SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 61403)

PROJECT 2 – CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING

SERVICES SYSTEMS

KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMANCE ART CENTRE

JASON LIM CHEE SHEN 0316791

LEE KA HOE 0315908

LIEW HONG ZHI 0315836

NICHOLAS LEE NGANG KIM 0320504

WONG YAN CE 0320906

YVONNE CHIN YUN MIIN 0315662

AR. SATEERAH HASSAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.0 INTRODUCTION OF KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMANCE ART CENTRE

2.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Literature Review

2.3 Case Study

2.4 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System

2.4.1 Supply Air Diffusers / Grille

2.4.2 Return / Exhaust Air Grille

2.4.3 Fire Exhaust Fan

2.5 Conclusion

3.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Literature Review

3.3 Case Study

3.4 Centralized Air-Conditioning System

3.4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

3.4.1.1 Air Filter in Air Handling Unit (AHU)

3.4.1.2 Centrifugal Fan in Air Handling Unit (AHU)

3.4.1.3 Heating & Cooling Coils in Air Handling Unit (AHU)

3.4.2 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

3.4.3 Ductwork

3.5 Air-cooled Chilled Water System

3.5.1 Air-cooled Chiller

3.5.2 Component of Air-cooled Chilled System

3.5.2.1 Evaporator

3.5.2.2 Compressor

3.5.2.3 Condenser

3.5.2.4 Expansion Valve

3.5.2.5 Chilled Water Pump

3.5.2.6 Piping System

3.6 Conclusion

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Literature Review

4.3 Case Study

4.4 Active Fire Protection

4.4.1 Heat Detector

4.4.2 Smoke Detector

4.4.3 Call Point

4.4.4 Fire Alarm Bell

4.4.5 Central Command Center

4.4.6 Fire Hydrant

4.4.7 Wet Riser & Hose Reel System

4.4.8 Sprinkler System

4.4.9 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System

4.4.10 Fire Extinguisher

4.5 Passive Fire Protection System

4.5.1 Fire Rated Door

4.5.2 Emergency Exit Signage

4.5.3 Fire Emergency Staircase

4.5.4 Separation of Fire Risk Area

4.5.5 Smoke Curtain

4.5.6 Fire Wall

4.6 Conclusion

5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Literature Review

5.2.1 Types of Elevators

5.3 Case Study

5.4 Drawings – Plans

5.5 Elevator Components

5.6 Function of the Elevator

5.7 Service Lifts

5.8 Geared Machine

5.9 Control System of Elevator

5.9.1 Types of Elevator Control System

5.9.2 Types of Elevator Controllers

5.9.3 Elevator Control System Sequence System

5.10 Analysis

5.11 Conclusion

6.0 REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe our deepest gratitude towards the staff members of the Kuala Lumpur Performance Art

Centre (KLPAC), especially Ms. Zeenee, who arranged the visitation for us out of their busy schedule, which

given us the chance to further understand the building services system of the building KLPAC while we

experienced and observed the site with our own sights, likewise, they continued giving us support in every

way even after the visitation. Next, we sincerely appreciate the humorous Mr. Selva to bring us around

and explained to us about the building services systems used in KLPAC. Furthermore, we are deeply

grateful to our tutor, Ar. Sateerah Hassan, who guided us throughout the whole assignment, leading us

and giving us advices to improve our report in order to produce an informative piece of work. Lastly, we

would like to thank everyone who was involved in this assignment so that this assigned documentation

report could be finished smoothly.

ABSTRACT

This assignment is aimed to determine the significant information in details in the building

services system of Kuala Lumpur Performance Art Centre (KLPAC). The building services systems discussed

in this research paper is divided into four parts, which are mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system,

active and passive fire protection system, and mechanical transportation. Components of each system are

divided into different parts for further identification and analysis to ensure the building systems

installation meet the building code requirements of the Uniform Building by-Laws 1984 (UBBL) and

Malaysian Standards Requirements (MS 1525), where the documentation shows the understanding on

how each building services functions including the connections and position of different part equipment.

Besides that, it also shows the understanding and explanation of the principles and systems, as well as

space implications and regulations related to different building services.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this report, different types of research methodology were used to produce relevant information

about the building services systems used in the KLPAC. Visitation to the selected building KLPAC was made

with a group of six members, where documenting and analysis was conducted during the visitation. We

jotted down the information and recorded the explanations that were made by the supervisor, Mr. Selva,

also asking furthered questions for the report. Photos were taken as well for the documentation of the

report.

Discussions were made after the visitation where we divided our tasks among our members.

Identification of the photos taken during the visitation was made and categorized into the four parts:

mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system, active and passive fire protection system, and mechanical

transportation. Researches were done using resources from book references and internet resources. We

also did researches using the Uniform Building by-Laws 1984 (UBBL) and Malaysian Building Requirements

(MS 1525) to identify whether the building services installation were accurate. Other than that,

discussions were performed with the tutor, Ar. Sateerah Hassan during the tutorial session, to ensure our

report was on the right track.

INTRODUCTION OF KUALA

LUMPUR PERFORMANCE ART

CENTRE

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1.0 INTRODUCTION OF KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMANCE ART CENTRE

Figure 1.1 Panoramic view of KLPAC building

Source: Photo credited to KLPAC

Kuala Lumpur Performance Art Centre (KLPAC), is a place that cultivates the love for various types

of art and cultural attributes among the people, spreading their passion for performing arts to the

younger generations along the way as well. The founders of this community were two unique

individuals known as Faridah Merican and Joe Hasham, who both created history in 1995 by owning

and operating a private theatre in Malaysia below Dataran Merdeka, called The Actors Studio

located at Plaza Putra. Unfortunately, due to a tragic event of flooding back in 2003, the

underground complex of the studio was destroyed entirely, nevertheless, KLPAC was born. The

Actors Studio, YTL Corporation and Yayasan Budi Penyayang, have partnered-up together to form

Malaysia’s first fully-integrated art center, a non-profit organization where it was officially opened

in May 2005.

KLPAC is always full of life, where there are many performances scheduled throughout the years,

mostly self-directed and self-organized events. The KLPAC building was designed with numerous

spaces, like studios, theatres, an academy that carries out seminars and workshops, cafes,

restaurants, and also a small performing arts library.

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Figure 1.2 Programs organized by KLPAC for the younger generations

Source: http://www.klpac.org/about-klpac/our-services/

Numerous programs were organized for the young ones, so that they could develop their interaction

skills with each other, self-expression and self-discovery of their artistic talents. Teenagers were

warmly welcomed to participate in these programs too. Without a doubt, KLPAC has not hesitated

to keep the cultural life in Malaysia from growing. It is one of the iconic and historical landmark,

along with award-winning architectural design in the country. Most importantly, it became a home,

for both the local and foreign art community.

Figure 1.3 Timeline of KLPAC

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION

SYSTEM

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2.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

2.1 Introduction

Mechanical ventilation system is a process whereby it exchanges air inside an enclosed space.

The indoor air is withdrawn and replaced by fresh air continuously which is supplied by clean

external sources. By comparing this to the natural ventilation, it is relatively easier to control

or adjust. The main objective of installing this system is to maintain thermal comfort and

reaching a more satisfied air quality. Throughout the process of altering the properties of air,

by controlling the level of temperature and humidity into a standardized condition inside an

air conditioned space in order to provide a comfortable space. Fans, filters, blowers and ducts

are the components that are used for transporting and removing air from a space. All sort of

these can be found in kitchen, bathroom or working room which required exhaust fan.

In this chapter, mechanical ventilation system in the KLPAC building is documented and

recorded along with researches and analysis. The objective of this chapter is to show the

understanding of mechanical ventilation system used in the building to regulate fresh air and

maintain thermal comfort in the indoor spaces. The findings and analysis are to conclude

whether the mechanical ventilation system of the building meets the requirement of the

building by law.

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2.2 Literature Review

Ventilation is the process which is required to exchange the stale air with fresh air from

external continuously within an enclosed space in order to maintain a better indoor air quality

inside a building. It can be achieved by the mechanical ventilation so that fresh air is well

ventilated inside the building while stale air can be withdrawn. The example of stale air are

indoor pollutants, carbon dioxide, moisture, odor, and airborne chemical. It is also helping in

circulating the air around and throughout the house. Moreover, it is easier to controlled due

to the level of comfortable can be adjust into certain level of satisfaction through filtration,

dehumidification and also conditioning of incoming outdoor air. It is signification to install a

proper mechanical ventilation as:

(I) It preserves oxygen (O2) content while removing Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

(II) It reduces excess condensation.

(III) It avoids from heating concentration from machinery, lighting and people.

(IV) Dispersal of concentrations of bacteria.

(V) Providing consistent freshness

(VI) Dilute and remove contaminants such as smoke, dust, gases and body odors.

(VII) A good alternative in case of unreliable natural ventilation system.

There are a few types of ventilation system that would be found such as supply ventilation

system, exhaust ventilation system, and also the balanced ventilation system. All of these

system achieve with spot ventilation which required the use of localized exhaust fans. However,

it is mainly suggested to install in a more enclosed area such as kitchen and bathroom. Spot

ventilation fans work as to reduce concentrations of pollutants in a living space. In addition,

the exhaust fans should be placed nearer to the sources of moisture or pollutants.

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2.3 CASE STUDY

Regarding to the analysis on KLPAC, several components had been found for building up the

system. Supply Air Diffusers, Return Air Grille, and Fire Exhaust Fan. The supply and exhaust

grilles behind the celling are used as the method for cooling down the temperature within the

building as to achieve thermal comfort since no much passive design found for natural

ventilation. The low air quality within the building due to not so much opening for passive

ventilation had led to the dependence on mechanical ventilation. The whole system is being

well planned to adjust the indoor temperature. However, this situation has brought to a higher

maintenance cost for the building due to it tropical climatic issues.

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2.4 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System

2.4.1 Supply Air Diffuser/Grille

Figure 2.1 Vertical supply Air Diffuser located in the Main Foyer of KLPAC

Figure 2.2 Section Drawing of the vertical Supply Air Diffuser which located in the Main Foyer of

KLPAC

At least 2-3 connected vertical supply air diffuser had been found at the main lobby.

Different type of air diffuser can be found in a range from cost efficient type to complex

and efficient air distributors regarding to the requirements. It is a contemporary design

comparing to the typical supply air diffuser while still work as its origin function. They

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are located at the edge of ductwork where the air can pass through it to the interior part

of the building. The system does not require any power generation and it somehow

created low-velocity air movement in occupied rooms with just a little amount of noise.

The air within the building is well regulated even though then there is no much natural

ventilation across the building. Air diffusers found were assigned to different spaces

according to the requirements. The one installed at the main lobby are more abstract

are installed 6meters above the lobby and all of them consists of openings to reduce the

plum effect, allowing air entering to distribute through eventually. It enhances the

airflow and help to achieve thermal comfort.

UBBL Section 41- Mechanical Ventilation & Air-Conditioning

Windows and opening allowing uninterrupted air passage is not necessary if the rooms

are equipped with mechanical ventilation or air-conditional.

Figure 2.3 Different shape of Air Diffuser Concealed by the ceiling

According to the analysis, there is either circular or rectangular air diffusers and is

concealed by the ceilings. The air supply is so well-distributed throughout the entire

building due to the well-planned location of these air diffusers.

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Figure 2.4 Plan Drawing of how Air Diffuser are connected through ductwork

Figure 2.5 Details sectional drawing of the supply air grille behind the seat which is located at the

main performance stage

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Figure 2.6 Detailed Plan Drawing for Supply Air Grille Location

At the performing stage, the supply air grilles were installed behinds the seat which allow

air distributed equally within the space. Same theory of no power generation needed as

the result of low air velocity air movement created for the enclosed space.

2.4.2 Return/Exhaust Air Grille

Figure 2.7 Return Air Griller located at the Ground Floor Corridor and the celling of the toilet

The function of the installation of exhaust air griller is to expel the foul air which is inside

the building. It helps to carry the air back to the designated AHU rooms. The duct behinds

often being covered up by a series of grillwork in order to avoid obstacles entering or

damaging the system. In addition, filters are included into the installation to trap

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pollutants and allow better airflow accessing the building. It can require the maintenance

cost by reduce the frequent of components break down.

Moreover, it is also used like a pump while installed all over the warm spaces which

contain equipment that giving heat towards the spaces. For example, the fire pump

room and the lift control room. The air grilles or fan placed underneath the timer to

collect and suck out the warm air in between hours to prevent overheating.

Figure 2.8 Plan drawing and Sectional drawing of exhaust air in the toilet beside the main stage

Figure 2.9 Plan drawing of Exhaust Air Grille Used in the Public Toilet of KLPAC

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Figure 2.10 Exhaust fan at the lift control room

According to MS 1525 code 8.4.5, Mechanical ventilation control

‘Each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or exhaust) should be equipped with

a readily accessible switch or other means for shut-down or volume reduction when

ventilation is not required. Examples of such devices would include timer switch

control, thermostat control, duty cycle programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.’

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Figure 2.11 Detailed drawing of one part of Exhaust Ventilation System in KLPAC

Figure 2.12 Sectional drawing for toilet Exhaust Dust of KLPAC and Smoke Extract Duct of KLPAC

The air ducts are connected to a ductwork which connected to the toilet and throughout

the building. The purpose of these components is to expel the foul air and pollutants

from the interiors space while keeping the air quality fresh and acceptable, and ensure

the air circulation is well ventilating the interior.

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2.4.3 Fire Exhaust Fan

Figure 2.13 Fire Exhaust Fan located outside of KLPAC

The fire exhaust fan acts as a component for fire hazard. The automatic fire exhaust vent

was installed to expel smoke, gas and heat automatically during fire emergency case at

the main performing stage. Those exhaust fans were connected to the smoke exhaust

ductwork in order to remove the gas from the building which can be more effective

emergency evacuation. The fundamental idea of the fire ventilation is to change the

pressure conditions prevailing when the building is in a burning condition with a

direction and opening to release the fire gases, cut down the harmful substances like the

poison gases inside the building. However, the materials of the exhaust must be fire

proof and durable to resist fire. The arranged which separated these vents from the

building is to efficiently suck out the gas and smoke from the building.

Figure 2.14 Air Riser which located outside the building of KLPAC

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2.5 Conclusion

As the conclusion, it is necessary to install mechanical ventilation when passive design didn’t

run through the building. It is difficult to withdraw the heat from the building toward outside

naturally. So, mechanical ventilation has to be installed accordingly to improve the air

circulation which access through the entire building. Although the installation may increase

the maintenance cost and the building cost of the building, it is the only solution to cool down

the spaces within itself while helping to achieve user thermal comfort, which play as a role of

cannot be compromised. The mechanical ventilation is also used to compensate and improve

the air quality within the entirely sealed space.

Moreover, KLPAC is doing well in scheduling the ventilation system. The components are well

installed at the appropriate way and location to allow it work at its max potential.

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AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

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3.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction

Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning also known as HVAC is a mechanical technology of

indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. The intention is to provide adequate thermal

comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a sub discipline of mechanical

engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer to

a particular space. These systems require the use of obtained energy and involve some of the

single-purpose components. Heating are appliances which serves the purpose to generate heat

for the building. Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing the air in a space to control

the temperature or to remove any combination of gases. Air conditioning runs cooling and

humidity control for a space in a building. Among of all, air conditioning system are the most

used system in mechanical system.

Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Centre (KLPAC) is the chosen building for this mechanical system

research. KLPAC is ventilated by mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system. These

system comforts the space by controlling the internal air temperature in terms to achieve

thermal comfort. With the support of these systems, the user in KLPAC will have a comfortable

and cooling space to stay at. The air conditioning system that used in KLPAC is unit air-

conditioning system.

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3.2 Literature Review

Air-Conditioning System

In HVAC, the terms “AC” stands for air-conditioning. It is the process of changing the air

temperature and humidity to reach thermal comfort at the same time to enrich the indoor air

quality. Other than that, air-conditioning system is often used to control temperature,

humidity, air cleanliness and air movement as well as heat radiation to achieve thermal

comfort in the building. Basically it works by bringing the indoor heat air to the outdoor.

The four types of air-conditioning system which are:

1. Split unit air-conditioning system

2. Room air conditioner (window unit)

3. Packaged unit air-conditioning system

4. Centralized/plant air-conditioning system

Split Unit Air-Conditioning System

Split unit air-conditioning system is divided by two different parts, which are indoor and

outdoor unit. The indoor unit houses evaporator, cooling coil, blower fan and air filter. Warm

air will be carried and cooled into the filter and evaporator by blower. While the outdoor unit

is usually installed on the wall in that particular space. The unit houses compressor, condenser

and expansion valve. The heat will be removed through compressor and condenser that

covered with aluminum fins which is used to fasten the heat to be removed from the

refrigerant.

Room Air Conditioner (Window Unit)

Room window air conditioner is the simplest in terms of air-conditioning system which is used

for a space rather than a whole building. This system is usually installed at window openings

or on the wall. By this way, the air of that space will be cooled down when the fans blow over

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the evaporator. The heat will then transfer from the inside to outside by the condenser. There

are 3 different subsystems of room air temperature are presented.

3 subsystems of the room air conditioner are:

a) Refrigeration components

b) Control system components

c) Air circulation and ventilation components

Packaged Unit Air-Conditioning System

Packaged unit air-conditioning system is also known as wall-split air conditioning system. It is

a ductless system and often found in larger scale building. The system is separated into two

parts which are condensing unit and evaporative unit. Condensing unit which is located at the

interior while evaporative unit is located at the exterior that gives heat on a cold climate by

reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and transfer hear from the exterior.

Centralized/Plant Air-Conditioning System

Plant air-conditioning system is one of the most effective systems that used to allocate cool air

circulation and to make sure the appropriate air is given to the whole building. This system

contains of a central plant, water system and air system. Cool air is spread through a system

of supply and return pipes that work as bring cool airs from air conditioner to the building.

There are grill covers installed along with the supply pipes and register that usually located at

the openings on the walls, floors and ceilings. The air temperature gets warmer when the

cooled air flows back through the return pipes and register system.

The 3 subsystems of centralized air-conditioning system are:

a) Air delivery system

b) Chilled water system

c) Heat rejection system

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3.3 Case study

KLPAC is a large multiple spaces area with different function that serves different facilities

that operates a centralized air-conditioning system for reaching a comfortable temperature

which allows users to stay longer period in the building. Because of KLPAC is serving by multiple

spaces, the system is used for vary spaces such as lobby, cafeteria, office, studios and

performing theatres. Centralized air-conditioning system using chilled water for the cooling

medium and extensive ductwork to allocate air to air-handling units (AHU) or fan-coil units

(FCU) along the building. Different sizes of a space will use different kind of system for both

AHU and FCU. AHU is a compound system that channels air through ducts which usually used

in bigger space area whilst FCU that don’t connect to duct is often used in smaller space in

KLPAC.

In the building KLPAC does consists of 5 AHUs and several FCUs. There is one AHU is fitted

at the secondary performing theatre which is a smaller space compared to where the other 4

AHU are installed. The other 4 AHU can be found at the main performing theatres because of

the function which contain bigger amount of users. Other than that, there are some FCU are

installed in the smaller spaces in the building such as offices, studios and cafeteria.

The air was cooled in the air-cooled chiller system through the refrigerant cycle before

the air was being circulated to the AHU or FCU in the building. It’s the process that

demonstrates how the refrigerant vapor is absorbed and released by the compressor to the

condenser. Air-cooled chiller system is used in the building rather than using cooling tower

because it absorbs heat from the indoor space and discards it to the surrounding.

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3.4 Centralized air-conditioning system

Air-conditioning system have two types which are centralized and decentralized air-

conditioning system. Centralized air-conditioning system serves multiple spaces of a space in

that building from a base location. It is known as a chiller generates the chilled water at the

base location and allocate it to air-handling units (AHU) or fan-coil unit (FCU) that were often

used along the building. Besides that, the air is cooled with secondary media and is transmitted

through air distribution ducts to separate spaces. In fact, of the higher energy efficiency of

centralized air-conditioning system, these systems are often used in large buildings. The

system is mainly focus on conditioning the outdoor air and achieving the indoor temperature

needs by the allocation of conditioned air to the particular space.

Advantages and disadvantages of centralized air-conditioning system:

Advantages

Higher energy efficient

Better control of comfort levels

Greater load management potential

Disadvantages

High installment cost

Complexity maintenance

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3.4.1 Air-handling unit (AHU)

Air-handling unit (AHU) is a central air-conditioner station which deal with the air and

provide the cooled air to the specific room of the building through air ducts. Air-handling

is the process of air that brings into the spaces with some treatments. The treatments

that were applied to the air are filtering, heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying,

air distributing and recycling part of the air from the particular room. AHU has a case

which also known as a box that stored in a surround room to make sure the solidness

and no external force or pressure is applying on itself. In the building KLPAC, there is

respective switch for manual control for AHU to save energy during the time that AHU is

not needed. Other than that, air-handling unit includes a few part which are humidifier,

air filter, blower fan and cooling & heating coils.

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Analysis:

Air-handling unit (AHU) room in the building KLPAC have reach the requirement of

Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy

(MS 1525). It was located at the rear end of the building that gives control panel to the

person in charge. This allows that person to shut or reduce the energy to any space that

not required in the building.

According to MS1525, Code 8.4.2.1, control setback and shut-off states that each system

should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing the

energy used during periods of non-use or alternate uses of the building spaces or zones

served by the system.

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3.4.1.1 Air filter in air-handling unit (AHU)

Air filter is one of the important parts in AHU to maintain the blower to be clean

and avoiding dust and dirt off the heating and cooling coils. It serves good air

filtration to protect heating and cooling systems equipment without giving more

in static pressure or pressure drop not like any other air moving devices. Other

than that, it provides clean air for the building users. The supply and return

ductwork as well as filter, cooling and heating coils and the dampening system

will influence the static pressure or pressure drop of the AHU.

3.4.1.2 Centrifugal fan in air-handling unit (AHU)

Centrifugal return fan in AHU was meant to absorb air from a particular space of

the building through return air ducts. The return fan has an airfoil type of blades

that gives the most efficient effect compared to the other centrifugal blades.

Some of the air was drained out through exhaust air damper, where a minor

quantity of the air continues to pass through the AHU to mix with air drawn from

the outdoor. This procedure is called mixed air when it mixed the outdoor and

return air before extra heating and cooling.

3.4.1.3 Heating and cooling coils in air-handling unit (AHU)

The function of heating and cooling coils in AHU is to change the supply air

temperature and humidity level based on the place and application. The cooling

coil is to chilled water or refrigerant as direct expansion system and it was joined

to the chilled water pipe (CHWS) that links the chiller plant through a blue pipe

to remove heat and cools down the air. On the other hand, the heating coil heats

up the AHU and starts to send warm air to the separate spaces in the building.

The coil contains of copper header which supply steam to a copper tube that

goes through a continuous aluminum fin for additional heat transfer surface area.

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3.4.2 Fan-coil unit (FCU)

Fan-coil unit is a device that contains a fan, heating and cooling coil that controls the

temperature in the particular space inside a building. It is installed and operated

manually most of the time. FCU is quite similar like that AHU where it can be served for

many spaces in a building. FCU is often found in residential, commercial and industrial

buildings which doesn’t connect to any ductwork and it serves to recycle the air at the

same time. In the building KLPAC, FCUs can be found in studios, cafeteria and offices.

Analysis:

Control panels can be found around the space where FCU were installed to reduce the

energy during the time where the space is not used. The air conditioning and mechanical

ventilation system in KLPAC was installed to reach the requirement stated by Malaysian

Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy (MS1525).

Whereby according to MS1525, Code 8.4.4.1, Off-hour control states that ACMV system

should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of

energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or

alternative use of the spaces served.

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3.4.3 Ductwork

In air-conditioning system, ductwork is typically connected to the AHU. Air duct system

is required to bring the warm or cold air of the particular space of the building back to

the AHU through the return air ducts. It has to be cooled or heated in terms to transfer

the air through the spaces in the most effective ways. Moreover, it requires system of

supply ducts to bring the cooled or heated air back to the specific space in the building.

These return and supply ducts are advisable for appropriate conditioning occupied space.

Analysis:

The ducting system in the building KLPAC were fully insulated and installed to prevent

any loss of energy that meets the requirement of Malaysian Standard Code of Practice

on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy (MS1525).

According to MS1525, Code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation states that all ducts,

plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to

prevent excessive energy loses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may be requires

to prevent condensation under some conditions.

Single Duct

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3.5 Air-cooled chilled water system

3.5.1 Air-cooled chiller

Air-cooled chiller is a refrigerant system which removes heat from water through a

vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This system contains an evaporator,

condenser, compressor and an expansion valve which are assembled in a mechanical

framework known as chiller package. The piping systems that connected to the chiller

package are enclosed to the unit to serve a compact central air conditioning plant. With

this system, the surrounding of the air will create a process of evaporation and

condensation. This system is often used for larger scale building because of its capability

of serving more energy efficient.

KLPAC has 2 air-cooled chillers because of the requirement needed to provide cooling

more than a space. Both of them were installed at the rear of the building to avoid any

noise pollution that might disturb the users. The chillers are connected to the AHU to

circulate the chilled water and it is manually adjusted by control panels. Only one of the

AHU used the most in order to achieve the purpose of less energy consumption. Both of

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the AHUs will be used whenever there is a need for high cooling load. The process begins

with the evaporator tube is installed to allow the liquid refrigerant flows. Heat will be

absorbed and evaporates from the chilled water and mixes through bundle. Compressor

will release the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator before pumping it to the

condenser with high pressure and temperature. The hot gases will transform into liquid

in the air-cooled condenser coil when it gives up heat to cooler outdoor air being drawn

across the condenser coil by the condenser fans. The pressure and temperature of the

liquid refrigerant will be reduced when entering the evaporator after it goes through the

expansion device. The refrigerant will route back to the chilled water coil and the process

is repeated throughout the time.

Analysis:

The centralized chilled water air conditioning system in the building that reach the

requirement by Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of

Renewable Energy (MS1525) by installing two chillers at the rear of KLPAC. One is used

during the daytime operating hours to reduce energy consumption whilst the other one

is installed to avoid any emergency like breakdown or maintenance. Both of the chillers

will be function when there is a need for high cooling load.

According to MS1525, Code 8 (2.2) under System and Equipment Sizing states that

minimum of 2 chiller or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the

required load if the design load where the chillers are used exceeded 1000kWr (285 tons).

30

3.5.2 Components of Air-cooled chilled system

3.5.2.1 Evaporator

Evaporator is mainly used in changing the state from liquid to vapor and

removing the water or any other liquids from the combination while absorbing

the heat in the process.

3.5.2.2 Compressor

The refrigerant liquid is being squeezed in a compressor. Its function is to

stabilize the molecules of the liquid and the sizes of the gases will be decreased.

This makes the energy and the temperature increased at the same time. It was

often motivated by a motor or belt through pulley arrangement.

3.5.2.3 Condenser

Condenser is known as a ‘heater’ in this system which always in a high

temperature and pressure state. Its purpose is to transform the refrigerant gas

that discharge by the compressor back into liquid form by cooling down the

temperature of the molecules.

3.5.2.4 Expansion valve

Expansion valve is used to remove high pressure of the liquid refrigerant. The

purpose is to make sure the change of state from liquid to vapor is capable to

happen in the evaporator. It is also able to control the amount of refrigerant

flow into the evaporator. Heat should be evaded from overheating at the outlet

of the evaporator.

3.5.2.5 Chilled water pump

Chilled water was pumped to every air-handling unit by the pump machine and

return the warm water to the chiller.

31

3.5.2.6 Piping system

Pipes from air-cooled chiller are actually connected to the cooling coil in air-

handling unit which is located in a particular room. Two different pipes were

divided from the system which are the chiller water supply pipe (CHWS) and

chiller water return pipe (CHWR). Chiller water supply is to transfer the cool

water from the chiller to the AHU and the air will be cooled at the same time

when it passes through those pipes. While chiller water return pipe is to return

the warm water from AHU to the chiller.

Analysis:

The piping system of centralized chilled water air conditioning system in KLPAC met the

requirement of Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of

Renewable Energy (MS1525) by installing the piping insulation with extra barriers to the

system without happening any energy losses of the building.

According to MS1525, Code 8.5 Piping insulation states that “all piping installed to serve

building and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy

losses. Additional insulation with barriers may be required to prevent condensation

under some conditions.”

32

3.6 Conclusion

To conclude, the air-conditioning system in KLPAC is well equipped and installed while meeting

the requirements and regulations of Uniform Building by Law. Even though KLPAC is not a large

commercial center, the function of its space serves it to contain a large amount of users. In

addition, the function of centralized air-conditioning system is to provide a comfortable

surrounding for the users. KLPAC did placed wisely the location of centralized air-condition at

the rear of the building to reduce the noise affection to the building to let those users to have

a quiet and relaxed environment to stay.

33

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

4

34

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction

The purpose of fire protection system is to increase the safety of emergency

responders and building occupants by providing some useful and important

information about the firefighters normally interact with the building features and fire

protection systems during fire disaster and similar emergencies. By better

understanding the needs of the fire services, designers and code officials can work

together to streamline fire service emergency operations within the built environment.

Designers in this manual can include architects, engineers, planners, and design

technicians. Code officials can include fire marshals, fire inspectors, fire prevention

officers, building inspectors, and plan reviewers. Other stakeholders include building

owners and developers, security professionals, and construction professionals. The

faster the fire service can respond, enter, locate the emergency incident, and safely

operate in or near a building, the sooner they can usually resolve the incident in a safe

manner. This, in turn, will likely increase the safety of building occupants (workers,

residents, and visitors), reduce property damage, and limit related indirect losses.

Therefore, both building occupants as well as fire service employees will realize the

benefits of the fire protection system.

35

4.2 Literature Review

In the event of a fire in a building, the safety of the occupant and first responders and

the protection of property is accomplished through a combination of how well the

active and passive fire protection works. Firstly, a good active fire protection systems

are designed to come into play only when a fire is present and require activation

through a combination of sensors or mechanical means. The active fire protection

systems designed in KLPAC consisted of fire alarms, sprinklers, water supplies and

some smoke management systems. On the other hand, a passive fire protection

system is one which is an integral part of the building layout and materials of the

construction, such as partitions to confine the fire, a stairway to assist rapid evacuation,

or sprayed fire-resistive material to increase the fire resistance of a load-bearing steel

structure. When the active and passive fire protection systems work together to

control the spread of the fire and maintain the integrity of the structure; however, the

fire department is always relied upon to fully extinguish the fire and rescue occupants

who may be immobilized.

36

4.3 Case Study – Diagram

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

SYSTEM

FIRE DETECTION

PUMP ROOM

WET RISER

SPRINKLER HOSE REEL SYSTEM

SMOKE/ HEAT

DETECTIONS

CALL POINT FIRE

EXTINGUISHER

R

ALARM BELL

CENTRAL COMMAND CENTER

ACTIVATE FIRE MECHANICAL SYSTEM

37

4.4 Active Fire Protection

4.4.1 Heat Detector

Figure 4.1 Heat detector and it location at Ground Floor

UBBL -SECTION 225

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire

and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the

requirements as specified in Tenth Schedule to these by-Laws.

Fire detectors are recognized as the most common method of fire protection for safety

These fire detectors are located on the ceiling of every floor. The purpose is to detect

and respond to the presence of fire.

38

4.4.2 Smoke Detector

Figure 4.2 Smoke detector and its location at Ground Floor

UBBL-SECTION 225

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire

and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the

requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

Smoke detector located on the ceiling of every floor, it’s will detect most fires more

rapidly than heat detectors. They detect fire smoke very well and detect emit a loud and

distinctive sound to alert occupants would and provide critical seconds to implement

actions to save life and property.

39

4.4.3 Call Point

Figure 4.3 Call point found below a fire alarm

The manual alarm call points also named as manual fire alarm activation are designed

for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or emergency

condition exists, by operating the push button or break glass the alarm signal can be

raised.

40

4.4.4 Alarm Bell

Figure 4.4 Fire alarm and its location at Ground Floor

UBBL - SECTION 237

Alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db (A) or +5db (A) above

any background noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.

The fire alarm bell remains the most commonly used alarm for fire evacuation systems.

system sensor alarm bells deliver high sound pressure output for fire signaling needs

while matched with extremely low power consumption.

41

4.4.5 Central Command Center

Figure 4.5 Central Command Center and LED Fire Indicator

Figure 4.6 Location of Central Command Center

UBBL - SECTION 238

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be

provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor

and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade

communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors fire detection and alarm

systems and a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire-station by-

passing the switch board.

42

4.4.6 Fire Hydrant

Figure 4.7 Fire Hydrant Around KLPAC

UBBL - SECTION 225 (2)

Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than

91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

UBBL - SECTION 225 (3)

Depending on the site and location of the building and the provision of access

for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required

by the Fire Authority.

Fire hydrant system is a safety measure of emergency equipment required in some

buildings that comprises a series of components that when assembled together provide

a source of water to assist fire authorities in a fire.

43

4.4.7 Wet Riser & Hose Reel System

Figure 4.8 Hose Reel at Ground Floor

UBBL – SECTION 231

Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor

is more than 30.5 meters above the fire appliance access level.

A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

Hose reel system is the active fire protection devices used to extinguish and

control fire while in emergency situations. When the hose reel is brought into use

the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will

drop below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby

triggering the pump to comes into operation automatically to feed a steady

supply of water to discharge through the hose.

44

Figure 4.9 Layout Drawing for Hose Reel System

45

4.4.8 Sprinklers

UBBL – SECTION 228

Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior

wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to

provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated

Fire sprinkler systems provide early fire control or extinguishment. If properly designed,

approved, installed, and maintained, sprinkler systems help to mitigate the fire hazard

to both occupants and firefighters. The importance and effectiveness of sprinkler

systems has been demonstrated for many years. The sprinkler piping arrangement will

determine how specific a fire alarm annunciator is able to indicate water flow signals.

46

Figure 4.9 Layout Drawing for the Sprinkler System and Improvised Sprinkler System

47

4.4.9 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System

Figure 4.10 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, and chemically inert gas that is both readily

available and electrically non-conductive. It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the

level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected area. This mechanism of fire

suppression makes CO2 suppression systems highly effective, requiring minimal clean-

up, but should be used in normally unoccupied hazard locations or otherwise avoided by

personnel when discharged. CO2 suppression systems may utilize the gas through a total

flooding approach but carbon dioxide is also the only gaseous agent that may be utilized

through local application. Carbon dioxide may be stored in either high pressure spun

steel cylinders (HPCO2 suppression systems) or low pressure light wall refrigerated tanks

(LPCO2 suppression systems).

48

4.4.10 Fire Extinguisher

Figure 4.11 Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher

UBBL – SECTION 227

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice

and shall be sired in prominent positions on exits routes to be visible from all directions

and similar extinguisher in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

Fire extinguisher, or extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or

control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-

control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling and endangers the user. Fire

extinguisher can be divided into 5 major class, each of them performs best in a specific

scenario to counter the fire emergency types.

KLPAC owns only the ‘Dry Powder’ extinguisher which are placed within the building area as

it fits with building activities.

49

Figure 4.12 Diagram of various classes of fire extinguishers

50

4.5 Passive Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the three components of structural fire

protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through

use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other examples). PFP systems must

comply with the associated Listing and approval use and compliance in order to provide the

effectiveness expected by building codes.

Figure 4.13 The schematic drawing above shows a diagrammatic flow chart of KLPAC’s passive fire protection system

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

COMPARTMENT MEANS OF ESCAPE

FIRE WALL

EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE

FIRE RATED DOOR

FIRE EMERGENCY

STAIRCASE

SMOKE CURTAIN

SEPERATION OF FIRE RISK

AREA

51

4.5.1 Fire Rated Door

Figure 4.14 Fire Rated Door

Fire rated door is an essential important fire-proofing component that need to be

concerns about when designing a building as this was a pathway to ensure the users

safety. By having the same usage as the fire wall does, fire door serves as critical

compartmentalization of building entrances or exits in order to prevent fire and smoke

spreading. There are many kinds of fire rated door staircase design and KLPAC building

has applied the 1.5-hours fire rated door were installed at the egress of fire staircase each

floor as well as office entrances.

52

UBBL – SECTION 162 (1)

Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire

door having FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in

the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws.

UBBL – SECTION 164 (1)

All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closed of the hydraulically spring

operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the

case of sliding door.

The fire door located at the side of the building, it was located there as it has been

considerate in terms of circulations that allow users of building to walk easier however

the escape routes will be protected by the fire rated door during fire event occurred in

the building. Unfortunately, the door that was made of timber and aluminum is

combustible and it will cause door failures after a long period.

The automatic door closer hinges and devices were installed to fulfil the requirements of

By-Laws Section 164(1). The main reasons for installing the device on the door are to

ensure the door was always enclosed.

53

4.5.2 Emergency Exit Signage

Figure 4.16 Emergency Exit Signage

Exit signs that are above the fire rated door are installed with neon green words on was

to indicate the escape way when fire events occurred in the building. There will be

emergency light lighten up when the main electricity supply has been cut off. Exit signage

plays important role in terms of fire escaping as when fire events occurred, building will

be full with smokes and hardly visible, also in the worst condition the electricity supply

will be cut off and blackout occurred will cause the user panic and stuck in the building.

With the design of font and mechanism applied into the signage has greatly help to reduce

the panic of the users. The letters and colors used for the signage can effectively attract

the attentions of the users when the light is out. In Malaysia, exit signage is written in

Malay and the word “KELUAR” means exit. Based on the photo, the exit sign was located

above the fire doors, which it was mainly to direct the users and occupant of the building

towards the fire escape staircases. According to UBBL, the exit signs are not able to be

block by other stuff or decorations, it should be located in specific location. It is a lone-

standing sign.

54

UBBL – SECTION 172

Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and

shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment

A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every

location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately

apparent.

Every exit sign shall have the work “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150mm

high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall

be in red against a black background.

All exist signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

55

4.5.3 Fire Emergency Staircase

Figure 4.17 Fire Emergency Staircase

Fire escape staircase was important as it was a pathway that leads the user or the

occupant of the building to a safer area or an assembly point whenever there was an

emergency event happens in the building. According to law, fire escape staircase that

leads to assembly point occupants of the building and keep them away from danger as

much as possible when danger or emergency occurs.

UBBL – SECTION 168

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length

including at landings.

Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall have means of access

via at least two separate staircases.

56

The required width of staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails

may be permitted to encroach on this width to maximum of 7.5 millimeters.

Tiles on staircases riser maximum 180 mm and thread minimum 255mm.

UBBL – SECTION 169

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from story exit to the final exit.

UBBL – SECTION 178

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a streets or large open

space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be

located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the

place.

57

4.5.4 Separation of Fire Risk Area

UBBL – SECTION 139

The following area uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which

they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be

determined by local authority based on the degree of hazard:

Boiler rooms and associated duels storage area

Laundries

Repairs shops involving hazardous processes and materials

Storage area of materials in quantities deemed hazardous

Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas

Linen rooms

Transformer rooms and substations

Flammable liquid stores

According the laws, all fire risk area should be allocated evenly and separate ly when

architect design and doing spatial planning for the building to reduce the fire to expand

from one point to another point rapidly. From our site visit in KLPAC, spatial planning that

was done there was nicely done because according to the ground floor plan, electrical

room, mechanical room studios and stages are evenly distributed in ground floor,

basement.

With this location distribution, the risk of fire area is greatly reduced as they are far apart

from each other’s which buys more time for the user and occupants to escape when fire

occurred, it also allows to reduce damage that will be happen on the building too.

58

4.5.5 Smoke Curtains

Figure 4.18 Smoke curtain found in Gen Set Room

UBBL – SECTION 161 (1)

Any fire stop required by the provision of this part shall be so formed and positioned as

to prevent or retard the passage of flame.

Smoke curtain is a fabric that made of incombustible material which is to prevent fire

and smoke spreading rapidly. Smoke curtains were found in KLPAC building and they are

installed on top of the entrance and windows of the mechanical room and electrical

systems rooms such as transformer room as these are the room for emergency purpose

and to detect and to ensure the room are free of fire and smoke. During the event of fire,

smoke curtain will be automatically dropped down to form a barrier to prevent the fire

and smoke to spread further easily.

59

4.5.6 Fire Wall

Figure 4.20 Firewall found in KLPAC office

Generally, fire wall is a fire resistant barrier that was being designed to prevent the spread

of fire in a period of time. They are an assembly of materials that not only act as a wall

that separate spaces but also separate those high fire risk areas such as transformer room,

electrical room and mechanical room. It was being designed to provide more time to

escape when fire occurred to the building. It buys sufficient times for the occupant and

the users to escape.

After investigating KLPAC, the architect has fully fulfilled the requirement that was being

set in UBBL, the design and the placement of the fire wall are well considerate and it was

able to ensure the safety of the occupants by being harmed from the fire.

60

UBBL – SECTION 138 (C)

Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same

building, which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose failing within

a different purpose group as, set out in the Fifth Schedule to these by laws.

UBBL – SECTION 148 (6)

Any compartment walls or compartment floor which is required by these By-Laws

to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible

materials and apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of wall or floor shall be

obtained without assistance from any noncombustible materials.

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4.6 Conclusion

Through investigation, it is safe to say that the Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Center (KLPAC) has

an effective and efficient fire protection system. The building obeys the Universal Building By-

Law with strict detail for maximum protection, and it is built and installed with minimum

occupant disturbances. KLPAC also follows and conforms any updates by the BOMBA for

additional state-of-the-art protection system for time to come. In conclusion, KLPAC is an

outstanding example of fire protection case studied for students to get exposed and understand

without going to hard-to-reach locations.

62

MECHANICAL

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

5

63

5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

5.1 Introduction

Mechanical transportation has become the

necessity in the most of the high rise flats,

apartments and commercial buildings in

Malaysia and even the world. Vertical

transportation is a phrase used to describe

the various means of travelling between

floors in a building. All buildings with more

than one storey of course have at least one

set of stairs and the provision of stairs is a

very important consideration when

designing buildings in order to ensure all the

occupants of the building can escape safely

in the event of a fire.

In buildings with more than four floors, a lift is desirable as there is a limit to how far people are

willing to walk upstairs. The best lift systems can help transform a building’s functionality,

sustainability and occupant well-being. In addition to this, stairs are unsuitable for infirm and

mobility impaired persons so buildings with only two floors are sometimes fitted with a lift.

This research discusses about the mechanical transportation system in KLPAC and this case

study is compiled with details on mechanical transportation at KLPAC, referencing conformance

to UBBL Mechanical Transportation System Requirements. KLPAC is a low rise building with four

floors which is accessible by stairs and elevators. According to my research, there are three

elevators and no escalators in the building, which are for Passengers, Services and Loading Bay

Elevator.

64

In KLPAC, Dover Brand elevators were used. Dover Elevator (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd has the aim of

supplying, installing and maintaining high quality Dover Brand of elevators to ever increasing

demand of high rise buildings for various usages.

Dover Elevators (M) Sdn Bhd was set up in 1994 under the name of Internet Engineering Sdn

Bhd to be the sole distributor of Dover brand of elevators and escalators in Malaysia.

It has been very flexible and forward looking to allow the highly sophisticated controller and

traction machine of proprietary designs, to be manufactured in Malaysia, South Korea and China

to make the products more cost effective in order to remain competitive in the market.

65

5.2 Literature Review

Vertical transportation in buildings is a key issue for building users and tenants, breakdowns or

long waiting times for a lift lead to frustration and dissatisfaction with both the lift and the

building. Early electric lifts were controlled by an attendant and only featured controls to go up

and go down. Doors had to be opened manually as well. Nowadays, lift attendants are reserved

for only the most exclusive establishments, as the automatic passenger operated lift has all but

taken over.

An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or

goods between floors, levels or decks of a building, vessel or other structures. Elevators are

generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems

like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

Lift is a lifting machine or appliance having a car or platform the direction of movement of which

is restricted by a guide or guides but service lift means a lift having a rated load of not more

than 250 kg and a car in which the area of the floor is not more than 1 m2 and the height of

which is not more than 1.2m.

The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic lifts are

cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high

lift hoist-ways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction lifts must be employed instead.

Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts. Elevator doors protect riders from falling

into the shaft. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle,

and slide open laterally.

Openings shall be made at the top of a well, with a minimum area of 1% of the area of the

horizontal cross section of the well, ventilating to the open air either directly or via ducting or

the machine or pulley room, provided that in no case the ventilation openings shall be less than

0.15 m2 net free area.

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5.2.1 Types of Elevators

Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as follows:

i. Hydraulic Elevators

ii. Traction Elevators

iii. Climbing Elevators

iv. Pneumatic Elevators

i. Hydraulic Elevators

Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that

pushes the elevator up. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel

at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators

is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Hydraulic Elevators Types

Hydraulic elevators have many two main types as follows:

67

a) Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators

They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which

accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations

have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below

the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.

b) Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators

They have a piston on either side of the cab. It can be divided to 3 different

types as follows:

i. Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators:

In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of

the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or

3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet

of travel distance.

ii. Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators:

It has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel distance.

iii. Roped Hydraulic Elevators:

They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator.

Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.

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Hydraulic Elevators Components

The hydraulic elevators will differ from the traction elevator in the following main

components:

i. Machine/drive system.

ii. Safety system.

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Hydraulic Power Unit

The power unit shall be generously rated and shall operate with minimum noise and

vibration. The unit shall be mounted on vibration insulators above the machine room

floor. A silencer unit shall be fitted in the hydraulic system to minimize the

transmission of pulsations from the pump to the car and the elimination of airborne

noise.

The hydraulic power unit consists of the following components:

i. The Tank.

ii. Motor/Pump.

iii. Valve.

iv. Actuator.

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The Tank

The tank shall have sufficient capacity to provide an adequate reserve to prevent the

entrance of air or other gas into the system. A sight glass tube shall be provided for

checking the oil level and the minimum level mark shall be clearly indicated. An oil

level monitoring device shall be provided, and if operated, shall maintain a visual and

audible signal in the control panel until the fault is rectified.

So, the main function of the tank is holding the liquid used in the system. This liquid is

usually oil based because:

1. Non compressible

2. Self-lubricating

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ii. Traction Elevators

Traction elevators are the most common type of elevators. Elevator cars are pulled up

by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave

in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight since 1900.

Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in

opposite directions, and are each other's counterweight. Otis has a long history of

meeting new challenges with ongoing innovation.

While there is a wide range of elevators to fit every need, they fall under three basic

types:

I. Machine room-less

II. Gearless traction

III. Geared traction

72

I. Machine Room-less Elevators

This revolutionary elevator system is based on the first major breakthrough in lifting

technology in nearly 100 years. Designed for buildings between about two and 30

stories, this system employs a smaller sheave than conventional geared and gearless

elevators. The reduced sheave size, together with a redesigned machine, allows the

machine to be mounted within the hoist-way itself—eliminating the need for a bulky

machine room on the roof. Just as unique are the flat polyurethane-coated steel belts,

an Otis invention for the Gen2™ elevator system, that replace the heavy, woven steel

cables that have been the industry standard since the 1800s. The belts make the

smaller sheave possible. They are only 0.1 inch (3 mm) thick, yet they are as strong as

woven steel cables and far more durable, flexible and space-saving.

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II. Geared Traction Elevators

As the name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a gear-type reduction unit,

which turns the hoisting sheave. While slower than a typical gearless elevator, the gear

reduction offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave.

These elevators typically operate at speeds from 350 to 500 feet per minute (1.7 to 2.5

meters per second) and carry loads of up to 30,000 pounds (13,600 KG). An electrically

controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding

the car at the desired floor level.

74

III. Gearless Traction Elevators

In 1903, Otis introduced the design that would become the standard in the elevator

industry—the gearless traction elevator. These elevators typically operate at speeds

greater than 500 feet per minute (2.54 meters per second). In a gearless traction

machine, woven steel cables called hoisting ropes are attached to the top of the

elevator car and wrapped around the drive sheave in special grooves. The other ends

of the cables are attached to a counterweight that moves up and down in the hoist

way on its own guiderails. The combined weight of the elevator car and the

counterweight presses the cables into the drive sheave grooves, providing the

necessary traction as the sheave turns. Gearless technology makes the tallest buildings

in the world possible, such as Malaysia’s Petronas Towers.

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iii. Climbing Elevators

Component of climbing elevators

They hold their own power device on them, mostly electric or combustion engine.

Climbing elevators are often used in work and construction areas.

iv. Pneumatic Elevators

A pneumatic elevator, also called pneumatic elevator is a kind of glass tube with a

cabin inside that moves up or down to the desired floor level without showing visible

means of propulsion. It moves up and down using the force of suction. The pneumatic

lifts usually fit only one or two people and can be installed more quickly and

inexpensively than regular elevators because they don’t require a shaft or a control

room to house hydraulic machinery. They are elevators for easy installation, “which

in many cases do not require civil works”, and can be installed in two, three and four

stops.

When the piston gear depressurizes the area inside the cylinder above the vacuum

elevator cab, the cab is then lifted by higher atmospheric pressure below the cab.

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The inside of the vacuum elevator cab always remains at the atmospheric pressure. As

air pressure is lowered above the cab, the cab is lifted.

A valve regulating inflow of air in the upper part of the shaft controls the pneumatic

depression and enables descent. When the valve lets in air (at atmospheric pressure)

into the low pressure chamber, the vacuum elevator cab will safely lower to the

desired level. This valve also controls the speed of the cab.

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5.3 Case Study

In KLPAC, there is only one type of mechanical vertical transportation. There are a few types of

elevators that can be found, like Passenger Elevator and Loading Bay Elevator. This research

focus on the mechanical transportation system in KLPAC and also conduct with analysis and

recommendations for improvements to mechanical transportation system at KLPAC in term of

safety and control of circulation.

The types of elevator system used in KLPAC is Geared Traction Elevator.

The main components of the Geared Traction Elevators are:

1) Geared Machine

2) Wrapping for traction sheave

3) Governor

4) Door System

5) Counterweight

6) Safety Break

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5.4 Drawings - Plans

Stairs are closely located to the elevators in case of emergency. Other than that, under

minimum standard of service, KLPAC fulfills in terms of maximum walking distance of 45m to

the elevator lobby.

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Cross section of the haistway for the elevator in KLPAC.

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Section schematic diagram

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Rough elevator machine room to shaft floor plan

Front view of stretcher lift

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5.5 Elevator components

Geared Traction Elevator detail component diagram

In KLPAC, electrical elevator is used as mechanical transportation. The type of lift is geared

traction elevator where the elevator cars computerized and controlled by control system which

is located at the roof top. The way it works Is that the control system receives signal and elevator

cars are pulled down by hoisting rope over a sheave and is powered by geared machine. This

elevator is balances by a counterweight. Other than that, an electrically controlled brake is

installed between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the

desired floor level.

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5.6 Function of the Elevator

The Gear Box is attached to the motor to drive the wheel and pull the rope.

This elevator typically operates at speeds from 38 to 152 meters (125-500ft) per minute and

carry loads of up to 13600 kilograms (30,000 lbs).

Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by “rolling”

steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by high speed motor.

An electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator,

holding the car at the desired floor level.

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5.7 Service Lift

For service lifts of a rated load of 150 kg and above, the machinery space floor area shall not be

less than 1.5 m x 1.5 m and the clear height shall not be less than 1.2 m. For service lifts of a

rated load below 150 kg, the machinery space depth shall not exceed 600 mm and the clear

height shall not be less than 800 mm.

The machinery space shall be soundly constructed, weather-proof and dry. It shall be safe for

access by maintenance personnel to all equipment. For service lifts of a rated load of 150 kg and

above, the floor of the machinery space shall be of adequate strength at every point to

withstand the load of maintenance personnel and equipment.

For service lifts of a rated load below 150 kg, either the requirements in paragraph or those

listed below shall be followed the maintenance personnel shall be able to reach every part of

the equipment inside the machinery space with his hands while standing outside the space, and

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rigid partition or wire mesh shall be provided to prevent any object from falling down into the

lift-well from the machinery space.

For service lifts of a rated load below 150 kg, be not less than 800 mm in height and have a

width of 900 mm or the full width of the machinery space, whichever is the less. For service lifts

of a rated load of 150 kg and above, be not less than 1.0 m in height and have a width of not

less than 1.2 m, be facing the machine and its ancillary equipment to allow installation and

maintenance work.

Car operating panel, ventilation hole, key hole in the shaft

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5.7.1 Geared Machine

Geared Machine found in Machine Room located on rooftop of KLPAC

Geared traction machine is powered by AC-DC electrical motor. It functions to turn the sheave

which then moves the lift car. Compared with gear less traction, it uses less energy to turn the

motor and help to save energy cost. This gear traction elevator is suitable for low mid-rise

buildings like KLPAC. This design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce the

rpm of the drive motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of the drive sheave and elevator

(output speed). Generally, geared machines are used for speeds between 0.1 m/s and 2.5 m/s

and are suitable for loads from 5 Kg up to 50,000 Kg and above. Their sizes and shapes vary with

load, speed and manufacture but the underlying principles and components are the same.

Contemporary cheaper installations, such as those in residential buildings and low- traffic

commercial applications generally used a single or two speed AC hoist machine (abbreviation is

AC/ (speed number)). The widespread availability of cheap solid state AC drives has allowed

infinitely variable speed AC motors to be universally (for ACVV/AC-VVVF), bringing with it the

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advantages of the older motor-generator based systems, without the penalties in terms of

efficiency and complexity.

Analysis the lift system

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Geared Machines Components

Types of geared machine drive according to location of installation:

A- The drive machine located directly over top its hoist way or shaft is commonly referred to

as “Overhead traction” as in the below image.

Overhead Traction

B- The drive machine located at a basement is commonly referred to as “basement traction” as

in the below image.

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Basement Traction

C- The drive machine located at the side of the hoist way is commonly referred to as an “offset

traction” as in the below image.

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Offset Traction

Note: Basement and offset applications require additional deflector sheaves to properly lead

suspension ropes off the drive sheave and to the car top or counterweight.

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7.9 Control system

Elevator Control System is the system responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator

service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay,

leveling and hall lantern signals.

Simple Elevator Control System Inputs and Outputs

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Diagram showing how elevator system works in KLPAC.

Control System Panel found in Machine Room in KLPAC

Elevator control panel is a device that can be found at the machine room usually located at the

top. It functions as a brain to the elevator system that receives signal from user or operator and

sends out signal to different components of the elevator.

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Overs-peed Governor

An over-speed Governor is an elevator device which act as a stop device in case the elevator

runs beyond the rated speed. This device must be installed for traction elevators.

Ventilation inside Machine Room

Vents can be found in the machine room, they serve the purpose of ventilating the interior

machine room.

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5.9.1 Types of elevator control systems

There are 3 main types for elevator control systems as follows, single Automatic operation,

selective collective operation, and group automatic operation.

1- Single Automatic operation:

First automated system without single call button on each floor and single button for each floor

inside the car. Passenger has exclusive use of the car until rip is complete.

2- Selective collective operation:

Most common, remembers and answers calls in one direction then reverses. When trip

complete, programmed to return to a home landing.

3- Group automatic operation:

For large buildings with many elevators which are controlled with programmable

microprocessors to respond.

Note: The traffic management systems which combine visual monitoring, interactive command

control, and traffic analysis to ensure that the elevators are running properly will be discussed

in another course for planning and design of elevators traffic management systems.

5.9.2 Elevator control system components

The elevator as a control system has a number of components. These can basically be divided

into the following such as: inputs, outputs and controllers.

1- Inputs, which include sensors, buttons, key controls, and system controls.

A- Sensors

A.1 Magnetic and/or photo electric:

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photo electric Car Position Sensor

These pick up signals regarding the location of the car. This sensor is usually placed on the car

itself and reads the position by counting the number of holes in the guide rail as they pass by in

the photo-electric sensor or in the case of the magnetic sensor, the number of magnetic pulses.

A.2 Infrared:

Infrared Sensor

This is used to detect people entering or leaving the elevator.

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A.3 Weight sensor (Overload Device):

Weight Sensor

This is placed on the car to warn the control system if the design load is exceeded.

A.4 PVT (primary velocity transducer):

Velocity of the drive sheave is sensed with this encoder.

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B- Buttons

B.1 Hall Buttons:

Hall Buttons

These buttons are on a button panel on the outside of the elevator shafts and are used by

potential passengers to call an elevator cab to the floor that the pressed summon button is

located on. There are two Hall buttons on each floor – one for up, another for down, except on

the top floor where there is only down and on the bottom floor where there is only up. The

controller interacts with these buttons by receiving press and release signals indicating the

requested direction and floor number. It also sends light on/off signals to indicate the status of

the buttons.

B.2 Floor Request Buttons:

Floor Request Button

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This particular elevator controller will be controlling elevator cabs that are in a building with 6

floors. Consequently, each cab has 6 floor request buttons labeled 1 through 6 that passengers

can use to direct the elevator cabs to the floor that they would like to go to.

These buttons are located on a button panel on the interior of each elevator cab. The controller

interacts with these buttons by receiving pressed signals indicating the desired floor number

and elevator cab which they were pressed from. It also sends light on/off signals to indicate the

status of the buttons.

B.3 Open Door Button:

This button is on the interior button panel of each cab. A passenger can press this button to

open the elevator doors or keep pressing it to keep them open, but only when the elevator cab

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is stopped at a floor. Some elevator systems also have a close door button, but this one does

not. The controller interacts with this button by receiving a signal when it is pressed and when

it is released. Both of these signals include the cab from which they came from.

B.4 Emergency Stop Button:

This button is on the interior button panel of each cab. A passenger can press this button to

stop the elevator no matter where it is in a shaft. The controller interacts with this button by

receiving a signal from it that indicates that it was pressed, as well as the cab that it came from.

B.5 Emergency Bell Button:

This button is on the interior button panel of each cab. A passenger can press this button to

sound a bell to alert people outside of the elevator shaft that someone is trapped inside the

elevator cab in case of a malfunction. The controller interacts with this button by receiving a

signal from it that indicates that it was pressed.

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B.6 Registration panel

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In destination control systems, the conventional hall call-buttons (Up and Down arrows) located

at the elevator lobby are replaced by the registration devices. Passengers register their

destination floor through these registration devices at the lobby instead of in the elevator. The

registration device will display the elevator that has been assigned for transporting the

passenger. As the passenger has already registered the desired destination floor, there is no

need to input the destination floor in the elevator.

C- Key Controls

Fireman's service Switches

Key controls may only be activated by the proper keys, and their use is thus restricted to repair

people, elevator operators or firemen. It is used in place of or in conjunction with a pushbutton

to restrict access to a floor. Keypads and card readers are also available. Examples for these

keys are as follows:

Fireman's service, phase II key switch.

An inspector's switch, which places the elevator in inspection mode (this may be

situated on top of the elevator).

Manual up/down controls for elevator technicians, to be used in inspection mode, for

example.

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An independent service/exclusive mode Switch (also known as "Car Preference"), which

will prevent the car from answering to hall calls and only arrive at floors selected via the

panel. The door should stay open while parked on a floor. This mode may be used for

temporarily transporting goods. The controller interacts with the switch by receiving a

signal from it when it has been toggled to either AUTO or HOLD mode. AUTO is for

normal operation; HOLD is to keep the elevator cab from moving and its doors from

opening or closing.

Attendant service mode switch.

D- System Controls

System controls are used to turn the elevator system on or off, system controls are only

accessible from an elevator control room. They would typically be used quite infrequently –

perhaps the system would be turned on early in the morning and turned off late at night, or

turned off at the start of holidays and turned on once the next term begins.

2- Outputs, which include:

A- Actuators.

B- Bells.

C- Displays.

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A- Actuators

A.1 Door Opening Device:

Door Opening Device

On top of each elevator cab is a door opening device. This device opens the inner door of the

elevator cab and the outer door of the elevator shaft simultaneously at each floor. The

controller interacts with the door opening device by sending signals to open or close the doors

and by receiving signals when the doors have been completely opened or closed. The signals

that the controller receives also indicate which cab they are coming from.

A.2 Electric motor:

The elevator motor is responsible for moving an elevator cab up and down between floors. As

this elevator system uses a roped mechanism, the elevator engine is connected to a sheave

which the ropes are looped around. The controller interacts with the elevator engine by sending

it a signal that specifies at which speed and in what direction the engine should be going in. A

stop signal is simply constructed by setting the speed parameter of the signal to zero.

A.3 Brakes:

There a few brake systems in a typical elevator system. These include the electromagnetic and

mechanical brakes. The electromagnetic brakes activate automatically if there is a sudden loss

of power or when the car is stationary. The mechanical brakes at the sheave itself also stop the

car from moving when the car is inactive.

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B- Bells

B.1 Emergency Bell:

Somewhere in the elevator system is an emergency bell that is used to alert people outside of

the elevator system that someone is trapped inside an elevator cab. The controller interacts

with the emergency bell by sending it a signal to ring.

B.2 Load Bell:

Each cab has a load bell that is used to alert the passengers inside the cab that there is too much

weight in it to operate it safely. The controller interacts with the load bell be sending it a signal

to ring.

C- Displays

C.1 Car Position Display:

The interior of each elevator cab has a display that indicates to its passengers which floor the

elevator cab is currently on. Some elevator systems have this floor number display on every

floor outside of the elevator doors, but this system does not. The controller interacts with this

Car Position Display

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display by sending a signal that tells it which floor number to display. Can be either analog

(individual indicators for each floor) or digital (a dot matrix or segmented LED that changes to

indicate the floor level)

C.2 Direction Display:

Direction Display

The interior of each elevator cab has a display that indicates the current direction of an elevator

cab; it is either up or down. The controller interacts with this display by sending it a signal that

tells it which direction to display.

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3- Controller

The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive command control

and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are functioning efficiently.

The primary function of the elevator controller. The primary function of the elevator controller

is essentially to receive and process a variety of signals from several different components of a

whole elevator system. It is able to send signals in response to the ones it receives in order to

operate all of the other components in the system. This exchange of signals is how the elevator

controller is able to keep the elevators running smoothly on a day-to-day basis.

Here are a few of the following ways the controller interacts with the other components of the

elevator system:

Controls the speed of elevator engines in order to move elevator cabs up and down their

respective shafts.

Queues and processes elevator summons and floor requests from passengers through the

signals provided to it by several buttons.

Processes information sent to it by load sensors in order to ensure that the load of a cab never

exceeds the safety limit.

Processes information sent to it by position marker sensors in order to keep track of where the

elevator cabs are at all times, as well as their speed.

Provides feedback to passengers through the lights on some of the buttons and the floor

number and direction displays in each cab.

Can sound alarm bells that are either invoked by trapped passengers or required to warn of

excess load in a cab.

Controls the operation of the elevator doors of a cab through communication with door opening

devices.

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Types of elevator controllers

There are 3 primary types of controller technology used to process the logic of the controller as

follows:

1- Relay based controller (electromechanical switching)

Relay based controller (electromechanical switching)

A relay is a very dependable device consisting of an electromagnet that opens and closes

contacts, routing the logic to various circuits. A simple elevator with a few stops and manual

door operation can be served well by a relay controller. Relays can also be used for more

complex elevators, and in fact were until the 1980's. However, the number of relays required

can make it difficult to troubleshoot should there ever be a problem.

The following applications may be recommended as suitable for controllers using

electromagnetic relay technology:

Single lifts only.

Drive speed up to 1 m/s.

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Passenger lifts in low traffic and usage situations in low-rise buildings, i.e. not more than

three stories (e.g. residential buildings, very small hotels, nursing homes).

Goods, bullion lifts in low-rise commercial buildings (e.g. offices, hotels, hospitals).

2- Solid-State Logic Technology

Solid-State Logic Technology

It includes both discreet transistors circuits and integrated circuit boards. It gives improved

reliability, lower power consumption and easy fault diagnosis than electromagnetic relay

technology.

The following applications are recommended as suitable for controllers using solid-state logic

technology:

Single lifts and duplex groups.

Drive speed up to 2 m/s.

Passenger lifts in low traffic situations in medium-rise buildings, i.e. up to 12 stories (e.g.

residential buildings and small hotels)

Goods, bullion lifts in low-rise commercial buildings (e.g. offices, hotels, hospitals)

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3- PLC controller (computer based technology)

PLC controller (computer based technology)

The advent of personal computers has made microprocessor technology affordable for many

other fields. Elevator Concepts utilizes a special type of industrial computer called a

Programmable Logic Controller PLC to control the logic of more complex jobs. They are very

dependable, compact, and simple to troubleshoot.

Computer based controllers are suitable for the following:

All lifts types.

All drive speeds (i.e. 0.5 m/s to 10 m/s).

Lift groups of all sizes.

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5.9.3 Elevator Control System Sequence Diagrams

The elevator control system may be viewed either from the point of view of an individual user

or as a system being acted on by many users and the following images show these different

point of views.

1- From the point of view of an individual user:

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2- From the point of view as a system being acted on by many users:

Note: these topics about elevators in this course EE-1: Beginner's electrical design course is an

introduction only for beginners to know general basic information about elevators as a type of

Power loads. But in other levels of our electrical design courses, we will show and explain in

detail the Elevator Loads Estimation calculations.

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5.10 Analysis

1.KLPAC has me the requirement of UBBL to position stairs near the elevators in case of

emergency and to install smoke detector at every lift lobbies in the building.

UBBL 1984 section 152-157, ventilation to elevator shafts:

151(1)- Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into a protected

lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local

authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other

special buildings as maybe approved by D.G.F.S.

153(1)- All elevator lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

2.KLPAC has also met the requirement of UBBL 1984 to make sure the car moves to ground

floor with doors open when emergency happens.

154(1)- On failure of mains power all elevator shall return in sequence directly to the

designated floor, commencing with the fire elevators, without answering any car or landing

calls and park with doors open.

3.For mid-rise building, KLPAC has successfully provided 3 elevators to the requirement stated

by UBBL 1984 section 124, elevators:

124- For all non- residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access

level at least one elevator shaft be provided.

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5.11 Conclusion

The selection of geared traction elevator system fits perfectly for the small or medium rise

building like KLPAC due to its volume of traffic, lower installation cost, number of floors and

lower maintenance cost. All of its mechanical transportation do bring convenience to the

users and the building complied with UBBL and fully functioning as well.

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REFERENCES

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6.0 References

Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (UBBL)

Malaysian Standard Requirements (MS 1525)

Fire Protection Association New Zealand Inc., Fire Sprinkler.

http://www.fireprotection.org.nz/sprinklers.htm

http://www.onestopfire.com/whatisfirepump.htm

What Is A Fire Pump?

One Stop Fire Products provides fire pump systems and related goods for rural, vacation and

remote properties.

onestopfire.com

http://www.fireservice.co.uk/safety/smoke-alarms

http://www.csemag.com/single-article/striking-a-balance-between-passive-and-active-fire-

protection/bd7bf18186f5b538e74862fc0c1474a1.html

Carbon dioxide suppression system

http://www.janusfiresystems.com/products/carbon-dioxide-co2

extinguisher

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher

fire emergency staircase

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_escape

Separation of Fire Risk Area

https://www.hud.ac.uk/.../fireriskassessments/FRAc.doc

Smoke Curtain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_curtain

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Fire Wall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(construction)

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM REFERENCE ABOUT ELEVATORS. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2016, from

http://www.otis.com/site/us/pages/AboutElevators.aspx…

ThyssenKrupp Elevator Americas. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2016, from https://www.thyssenkruppelevator.com/modernization/gearless

Elevator Types - archtoolbox.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2016, from https://www.archtoolbox.com/…/vertical-c…/elevatortypes.html

Elevator Control System. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2016, from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/…/elevator-control-system…

How do elevators and lifts work? (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2016, from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-elevators-work.html