nternal $e#enue Code, as aended)8 5hose !ith pending "ases in#ol#ing unexplained orunla!)ull+ a"*uired !ealth 1e)ore the >andigan1a+ang8 5hose lia1le under 5itle >e#en, Chapter 5hree 6rauds,'llegal xa"tions and 5ransa"tions8 and Chapter our

6


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'nternal $e#enue Code, as aended, are like!ise deeedextinguished.18 5he taxpa+erOs tax anest+ de"laration shall not 1eadissi1le in e#iden"e in all pro"eedings 1e)ore

4udi"ial, 3uasi4udicial or adinistrati#e 1odies, in !hi"hhe is a de)endant or respondent, and the sae shall not 1eexained, in*uired or looked into 1+ an+ person,go#ernent o@i"ial, 1ureau or o@i"e."8 5he 1ooks o) a""ount and other re"ords o) the taxpa+er)or the period )ro Januar+ , 9; to De"e1er =, 9;

shall not 1e exained )or in"oe tax purposes:rovided,5hat the Coissioner o) 'nternal $e#enue a+ authori&ein !riting the exaination o) the said 1ooks o) a""ountsand other re"ords to #eri)+ the #alidit+ or "orre"tness o) a"lai )or grant o) an+ tax re)und, tax "redit 6other than

re)und on "redit o) !ithheld taxes on !ages8, taxin"enti#es, andor exeptions under existing la!s.

>e". 9. 5he

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