39

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®3

kmam-PyXzw]mNo-\-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ kmam-Py-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. aucykmam-Py-sØ-∏-‰nbpw tdmam-km-am-Py-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \n߃ ]Tn-®n- p-≈-Xm-W-t√m.F∂m¬ kmam-PyXzw F∂Xv ]pXnb ]Xn- m-k-am-Wv. hymh-km-bnIhnπ-h-Øn\ptijw bqtdm-∏n¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚hnIknXcq]-amWv kmam-Py-Xzw.

bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnse b¥-im-e-I-fn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Nc-°p-Iƒ I∏¬ am¿§w hnZq-c-ß-fmb tImf-\n-I-fn-se-Øn®v hn]-W\w \S-Øp-Ibpw Cu Nc°pIƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kº-Zm-b-amWv apX-em-fn-ØØnep-≈Xv. B`y-¥camb D]-t`m-K-Øn\v Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xn-t\-°m-tfsd Nc-°p-I-fmWv a’-c-_p-≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Hmtcm cmPyhpw\n¿Ωn-®p-Iq-´n-b-Xv. CXv cmPy-߃ XΩn¬ ISpØ hym]mca’-c-Øn\vCS-bm-°n. Itºmfw tXSn-bp≈ Cu At\z-j-W-amWv Bt^m- -G-jy≥Ata-cn-°≥ `qJ-fi-ß-fnse tImf-\o-I-c-W-Ønte°v \bn-®Xv.

hyh-kmbh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn D≠mb D¬∏m-Z\h¿≤-\hv BtWm tImf-\oI-c -W-Øn-te°v \bn®LSIw˛N¿®- sN-øp-I.

apX-em-fn -Ø-Øns‚ hnImktØmsS bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬sXmgnemfnh¿§]ÿm-\߃ cq]wsIm≠ Imcyw \n߃°-dn-hp-≈-Xm-W-t√m. sXmgn-emfn]ÿm-\ßfneqsS sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ i‡-ambnkacw sNbvX-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ apX-em-fn-am¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. hnZq-c-amb tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Nc-°p-Iƒ FØn-°p∂Xn\p≈ sNehpw h¿≤n®p. C°m-c-W-ß-fm¬ apX-em-fn-am-cpsS em`-Øn¬ CSn-hp-h∂p. CXv apX-em-fn-ØsØ ]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°n. Cu ]Xn-k‘n XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ia-Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-´mWv kmamPyXzw DZbw sNbvX-Xv. kmam-Py-߃ ]≠pw Ds≠-¶nepwkmamPyXzw Hcp ]pXnb A\p-`hw BIp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

40

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

AkwkvIrXhkvXp-°-fpsS tIµhpw \n¿ΩnXhkvXp-°-fpsS Itºm-fhpw tImf-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ ]ns∂ Dev]m-Z\w Xs∂ tImf-\n-I-fn-te°p am‰n-bmtem? Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw Ipd™ Iqen°v sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpwe`yX tImf-\n-I-fn¬ D≠v. Nc-°p-ev]m-Z-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb aqe-[\w amXta ]pdta\n∂v sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xp-≈q. \n¿ΩnXhkvXp-°ƒ°p-]-Icwaqe[\w Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp∂ kº-Zmbw CtXmsSBcw-`n-®p. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hf¿®-bnseaqe[\°b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-tS-Xmb Cu L -sØ-bmWvkmam-PyXzw F∂p]d-bp-∂-Xv.

]Ww Nc-°mbn amdn-b-t∏mƒ AXp hn]-W\wsNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ÿm]-\-߃ Bh-iy-ambnh∂p. B[p-\nI _m¶nwKv kº-Zmbw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-ßs\-bm-Wv. Hcp apX-em-fnt°m Hcp Iq´wapX-em-fn-am¿°p amX-am-bnt´m Hcp hyh-km-b-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb aqe-[\w kzcq-]n-°m≥ Ign-bmsXh∂p. CXv At\Iw t]cn¬ \n∂pw ]Ww kzoI-cn®v aqe-[\w kzcq-]n-°p∂ kº-Zm-b-Øn\vXpS°w Ipdn-®p. CXmWv Hmlcn aqe-[-\-Øns‚Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v CS-bm-°n-bXv.

apX-em-fnØw kmam-Py-Xz-ambn hnI-kn-®-t∏mƒAXnepw ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p. HmtcmcmPy-tØbpw apX-em-fn-am¿ XΩn¬ a’cw Bcw-`n-®p. Hmtcm cmPy-Øp-ap≈ apX-emfn h¿§hpw

sXmgn-emfn h¿§hpw XΩn¬ kwL¿j-߃cq£-am-bn. apX-em-fnØcmPy-߃ XΩn¬Itºmfw ssIb-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ a’cwBcw- n-®p. CXns‚ e-ambn \nc-h[n bp≤-߃s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´p. apX-em-fnØcmPy-ßfpw Ah-bpsS tImf\nIfnse P\-ßfpw XΩnepw G‰p-ap -ep-I-fp-≠m-bn. tImf-\n-I-fnse hntam-N-\-t∏m-cm-´-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-ew C-Xm-Wv.

apX-em -fnØNqjWw \n¿_m[w XpS¿∂psIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v kmam-PyXzw ]e X¥-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®p. ssk\n-I-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn®vhntam-N-\-]ÿm\ßsf ASn-®-a¿Øn. `c-W-kwhn-[m-\hpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v\nIp-Xn -]n -cnhp \SØn P\-ßsf NqjWwsNbvXp. DtZym-K-ÿ-hr-µhpw \oXn-\ymbtImS-Xn-Ifpw t]meokpw P\-ß-fn¬ `bw Df-hm°nAhsc ASn-®-a¿Øn. Xt±-io-b-amb kmln-Xyw,Ie, hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-h-Isf XI¿°p-Itbm\ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøp-Ibpw X¬ÿm-\Øv ]m›mXykº-Zm-b-߃ \S-∏m-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. P∑w sIm≠pw \ndw sIm≠pw Xt±-io-bcpw A`n-cp-Nn, thj-hn-[m\w F∂nh sIm≠v]m›m-Xy-cp-amb Hcp P\-Xsb krjvSn-°-emWvhnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£y-sa∂v sa°msf ]`p]Jym-]n-®p. ]m›mXykwkvIm-c-tØmSv hnt[-b-Xz-ap≈ Hcp Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ e£yw.

tImf-\o-I-c-WsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kmam-Py-Xz-w kzoI-cn® X¥-ßfn¬H∂mWv ]m›mXyhnZy-m`ymkw˛hni-Ie\w sNøpI.

C¥ykmam-PyXzØns‚ A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v hnhn-[tImf-\n-I-fpsS B`y-¥-c-km-l-Ncyw A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ `c-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂apKƒ`c-W-IqSw ]Xn-s\- mw -\q-‰m-≠n¬ Zp¿_-e-am-bn. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ a‰p- \m´pcm-Py-ßfpwZp¿_-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. At\ym\yw cmjvSo-b-ambn Ie-ln-®n-cp∂ sIm®p-cm-Py-߃, kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Po¿W-X, s]mXp-sh-bp≈ Ac-£n-Xm-hÿ CsXms° A∂sØ C¥y-bpsS apJ-ap-Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-kcw apX-em°n C¥y-bn¬ I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn h∂ bqtdm]y≥am¿ πmkn bp≤-Øns‚ NnXo-I-cWw

41

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

XßfpsS \ne IqS-p-X¬ Z-am-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CXn-\mbn Ah¿ Cu `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fpsS B`y-¥ccmjvSo-b-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]- p. _n´o-jv, ^©vIº-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ apºn¬. Ch¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw at‰-Iq´sc C¥ybn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°m≥ian-®p. bqtdm-∏n¬ Ch¿ XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂iXpX Ah¿ Chn-sSbpw XpS¿∂p. CXv C¥y-bn¬ 1744˛\pw 1763˛\pw CSbv°v \S∂ I¿Æm-´nIv bp≤-ß-sf-∂-dn-b-s∏´ aq∂v bp≤-߃°v hgn-sh-®p. CXn¬ hnPbw Cw•ojv CuÃn-¥ym -Iº\n-°mbn-cp∂p. 1757˛¬ \S∂ πmkn-bp-≤hpw 1764˛¬\S∂ _Ivkm¿ bp≤hpw apKƒ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\pIogn-em-bn-cp∂ _wKmƒ ]hn-iybn¬ (C∂sØ_w•m-tZipw _olm¿, Hdo- , ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒkwÿm-\-ßfpw) Cw•ojv B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°m≥ hgn-sbm-cp-°n. _Ivkm¿ bp≤w hnP-bn®Cw•o-jp-Im¿ apKƒ -c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬ \n∂v Znhm\nAh-Imiw kºm-Zn®p. Iog-S-°nb ]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂vIcw ]ncn-°m-\p≈ A[nImcamWv "Znhm\n'.ChnsS \n∂v a‰p- ]-tZ-i-߃ ]nSn-®-S-°nbpw thsdNne ]tZ-i-߃ ssk\n-I-k-lm-b-hy-h-ÿ-bn-eqsS Iogvs∏-Sp-Ønbpw Ah¿ Xß-fpsS cmjv-Sob\nb-¥Ww hym]n-∏n-®p. Aßs\ 1856 HmsS _¿a(C∂sØ aym≥am¿) Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ C¥ym D]-`q-J-fi-Øns‚ an°-hmdpw `mK-߃ _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS Iogn-em-bn.

ssN\16˛mw \p‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ Xs∂ bqtdm-]y≥ hmWn-Py-i‡n-Iƒ hym]m-c-_-‘-߃°mbn ssN\-bpsShmXn-¬°¬ ap´m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. ssN\-bnse`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Chsc AI‰n\n¿Øp∂-Xn¬hnP-bn-®p. F∂m¬ ssN\-bnse hym]m-c-km-[y-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™ bqtdm-]y≥am¿ Hgn-hm-Im≥Xøm-dm-bn-√. CXns‚ mK-ambn Ah¿ ssN\-bpsSsXm´p-In-S-°p∂ Nne A]-[m\Zzo]p-Iƒ ]m´-Øns\-SpØv ssN\-bp-ambn \s√m-cp-_‘w D≠m-°m≥ iaw XpS-ßn. F∂m¬ _n´o-jp-ImschntZin sNIp-Øm-∑m-cmbn I≠n-cp-∂ ssN\-°m¿Ah-cn¬ \n∂v km[-\-߃ hmßm≥ hnk-ΩXn®p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn ssN\-bpam-bp≈bqtdm-]y≥ hym]mcw GI-]-£o-b-am-bn. At∏mƒCw•o-jv- Cu-Ãn¥ym Iº\n ssN\-bpsS ta¬

Idp∏v bp≤-Øns‚ NnXo-I-cWw

_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-\p-Io-gn-ep≈ C¥y

\nb¥Ww t\Sm≥ Nne hf-™-h-gn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p. ssN\-bn-te°v Ah¿ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Idp∏v(Opium) I≈-°-SØv XpS-ßn. CXneqsS Cw•ojvCuÃn¥ym Iº-\n°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ kmº-ØnIem`w In´nsb∂v amX-a√ ssN\sb uXnI-ambpw [m¿Ωn-I-ambpw XI¿°m\pw Ign-™p.Idp∏v hym]mcw ssN\-bpsS kº-Øv h≥tXm-Xn¬ tNm¿Øn-°-f-™p. CXv ssN\okv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf Idp∏v hym]mcw \ntcm-[n-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-®p. Cw•o-jp-Im¿s°Xnsc I¿i\ \ne-]m-sS-SpØ ssN\sb bp≤-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv _n´o-jp-Im¿ t\cn- -Xv. Idp-∏p-bp-≤-߃ (Opium Wars)F∂-t]-cp-tI´ Cu bp≤-ß-fn-¬ ssN\ tXm‰p.

Idp-∏p-bp-≤-߃ ssN\-bpsS Zu¿_-eysØXpd∂p-Im- n. ssN\-bn-te°v ]m›m-Xy-i-‡n-IƒIS-∂p-I-b-dm-\m-cw- n-®p. ssN\-bpsS ]c-am-[n-ImcwZp¿_-e-s∏- p. bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ ssN\sbhnhn[ kzm[o\afi-e-ß-fmbn (Spheres ofinfluence) ]¶n-s -Sp-Øp. e-Øn¬ ssN\ Hc¥m-cmjvS tImf-\n-bmbn amdn.

42

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

^m≥kp-ambn bqtdm-∏n¬sh®pw Ata-cn-°-bn¬sh®pw \S∂ k]vX-h-’c bp≤-Øn-\p-tijw Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v _n´o-jp-Im¿ bp≤-s®-e-hn-\mbn hnlnXw Bh-iy-s∏´p.F∂m¬ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf\n-Iƒ Cu Bhiyw\ncm-I-cn-®p. _n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v Ata-cn-°≥tImf-\n-Iƒ°p-ta¬ \nc-h[n ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-IƒNpa-Øn. CØcw \nIp-Xn-Iƒ tImf\n-hmkn-Iƒ°n-S -bn¬ _n´ojv hncp≤ at\m-`mhwhf¿Øn. X߃°p ]mXn-\n-[y-an-√mØ _n´ojv]m¿e-sa‚n\v Xß-fp -sS -ta¬ \nIp -Xn -IƒNpaØm≥ Ah-Im-i-an-s√∂v Ah¿ hmZn-®p."]mXn-\n-[y-an√msX \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ ]mSn-√'(No taxation without representation) F∂apZm-hm-Iy-hp-ambn Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒ_n´s\-Xnsc Iem-]-ap-b¿Øn. 1774˛¬ ]Xnaq∂vAta-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ nem-U-¬^nbbn¬ H∂mw tIm≠n-\‚¬ tIm¨K vtN¿∂p. CXv Hcp XmXvIm-enI Kh¨sa‚n\vcq]w \¬In. 1776-˛¬ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒc≠mw tIm≠n-s\‚¬ tIm¨K v tPm¿PvhmjnMvSs\ ]kn-U‚mbn sXc-s™-SpØv

Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX¥y]Jym-]\w

Ata-cn-°-bnse ]Xn-aq∂v _n´ojv tImf-\n-Iƒ

C¥y-bn¬ tImf-\o-I-c-W-Øn\p kzoI-cn® Cw•ojv \b-߃ Xs∂-bmtWmssN\-bnepw Bh¿Øn-®Xv? GXp Imcy-Øn-emWv ]I-S-amb hyXymkw.

tImf-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v kmam-PyXzw temI-sa-ºmSpw kzoI-cn® X¥-߃ Xs∂-bmWv C¥ybnepw Cw•o-jp-Im¿ ]tbm-Kn-®Xv˛hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

Ata-cn°aX-]oU-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£-t\-Sm\pw kmº-ØnI`ZX B¿÷n-°m-\p-ambn bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw Ata-cn°≥ h≥I-c-bn-te°vIpSn-tb-dn-bn-cp-∂p. Chsc ]n¥p-S¿s∂-ØnbI®h-S-°m¿ AhnsS \nc-h[n BhmktIµ-߃ÿm]n-®p. ^©p-Im-cmWv BZyw Im\U-bn¬FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v _o´ojv I®-h-S-°m¿Ing-°≥ XocØpw sPbnw-kvsSu¨, hn¿Po-\n-b,πnaØv, a m-®p-sk‰vkv F∂n-hn-S-ßfnepw tImf-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. Cßs\ hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬]Xn-aq∂v Cw•ojv tImf-\n-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂p.

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \n∂v kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpwIs≠-Øm≥ Cw•o-jp-Imcpw ^©p-Imcpwt]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imcpw ian-s®-¶nepw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.F∂m¬ Ah¿ ChnsS h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]pI-bn-e,\oew, s\√v F∂nh Irjn-sN-øm\pw Dev]-∂-߃ bqtdm-∏n¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn hn¬°m\pwXpSßn.

43

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

kzmX¥y - ] -Jym -]\w (Declaration ofIndependence) \S-Øn. CXv tImf-\n-IfpwCw•≠pw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-Øn\v hgn-sh-®p.^©p-Im-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS Cw•-≠n-s\-XnscAta-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒ bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏-´p.CXn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw

kz¿Æ˛sh≈n -J-\n-I-fpsS \nb-¥Ww kvs]bn-\n\m-bn-cp-∂p. kvs]bn≥Imsc ]n¥p-S¿s∂-Ønbt]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ a≤y-In-g-°≥ _ko-ensean\m¿ sKdm-bnkv ]hn-iybn¬ kz¿Æw Is≠-Øn. kz¿Æhpw a‰p hn`h-ßfpw tXSn-bp≈ CuA[n-\n-th-i-߃ Xt±-iob P\-Xsb \in-∏n-®p.]Icw Hcp k¶-c-P-\-hn-`m-Kw, "saÃn-tkmkv'(Mestizoes) Chn-SsØ qcn-]£P\-X-bmbn amdn.]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-tØmsS sXt° -A-ta-cn-°≥ P\X Xß-fpsS bP-am-\≥am-cmbkvs]bn≥-Im¿°pw t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°p-sa-XnscIem-]-ap-b¿Øn. 1804˛¬ ^©p-Im-cn¬ \n∂vkzmX¥yw t\Snb slbvXn sXt° Ata-cn-°bnse BZy kz-X¥-cmPy-am-bn. CtXka-bØvbqtdm-∏n¬ s\t∏m-fnbs‚ hc-thmsS kv]m\n-jv,t]m¿®p-Kokv i‡n-I-fpsS ]Xm]w £bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. _n -\pw ^m≥kpw ChcpsS ÿm\w ssIb-S-°n. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ sXs° Ata-cn-°-bnse a‰v cmPy-ßsf ]t£m -Øn\v t]cn-∏n-®p. sska¨ s_m-fn-h-dpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬ sh\n-kq-e-bpw tPmsk Un km≥am¿´ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A¿P-‚o-\bpw kzmX¥yw t\Sn. XpS¿∂v1822˛¬ _ko¬, saIvknt°m F∂n-hbpw kzX-¥-am-bn. t]m¿t´m-dnt-°mbpw Iyq_bpw Hgn-®p≈Cu taJ-e-bnse apgp-h≥ cmPy-ßfpw 1825 HmsSkzmX-¥yw t\Sn.

tPm¿Pv hmjnw-KvS¨

sXs° Ata-cn° 1825˛¬\¬In-bXv tPm¿Pv hmjnw-KvS¨ Bbn-cp-∂p.1781˛¬ tIm¨hm-en-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈Cw•ojv ]´mfw Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fp-sSbpw^m≥kn-s‚bpw kwbp-‡-ssk-\y-Øn\v IogSßn.1783˛se ]mcokv DSºSnbn-eqsS Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fpsS kzmX¥yw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ _n´ojvKh¨sa‚ v \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. Cßs\ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

sXt° -A-ta-cn°sXt° Ata-cn-°-bnse kv]m\njv km∂n-≤y-sØ-∏‰n \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn -´p -≠t√m.CtXØpS¿∂v IqSp-X¬ bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒkz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw tXSn AhnsSsbØn.s]dphn -sebpw saIvkn -t°m -hn -sebpw

sska¨s_m-fn-h¿ tPmsk Un km≥am¿´n≥

44

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§apt∂‰whyh-km-bhn-π-h-sØ°p-dn®v \n߃°dnbmat√m. kwLSnXsXmgn-em-fn-]ÿm-\-Øns‚DZb-Øn\v hgn-sh-®-XmWv CXns‚ ^e-ß-fn-sem∂v. hyh-km-b-hn-πhw apX-em-fn°v Dev]mZ\-h¿≤-\hpw Af-h‰ em`hpw ]Zm\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS Pohn-Xw IqSp-X¬ Zpjv°-c-am°n. hyh-kmb tIµ-߃°p Np‰p-am-bn GsdhyØn-lo-\-amb Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Bbn-c°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ Hcp-an®p Xma-kn-t°≠Ahÿ D≠m-bn. apX-em-fn-bpsS em`-Øns‚bYm¿∞mh-Im-in-I-fmb Cu sXmgn-emfnIƒ°ve`n-®-Xv IjvS-∏mSpw ZpcnXßfpam-bn-cp∂p. Ipd-™-Iq-en, A]-I-S-I-c-amb sXmgn¬kml-N-cyw,Gsd t\csØ ITn-\m-[zm\w F∂nh sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ahÿ Zb-\ob-am-°n. CXn-s\-XnscsXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ kwL-Sn®v sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®p. 1830˛¬ CØcw sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\-I-fpsS tZiob t^md-Øn-\v, \mj-W¬Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ s]m´Iv-j≥ Hm^vte_-dn\v, tPm¨ tZml¿Øn (John Doharty)cq]w \¬In. tdm_¿´v Hmh≥, hneyw temh‰vF∂n-h¿ Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inba‰p Nne-cm-Wv. sXmgnem-fn-I-fpsS sXmgn¬kml-N-cy-ß-fpw PohnXmh-ÿ-bpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv ][m-\-ambpw sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-Iƒ

]mapJyw \¬In-b-Xv. tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-߃Bbn -cp∂p Ch-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsSA¥¿[m-c. kwL-SnXsXmgn-emfnh¿§-Øns‚t]mcm-´-ß-fn-eqsS sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]hr-Øn-k-a-bw, thX-\w, PohnX kml-N-cy-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ henb am‰w h∂p.

sXmgn-emfn ]ÿm-\-߃ Iqen-°q-Sp-X¬ Bh-iy-s∏-´Xpw sXmgn¬kuI-cy-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿_-‘n-®-Xpw D¬∏m-Z-\-s®-ehv h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\pw em`-hn-lnXw Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°n. CXv apX-em-fn-ØsØ ]Xn-k-‘n-bn-

em°n. CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v CucmPy-ß-fnse hyh-km-bn-IƒtImf-\n-I-fn¬ apX¬apS-°m≥XpS-ßn. Ipd™ Nne-hn¬sXmgn-em-fn -Isf e`n-®-XpwAkw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fpsSe`y-X-bpw D≠m-°nb Dev]-∂-߃°v AXm-Xn-S -ß-fnepwAb¬∏° cmPy -ß-fn -epwBh-iy-°m¿ D≠m-bXpw Chn-S-ß-fnse hyh-km-bsØ em -I-c-am-°n. CXv hyh-km-bn-Iƒ°v Cu cmPy -ß-fn¬apX¬ap-S-°m≥ t]c-W-bm-bn.hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ apX¬apS-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈tXm´w Irjn°pw tImf-\n-I-ASn-a-Isf hn¬∏-\bv°p h®-Xns‚ ]ckyw

hSt° Ata-cn° eqbn-kn-bm-\-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp ASn-a.Nm -hm-d-Sn-tb‰ ]mSp-Iƒ i≤n-°pI

45

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

fn¬ hyh-km-bn-Iƒ ]Ww apS-°n. ChnsS \n∂vIn´nb em`w Xß-fpsS cmPy-ß-fn-te°v Hgp°na‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-߃hmßm-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. tImf-\n-I-fnsetXm´w Irjn-bpw J\nhyh-km-bhpw h≥tXm-Xn¬Ipd™ Iqen -°p≈ sXmgn -em -fn -I -fpsSBhiyIX-bp≠m-°n. CXp ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Gjy-bn¬ \n∂pw B^n-°-bn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jyscASn-a -I-fm°n Cu cmPy-ß-fn -te°v Ib‰nAbbv°m≥ Bcw-`n-®p.

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpw kvs]bn≥-Im-cp-amWv ASn-a-°-®-hSw Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-t≠msS Cw•o-jp-Im¿ AtX-s‰-Sp-Øp. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[yw hsc Cu ASn-a-°-®-hSw XpS¿∂p. Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\p a\p-jy-sc-bmWv B^n-°-bn¬ \n∂pw Gjy-bn¬ \n∂pwCh¿ _e-ambn ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn ASn-a-I-fm°n hn‰-Xv. temIsغmSp-ap≈ J\n- sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-bpw tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbpw ChscD]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-. Cu ASn-a-IfpsS PohnXwZpcnX-]q¿W-am-bn-cp-∂p. bP-am-\-∑m-cpsS Iogn¬GXp ]hyØn-sb-Sp-°m\pw \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏´Ch¿ c£-s∏-Sm≥ ian-®m¬ sImSnb a¿±\-

߃°pw hnt[-b-cm-bn-. Iem]w D≠m-°m≥ian® ASn-a-Isf sIm√m\pw DS-a-Iƒ°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. c£-s∏-Sm≥ ian® ASn-asbsIm√p∂ Bƒ°v kΩm\w \¬Im\pw bP-am-\-∑m¿ Xøm-dm-bn. Aßs\ ASn-aØw tImf-\n-hyh-ÿ-bpsS Ahn- m-Py-L-S-I-am-bn.

CØcØnep≈ ASn-a-∏-Wn°p ]pdsa h≥tXm-Xn¬ Icm¿ sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfbpw (Indentured labour)tXm´w, J\n taJ-e-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn.shÃv-C≥Uo-kv, \yqkn-em‚ v, sXt° B^n°,ae-b, knwK-∏q¿ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw a‰p tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw I¶m-Wn-am-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS Iq´-tØmsS Ib‰nAbbv°-s∏´ Cu sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ÿnXn ASna-I-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂pw Gsd sa®-sam∂pw Bbn-cp-∂n -√. ]ecpw AXmXnS -ß-fn¬ ÿncXmak°mcmbn.

shÃn≥Uo-knse In°‰v Xmc -ß-fmbBƒhn≥ Imfn-N-c¨, inh-\m-cm-bW≥ Nµ¿t]mƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS t]cp-I-fn-ep≈ C¥y≥kz`mhw Cu _‘sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Dev]m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \ho-I-cWw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬]pXnb am‰-߃°pw tNcnXn-cnhp-Iƒ°pw CS-bm-°n. (apX-em-fn-˛-sXm-gn-emfn,DS-a- -A-Sn-a)˛Cu ]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

tImf-\n-I-fnse Ahÿ

]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse tImf-\n-Iƒ cmjvSo-b-ambn Gsd Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\vC¥y-bn¬ adm-Ø, kn°v, sslZ-cm -_mZv,ssakq¿, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[nsNdp -cm-Py-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ ]c-kv]cwIeln-®p. A[n-\n-th-i-i-‡n-Iƒ°Sn-s∏-Sm≥CX-h-k-c-sam-cp-°n. ]mtZ-in-I-i-‡n-Isf XΩn¬X√n-®mWv Ah¿ ChnsS B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-b-Xv.FÆ-Øn¬°pd™ bqtdm-]y≥am¿°v CX hen-sbmcp qhn- mKw ASn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS DtZym-K-ÿ≥amcpw AXym-K-ln-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿]mtZ-in-I- P-\-Xsb ASn-®-a¿Øn. P\-ß-fpsS

t£a-Øn\v Ah¿ sX√pw ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn√.P\-Po-hnXw Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-am-bn.

CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa tImf\nbP-am-\≥am¿ CuZu¿_-ey-ßsf s]cp-∏n-®p-Im-´n. Xß-fpsS A[n-\n-th-isØ Hcp "]cn-jvI-cWZuXy'-ambpw"sh≈-°m-cs‚ `mc-'ambpw Ah¿ \oXn-I-cn-®p.A]-cn-jvIr-X-cmbn InS∂ Ad-_n-I-sf-bpw Gjy-°m-sc-bpw B^n-°≥ hwi-P-scbpw kwkvIm-c-ap≈ a\p-jy-cm-°m-\p≈ "hnip≤ZuXy'amWv-tImf-\oI-cWw hgn \S-Øp-∂-sX∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏- p. tImf-\n-I-fnse P\-߃°p-ta¬ \S-Ønb IS-∂m-I-a-W-ßsf Xß-fpsS ]m¿e-sa‚nepw temI-a-\x-km-£n-°p-ap-∂nepw \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Cu Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-߃ tImf-\n-i-‡n-Iƒ°m-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. hwiob hyXym-khpw

46

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

aX]-c-amb aln-abpw Xß-fpsS ta≥a FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°m≥ th≠n bqtdm-]y≥am¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

tImf\n c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS em`w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb coXn-bn¬ tImf-\n-Ifnse `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. s]mXp-` -cWw (Civil Service), ssk\yw (Army),t]meokv (Police) F∂o XqWp-I-fn-emWvtImf\n- -cWw sI´n-s∏m-°n-b-Xv. Cu aq∂v XqWp-Iƒ Ia-k-am-[m-\sØ Xmßn \n¿Øn; tImf\nta[m-hn-bpsS bi pw i‡nbpw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. Ia-k-am-[m-\-an-s√-¶n¬ hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw apX-em-fn-

am¿°pw Xß-fpsS D¬∏-∂-߃ tImf-\n-I-fn¬hn‰-gn-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu aq∂v XqWp-Iƒ°p-]p-dsa hym]m-c-°-cm-dp-I-fpsS ]cn-ip≤nDd∏phcp-Øp∂ ]m›m-Xy- \oXn\ymb-hy-h-ÿbpw ChnsS G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. sImtfm-Wn-b¬`cWw \S -Øn -s°m≠p t]mIm -\p≈KpakvX≥amsc ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m≥ B[p-\nI]m›mXyhnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßn-sh-®p. kmaq-lyhpw kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w km[y-am-°nb e-]-Z-amb Hcp]I-c-W-amWv ]m›m-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymkw.

"tImf-\o-I-cWw ssk\nIm[n-\n-th-i-tØ-°mƒ AwKo-I-cn-°s∏´ ASn-a-Ø-am-Wv.tImf-\n-b-P-am-\≥amsc c£-I-cm-bn-°≠ kaq-lsØ kzmX¥yØnte°v \bn-°pI CXn-\m¬ ]bm-k-I-c-ambn'. tImf-\o-I-cWw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ kmaq-lym-hÿ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv CXv hy‡-am-°p-I.

_m¬°¨ ]Xn-k‘nIqSpX¬ cmPy-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-hpw `c-W-\n-b-¥-Whpw Xß-fpsS Iogn-em-°m≥ kmam-PyXzwBK-ln-®p. Xß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn\pIogn¬]pXnb cmPy-ßsf sIm≠phcm≥ temI-Øns‚hnhn[ CS-ß-fn¬ CØcw CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \ap°pImWmw. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Øn¬ Xp¿°nk¬Ø-\Øv -(Hmt´m-a≥ kmam-Pyw) £tbm≥-ap-J-am-bn. "bqtdm-∏nse tcmKn' F∂mWv Xp¿°nk¬Ø-\Øv Adn-b-s∏- Xv. Cu Zp¿_-em-hÿapX-se-SpØv ]›n-a-bq-tdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ Xp¿°nkmam-Py-Øn\p Iogn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ `q`m-K-߃ssIb-S-°m≥ iaw XpS-ßn. Cu A[n-ImchSwhen-sb-Øp-S¿∂v D≠mb ]iv\-߃"]uckvXybqtdm -]y≥ kaky' (EasternQuestion) F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´p. A∂sØXp¿°n kmam -Py -Øns‚ `mK-am -bn -cp∂p_m¬°¨ D]-Zzo-]v.

_m¬°≥ ]tZ-i-߃

sX°p-In-g-°≥ bqtdm-∏n¬ aq∂phihpw kapZ-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏-´-XmWv _mƒ°≥ D]-Zzo-]v.Xp¿°n-bpsS `c-W-Øn\v Iogn-em-bn-cp∂_ƒtK-dnb, sk¿_n-b, amkn-tUm-WnbA¬t_-\nb, Sm≥kn¬hm -\n -b,t_mkv\nb˛sl¿kntKmhn\ XpS-ßn-bh_mƒ°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-sf-∂mWv Adn-b-s∏- Xv.

Inan-b≥ bp≤-cw-K-ß-fn-sem-∂mb kv°q´m-cn-bn¬ apdn-th-‰-tbm-≤m-°sf ]cn-N-cn® Zbm-aq¿Øn-bmb t\gvkm-bn-cp∂p ^vtfmd≥kvs\‰nw-tK¬. Dd°w If™v hnf-°p-ambn tcmKn-Isf kam-iz-kn-∏n® Ch¿ hnf-t°-¥nb h\nX F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.

_m¬°¨ ]tZ-i-tØmSv sXm´v InS∂ …mhvhwi-P¿ A[n-h-kn°p∂ ]tZ-i-߃ ssIø-S-°m≥ djy ian-®p. Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ djyta¬ss° t\Sn-bm¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ im‡n-I-_em-_-e-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-sa∂v a‰p bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ `b-s∏´p. CXmWv ]uckvXybqtdm-]y≥kakybnte°v \bn-®-Xv. CXv ]e-X-c-Øn¬ ]I-S-am-bn. AXn-sem-∂mWv Inan-b≥ bp≤w.

47

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

…mhv ]tZ-i-߃ Iog-S°n Xp¿°nkmam-Py-Øn-\p-ta¬ B[n]Xyw t\Sm-\p≈ djy-bpsS ]≤Xn CtXmsS XI¿∂p. Xp¿°n-bnse Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv InkvXy≥ ]P-Isf c£n-°p-∂-Xn -\p≈ \mSy-߃djybv°v Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h-∂p. bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ a¬k-c-߃shdpw AXn¿ØnØ¿°-߃ Bbn-cp-∂n-s√∂v "]uckvXybqtdm-]y≥ kaky'sXfn-bn-®p. kmam-Py-Xz-]-chpw A[n-\n-th-i-]-c-hp-amb ]e ]iv\-ßfpw CXn¬IqSn°pg™p InS-∂n-cp∂p.

B^n-°-bpsS hoXw-shbv∏v(Partition of Africa)

kmam-PyXzm[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s‚bpw tImf-\oI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw AXym¿Øn-bpsSas‰m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv B^n-°-bpsShoXw-shbv∏v. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚a≤y-tØmsS ASn -a -°-®-h -S -Øns‚]m[m\yw Ipd-™p. CtXmsS B^n-°-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-IƒXß-fpsS cmPy-ß-fnse hyh-km-b-߃°m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈]cy-th-j-W-ß-fn-te¿s∏- p. Cu At\z-j-W-Øn-\mbn bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw a¬k-cn-°p-Ibpw B^n° \nc-h[n Ij-W-ß-fmbn hn -Pn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hoXwshbv∏n\v c≠vkhn -ti-j-X -Iƒ D≠v. bp≤-ßsfm∂pwIqSmsXbmWv CXv km[n-®-Xv. kmh-[m-\-Øn¬\S-∂-X-√, AXn-th-K-Øn¬ km[n-®-XmWv Cu-

ho-Xw-shbv-∏v. CXv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ i‡n-IƒXΩn¬ \nc-h[n kwL¿j-߃°v CS-bm-°n.F∂m¬ Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ D`-b-I£n N¿®-I-fn-eqsSbpw k‘n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw hfsc thKwXs∂ ]d™p Xo¿Øp. Aßs\ 1914 Bb-t∏m-tgbv°pw A_n-ko-\n-bbpw sse_o-cn-bbpw Hgn-®p≈ B^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-sf√mw bqtdm-]y≥cmPy-ß-fpsS tImf-\n-I-fm-bn.

B^n-°-bpsS hoXw- shbv∏v

B^n-°≥ hoXw shbv∏v ImWn-°p∂ ]´n-I

B^n-°≥ cmPy-߃ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ i‡n

CuPn-]vXv, kpUm≥, sdmtU-jy, DKm-≠, _n´ojv CuÃv B^n-°,kntbd entbm¨, tKmƒUv tIm-Ãv, ss\Po-cn-b, _n´≥sXs° B^n°

AƒPo-cn-b, SpWo-jy, samtdm-t°m, klm-d, ^©v tImwtKm,^©v Kbm-\, sk\-K¬, aU-Km-kvI¿ ^m≥kv

P¿Ω≥ Ing-°-\m-^n-°, sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ B^n°, Ima-dq¨,tSmtKmem≥Uv, Xm¶-\n° P¿Ω\n

en_n-b, tkmam-en-em‚ v C‰en

AwtKm-f, samkmw-_n-°v, t]m¿®p-KokvKn\nb t]m¿®p-K¬

dtbm Un Hmtdm, kv]m\n-jv Kn\nb kvs]bn≥

48

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

hyh-ÿn-Xn°pw A¥yw Ipdn® 1848˛se hnπ-h-ßsfØpS¿∂v bqtdm-∏n¬ tZio-bX i‡-ambn.CXns‚ anI® c≠pZml-c-W-ß-fmWv C‰-en-bpsSbpw P¿Ω-\n-bp-sSbpw GIo-I-c-W-߃.

C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn Im¿s_m-Wm-cn,bßv C‰en F∂o ]ÿm-\-߃ t\csØ Xs∂

"kmam-PyXzw AXym¿Ønbpw am\-hn-I-X-bpsS t\sc-bp≈IS-∂m-I-a -W-hpamWv' B^n -°-bpsS hoXwshbv∏vap≥\n¿Øn Cu ]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

bqtdm-∏nse tZio-bX^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ XI¿®-tbmsS bqtdm-∏n¬cmPmhv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn \ne-hn¬ h∂ tZi-cm-jvS-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.

Hcp \nb-X-amb q]-tZ-iØv ]m¿°p-∂-hcpw mj-sIm≠pw kwkvImcw sIm≠pw NcnXw sIm≠pwkam-\X ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cp-amb Hcp P\-X-sb-bmWv B[p-\nIm¿Y-Øn¬ "tZiw' (Nation)F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu k¶-ev]-Øn¬ A[n-jvTnX-amb ]Xybim-kvXhpw I¿Ω ]cn-]mSnbpwtN¿∂-XmWv tZio-bX (Nationalism). 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km -\ -tØmsS bqtdm∏nsehnhn[]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tZio-b-Xm-t_m[w hf¿∂ph∂p. s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ ImeØv Cu hnImcw IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏- p. hnb∂m DS-º-Sn°pw sat‰¿WnIv

C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw

tPmk^v ako\n

49

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tPmk v ako-\n, Kmcn-_mƒUn apX-em-b-h-cmWv C‰m-en-b≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS \mb-I¿. km¿Zo-\n-b-bnse cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂hnIvS¿ CΩm-\p-h¬ c≠m-a-≥, At±-l-Øns‚ a¥n-bmb Ihq¿ ]`p (Count Cavour) F∂n-h-cpsSt\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1870˛¬ C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWwbmYm¿∞y-am-bn.

P¿Ω\n 1871˛¬

^mt¶m-˛-]-jy≥ bp≤w F∂o aq∂v bp≤-߃°ptijw 1871˛¬ ]jy≥ cmPmhv GIo-IrX

Kmcn-_mƒUn

38˛Hmfw sIm®psIm®p P¿Ω≥ \m´p-cm-Py-߃ Hcp-an®v tN¿∂v "tkmƒsh-dn≥' (Zolleverein) F∂hym]m-c-kJyw D≠m-°n. F∂m¬ P¿Ω-\n-bpsScmjvSob GIo-I-cWw km[n-®Xv ]jy≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ s^U-dnIv hn√yw \mem-a\pw

HmtØm -t^m¨ _nkvam¿°v

P¿Ω-\n-bpsS NI-h¿Øn-bmbn (ssIk¿) A[n-Im-c-ta-‰p. ]pXp-Xmbn \ne-hn¬h∂ P¿Ω-\nbpwC‰-enbpw a‰p bqtdm-]y≥ kmam-PyXzi‡n-I-fp-ambn a¬k-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

tZio-bX Hcp cmPy-Øn-\IsØ P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw kpÿm-]n-Xam°m≥bXv\n-®-t∏mƒ AXv a‰p P\-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf _m[n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. a‰p≈ P\-X-bn¬\n∂v X߃°p≈ anI-hp-I-fpw ]mc-º-cy-ßfpwDb¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m-\pw Xs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°m\pw AXns\ kwc-£n-°m\pw tZio-b-X-bpsSh‡m-°ƒ Blzm\w sNbvXp. P¿Ω-\nbpwC‰enbpw h≥i-‡n-I-fm-sW∂ mh-tØm-sS-bmWva‰p cmPy-ß-tfm-Sn-S-s]- -Xv. Xß-fpsS kwkvImcwG‰hpw Db¿∂-Xpw Id-b-‰ -Xp -am -sW∂vP¿Ω≥Im¿ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. C‰-en-bm-Is´ Xß-fpsS ]gb tdma≥]mc-º-cysØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\mWv ian-®-Xv.AXn-cp-I-S∂ Cu tZiobt_m[w h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈Bbp-[o-I-c-W-Øn-te-°pw tZio-b-X-Iƒ XΩn-¬sshcw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-te°pw \bn®p. CXns\BIm-aI tZio-bX (aggressive nationalism)F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.

At±-l-Øns‚ ][m-\-a¥n-bmb HmtØm t^m¨_nkvam¿°pw (Otto von Bismarck) tN¿∂m-Wv.kv]m\njv bp≤w, BkvtSm-˛-]-jy≥bp-≤w,

tZio-bX Hcp cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw kpÿm-]n-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-s®-¶nepw as‰mcp hn`mKw a\p-jy-sc Nqj-W-Øn\pwASn-a-Ø-Øn\pw hnt[-b-cm-°n. ]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

50

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

Gjy-bnepw B^n-°-bnepw kmam-PyXzw\SØnb sh´n-∏n-SpØßfpw h¿≤n®p-h∂ BIm-aItZio-b-Xbpw BWv bqtdm-]y≥ cmjvS-߃°nS-bn¬ iXpX hf¿ØnbXv. CXv cmPy-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kwib-߃ h¿≤n-∏n -®p.]ckv]cw BI-a-W-`o-jWn `b∂v h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Bbp-[-ti-J-c-W-Øn-te°v \oßn. HmtcmcmPyhpw a‰v cmPy-ßsf kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-tbm-sSbpw`b-tØm-sSbpw t\m°n-°≠v ssk\y-_-ehpw\mhn-I-tk\bpsS i‡nbpw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ Cu ]c-kv]-c-kw-ibwhnhn[coXn-bn-ep≈ Icm-dp-I-fn-te-°pw hgn-sX-fn-bn®p. CXv ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tNcn-Xn-cnhp-Iƒ°pwImc-W-am-bn. A¥m-cmjvS Xe-Øn¬ Hcp cmPy-Øn\pw Xs‚ iXp- Bsc-t∂m anXw Bsc-t∂m]d-bm≥ Ign-™n-√. BkvSn-b-bp-ambn cl-ky-°-cm-dp-≠m-°nb djy t_mkv\nb˛sl¿kntKm-hn\]iv\w h∂-t∏mƒ BkvSn-b-s°-Xnsc BI-a-W-`o-jWn apg-°n. djy≥ BI-a-WsØ t\cn-Sm≥1882˛¬ P¿Ω-\n, BkvSnb˛lwK-dn, C‰en F∂ocmPy-߃ tN¿∂v "Xncm-jvS-kJyw' (TripleAlliance) cq]o-I-cn-®p. Xncm-jvS-kJy-Øn-s\-Xnsc^m≥kp-ambn cl-ky-°-cm-dp-≠m-°n-bmWv djyCXns\ t\cn- -Xv. djy˛^m≥kv cl-ky-°-cm¿]n∂oSv Cw•ojv˛^©v Icm-dn-\v, "B¥m¥vtIm¿Zn-bm¬' (Entente Cordiale) hgn-sbm-cp-°n.

CXp ]n∂oSv djybpw _n´\pw XΩn-ep≈ DS-º-Sn-bmbn amdn. djy-bpw _n -\pw ^m≥kpw tN¿∂v]pXp-Xmbn cq]o-I-cn® Cu "XncmjvS [mcW'(Triple Entente) P¿Ω-\n, BkvSn-b, C‰en F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v cq]o-I-cn® "Xncm-jvS-kw-Jy-Øn\v'_Zem-bn-cp-∂p. Cu k‘n-Ifpw DS-º-Sn-Ifpw cmPy-߃ XΩn-ep≈ Ahnizm-k-Øn\v i‡n Iq´p-I-bpw ]c-kv]-c- bw hf¿ØpIbpw BWv sNbvXXv.CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ k‘n-Iƒ as‰mcp ImcywDd∏m°n: Hcp bp≤-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXv c≠p cmPy-߃°n-S-bn-¬ amXw HXp-ßn \nev°msX temIwapgp-h≥ hym]n-°p∂ alm-bp-≤-ambn ]cn-W-an°pw.

k‘n-Ifpw kJy-ßfpwbp≤hpw kwL¿jhpw Hgn-hm-°m≥ th≠n -bp≈XmWv.F∂m¬ ChXs∂ bp≤-Øn-\p-Im -c -W-am -Ip∂ A\p-`hhpwD≠v˛]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\wsNøpI.

Xncm-jvS-k-Jyhpw XncmjvS [mc-Wbpw

tImf\nhncp≤ ]ÿm-\-߃]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-]m-Z-ØnepwCcp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZyZi-I-ß-fn-ep-ambnGjybn¬ tImf-\n-hncp≤ ka-c-߃ Bcw- n-®p._n´ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS `c-W-\-S-]Sn-I-fpw

\b-ssh-I -ey -ßfpw C¥y-bn¬ tImf -\n -hncp≤tZiob]ÿm-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-°n. C¥y-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnI-k-\sØ apc-Sn-∏n-°p∂ \bß-fmWv _n´ojv

51

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®

k¿°m¿ \S-∏m-°p-∂-sX∂ bmYm¿∞yw P\-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Cw•ojv hnZym- ymk-Øn-eqsS ASn-t®¬∏n-°m≥ ian® kmwkvIm-cnIASn-a-ØsØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ C¥y-bn-ep-b¿∂p-h∂ tImf-\n-hncp≤ tZiob]ÿm-\-Øn\v (]Xn-tcm[ tZio-b-X-bv°v˛Defensive Nationalism)Ign-™Xv \n߃ a\- n-em-°nbn- p-≠t√m.

CXp-t]mse ssN\okv P\-X-bpsS tZiobt_m[sØ X´n-bp-W¿Øn, hnhn[ hnπh kwL-S-\-Isf Hcp-an∏n®v ssN\-bpsS hntam-N\ ]ÿm-\sØ apt∂m´v \bn-°m≥ tUm. k¨bmXvsk∂n\v Ign-™p. ssN\-bnse Cu apt∂‰wHtckabw kmam-Py-Xz-i-‡n-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpwssN\ `cn-®n-cp∂ a©p cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Zp¿∂-b-߃s°-Xn-sc-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. a©p-cm-P-hw-im-[n-

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-tØmsS Ata-cn-°°m¿ tIma-tUm¿ s]dn- (Commodore Perry)bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P∏m\okv Xpd-ap-J-߃X߃°mbn Xpd-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnPbw t\Sn. Ata-cn-°≥ Dev]-∂-߃°v \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-I-fpw B`y-¥chym]mc-Øn¬ ]tXyI hntijm[n-Im-c-ßfpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw Ch¿°v Ign-™p.XpS¿∂v CtX Ah-Im-i-߃ a‰p sImtfm-Wn-b≥i‡n-Ifpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ P∏m≥ P\XCu hntZi CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬ i‡-amb ]Xn-tj[w Db¿Øn. P∏m-\n¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn-encp∂^yqU¬ kz`mhap≈ tjmK¨ `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-scbpw hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-ambn hym]mcDS-º-Sn-IƒD≠m-°p∂ \b-Øn-s\-Xnscbpw ]Xn-tj[wi‡-am-bn. tjmK¨ `cWsØ ÿm\- -jvS-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw hntZi i‡n-I-fpsS CS-s]-S¬ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw i‡-amb ka-c-߃ \S-∂p.sshtZ-inI CS-s]-S-en-s\-Xn-cmb Cu ka-c-Øn¬H‰-s∏´ \nc-h[n BI-aW-߃ hntZ-in-Iƒ°pt\sc-bp-≠m-bn. 1868˛¬ tjmK¨ `c-W-Øn\vXnc»o-e- hoWp. sabvPn cmP-hwiw ÿm\-ta-‰p.\mep ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Im-esØ sabvPn cmP-`-c-WØn\p Iogn¬ P∏m≥ ]q¿∆-tZ -isØh≥i‡n-bmbn amdn. ]m›mXy bqtdm-]y≥i‡n-I-fp-ambn a¬kcn°p-∂-Xn\v i‡n t\SnbP∏ms‚ Cu hf¿® Gjy-bnse tImf\nhncp≤ka-c-߃°v h≥ Bth-i-amWv \¬In-bXv. djy-bp-am-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ P∏m-\p-≠mbhnPbw bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ°p ta¬ a‰m¿°pwB[n-]Xyw t\Sm-\m-hn-s√∂ anYym-[m-c-WsbXI¿°p -∂-Xn\ v -C -S -bm -°n. CXv kmam -PyXzhncp≤ ka-c-߃°v hºn® IcpØp]I¿∂p.

tUm. k¨bmXv sk≥

Imcw XI¿Øv Hcp P\-IobP\m-[n-]Xydn∏-ªnIvÿm]n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p ssN\-bnse tZiob-]ÿm\ t\Xm°ƒ ian-®-Xv. tZio-b-X, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, tkmjy-enkw F∂o ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ß-fn-eq-∂n-bmWv Cu t]mcm´w \S-∂-Xv.

kz¥w `qhn- m-K-Øns‚ i‡nbpw Zu¿_-eyhpw Xncn-®-dn™v P\-ß-fpsSAh-Im-i-ßfpw A[n-Im-cßfpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ tZiob]ÿm-\-߃ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n. hnhn[ tImf-\n-hn-cp≤ ka-c-ß-fpsS NcnXw hni-I-e\w sNbvXvCu A`n-]mbw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

52

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ hSt° Ata-cn-°bpw sXt° Ata-cn-°bpwhyXykvX apt∂-‰-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv kzX-¥-cm-Py-ßfm -bXv˛Ata -cn -°bnse tIm -f -\n -IfpsSkzmX¥ykacw ]cn-tim-[n®v Cu ]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ apX-em-fnØw kmam-Py-Xz-ambn hnI-kn-°m-\p-≠mbkml-N-cy-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p? kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚ ]Xn--k-‘n-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-Wv? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏pXøm-dm-°p-I.

$ bqtdm-∏ns‚ hyh-kmb]ptcm-KXn kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-te°v \bn-®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

$ C‰-en-bp-tSbpw P¿Ω-\n-bp-tSbpw GIo-I-c-W-߃°v klm-bn® LS-I-߃ N¿® sNbvXvIpdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§-ap-t∂‰w tImf\nhncp≤ka-c-߃°v ]tNm-Z\taIn-b-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.

$ ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y≥ kaky shdpw AXn¿ØnØ¿°-߃ Bbn-cp-∂n-√. kmam-Py-Xz-]-chpw A[n-\n-th-i-]-c-hp-amb Imc-W-߃ CXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p˛Is≠-Øn-F-gp-XpI.

$ B^n-°-bpsS hoXw-sh-bv∏v- km-am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ AXym¿Øn-bpsS G‰hpw \√DZm-l-W-am-Wv. ka¿∞n-°pI.

$ BIm-aItZio-b-Xbpw ]Xn-tcm-[-tZ-io-bXbpw tImf-\o-I-c-W-Øn\pw tImf\nhncp≤-k-a-c-߃°pw bYm-Iaw Imc-W-am-bn˛]cn-tim-[n-°pI.