KS3

: C

1.1

Par

ticl

es

Kn

ow

led

ge O

rgan

ise

r

Ad

dit

ion

al In

form

atio

n

Ke

y p

oin

ts t

o le

arn

Key

po

ints

to

lear

n

Fan

tast

ic f

act!

Big

pic

ture

If p

eop

le w

ere

the

sam

e si

ze a

s go

ld

par

ticl

es, t

he

wo

rld

’s p

op

ula

tio

n w

ou

ld f

it

into

a b

all l

ess

than

a t

ho

usa

nd

th o

f a

mill

imet

re a

cro

ss.

Part

icle

mo

del

Mat

eria

ls a

re a

ll m

ade

up

of

tin

y p

arti

cles

Sub

stan

ceIs

mad

e u

p o

f ju

st o

ne

typ

e o

f

mat

eria

l

Pro

per

ties

of

a su

bst

ance

Des

crib

es w

hat

it lo

oks

like

and

ho

w it

beh

aves

; dep

end

on

wh

at it

s p

arti

cles

are

like

and

ho

w t

hey

are

arr

ange

d

Stat

es o

f

mat

ter

Ther

e ar

e th

ree

sta

tes

of

mat

ter

–so

lid, l

iqu

id a

nd

gas

.

For

a ce

rtai

n s

ub

stan

ce, t

he

par

ticl

es n

ever

ch

ange

. B

ut

in

dif

fere

nt

stat

es, t

he

par

ticl

es

mo

ve d

iffe

ren

tly

and

hav

e

dif

fere

nt

arra

nge

me

nts

Solid

sta

teIn

th

e so

lid s

tate

yo

u c

ann

ot

com

pre

ss a

su

bst

ance

or

mak

e it

flo

w

Liq

uid

sta

teIn

th

e liq

uid

sta

te y

ou

can

no

t

com

pre

ss a

su

bst

ance

bu

t yo

u

can

mak

e it

flo

w

Gas

sta

teIn

th

e ga

s st

ate

you

can

com

pre

ss a

su

bst

ance

an

d

mak

e it

flo

w

Mel

tin

gTh

e ch

ange

in s

tate

fro

m s

olid

to li

qu

id

Mel

tin

g p

oin

tTh

e t

em

pe

ratu

re a

t w

hic

h a

sub

stan

ce m

elt

s

Bo

ilin

gTh

e c

han

ge in

sta

te f

rom

liq

uid

to g

as

Bo

ilin

g p

oin

tTh

e t

em

pe

ratu

re a

t w

hic

h a

sub

stan

ce b

oils

Co

nd

ensi

ng

The

ch

ange

in s

tate

fro

m g

as t

o

liqu

id

Free

zin

gTh

e c

han

ge in

sta

te f

rom

liq

uid

to s

olid

Sub

limin

gSo

me

su

bst

ance

s ch

ange

dir

ect

ly f

rom

so

lid s

tate

to

gas

stat

e.

This

is s

ub

limin

g.

Evap

ora

tio

nIn

a li

qu

id s

om

e p

arti

cles

hav

e

mo

re e

ne

rgy

than

oth

ers

an

d

can

leav

e t

he

liq

uid

su

rfac

e,

spre

ad o

ut

and

mix

wit

h a

ir

par

ticl

es.

This

is e

vap

ora

tio

n.

Dif

fusi

on

Is t

he

ran

do

m m

ovi

ng

and

mix

ing

of

par

ticl

es

Gas

pre

ssu

reG

as p

arti

cles

co

llid

e w

ith

wal

ls

of

the

ir c

on

tain

er.

Th

e

colli

sio

ns

cau

se g

as p

ress

ure

.

Ch

emis

try

1.1

Par

ticl

es a

nd

th

eir

beh

avio

ur

1.2

Ele

men

ts, a

tom

s an

d c

om

po

un

ds

1.4

Aci

ds

and

alk

alis

1.3

Rea

ctio

ns

2.1

Th

e P

erio

dic

Tab

le

2.3

Met

als

and

aci

ds

2.2

Sep

arat

ion

tec

hn

iqu

es

2.4

Th

e Ea

rth

Solid

Liq

uid

Gas

C1

C

hec

klis

t C

ha

pte

r 1

Lesson

D

evelo

pin

g

Secu

re

Exte

nd

ing

C1 1

.1 T

he

part

icle

model

I can s

tate

that

mate

rials

are

made u

p o

f part

icle

s.

I

can d

escribe h

ow

m

ate

rials

are

made u

p

of part

icle

s.

I

can e

xpla

in h

ow

a r

ange

of m

ate

rials

are

made u

p

of part

icle

s.

I can m

atc

h p

art

icle

models

to

the p

ropert

ies o

f a m

ate

rial.

I

can u

se t

he p

art

icle

model to

expla

in w

hy

diffe

rent

mate

rials

have

diffe

rent

pro

pert

ies.

I

can e

valu

ate

part

icle

models

that

expla

in w

hy d

iffe

rent

mate

rials

have d

iffe

rent

pro

pert

ies.

C1 1

.2 S

tate

s

of m

att

er

I can identify

a s

ubsta

nce in its

thre

e s

tate

s.

I

can d

escribe t

he

pro

pert

ies o

f a s

ubsta

nce

in its

thre

e s

tate

s.

I

can d

iscuss t

he p

ropert

ies o

f a

range o

f substa

nces in t

heir

thre

e s

tate

s.

I can m

atc

h p

ropert

ies o

f th

e

thre

e s

tate

s o

f m

att

er

to t

he

nam

e o

f th

e s

tate

.

I

can u

se ideas a

bout

part

icle

s t

o e

xpla

in t

he

pro

pert

ies o

f a s

ubsta

nce

in its

thre

e s

tate

s.

I

can u

se ideas a

bout

how

fast

part

icle

s a

re m

ovin

g t

o e

xpla

in

the p

ropert

ies o

f a s

ubsta

nce in

its t

hre

e s

tate

s.

C1 1

.3 M

eltin

g

and fre

ezin

g

I can d

escribe h

ow

substa

nces

change a

s t

he t

em

pera

ture

changes.

I

can d

iscuss t

he c

hange

in p

art

icle

movem

ent

during m

eltin

g a

nd

freezin

g,

usin

g p

art

icle

dia

gra

ms t

o h

elp

.

I

can e

xpla

in w

hy t

here

is a

period o

f consta

nt

tem

pera

ture

during m

eltin

g a

nd fre

ezin

g.

I can s

tate

the m

eanin

g o

f th

e

term

meltin

g p

oin

t.

I can e

xpla

in c

hanges o

f

sta

te u

sin

g p

art

icle

kin

etics a

nd t

em

pera

ture

.

I

can inte

rpre

t m

eltin

g p

oin

t data

to e

xpla

in t

he p

art

icle

movem

ent

of diffe

rent

substa

nces a

t giv

en

tem

pera

ture

s.

C1

C

hec

klis

t C

ha

pte

r 1

Lesson

D

evelo

pin

g

Secu

re

Exte

nd

ing

C1 1

.4 B

oilin

g

I can d

escribe b

oilin

g a

s a

change o

f sta

te.

I

can u

se t

he p

art

icle

m

odel to

expla

in b

oilin

g.

I

can u

se t

he p

art

icle

model and

late

nt

heat

to e

xpla

in b

oilin

g.

I can r

ecognis

e t

hat

diffe

rent

substa

nces b

oil a

t diffe

rent

tem

pera

ture

s.

I

can e

xpla

in w

hy

diffe

rent

substa

nces b

oil

at

diffe

rent

tem

pera

ture

s.

I

can e

xpla

in w

hy d

iffe

rent

substa

nces b

oil a

t diffe

rent

tem

pera

ture

s u

sin

g p

art

icle

dia

gra

ms a

nd late

nt

heat.

C1 1

.5 M

ore

changes o

f

sta

te

I can r

ecall c

hanges o

f sta

te

involv

ing g

ases.

I

can d

escribe c

hanges o

f sta

te involv

ing g

ases.

I

can e

xpla

in w

hat

occurs

during

sublim

ation a

nd c

ondensation

usin

g p

art

icle

models

.

I can d

escribe h

ow

part

icle

s

change in t

heir a

rrangem

ents

during e

vapora

tion,

condensation,

and s

ublim

ation.

I

can u

se a

part

icle

model to

expla

in

evapora

ting,

condensin

g,

and s

ublim

ing.

I

can e

xpla

in,

usin

g p

art

icle

m

odels

, th

e d

iffe

rences b

etw

een

evapora

tion a

nd b

oilin

g.

C1 1

.6

Diffu

sio

n

I can d

escribe e

xam

ple

s o

f diffu

sio

n.

I

can u

se t

he p

art

icle

model to

expla

in

diffu

sio

n.

I

can u

se p

art

icle

dia

gra

ms t

o

expla

in h

ow

diffu

sio

n o

ccurs

and

the facto

rs t

hat

affect

it.

I can d

escribe t

he m

ovem

ent

of

part

icle

s in d

iffu

sio

n.

I

can d

escribe e

vid

ence

for

diffu

sio

n.

I

can d

escribe w

hy d

iffu

sio

n is

faste

r at

hig

her

tem

pera

ture

s,

usin

g t

he c

oncept

of

how

fast

part

icle

s a

re m

ovin

g.

C1 1

.7 G

as

pre

ssure

I can d

escribe s

imply

what

gas

pre

ssure

is.

I

can u

se t

he p

art

icle

model to

expla

in g

as

pre

ssure

.

I

can u

se p

art

icle

dia

gra

ms t

o

expla

in h

ow

gas p

ressure

is

cre

ate

d.

I can s

tate

exam

ple

s o

f gas

pre

ssure

in e

very

day s

ituations.

I

can d

escribe t

he facto

rs

that

affect

gas p

ressure

.

I

can e

xpla

in,

usin

g p

art

icle

dia

gra

ms,

what

happens t

o g

as

pre

ssure

as t

he t

em

pera

ture

in

cre

ases.

© Oxford University Press 2015 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.

Glossary Chapter 1

C1

Key word Definition

boiling The change of state from liquid to gas that occurs when bubbles

of the substance in its gas state form throughout the liquid.

boiling point The temperature at which a substance boils.

change of state The process by which a substance changes from one state to another.

collide To bump into, or hit, a particle or surface.

condense The change of state from gas to liquid.

diffusion The movement of liquid or gas particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration.

evaporate The change of state from liquid to gas that occurs when particles leave the surface of the liquid only. It can happen at any

temperature.

freezing The change of state from liquid to solid.

gas In the gas state, a substance can flow and can also be compressed.

liquid In the liquid state, a substance can flow but cannot be compressed.

material The different types of stuff that things are made from.

melting The change of state from solid to liquid.

melting point The temperature at which a substance melts.

mixture A material whose properties are not the same all the way through.

particle The tiny things that materials are made from.

property A quality of a substance or material that describes its

appearance or how it behaves.

solid In the solid state, a substance cannot be compressed and it

cannot flow.

states of matter The three forms in which a substance can exist – solid, liquid,

and gas.

sublime The change of state from solid to gas.

substance A material that is not a mixture. It has the same properties all the way through.

© Oxford University Press 2020 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.

Study guide information sheet C

Chemical formula Every element has its own chemical symbol. This is a one- or two-letter

code for the element. Scientists all over the world use the same chemical

symbols.

The table shows some chemical symbols.

Name of element Chemical symbol

carbon C

nitrogen N

nickel Ni

chlorine Cl

gold Au

iron Fe

tungsten W

The chemical symbols of elements can be found on the Periodic Table.

Chemical formula

A chemical formula shows the relative number of atoms of each element

in a compound. ‘Relative number’ means how many of one type of atom

there are compared to another.

For example:

The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO2.

This shows that there is one carbon atom for every two oxygen

atoms.

The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.

This shows that there is one carbon atom for every oxygen atom.

When you are writing chemical formulae, the numbers should be:

to the right of their chemical symbol, just below the line

smaller than the chemical symbols.

The chemical symbol of carbon is C. The chemical symbol of

hydrogen is H.

Write the chemical symbol of a compound with one carbon

atom and four hydrogen atoms.

Quick question

© Oxford University Press 2020 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.

Study guide information sheet C

Naming compounds

Compounds made up of oxygen and one other element have two-word

names. The second word is oxide.

Elements in compound Name of compound

aluminium and oxygen aluminium oxide

zinc and oxygen zinc oxide

Compounds that contain a Group 7 element and one other element are

named as shown in the table below.

Elements in compound Name of compound

hydrogen and fluorine hydrogen fluoride

sodium and chlorine sodium chloride

potassium and bromine potassium bromide

The ‘ine’ at the end of the Group 7 element changes to ‘ide’, that is:

fluorine changes to fluoride

chlorine changes to chloride

bromine changes to bromide

What is the name of a compound made from sodium and

bromine?

Quick question

© Oxford University Press 2020 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.

Study guide information sheet C

Atoms and elements

Elements

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other

substances.

There are over 100 elements. The Periodic Table lists the elements. In the

Periodic Table, elements with similar properties are grouped together.

State what an element is.

Use the Periodic Table above to name three elements.

Quick question

© Oxford University Press 2020 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.

Study guide information sheet C

Atoms

An atom is the smallest part of an element that can exist.

Every element is made up of one type of atom.

All the atoms of an element are the same as each other.

The atoms of one element are different to the atoms of all other elements.

The properties of atoms

One atom on its own does not have the properties of the element.

The properties of an element are the properties of very many atoms joined

together.

Gold is an element. It is yellow and shiny. A single gold atom is not yellow

and shiny. When many gold atoms are joined together, these atoms make

the gold yellow and shiny.

State what an atom is.

Quick question

Are the properties of a gold atom the same as the

gold element?

Quick question