Knowledge Societies Policy Library
United Nations Information for All Programme
Cultural Organization
Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryii
STATUS: Version 1.0
DATE: 27 May 2016
PARTNERS
• UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization
InformationforAllProgramme(UNESCO/IFAP)
• United Nations University
OperatingUnitonPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV)
CONTRIBUTORS
• RehemaBAGUMA
• JoãoÁlvaroCARVALHO
• GuillerminaCLEDOU
• Elsa ESTEVEZ
• SusanaFINQUELIEVICH
• TomaszJANOWSKI
• NunoVascoLOPES
• JeremyMILLARD
COORDINATION
• TomaszJANOWSKI,Head,UNU-EGOV,[email protected]
• PaulHECTOR,ProgrammeSpecialist,UNESCO,[email protected]
iii
Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryiv
Foreword I
UNESCO,recognizingthetransformativeroleplayedbyinformationandknowledgeacrossallspheresofhumanendeavor,hasbeenpromotingitsvisionofinclusiveKnowledgeSocieties.Facilitatedbyinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICTs),weseeinformationandthesharingofknowledge,catalyzingchangesacrosssocietal,economicandpoliticallandscapes.Inthiscontext,universalaccesstoinformationandknowledgebecomescrucialforsocialcohesion,sustainableeconomicdevelopment,interculturaldialogueandpeace.Accordingly,UNESCOthroughitsintergovernmentalInformationforAllProgramme(IFAP)anditsKnowledgeSocietiesDivision,hascontinuedtodrawattentiontotheimportanceoftheconceptofknowledgesocietiesandtheneedforrelatedcompetenciesandpoliciesintoday’sglobalizedandconnectedworld.
Since2001,IFAPhasbeenplayingaleadingroleintheinternationalpolicylandscape.IFAPprovidesaplatformforinternationalpolicydialogue,cooperationandthedevelopmentofguidelinesforactionintheareaofaccesstoinformationandknowledge.Throughitscapacity-buildingeffortsandmobilizationofresources,theIFAPnetworkhasbeensupportingMemberStatestodevelopandimplementnationalpolicyandstrategyframeworksinitssixpriorityareasofinformationaccessibility,informationfordevelopment,informationethics,informationliteracy,informationpreservationandmultilingualismincyberspace.Followingtheadoptionofthe2030sustainabledevelopmentgoals,itwasthereforeonlynaturalthatIFAPwouldseektodeveloplinkagesbetweenUNESCO’sconceptofknowledgesocietiesandthemostcurrent,internationallyagreedhumandevelopmentframework.Thepolicyenvironmentinwhichweoperateisanevolvingone,sodynamicprocessesforongoingpolicy-craftingthatcanleveragegloballessonsandexperiencesinatimelymannerareessential.ThenewlypublishedKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbookanditsassociatedonlineplatformoftools,policyresourcesandadiversecommunityofpracticerepresentourlatestresponsetotheemergingchallengesandopportunities.
Thiseffortwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecollectiveandongoingsupportofnumerousinstitutionalandindividualpartnerswhosecontributionshavebeenacknowledgeidentifiedinthispublication.WeareparticularlygratefultoourpartnertheUnitedNationsUniversity’sSpecialOperatingUnitforPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV),forleadingthefruitfulresearchcollaborationwhichhasundergirdedthiseffort.WearealsothankfulforthegeneroussupportprovidedbytheSpecialPresidentialUruguayanAgencyforElectronicGovernance,InformationandKnowledgeSociety(AGESIC)forco-organizingtheinternationalExpertGroupMeetinginMontevideoandhostingICEGOV2016whichservedtovalidatethispolicyresource.Welookforwardtostrengtheningthesepartnershipsandbuildingnewonesaswecontinuetobuildinclusiveknowledgesocietiesforpeaceandsustainabledevelopment.
GetachewEngida
DeputyDirector-GeneralUNESCO
vForeword
Foreword II
TheNationalInformationSocietyPolicyTemplatewhichIFAPlaunchedin2009wasanimportantcontributiontopolicy-makingeffortsattheinternational,regionalandnationallevel.Inparticular,thistoolhasbeeninstrumentalinsupportingthedevelopmentofnationalcapacitiestodesignandmanagepolicyprocessesinanumberofEastAfricanandSouthAsiancountries.ThistrainingwasdeliveredthroughaseriesofExecutiveTrainingsinGovernmentInformationLeadershipconductedinpartnershipwiththeUnitedNationsUniversity’sSpecialOperatingUnitforPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV).Thesecapacity-buildingexercisesconductedthroughweek-longregionaltrainingshavealsoservedtobuildnetworksforcooperationandexperiencesharingbetweenparticipatingcountriesandwithIFAP’sandUNU-EGOV’snetworks.
The2030SustainableDevelopmentAgenda,withitsattentiontothe5Ps-People,Planet,Prosperity,PeaceandPartnership–offersnewpossibilitiesformoreholisticandcontextualizedapproachestodevelopment.Thenewapproachesaswellasthedemandsofaframeworkwith17goalsand169targetshasalsohighlightedanurgentneedfortoolstosupportpolicy-makersinmoreeffectivelyaligningtheiractionsandeffortstothisnewglobalfocus of action.
Torespondtothispressingneed,IFAPandUNU-EGOVhaveagainjoinedforcesandleveragedtheirnetworkstodeveloptheKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbook.TheHandbookbuildsonexistingknowledgeandpracticestoprovidepolicy-makerswithanactionableconceptualframeworkforunderstandingandassessingtherelationshipsbetweentheSDGsandKnowledgeSocieties.Byidentifyinggapsaswellasstrengths,theHandbookwillenablecountriestomoreeffectivelydeployresourcesandimplementappropriatepolicymeasures.
Inlinewiththeperspectivethatpolicy-craftingisacontinuous,evolvinganddynamicprocess,theHandbookissupportedbyanexpandableonlinecaselibraryaswellasanonlineglobalcommunityofresearchersandpractitioners.Throughtheironlineinteractions-sharingofexperiencesandresearch,collaborativeproblemsolvingandco-creation,mappingofemergingtrendsamongstothers–thiscommunityofpracticewillprovideenhancementstothemethodologies,toolsandresourcesthatsupporttheHandbook.
WearetrulygratefultoourlongstandingpartnerUNU-EGOV,fortheirongoingsupport,andtotheUruguayanAgencyforElectronicGovernance,InformationandKnowledgeSociety(AGESIC)fortheirroleinthevalidationoftheHandbook.WehavebeentouchedbythevariousinstitutionsandindividualswhohaveexpressedsupportforthisinitiativeandareappreciativeofthecommitmentsexpressedbyvariousMemberStates,notablyBrazilandColombiatoprovidedirectandin-kindsupporttothisinitiative.IFAPinviteslike-mindedgovernments,institutionsandindividualstosupportthisglobalinitiative.
ChaficaHaddad
DeputyPermanentDelegateofGrenadatoUNESCOandChairoftheIntergovernmentalCounciloftheInformationforAllProgramme
Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryvi
Acknowledgements
ThecurrentreportbelongstothesetoffourinstrumentsdevelopedbytheUnitedNationsUniversityOperatingUnitonPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV)incollaborationwithandco-fundedbytheUNESCOInformationforAllProgramme(UNESCO/IFAP),tosupporttheUNESCOMemberStates’policymakingeffortstoguideandcoordinatethedevelopmentofnationally-orlocally-appropriatedKnowledgeSocieties.
Theinstrumentscomprise:
1. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbook,assetofconceptualandmethodologicalframeworks,guidelinesandknow-howconcerningthedevelopmentofpublicpoliciesforKnowledgeSocieties(UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016b);
2. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyLibrary,acollectionofrelevantresearchliterature,policies,indicators,casestudiesandotherresourcesrelevanttothedevelopmentofpublicpoliciesforKnowledgeSocieties(UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016c);
3. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyPlatform,anelectronicplatformthathoststhecontentoftheHandbookandLibraryandfacilitatestheupdatesandadditionstothiscontentbycommunitymembersthroughdigitaldevicesandchannels (UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016d); and
4. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyCommunity,acommunityofresearchers,academics,policymakers,governmentofficialsandotherstakeholderswho,aspartoftheircontributiontoplanning,developing,implementingandevaluatingpublicpoliciesforKnowledgeSocietiesinthenationalorlocalcontext,arewillingtousetheHandbook,LibraryandPlatform,andsharetheoutcomesandexperienceforotherstolearn(UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016a).
TheoriginoftheKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbookandtheaccompanyingKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyLibrary,PlatformandCommunitydatesbacktothe2009publicationbyUNESCO/IFAPoftheNationalInformationSocietyPolicyTemplate(Template),andtheorganizationoftwoeditionsoftheExecutiveTrainingonFoundationsofGovernmentInformationLeadership:1)inKampala,Uganda,inJuly2013,co-organizedbytheUNESCORegionalBureauforEastAfricaandtheCenterforElectronicGovernanceattheUnitedNationsUniversityInternationalInstituteforSoftwareTechnology(UNU-IIST-EGOV,thedirectpredecessorofUNU-EGOV),and2)inYangon,MyanmarinNovember2013,co-organizedbytheUNESCORegionalBureauforAsiaandthePacificandUNU-IIST-EGOV.BothtrainingshostedthepresentationoftheTemplateanditsapplicationbytheaudienceofpolicymakersandgovernmentofficialstolocalcircumstances,andadiscussionbetweenUNESCOandUNU-IIST-EGOVontheideaofupdatinganddigitizingthetemplate.Thediscussioncontinuedthroughthesession“BuildingKnowledgeSocietiesinCountriesinTransition–LessonsfromtheMekongRegion”co-organizedbyUNESCOandUNU-EGOVatthe8thInternationalConferenceonTheoryandPracticeofElectronicGovernanceinGuimarães,PortugalinOctober2014(ICEGOV2014).
Eventually,thediscussionledtotheelaborationofaprojectwiththeaimofdevelopingthefourinstruments,andsigningofanagreementbetweenUNESCOandUNU-EGOVinSeptember2015toenableitsimplementation.TheinitialversionoftheHandbook,LibraryandPlatform,developedunderthisproject,werepresented,discussedandcommentedbytheExpertGroupMeeting(EGM)on“KnowledgeSocietiesandthe2030SustainableDevelopmentAgenda”thattookplaceinMontevideo,Uruguayon29February2016,co-organizedbyUNESCO/IFAP,UNU-EGOVandtheUruguayanAgencyforElectronicGovernanceandtheInformationSociety(AGESIC).TheEGMwasattendedby36expertsfromgovernment,academia,NGOsandinternationalorganizationsfrom15countries.TheoutcomeswerepresentedduringtheUNESCO/IFAPinvitedsessionatthe9thInternationalConferenceonTheoryandPracticeofElectronicGovernanceinMontevideo,Uruguayon1March2016(ICEGOV2016),andduringtheArgentineDigitalTransformationForuminBuenosAires,Argentinaon7March2016.BothsessionsalsocalledforexpressionsofinterestforjoiningtheCommunity.ThecurrentversionoftheHandbookwasobtainedbyaddressingthecommentsreceivedduringthethreeevents.
viiAcknowledgements
WewouldliketothankUNESCOandparticularlyitsIFAPprogrammefortheopportunitytocontributetothisimportantproject,andformakingavailablethenecessaryinstitutionalsupportandprojectresources.WewishtoparticularlythankMr.GetachewEngida,DeputyDirector-GeneralofUNESCO,Ms.ChaficaHaddad,ChairoftheIFAPCouncilandDeputyPermanentDelegateofGrenada,Mr.IndrajitBanerjee,DirectorofUNESCO’sKnowledgeSocietiesDivisionandSecretaryofIFAP,Mr.BoyanRadoykov,ChiefofSection,UniversalAccessandPreservation,andMr.GuilhermeCanela,UNESCOAdviserinCommunicationandInformationforMERCOSURforinstitutionalsupport.WearealsogratefultoMr.JacoduToit,AdviserforCommunicationandInformationattheUNESCORegionalOfficeforEasternAfricaandMs.RosaGonzalez,formerAdviserforCommunicationandInformationattheUNESCORegionalOfficeforAsia-Pacific,foropennessandcollaborationthatledtothedevelopmentofthecurrentproject.WealsowishtoexpressoursincerethanksMr.JohnBertot,AssociateProvostandProfessorattheUniversityofMaryland,forinsightfuldiscussionsandcarefulreviewsofearlierversionsoftheHandbookandLibrary.WealsowishtorecognizeMs.ElsaEstevez,SeniorAcademicProgrammeOfficeratUNU-EGOV,forherenthusiasticandtirelesssupporttotheprojectandtothejointdevelopmentofcollaborationbetweenUNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOVovertheyears.Lastbutnotleast,wearemostgratefultoMortenMeyerhoffNielsen,ResearcherandPhDstudentattheTallinnUniversityofTechnology,RagnarNurkseSchoolofInnovationandGovernance,andUNU-EGOVAcademicFellow;KennethBagarukayo,Commissioner,InformationManagement,MinistryofICT,UgandaandjointUNESCO-IFAPandUNU-EGOVGovernmentFellow;andJunCheng,SecretaryGeneraloftheProfessionalTechnicalCommittee,BeijingInformationResourcesManagementCenter,ChinaandjointUNESCO-IFAPandUNU-EGOVGovernmentFellow;forusefulcommentsandlessonslearnfromtheadaptationofbothdocuments.
WealsowishtothankthemembersoftheEGMinMontevideofortheirparticipationandcomments,namely:JorgeAbin(AGESIC,Uruguay),JohannaEkuaAwotwi(Centreone-Governance,Ghana),AlexandreBarbosa(CETIC.br,Brazil),SebastiánBellagamba(ISOC,Uruguay),JohnCarloBertot(UniversityofMaryland,USA),MiguelBrechner(CeibalCenter,Uruguay),GuilhermeCanela(UNESCO,Brazil),JoãoÁlvaroCarvalho(UniversityofMinho,Portugal),WojciechCellary(PoznańUniversityofEconomics,Poland),JoséClastornik(AGESIC,Uruguay),ArmandoDeGiusti(UniversityofLaPlata,Argentina),AlejandraErramuspe(AGESIC,Uruguay),ElsaEstevez(UNU-EGOV,Argentina),SusanaFinquelievich(CONICET,Argentina),PabloGarcia(ASIET,Uruguay),ChaficaHaddad(UNESCO/IFAP,Lebanon),PaulHector(UNESCO,St.Kitts&Nevis),FernandoHernandez(URSEC,Uruguay),JungJuan(ASIET,Uruguay),MariaIsabelMejiaJaramillo(MINTIC,Colombia),JeremyMillard(BrunelUniversity,UK),GianlucaMisuraca(JRC-IPTS,Spain),MortenMeyerhoffNielsen(TallinnUniversityofTechnology,Denmark),AdegboyegaOjo(INSIGHTCentreforDataAnalytics,Ireland),CarlosPalotti(MinisteriodeProduccióndelaNación,Argentina),TheresaPardo(CTG,USA),DianaParra(AGESIC,Uruguay),PeterParycek(Donau-UniversitätKrems,Austria),ManuelaRibeiro(CETIC.br,Brazil),AnaLauraRivoir(ObservaTIC,Uruguay),AndrésSastre(ASIET,Uruguay),MariaSimon(UdelaR,Uruguay),AntónioTavares(UniversityofMinho,Portugal),LouiseThomasen(coThomasen,Denmark),andLindaVeiga(UniversityofMinho,Portugal).Amongthem,specialthanksgotothechairsandmoderatorsofthefourdiscussionstreamstakingplaceattheEGM:JohnCarloBertot,JoãoÁlvaroCarvalho,ElsaEstevez,SusanaFinquelievich,PaulHector,JeremyMillardandAntónioTavares.
Thecontributiontothedevelopmentofthefourinstrumentsisasfollows.ConcerningtheHandbook,Chapters1(Introduction)and8(Conclusions)wereauthoredbyElsaEstevez;Chapters2(Background),3(Foundations)and6(AdaptationandTransfer)wereauthoredbySusanaFinquelievich;Chapters4(ConceptualFramework)and5(Process)wereauthoredbyJeremyMillard;andChapter7(PlatformandCommunity)wasauthoredbyJoãoÁlvaroCarvalho.ConcerningtheLibrary,Chapter1(Glossary),2(Policies),4(Tools),5(Indicators)and6(CaseStudies)weredevelopedbyRehemaBaguma,andChapter3(Publications)wasdevelopedbyNunoVascoLopes.ConcerningthePlatform,softwaredevelopmentwasperformedbyGuillerminaCledou,withinputsfromJoãoÁlvaroCarvalho,andcontentupdateswereperformedbyRehemaBaguma,GuillerminaCledouandNunoVascoLopes.TheCommunitywasinitiatedbyElsaEstevez,PaulHectorandTomaszJanowski.Visualdesignofthecovers,designofthereportsanddesignoftheplatformwereconductedbyFormatoVerde.ContentandtechnicalsupportwereprovidedbyMárioPeixotoandJoséLuísFariarespectively.Finally,thecoordination,aswellasmethodologicalandeditorialfunctions,wereperformedbyTomaszJanowski.
GuimarãesandParis,May2016
Tomasz Janowski,Head,UNU-EGOVPaul Hector,ProgrammeSpecialist,UNESCO
Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryviii
Table of Contents
ForewordI ivForewordII vAcknowledgements viTableofContents viii1.Glossary 12. Policies 63.Publications 384.Tools 1205.Indicators 1446.CaseStudies 154
6.1.CaseStudy1–FinlandKnowledgeSocietyStrategy2007-2015 1566.2.CaseStudy2–EstoniaResearch,DevelopmentandInnovationStrategy2007-2013 1596.3.CaseStudy3–EstoniaResearch,DevelopmentandInnovationStrategy2014-2020 1626.4.CaseStudy4–UKInformationEconomyStrategy2003-2007 1656.5.CaseStudy5–MultimediaSuperCorridorMalaysia2004-2010 1686.6.CaseStudy6–EgyptInformationSocietyVision2004-2006 1726.7.CaseStudy7–RwandaICTStrategicandActionPlan2011–2015 1746.8.CaseStudy8–RwandaICTMasterPlan2015-2020 1776.9.CaseStudy9–TheKenyaNationalICTMasterPlan2014-2018 1806.10.CaseStudy10–UKDigitalSkillsStrategy2014 1836.11.CaseStudy11–IrelandBroadbandInterventionStrategy2012,2015 1866.12.CaseStudy12–PolicyonICTinEducationMalaysia2010 1896.13.CaseStudy13–IndiaPolicyonICTinSchoolEducation2012 1936.14.CaseStudy14–Mauritiuse-GovernmentStrategy2013-2017 1966.15.CaseStudy15–EgyptGovernmentCloudStrategy2015 1986.16.CaseStudy16–SouthAfrica’sBroadbandPolicy2013 2006.17.CaseStudy17–UgandaRuralCommunicationDevelopmentFundPolicy2010-2015 203
References 207
ix
11. Glossary
1. Glossary
Big Data Abroadtermfordatasetssolargeorcomplexthattraditionaldataprocessingapplicationsareinadequate.Challengesassociatedwithbigdatainclude;analysis,capture,datacuration,search,sharing,storage,transfer,visualization,queryingandinformationprivacy(Wikipedia,2016a).
Communication Strategy Adocumentthatexpressesthegoalsandmethodsofanorganization’soutreachactivities,includingwhatanorganizationwishestosharewiththepublicandwhomtheorganizationistryingtoreach.Generallypresentedasaninternaldocument,acommunicationsstrategyshouldserveasaguideforanymediaandpublicrelationsactivitiesinwhichtheorganizationisengaged(wikiHow,2016).
Converging Technologies Convergingtechnologyreferstotakingtwoormoretechnologicalproductsthatwerepreviouslyusedseparatelyfordifferenttasks,andmergingthemtomakeone,ultimateproduct.
Developing Country Adevelopingcountry,alsocalledalessdevelopedcountryorunderdevelopedcountry,isanationwithanunderdevelopedindustrialbase,andalowHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)relativetoothercountries(Wikipedia,2016c).
Developed Country Acountrythathasahighlydevelopedeconomyandadvancedtechnologicalinfrastructurerelativetootherlessindustrializednations.Mostcommonly,thecriteriaforevaluatingthedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentaregrossdomesticproduct(GDP),grossnationalproduct(GNP),thepercapitaincome,levelofindustrialization,amountofwidespreadinfrastructureandgeneralstandardofliving(Wikipedia,2016b).
Knowledge Societies Policy Library2
Digital Citizen AdigitalcitizenisapersonwhousestheInternetregularlyandeffectively.Inqualifyingasadigitalcitizen,apersongenerallymusthaveextensiveskillsandknowledgeinusingtheInternetthroughcomputers,mobilephones,andweb-readydevicestointeractwithprivateandpublicorganizations(KarenMossberger,2007).
Digital Divide Atermthatreferstothegapbetweendemographicsandregionsthathaveaccesstomoderninformationandcommunicationstechnology,andthosethatdonotorhaverestrictedaccess.Thistechnologycanincludethetelephone,television,personalcomputersandtheInternet.
Digital Preservation Digitalpreservationisaformalendeavortoensurethatdigitalinformationofcontinuingvalueremainsaccessibleandusable.
E-Commerce Theonlinetransactionofbusiness,featuringlinkedcomputersystemsofthevendor,host,andbuyer.Electronictransactionsinvolvethetransferofownershiporrightstouseagoodorservice(Laudon,2009).
E-Governance Thepublicsector’suseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)withtheaimofimprovinginformationandservicedelivery,encouragingcitizenparticipationinthedecision-makingprocessandmakinggovernmentmoreaccountable,transparentandeffective(UNESCO,2011a).
E-Learning Learningfacilitatedandsupportedthroughtheuseofinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT).Itcancoveraspectrumofactivitiesfromtheuseoftechnologytosupportlearningaspartofa‘blended’approach(acombinationoftraditionalande-learningapproaches),tolearningthatisdeliveredentirelyonline.Whateverthetechnology,however,learningisthevitalelement(Media,2016).
Green IT AsetofpracticalmeasuresdesignedtoensurethatInformationTechnologyisdeveloped,deliveredandusedinawaythatisenvironmentallyfriendly,sustainableandenergyefficient(IT,2016).
ICT Informationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT)isanumbrellatermthatencompassesmanytechnologiesanddevices:radio,television,cellularphones,computerandnetworkhardwareandsoftware,satellitesystemsandsoon,aswellasthevariousservicesandapplicationsassociatedwiththem,suchasvideoconferencing,e-mails,streaming–digitaldistributionofmultimediathroughanetworkofcomputers,socialmedia,e-learningplatforms,and many others.
31. Glossary
Incubation Centers Abusinesssupportprocessthatacceleratesthesuccessfuldevelopmentofstart-upandfledglingcompaniesbyprovidingentrepreneurswithanarrayoftargetedresourcesandservices.Abusinessincubator‘smaingoalistoproducesuccessfulfirmsthatwillleavetheprogramfinanciallyviableandfreestanding.Incubatorgraduateshavethepotentialtocreatejobs,revitalizeneighborhoods,commercializenewtechnologies,andstrengthenlocalandnationaleconomies(NationalBusinessIncubationAssociation).
Information Factsprovidedorlearnedaboutsomethingorsomeone.Itscommonsynonymsaredetails,particulars,facts,figures,statistics, data, etc.
Information Society Asocietywherethecreation,distribution,use,integrationandmanipulationofinformationwiththesupportofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesisasignificanteconomic,political,andculturalactivity(Whatls.com,2016).
Innovation Anewideawhich,whenimplemented,leadstoamoreeffectivedeviceorprocess.Innovationcanbeviewedastheapplicationofbettersolutionsthatmeetnewrequirements,unarticulatedneeds,orexistingmarketneeds.
Intellectual Property Rights Creationsofthemind,suchasinventions;literaryandartisticworks;designs;andsymbols,namesandimagesusedin commerce (WIPO,2016).
Internet TheglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusetheInternetprotocolsuite(TCP/IP)tolinkbillionsofdevicesworldwide.Itisanetworkofnetworksthatconsistsofmillionsofprivate,public,academic,business,andgovernmentnetworksoflocaltoglobalscope,linkedbyabroadarrayofelectronic,wireless,andopticalnetworkingtechnologies.TheInternetcarriesanextensiverangeofinformationresourcesandservicessuchastheinter-linkedhypertextdocumentsandapplicationsoftheWorldWideWeb(WWW),electronicmail,telephony,andpeer-to-peernetworksforfilesharing(Wikipedia,2016e).
ISPs ShortforInternetServiceProvider,itreferstoacompanythatprovidesInternetservices,includingpersonalandbusinessaccesstotheInternet.
Knowledge Afamiliarity,awarenessorunderstandingofsomeoneorsomething,suchasfacts,information,descriptions,orskills,whichisacquiredthroughexperienceoreducationbyperceiving,discovering,orlearning(Wikipedia,2016h).
Knowledge Societies Policy Library4
Knowledge-Based Economy Aneconomywhichis“directlybasedontheproduction,distributionanduseofknowledgeandinformation”(OECD1996).TheAsia-PacificEconomicCo-operation(APEC)EconomicCommitteeextendedthisideatostatethatinaknowledgebasedeconomy,‘theproduction,distributionanduseofknowledgeisthemaindriverofgrowth,wealthcreationandemploymentacrossallindustries’(APEC&Committee,2000)asaconsequence,havetakenstepstoensurethatAPECeconomiesbuildandshareexpertiseintheknowledgesector.Inordertoaddressthisgoal,theAPECEconomicCommitteeinitiatedthe\u2018Towardsknowledge-basedeconomiesinAPEC\u2019project(KBEproject)
Knowledge Society Asocietybasedonthecreation,disseminationandutilizationofinformationandknowledge.Itisasocietywithaneconomyinwhichknowledgeisacquired,created,disseminatedandappliedtoenhanceeconomicandsocialdevelopment(GESCI,2012).
Logical Framework Aprojectdesignmethodologywhichhelpstoclarifyobjectivesofanyproject,program,orsystem.Itaidsintheidentificationoftheexpectedcausallinks—the“programmelogic”—inthefollowingresultschain:inputs,processes,outputs(includingcoverageor“reach”acrossbeneficiarygroups),outcomes,andimpact.Itleadstotheidentificationofperformanceindicatorsateachstageinthischain,aswellasriskswhichmightimpedetheattainmentoftheobjectives.TheLogFrameisalsoavehicleforengagingpartnersinclarifyingobjectivesanddesigningactivities.Duringimplementationofaproject,programmeorsystem,thelogicalframework(LogFrame)servesasausefultooltoreviewprogressandtakecorrectiveaction(UNESCO,2011b).
Open Data Datathatanyonecanaccess,useorshare.Whenbigcompaniesorgovernmentsreleasenon-personaldata,itenablessmallbusinesses,citizensandresearcherstodevelopresourceswhichmakecrucialimprovementstotheir communities (Institute,2016)
Public Policies Theprincipledguidetoactiontakenbytheadministrativeexecutivebranchesofthestatewithregardtoaclassofissuesinamannerconsistentwithlawandinstitutionalcustoms.PublicPoliciesaretheexecutionframeworkunderwhichgovernmentandnon-governmentorganizationsworktoresolveorrectifythesocial,economicorpoliticalissuesofasociety,ortoattainnewgoals(Wikipedia,2016l).
Quality Assurance Themaintenanceofadesiredlevelofqualityinaserviceorproduct,especiallybymeansofattentiontoeverystageoftheprocessofdeliveryorproduction(Dictionaries,2016).
Risk Assessment Identification,assessment,andprioritizationofrisks(definedinISO31000astheeffectofuncertaintyonobjectives)followedbycoordinatedandeconomicalapplicationofresourcestominimize,monitor,andcontroltheprobabilityand/orimpactofunfortunateeventsortomaximizetherealizationofopportunities.
51. Glossary
Stakeholders Thosewhomaybeaffectedbyorhaveaneffectonaneffort.Theymayalsoincludepeoplewhohaveastronginterestintheeffortforacademic,philosophical,orpoliticalreasons,eventhoughtheyandtheirfamilies,friends,andassociatesarenotdirectlyaffectedbyit.
Sustainable Development Developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds(IISD,2016).
Telecentre Apublicplacewherepeoplecanaccesscomputers,theInternet,andotherdigitaltechnologiesthatenablethemtogatherinformation,create,learn,andcommunicatewithotherswhiletheydevelopessentialdigitalskills(Wikipedia).AccordingtoHarrisetal.,telecentresarecommunityresourcesthatofferaccesstoinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesforinducingdevelopmentamongmarginalizedpopulationwithlittlehopeofotherwiseparticipatinginbenefitsoftheinformationrevolutionthatthedevelopingworldisnowenjoying.
Vision AccordingtoBurtNanus,adistinguishedvisionaryleadershiptheorist,avisionisarealistic,credible,attractivefutureforanorganization.Avisionmustberealistic,sothatitispossible;itmustbecrediblesothatitisattainableanditmustbeattractivesothatpeoplewillworkwithitsleadertohelpmeetthisfutureobjectiveorgoal(BusinessDictionary,2016).
WSIS TheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)wasapairofUnitedNations-sponsoredconferencesaboutinformation,communicationand,inbroadterms,theinformationsocietythattookplacein2003inGenevaandin2005inTunis.Oneofitschiefaimswastobridgetheso-calledglobaldigitaldivideseparatingrichcountriesfrompoorcountriesbyspreadingaccesstotheInternetinthedevelopingworld(Wikipedia,2016o).
Knowledge Societies Policy Library6
2.Policies
TheMerriamWebsterdictionarydefinesapolicyasadeliberatesystemofprinciplestoguidedecisionsandachieverationaloutcomes.Itisastatementofintent,andisimplementedasaprocedureorprotocol.Inthishandbook,aPolicyreferstoadeliberatesystemofprinciplestoguidedecisionmakingandachievementofrationaloutcomesinthedevelopmentofKnowledgeSocieties.Thisappendixsummarizeskeypoliciesthathave/areguidingdevelopmentofknowledgesocieties(http://www.merriam-webster.com/).
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
72. Policies
TITLEARenewing,Human-CentricandCompetitiveFinland:ANationalKnowledgeSocietyStrategy2007-2015
COUNTRYFinland
ORGANIZATIONInformationSocietyProgramme,PrimeMinister’sOffice
YEAR2007-2015
SUMMARYThe2007-2015FinlandNationalKnowledgeSocietyStrategywasdevelopedtosupportthetransformationofFinlandintoaninternationallyattractive,human-centricandcompetitiveknowledgeandservicesociety.Itsvisionwas“GoodLifeintheInformationSociety”.Thiswasbasedontheunderstandingthatdevelopingknowledge,structuresandbusinessenvironmentswillmakeagoodlifepossibleforindividualsandenterprises,evenunderconditionsofincreasingcompetition.ThecompetitivefactorsofatransformedFinlandwereenvisagedtobe:anopensociety,agoodandsafelivingenvironment,theopportunitytoflexiblycombinework,familyandleisuretime,aswellasthecontinuousdevelopmentofknowledge.Thestrategycoveredguidelinesandmeasuresaimedatreformingtheservicesector,improvingqualityoflife,anddevelopingsustainablecompetitivenessinenterprises.Thesethemeswereapproachedfromvariousanglesnamely;developmentofknowledge,applicationofexistingandnewinformation,creativityandinnovation,structuralandfunctionalreforms,networkingandtheutilizationanddevelopmentoftechnology.
REFERENCE(FinnishPrimeMinister’sOffice,2006)
URLhttp://www.umic.pt/images/stories/publicacoes1/Strategia_englanti_181006final.pdf
http://www.umic.pt/images/stories/publicacoes1/Strategia_englanti_181006final.pdf
Knowledge Societies Policy Library8
TITLEKnowledge-basedEstonia:EstonianResearchandDevelopmentandInnovation(RDI)Strategy2007-2013
COUNTRYEstonia
ORGANISATIONMinistryofEducationandResearchincooperationwiththeMinistryofEconomicAffairsandCommunicationsandother Ministries.
YEAR2007-2013
SUMMARYTheKnowledge-basedEstonia:EstonianRD&IStrategy2007–2013focusedonsustainabledevelopmentofthesocietybymeansofresearchanddevelopment,andinnovation.ItcontributedtoachievementofthegoalsofEstonia’slong-termdevelopmentstrategy“SustainableEstonia21”aswellastheLisbonStrategy(thestrategyforgrowthandjobs).Itwasthefollow-uptotheEstonianRDIStrategyof2002–2006“Knowledge-basedEstonia.The2007-2013RDIstrategywasaccompaniedbyanimplementationplan,whichincludedactivities,responsiblepartiesandfinancesnecessaryforimplementingthestrategy.ItwassucceededbytheEstonianRDIStrategy2014-2020“Knowledge-basedEstonia”.
REFERENCE(EstonianMinistryofEducationandResearch,2007)
URLhttp://cs.ioc.ee/excs/policy/teadm-pohine-eesti2-en.pdf
http://cs.ioc.ee/excs/policy/teadm-pohine-eesti2-en.pdf
92. Policies
TITLEEstonianResearchandDevelopmentandInnovationStrategy2014-2020“Knowledge-basedEstonia”
COUNTRYEstonia
ORGANISATIONMinistryofEducationandResearchincooperationwiththeMinistryofEconomicAffairsandCommunicationsandother Ministries.
YEAR2014-2020
SUMMARYThisisthethirdEstonianRDIstrategy.Ittakesintoaccountthepreviousperiod’sexperiences,thelessonslearnedandtherecommendationsmadebytopexperts,theobligationsarisingfromtheconstitutionandotherlegislation,aswellasfuturetrends.The2014-2020RDIstrategyiscloselylinkedtotheEstonianLifelongLearningStrategy2014-2020,EstonianEntrepreneurshipGrowthStrategy2014-2020andotherrelatedstrategies.AlthoughEstoniahasbeensuccessfulintheimplementationofitstwopreviousRDIstrategies,therearestillmanyopportunitiesforfurtherdevelopment.Theachievedstrengthsmustbepreservedandtheweaknessesreduced.
REFERENCE(EstonianMinistryofEducationandResearch,2014)
URLhttps://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/estonian_rdi_strategy_2014-2020.pdf
https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/estonian_rdi_strategy_2014-2020.pdf
Knowledge Societies Policy Library10
TITLEInformationEconomyStrategyforUK
COUNTRYUK
ORGANISATIONMinistryforUniversitiesandScienceandMinistryforCulture,CommunicationsandCreativeIndustries.
YEAR2003-2007
SUMMARYThisStrategy,developedinpartnershipbyGovernment,industryandacademia,setsoutaroadmaptohelptheUKaccelerateintheglobalrace,focusingonitsstrengths.Thisisbasedontherealisationthat:withoutlongtermactionandplanningtoaddressskillsshortages,organisationswillstruggletorecruittherightstaff;withouttherightinfrastructure,bothphysicalandvirtual,businesseswillstruggletodevelop;withoutgoodcybersecurity,businessandconsumerswillnothavetheconfidencetousenewtechnologies;withoutactiontoaddressmarketfailures,theinformationeconomycouldbestifledbyunnecessarybarrierstogrowth.
REFERENCE(DepartmentforBusiness,2013)
URLhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/206944/13-901-informa-tion-economy-strategy.pdf
112. Policies
TITLETheInformationEconomyCouncil-DigitalSkillsStrategyforUK2014
COUNTRYUK
ORGANISATIONInformationEconomyCouncilSkillsWorkingGroup
YEAR2014
SUMMARYTheInformationEconomyStrategyofJune2013highlightedthefactthatalackofsufficientlyskilledpeopleisoneofthebiggestbarrierstoUKleadershipintheglobalinformationeconomy.Toreaptheeconomicandsocialbenefitsofthedigitaleconomy,theUKneedsastrongflowoffuturetalent,askilledworkforceandadigitallyliteratepopulation.Thestrategysetouttheneedforpeoplewhocanuseapplicationsandapplytechnologyaswellaspeoplewhocaninventanddevelopthetechnologyandapplicationsofthefuture.TakingforwardtheskillsactionsintheInformationEconomyStrategy,thisDigitalSkillsStrategyisfocusedonacceleratingthegrowthofthedigitaleconomybyinspiringyoungpeopleabouttechnology,enablingtalentedpeoplefromallbackgroundstogetintotechnologycareers,andhelpingcompaniesdevelopthetechnologyskillstheyneedforthefuture.
REFERENCE(BritishInformationEconomyCouncilSkillsWorkingGroup,2014)
URLhttps://www.thetechpartnership.com/globalassets/pdfs/research-2014/informationeconomydigitalskillsstrate-gy_oct14.pdf
https://www.thetechpartnership.com/globalassets/pdfs/research-2014/informationeconomydigitalskillsstrategy_oct14.pdfhttps://www.thetechpartnership.com/globalassets/pdfs/research-2014/informationeconomydigitalskillsstrategy_oct14.pdf
Knowledge Societies Policy Library12
TITLEIreland’sBroadbandInterventionStrategy
COUNTRYIreland
ORGANISATIONMinisterforCommunications,EnergyandNaturalResources
YEAR2012andupdatedin2015
SUMMARYTheNationalBroadBandProject(NBP)isaGovernmentpolicyinitiativethataimstodeliverhigh-speedbroadbandtoeverycitizenandbusinessinIreland.Thisisbeingachievedthroughacombinationofacceleratedcommercialinvestmentbytelecomsoperators,andaproposedStateinterventiontoprovidehigh-speedbroadbandtothosepartsofthecountrywherethereisnocertaintythatthecommercialsectorwillinvest.ThisstrategyarticulatesaseriesofdetailedGovernmentpolicyobjectivesinrespectoftheproposedStateintervention.Specifically,itsetsoutthekeyelementsoftheintervention-whatservicesarerequiredandhowtheywillbedeliveredbythesuccessfulbidder(s).TheNBPfurtheridentifiesthemeansbywhichtheGovernmentwilldeliveritscommitmenttoprovidehigh-speedbroadbandtoallpartsofIreland.ItsvisionishighspeedbroadbandforallwhichisinformedbythefactthatinIrelandthedigitaleconomyrepresents5%ofGDPandisanticipatedtobe10%ofGDPby2020.Itemploysalmost100,000peopledirectlyandindirectly.Theobjectivesofthestrategyinclude:delivertheinterventionasquicklyaspossibletoensureanationalhighspeedbroadbandnetworkforIreland;everyhomeandbusinesstohaveaccesstohighspeedbroadbandwithachoiceofserviceproviders;ensurethatthenetworkcanmeetcurrentandfuturedemand;maximisere-useofexistinginfrastructure;incentivizeadditionalcommercialinvestment;andstimulategrowthandretentioninjobswhileenablinge-farming,e-health,tradingonline,e-education,tourism,savingsforconsumers.
REFERENCE(Ireland’sMinisterforCommunications,2015)
URLhttp://www.dcenr.gov.ie/communications/Lists/Publications%20Documents/Updated%20Strategy%20Decem-ber%202015.pdf
http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/communications/Lists/Publications%20Documents/Updated%20Strategy%20December%http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/communications/Lists/Publications%20Documents/Updated%20Strategy%20December%
132. Policies
TITLEBuildingDigitalBridges:Egypt’sVisionoftheInformationSociety
COUNTRYEgypt
ORGANISATIONMinistryofCommunication&InformationTechnology
YEAR2004-2006
SUMMARYThepolicyoutlinesEgypt’svisionofbuildingtheInformationSocietyandbridgingthedigitaldividetogetherwithacloserlookatthecountry’sEgyptianInformationSocietyInitiative(EISI),whichhasbeenstructuredaroundsevenmajortracks:e-readiness,e-learning,e-government,e-business,e-health,e-cultureandICTexportinitiative.
REFERENCE(EgyptianMinistryofInformation&CommunicationTechnology,2015)
URLhttp://www.mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/BuildingBridges_all.pdf
http://www.mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/BuildingBridges_all.pdf
Knowledge Societies Policy Library14
TITLETheEgyptianGovernmentCloud(EG-Cloud)Strategy
COUNTRYEgypt
ORGANISATIONMinistryofCommunicationandInformationTechnology
YEAR2005
SUMMARYCloudComputinghasemergedasastepchangeintheeconomicsandsustainabilityofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT).Asaninnovation,themodelpresentsashiftawayfromcomputingasapurchasedproduct,tocomputingasadeliveredservice.Usersnolongerneedtoseekandinvestlargefundsofmoneyforbuyingcapitalequipment.Themodelallowsenterprises,especiallySMEs,toaccesspowerfulresourcesthattheycannotafford.Theopportunitiesofusingpowerfulcomputingresourcesondemandviathenetworkareapotentialdriverforthegrowthofanation’seconomy.Understandingboththepromiseandrisksofthisnewparadigm,theEgyptianMinistryofCommunicationsandInformationTechnology(MCIT)developedathoughtfulEgyptGovernmentCloud(EG-Cloud)strategytosupportandpromotetheutilizationofcloudcomputinginthegovernment.
REFERENCE(EgyptianMinistryofCommunication&InformationTechnology,2015)
URLhttp://www.mcit.gov.eg/Publication/Publication_Summary/856
http://www.mcit.gov.eg/Publication/Publication_Summary/856
152. Policies
TITLENationalpolicyonICTinSchoolEducationinIndia
COUNTRYIndia
ORGANISATIONDepartmentofSchoolEducationandLiteracy,MinistryofHumanResourceDevelopment,GovernmentofIndia
YEAR2012
SUMMARYThecomprehensivechoiceofICTforholisticdevelopmentofeducationcanbebuiltonlyonasoundpolicy.TheinitiativeofICTPolicyintheSchoolEducationisinspiredbythetremendouspotentialofICTforenhancingoutreachandimprovingqualityofeducation.ThispolicyendeavorstoprovideguidelinestoassisttheStatesinoptimizingtheuseofICTinschooleducationwithinanationalpolicyframework.
REFERENCE(IndianMinistryofHumanResource,2012)
URLhttp://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/revised_policy%20document%20ofICT.pdf
http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/revised_policy%20document%20ofICT.p
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TITLESMARTRwandaMasterPlan2015-2020:AprosperousandKnowledgeableSocietythrough
COUNTRYRwanda
ORGANISATIONRwandaDevelopmentBoard
YEAR2014
SUMMARYIn2000,thegovernmentofRwanda(GoR)establishedVision2020asaneconomicblueprinttoachieveaknowledge-basedeconomyandbecomeamiddle-incomecountryby2020.AlongwithVision2020,thefirstoftheEconomicDevelopmentandPovertyReductionStrategy2007-2012(EDPRSI)andlaterEDPRSII2013-2018,furtheracknowledgedICTasakeydriverforthiseconomicgrowth.Thenationalinformationandcommunicationtechnologyplans,NICIPlansI~III2000–2015werelaterinitiatedtoguidetheICT4DprogramsandinitiativeslinkedtotheobjectivesandgoalsoutlinedinV2020andEDPRSI&II.DespitetheachievementoftheNICIPlans,especiallyinbuildingbasicinfrastructureandlaunchingahighlysuccessfulhealthcaresystemandincreasingaccesstofinancialservices,challengesstillremained.SMARTRwandaMasterplanwasmotivatedbytheSMARTAfricaManifestothatwassignedbyAfricanUnionHeadsofStateandGovernmentseveralmonthsaftertheTransformAfricaSummitinOctober2013inKigali,Rwanda.ItisthenewnationalICTstrategy,replacingtheICTSSP.Itunderpinsthecurrentgovernmenttransformationagenda.Ithasthreeenablers:ICTCapability&Capacity,Governance&Management,andSecured&SharedInfrastructure.Inaddition,ithassevenpillars:SMARTAgriculture,Finance,Business&Industry,Health,Education,Government,andCities.
REFERENCE(RwandanDevelopmentBoard,2015)
URLhttp://www.myict.gov.rw/fileadmin/Documents/Strategy/SMART_Rwanda_Master_Plan_v2.1.pdf
172. Policies
TITLENationalICTPolicy
COUNTRYNepal
ORGANISATIONMinistryofICTNepal
YEAR2015
SUMMARYThispolicyispremisedaroundtherealizationthatthereisanurgentneedtoformulatestrategicresponsestoaccountfortechnologicaltrendsshapingtheICTsector.
REFERENCE(MinistryofInformationandCommunication,2015)
URLhttp://www.nta.gov.np/ne/component/joomdoc/ICT%20Policy.pdf/download
Knowledge Societies Policy Library18
TITLENationalBroadbandPolicy,2071
COUNTRYNepal
ORGANISATIONMinistryofICTNepal
SUMMARYThispolicywasformulatedinresponsetothefeltneedtocreateaconduciveenvironmentforstimulatinggrowthofbroadbandinfrastructureandservicesthroughoutthecountry.Itsvisionistoachieveaffordable,secure,reliableandubiquitousbroadbandforsocio-economictransformationofNepalwhileitsmissionistodeveloparobust,secure,state-of-the-artbroadbandinfrastructurecoverageinthecountrywithspecialfocusonruralandremoteareasforbridgingdigitaldivide.Toleveragebroadbandservicesforachievingsustainabledevelopmentoutcomes.
REFERENCE(MinistryofICTNepal,2015)
URLhttp://www.nta.gov.np/en/component/joomdoc/Broadband%20Policy-Draft.pdf/download
http://www.nta.gov.np/en/component/joomdoc/Broadband%20Policy-Draft.pdf/download
19
TITLETheGhanaICTforAcceleratedDevelopment
COUNTRYGhana
ORGANISATIONChanaMinistryofICT
YEAR2003
SUMMARYThepolicystatementarticulatedavisiontotransformGhanaintoaninformationrichknowledgebasedSocietyandeconomythroughthedevelopment,deploymentandexploitationofICTwithintheeconomyandsociety.
REFERENCE(MinistryofICTGhana,2003)
URLhttp://www.nca.org.gh/downloads/Ghana_ICT4AD_Policy.pdf
2. Policies
Knowledge Societies Policy Library20
TITLEBotswana’sNationale-GovernmentStrategy2011-2016
COUNTRYBotswana
ORGANISATIONBotswanaE-governmentBoard,2010
YEAR2010
SUMMARYBotswana’sNationale-GovernmentStrategy2011-2016outlinesfivemajorprogrammesandapproximatelytwenty-fiveinterrelatedprojectsthatwill,collectively,moveallappropriategovernmentservicesonline,significantlyimprovepublicsectorservicedelivery,andacceleratetheuptakeandusageofICTsacrossallsegmentsofoursocietyThepolicyhadanotehowever,thatanumberofourmorecomplex.e-GovernmentinitiativeswillnotbefullycompletedwithinthefiveyeartimelineofthisStrategy,andwillspillintosubsequentyears.
REFERENCE(Botswana’sNationale-GovernmentWorking,2016)
URLhttp://www.researchictafrica.net/countries/botswana/MAITLAMO_Botswana_National_ICT_Policy.pdf
21
TITLETheLithuanianInnovationDevelopmentProgramme2014–2020
COUNTRYLithuania
ORGANISATIONGovernmentofLithuania
YEAR2014-2020
SUMMARYTheLithuanianInnovationDevelopmentProgramme2014–2020hasbeendraftedwithaviewtomobilizingthestateresourcesfortheimprovementofLithuania’sinnovativenessanddevelopmentofcompetitiveeconomybasedonhighlevelknowledge,hightechnologies,qualifiedhumanresourcesandsmartspecialization.
REFERENCE(GovernmentoftheRepublicoftheLithuania,2013)
URLhttp://www.mita.lt/uploads/documents/lithuanian_innovation_programme.pdf
2. Policies
Knowledge Societies Policy Library22
TITLETertiaryEducationPolicyInNewZealand
COUNTRYNewZealand
ORGANISATIONMinistry of Education, 2002
YEAR2002
SUMMARYThestrategy’sgoalsaresobroadthatalmostanythingcouldbedone.ThispresentsanopportunityforNewZealandbutalsoachallenge.
REFERENCE(MinistryofEducation,2016)
URLhttp://www.fulbright.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/axford2002_mclaughlin.pdf
23
TITLEInnovationforScotland:AStrategicFrameworkForInnovationInScotland
COUNTRYScotland
ORGANISATIONMinistryofFinanceandOrganizationalGrowth
YEAR2009
SUMMARYInnovationforScotlandoutlineshowthegovernmentanditsagenciesmustworkinclosepartnershipwithbusinesstostimulatethisinnovation“demand”,matchittothealreadystrongsupplyside,andensurethatsupportisalignedandgearedtomeetingit.Theenterpriseagenciesplayacrucialroleindeliveringthatsupport.InGrowingInnovation,ScottishEnterpriseandHighlandsandIslandsEnterprisedescribehowtheyworkwithbusinessestospreadthemessageofthebenefitsofinnovationandthepracticalsupportavailabletobusinessestoimprovetheirbottomlineprofits.OtherpublicagenciessuchastheScottishFundingCouncilandSkillsDevelopmentScotlandalsoplayanessentialroleinturningstrategicambitionintopracticalimplementation.
REFERENCE(TheScottishGovernment,2016)
URLhttp://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/277577/0083339.pdf
2. Policies
Knowledge Societies Policy Library24
TITLETheSwedishInnovationStrategy
COUNTRYSweden
ORGANISATIONMinistryofEnterprise
YEAR2015
SUMMARYThestrategypresentslong-termguidelinesforhowtheworkwithinmanypolicyareasuntil2020cancreatebetterconditionsforpeopleinallpartsofsocietytocontributetoamoreinnovativeSwedenthroughtheirknowledge,skillsandcreativity.
REFERENCE(TheGovernmentofSweden,2016)
URLhttp://www.government.se/contentassets/cbc9485d5a344672963225858118273b/the-swedish-innovation-strategy
25
TITLEDigitalAgendaUruguay2015
COUNTRYUruguay
ORGANISATIONMinistryofICT,Uruguay
YEAR2015
SUMMARYDigitalAgendaUruguay,alsocalledADUbyitsinitialsinSpanish,isadynamicroadmapthatsetoutalltheseconceptsandcombineswiththegovernmentpoliciesandobjectivesrelatedtodevelopment,inthecontextoftheInformationandKnowledgeSociety.Besides,ADUmakescleartheunanimouscommitmentofallstakeholders,inordertoprovidethemeanstoaccomplishalloutlinedgoals.Finally,whilepreviousversionsfocusedprimarilyonsettingupthenecessaryinfrastructuretoachievefurthergoals,thisthirdeditionofADU(2011-2015)emphasizesonofferingdirectandconcretebenefitstothecitizenry.
REFERENCE(TheGovernmentofUruguay,2016)
URLhttp://uruguaydigital.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/urudigital/2da1c746-5424-48b6-8e3e-c3076ea285d8/ADU+III+2011-2015+English.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
2. Policies
http://uruguaydigital.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/urudigital/2da1c746-5424-48b6-8e3e-c3076ea285d8/ADU+III+2011-2015+English.pdf?MOD=AJPEREShttp://uruguaydigital.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/urudigital/2da1c746-5424-48b6-8e3e-c3076ea285d8/ADU+III+2011-2015+English.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
Knowledge Societies Policy Library26
TITLEE-GovernmentMasterPlanfortheRepublicofHonduras,2015
COUNTRYHonduras
ORGANISATIONHondurasNationalITIndustryPromotionAgency(NIPA)
YEAR2015
SUMMARYHonduranpresidentJuanOlandoHernÁndez,afterhisadministrationtookofficewithfour-yeartermin2014,showedhisstrongwilltotransformtowardsdigitalgovernment.TheHondurangovernmentcreatedadedicatedorganizationfore–Government-DigitalGovernmentUnit,undertheSCGGandintegratedorganizationunderSEPLANwhichwasinchargeofe-Governmentwithit.Furthermore,DigitalAgenda2014–2018wasdevelopedtoestablishaMasterPlanin2014andinitiatede-Governmentwithinhisterminoffice.
REFERENCE(NationalITIndustryPromotionAgency(NIPA),2016)
URLhttp://www.scgg.gob.hn/sites/default/files/Honduras_e-Government_MP_Final_Report_Feb%202015.pdf
27
TITLEAcceleratingServiceDevelopmentRwandaICTStrategicandActionPlan(NICIIII:2011–2015)
COUNTRYRwanda
ORGANISATIONRwandaDevelopmentBoard
YEAR2015
SUMMARYIn2000,thegovernmentofRwanda(GoR)establishedVision2020asaneconomicblueprinttoachieveaknowledge-basedeconomyandbecomeamiddle-incomecountryby2020.AlongwithVision2020,thefirstoftheEconomicDevelopmentandPovertyReductionStrategy2007-2012(EDPRSI)andlaterEDPRSII2013-2018,furtheracknowledgedICTasakeydriverforthiseconomicgrowth.Thenationalinformationandcommunicationtechnologyplans,NICIPlansI-IIwerelaterinitiatedtoguidetheICT4DprogramsandinitiativeslinkedtotheobjectivesandgoalsoutlinedinV2020andEDPRSI&II.NICIIIIaimstoaccelerate“servicesdevelopment”byrunningefficientgovernmentservicesandincreasingprivatesectorproductivityandinturnRwanda’scompetitiveness.ItisfocusedonthedevelopmentofservicesbyleveragingICTtoimproveservicedeliverytocitizens,asRwandaapproachesthefourthandfinalphaseoftheNICIprocessthatwillpropelRwandatoachieveVision2020goals.
REFERENCE(NICI,2016)
URLhttps://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/Resilience-and-CIIP/national-cyber-security-strategies-ncsss/RwandaNCSSNICI_III.pdf
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TITLETheKenyaNationalICTMasterPlan:TowardsaDigitalKenya
COUNTRYKenya
ORGANISATIONKenyaICTAuthority
YEAR2013
SUMMARYTheKenyaVision2030isthenationallong-termdevelopmentblueprintthataimstotransformthecountryintoamodern,globallycompetitive,Middleincomecountryofferingahighqualityoflifeforallcitizensbytheyear2030.ThepurposeofthisMasterPlanistoreviewandupdatetheConnectedKenyaMasterPlanlaunchedinFebruary2013withaviewtoextendstakeholdersparticipationandtakeintoaccountchangesintheJubileedigitalGovernment.TheICTtheme,whichisoneofthefoundationsfornationaltransformationinthefirstmediumtermplan(MTP)(2008-2012)is“strengtheningthefoundationforaknowledge-basedeconomy”.
REFERENCE(KenyaEducationNetwork(KENET),2016)
URLhttps://www.kenet.or.ke/sites/default/files/Final%20ICT%20Masterplan%20Apr%202014.pdf
https://www.kenet.or.ke/sites/default/files/Final%20ICT%20Masterplan%20Apr%202014.pdf
29
TITLEMultimediaSuperCorridor(MSC)Malaysia:2004-2010
COUNTRYMalaysia
ORGANISATIONMultimediaDevelopmentCorporation(MDC)
YEAR2004-2010
SUMMARYMSCisaGovernment-designatedzoneinMalaysiadesignedtoleapfrogMalaysiaintotheinformationandknowledgeage.Itaimstoattractcompanieswithtemporarytaxbreaksandfacilitiessuchashigh-speedInternetaccessandproximitytotheKualaLumpurInternationalAirport.ItisaSpecialEconomicZoneinMalaysiainauguratedbythe4thMalaysianPrimeMinisterMahathirMohamadtoacceleratetheobjectivesofVision2020andtotransformMalaysiaintoamodernstatebytheyear2020,withtheadoptionofaknowledge-basedsocietyframework.TheMSCflagshipapplicationswerelaunchedtoboosttheMSCMalaysiainitiativesandtocreateamultimediautopia(hub)forinnovativeproducersandusersofmultimediatechnology.Consortiacomprisingboththelocalandforeigncompanies(MNCs)collaboratedwithvariousgovernmentagencies,departmentsandministriestoenhancethesocio-economicdevelopmentofMalaysiainthenewmillennium(InformationAge).ThevisionandmissionoftheMSCasexpressedbythePrimeMinisterofMalaysiaatthetime(1981–2003)was:“MSCisparamounttoleapfrogMalaysiaintothe21stcenturyandtoachieveMalaysia’sVision2020.TheMSCwascreatedtoendeavorthebestenvironmenttoharnessthefullpotentialofthemultimediawithoutanyartificiallimits.MSCisaglobaltestbed(hub),wherethelimitsofthepossiblecanbeexplored,andnewwaysofliving,working,andplayinginthenewareaoftheInformationAge.”Itcoversanareaofapproximately15km(9.3mi)×50km(31mi)(thatis,750km2(290sqkm))stretchingfromthePetronasTwinTowerstotheKualaLumpurInternationalAirport,andincludingthetownsofPutrajayaandCyberjaya.On7December2006,PortKlangwasaddedtotheMSC.DrMahathir’svisittotheUnitedStatesofAmericainJanuary1997topromotetheMSCtocompaniestheresucceededinattractingtheinterestofmanylargeinformationtechnologycompanies.TheMultimediaDevelopmentCorporation(MDeC,formerlyMDC)wascreatedtooverseedevelopmentoftheMSC.ToqualifyforMSC-status,applicantsmustmeetthefollowingcriteria:beaproviderorheavyuserofmultimediaproductsandservices;employasubstantialnumberofknowledgeworkers;providetechnologytransferand/orcontributetowardsthedevelopmentoftheMSCorsupportMalaysia’sk-economyinitiatives;establishaseparatelegalentityfortheMSCqualifyingmultimediabusinessandactivities;locatedinaMSCdesignatedcybercities;complywithenvironmentalguidelines.IntheinitialstageofMSCNationalRolloutunderMSCNextLeap,MSCCybercitystatuswasawardedtoPenang(inBayanLepasFreeIndustrialZonesandVicinity)andKulimHi-TechPark.However,adecisionwaslatermadetorollouttheMSCCybercity/CybercentrestatusbeyondtheoriginaldesignatedareainordertospreadtheMSCbenefitsnation-wide.
REFERENCENITCMalaysia.(2016).MultimediaSuperCorridor(MSC)Malaysia
URLhttp://nurelimtiaz.uitm.edu.my/wordpressfolder-elimtiaz/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/MSC.pdf
2. Policies
http://nurelimtiaz.uitm.edu.my/wordpressfolder-elimtiaz/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/MSC.pdf
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TITLEPolicyonICTinEducationMalaysia
COUNTRYMalaysia
ORGANISATIONMinistryofEducation(MOE),Malaysia
YEAR2010
SUMMARYTheoverallaimofthepolicyistoguidethefullrealizationofbenefitsandpotentialineducationusingICTasacriticalenabler.Thebroaderschemeof‘ICTinEducation’coveredinthepolicyencompassesallpreviousICTineducationinitiativesi.e.SchoolNet,ComputerLab,EduWebTV,TeachingofMathematicsandScienceinEnglish(PPSMI)andAccessCentreandallfutureICTinitiativesunderacommonsetofobjectivesinsteadoflettingeachICTinitiativecontinuetobeimplementedindependently.
REFERENCE(Frost&Sullivan,2010)
URLhttp://www.mscmalaysia.my/sites/default/files/pdf/publications_references/Policy%20on%20ICT%20in%20Edu-cation%20Malaysia%202010.pdf
31
TITLEMalaysia PublicSectorICTStrategicPlan:PoweringPublicSectorDigitalTransformation
COUNTRYMalaysia
ORGANISATIONMalaysianAdministrativeModernizationandManagementPlanningUnit(MAMPU)
YEAR2010
SUMMARYTheMalaysianPublicSectorICTStrategicPlan(2011-2015)chartsthestrategicdirectionfortheimplementationofinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT)intheMalaysianpublicsectorforfiveyears.Theformulationofstrategiesintheplanisbasedontheassessmentandanalysisoffindingsofseveralstudiesconductedtoensurealignmentwithnationalaspirations,stakeholderrequirementsandglobalbestpractices.ThePublicSectorICTstrategicdirectionisdesignedtomeetsevenstrategicobjectivesinlinewiththenationaltransformationagenda.Theobjectivesareto:streamlineICTarchitecture;consolidateICToperations;intensifyinter-agencycollaboration;rationaliseICTgovernancestructure;attract,developandretaintoptalentinthepublicservice;strengthenperformanceculture;andfosteraknowledge-basedenvironment.
REFERENCE(MalaysianAdministrativeModernizationandManagementPlanningUnit(MAMPU),2011)
URLhttp://www.mampu.gov.my/documents/10228/41288/ISPplan2011.pdf/1a03119a-a8a8-40af-ac42-31c3fb7174b0
2. Policies
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TITLESouthAfricaConnect:CreatingOpportunitiesEnsuringInclusion:SouthAfrica’sBroadbandPolicy
COUNTRYSouth Africa
ORGANISATIONDepartmentofCommunicationsRepublicofSouthAfrica
YEAR2015
SUMMARYThenationalbroadbandpolicy,givesexpressiontoSouthAfrica’svisionforthecountrytodevelopaseamlessinformationinfrastructureby2030thatwillbeuniversallyaccessibleacrossthecountryatacostandqualitythatmeetstheneedsofcitizens,businessandthepublicsectorandprovidesaccesstothecreationandconsumptionofawiderangeofconvergedapplicationsandservicesrequiredforeffectiveeconomicandsocialparticipation.ItreflectstheGovernmentofSouthAfrica’scommitmenttocreatinganenablingenvironmentfortherolloutofbroadbandinfrastructureandthecreationofassociatedcontent,applicationsandservices.Itdoesthisbyindicatingtheintendedstructureoftheindustryandtheinstitutionalframeworknecessaryforeffectiveregulationofanopenandfaircompetitiveenvironment.Furthermore,itencouragespublicandprivateinvestmentinthebroadbandnetworkextensionrequiredtomeetthesocialandeconomicneedsofthecountry.Theecosystemofdigitalnetworks,services,applications,contentanddevices,willbefirmlyintegratedintotheeconomicandsocialfabricofthecountry.Inordertomeetthenationalobjectiveofmoreaffordablebroadbandaccessforall,SouthAfricaConnectprovidesforbothdemandsideandsupplysidepolicyinterventions.ToimproveaccesstotheInternetandstimulatedemandforbroadbandconnectivityfurther,theconnectionofeducationalinstitutions,municipalitiesandgovernmentandthedeploymentoffreepublicWiFinetworksatpointsofconnectionforcitizenstoaccessm-ande-governmentservicesandotherpublicserviceswillbeprioritized.
REFERENCE(DepartmentofCommunicationsofRepublicofSouthofAfrica,2013)
URLhttp://wiki.lib.sun.ac.za/images/c/c7/Doc-bb-policy.pdf
33
TITLESeychellesNationalICTPolicy(NICTP):ConnectedtotheCommunityConnectedtotheWorld
COUNTRYSeychelles
ORGANISATIONMinistryofNationalDevelopment
YEAR2007
SUMMARYTheNICTParticulatesfiveareasoffocusnamely;ICTinfrastructure,LegalandRegulatoryFramework,HumanResourceDevelopment,ICTIndustryandGovernment.Mindfulofthecross-sectoralnatureofICT,allthefiveareasareintegratedandinterdependent.ThepublicationoftheNICTPlaysthefoundingstonerequiredforthedevelopmentofacomprehensiveNationalICTStrategicPlan,whichwillbetheroadmaptoguideICTdevelopmentinSeychelles.
REFERENCE(GovernmentofSeychelles,2007)
URLwww.ict.gov.sc/resources/policy.pdf
2. Policies
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TITLEUgandaRuralCommunicationDevelopmentFund(RCDF)Policy2010/2011-2014/2015
COUNTRYUganda
ORGANISATIONUgandaCommunicationsCommission(UCC)
YEAR2010
SUMMARYTheUgandaCommunicationsActof1997mandatesUgandaCommunicationsCommission(UCC)toestablishandadministeraUniversalServiceFund-theRuralCommunicationsDevelopmentFund(RCDF).ThemaingoalofRCDFistoenableessentialinterventionstoensuremoreequitabledevelopmentofcommunicationsservicesbycomplementingthegeneralnationalICTpolicyandsupportingtheinformationrequirementsofothersectorsofgovernmentthatdriveUganda’sdevelopmentagenda.
Thefunctionofthefundistoeffectcommunicationsinterventionsinareasthatareunderservedwiththeoverallgoalofensuringthatthoseunderservedareasgetaccesstocommunicationsservicesthatarecomparabletothoseintheservedareas.ToguidethecommunicationsinterventionsofRCDF,UCCthereforedevelopedaruralcommunicationsdevelopmentpolicyintheyear2001.ThatPolicyamongotherthingsprovidedforspecificobjectivesthatwouldcontributetotheoverallgoalofuniversalaccesstocommunicationsservices.Implementationofthepolicystartedintheyear2003.Itsexpiryof2007wasrolledovertotheyear2009.Thetargetsthatweresetforthepolicywereallrealisedandinsomecasesexceeded.Buildingontheachievementsofthe2001policyandthechangedcommunicationsenvironment,anewpolicyfortheperiod2010to2014hasbeendeveloped.ThePolicyaimsatincreasingthecoverageofcommunicationsfacilitiesandservicestomoreunderservedareasandpeopleofUgandaandalsotodeliberatelyenhancetheusageofICTservicesinthecountry.ThisisthesecondphaseoftheRuralCommunicationsDevelopmentPolicy(RCDP2010/11–2014/15),whichwhilecontinuingtoaddressthebroadunderlyingissuesofunderservedareas,willparticularlyfocusonthreeaspectsthatarekeyforthedevelopmentofUgandaasaninformationsocietynamely:expansionofcoverageofthefirstRuralCommunicationsDevelopmentPolicy;provisionofBroadbandconnectivityandsupportforcontentdevelopment.
REFERENCE(UgandaCommunicationsCommission,2003)
URLhttp://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/UCC%20RCDF%20Policy%202010-11-2014-15.pdf
http://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/UCC%20RCDF%20Policy%202010-11-2014-15.pdf
35
TITLENationalElectronicGovernment(e-Government)PolicyFramework
COUNTRYUganda
ORGANISATIONMinistryofICT
YEAR2011
SUMMARYTheGovernmentofUganda(GOU)recognizedtheroleofICTinfosteringeconomicdevelopmentandistakingstepstoadopttheemergingnewtechnologiesinordertomodernizeservicedelivery.ItisalsothebeliefoftheGoUthatICTshouldbeutilizedtomoveintotheeraofelectronicGovernment(e-Government)thatisaimedatdemystifyingtheroleofGovernment,simplifyingprocedures,bringingtransparency,accountability,andmakingcredibletimelyinformationavailabletoallcitizensandatthesametimeprovidingallservicesinanefficientandcost-effectivemanner.Thispolicyframeworkidentifiesthegoalofe-Governmentandspellsoutitscorepillars,criticalsuccessfactorsandaroadmapwhichwasadoptedtoachieveit.ThepurposeofthepolicywastoefficientlyuseICTinpublicadministrationinordertoimprovepublicservicedeliveryanddemocraticprocesses,enhancetheattainmentoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)andotherinternationalobligations.
REFERENCE(Ministry of Information and communication, 2010)
URLhttp://www.nita.go.ug/sites/default/files/publications/Final%20Draft%20E-govt_framework_June%202010.pdf
2. Policies
http://www.nita.go.ug/sites/default/files/publications/Final%20Draft%20E-govt_framework_June%202010.
Knowledge Societies Policy Library36
TITLEWorldDevelopmentReport-DigitalDividends
ORGANISATIONTheWorldBank
YEAR2016
SUMMARYTheDigitalDividendsreportofTheWorldBankstartsbymakingoneoverviewonhowthefoundationsofdigitalrevolutioncanbestrengthentomaketheworldmoreprosperousandinclusive.Then,thereportidentifiesthebarriersthatarepreventingthedigitaltechnologiestofulfilltheirtransformativepotential.Afterwards,thereportanalysisthesectoral,nationalandglobalpoliciesforsmartcities,energyandenvironment.ThereportconcludesthatthebenefitsofICTwillnotbefullyachievedunlesscountriescontinuetoimprovethebusinessconfidence,investinknowledgesocietiesandhealthassistance,andpromotegoodgovernancepractices.Thecountrieswheretheseprincipleswerenotfollowed,thedigitaltechnologiesdidnotincreasetheproductivityorreducedinequalities.Whereasthecountriesthatcomplementthedigitaltechnologieswiththeseprinciplesreapeddividendsintheformoffastgrowth,morejobsandbetterqualityoflife.
REFERENCE(TheWorldBank,2016)
URLwww.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016
214
37
TITLEe-GovernmentStrategy2013–2017EmpoweringCitizens:CollaboratingwithBusiness;NetworkedGovernment
COUNTRYMauritius
ORGANISATIONMinistryofICT
YEAR2013-2017
SUMMARYThee-GovernmentStrategycameattherighttimewhenMauritiuswasgettingreadytoridethewaveofeconomicandsocialtransformationthatushersinaKnowledgeSociety.ThiseconomicandsocialtransformationasadvocatedbytheEconomicandSocialTransformationPlancurrentlyunderpreparationprojectstopushthecountryintoaHighIncomeCountrybracketthroughtheuseofappropriatetechnology.ThroughoptimalemploymentofICTinthemachineryofGovernment,itwasexpectedthatpublicservicedeliverywouldbeenhancedreapingmuchwarrantedefficiencygainsforMauritiusandenhancingtheconvenienceofcitizensaswellasfacilitatingbusinesses.
REFERENCE(MinistryofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,2013)
URLhttp://mtci.govmu.org/English/Documents/eGovStrategyfinalv201393.pdf
2. Policies
Knowledge Societies Policy Library38
3. Publications
393. Publications
TITLEFrom“Finalization”to“Mode2”:oldwineinnewbottles?
AUTHORSWeingart,P.
YEAR1997
VENUESocial Science Information
SUMMARYThepaperdiscusseswhythenewformsofknowledgeproduction,namelyMode2andPost-normalsciencesufferfromlackoflegitimation.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thenewformsofknowledgeproductiondonotrepresentrevolutionarychangesontraditionalscience;
2. Thetendencyofthescientificationofpolitics;
3. Thepoliticizationofscience;
4. The“medicalization”ofrelationshipbetweenscienceandpolitics;and
5. Thereareobviousparallelsbetweenthethesesoffinalizationofscience,with20years,andthenewproduction.
REFERENCE(Weingart,1997)
Knowledge Societies Policy Library40
TITLERuralareasintheinformationsociety:diminishingdistanceorincreasinglearningcapacity?
AUTHORSGrimes,Seamus
YEAR2000
VENUEJournal of Rural Studies
SUMMARYThepaperaddressestheprospectsofruralareaswithininformationsocietycontextandidentifiesthemainobstaclesforitsdevelopment.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Theruralareasshouldexploitthepotentialofnewtechnologies;
2. Thelimitedsuccessofnewtechnologiestodateareduetoanumberofreasonssuchasbadspatialcover,costandpoliticalreasons;and
3. Adifferentapproachisrequiredtoincludethenewtechnologies,whichconsidersthenewroleoftechnologiesinastrategicwayandthehumandimension.
REFERENCE(Grimes,2000)
41
TITLETheKnowledgeSociety:amanifestoforknowledgeandlearning
AUTHORSLytras,MiltiadisD.;Sicilia,MiguelAngel
YEAR2005
VENUEInternationalJournalofKnowledgeandLearning
SUMMARYThepaperadvocatesthattheknowledgeconceptneedstobere-conceptualizedatlightofsociology.Itadvanceswithasocialrealistapproachtoknowledgeandexploresitsimplicationsinknowledgesociety.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthatthesocialrealistapproachrecognizesthesocialaspectofknowledgeasintrinsictoitsepistemologicaldimension,avoidsboththehistoricalgivensofneo-conservativetraditionalismandarelianceonsuchasexperienceofthelearnerindecisionsaboutcurriculum,maintainsthecurriculumautonomyfrompoliticaloreconomicdemands,assessescurriculumproposalsintermsofbalancinggoalsthatareinvolvedinknowledgeproductionandgivesadirectiontoproducestandardsandknowledgeincurriculums.
REFERENCE(Lytras&Sicilia,2005)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library42
TITLEKnowledge,economy,technologyandsociety:Thepoliticsofdiscourse
AUTHORSRooney, David
YEAR2005
VENUETelematics and Informatics
SUMMARYThepaperdescribesasociologicaltheoryofknowledgeanddiscussesthedominantknowledgediscoursedemonstratingitstroublingaspectsforconstructingaglobalknowledgepolicy.Theobjectiveofthepaperistopromotetheunderstandingofknowledgeanditsroleindevelopment.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thedominantknowledgediscourseistechnocraticandpoliticallyorientedtowardstheinterestsofbusiness;
2. Thedominantknowledgediscourselimitsthethoughtandaction;
3. Anemancipatorypoliticsofknowledgeispossibleandneeded;
4. Thesociologicaltheoryofknowledgeissignificantlydifferenttothedominantdiscoursethatismoreaboutbusinessandtechnologyratherthanknowledge;and
5. Aconceptualframeworkthatexplainsthedynamicsofknowledgecanavoidthefailuresoftechnocracydiscourse.
REFERENCE(Rooney,2005)
43
TITLE“DoingITfortheKids”:Re-examiningChildren,Computersandthe“InformationSociety”
AUTHORSSelwyn,N.
YEAR2003
VENUEMedia,Culture&Society
SUMMARYThepaperexplorestheroleofchildrenintheinformationsocietyforabetterunderstandingofpast,presentandfutureaspectsofsociety.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thetermchildcomputerhasbeenusedwithcommercialinterestsinsteadofbeingusedtoclarifytheroleoftechnologiesinsociety;
2. Ismissingatwhatextentthetechnologiesarepushingusintoanewkindofsociety;and
4. Thedebateshouldbecenteredinexaminingthechangesintroducedbychildrenandtechnologyonsociety.
REFERENCESelwyn,N.(2003)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library44
TITLEDigitaldivideinadevelopingcountry
AUTHORSMariscal, Judith
YEAR2005
VENUETelecommunications Policy
SUMMARYThepapershowsthatbesidesthedeploymentoftelecommunicationsnetworksinMexicothedigitaldivideisincreasing.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thepolicytrajectoryaresimplytofostereconomicgrowthandtoincreasethesupplyoftelecommunucations services;
2. ThelackofauniversalaccesspolicytoITinMexicomarginalizescertaincommunities;
3. Toavoiddigitaldividethetelecommunicationsshouldbesubsidizedbecauseofitscontributiontoeconomicdevelopment;
4. Knowledgebuildingisanimportantresourceforeconomicdevelopment;
5. Socialcapitalcanbeusefulinthedesignofuniversalaccesspolicies;and
6. Low-incomeareascanbenefitfromthetechnicalinnovations.
REFERENCE(Mariscal,2005)
45
TITLEThemultipledimensionsofthedigitaldivide:morethanthetechnology“haves”and“havenots”
AUTHORSBertot,JohnCarlo
YEAR2003
VENUEGovernmentInformationQuarterly
SUMMARYThepapershowsthatthedigitaldividegoesbeyondaccesstoICTs.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thedigitaldivideincludesaccesstoicts,economicfactors,theabilitytoaccessinformationandknowledge,andinformationliteracyskills;
2. Theneedtoconceptualiseofthedigitaldividebeyondaccesstoicts;
3. Theneedtohaveacomprehensivepolicyframeworktoaddressthemultipledimensionsofthedigitaldivide; and
4. Theneedtoaddressthedigitaldividethoughamulti-stakeholderapproach.
REFERENCE(Bertot,2003)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library46
TITLEConstructingtheinformationsociety:women,informationtechnology,anddesign
AUTHORSFountain,JaneE.
YEAR2000
VENUETechnologyinSociety
SUMMARYThepaperexploresthepotentialroleofwomeninthedesignofaninformation-basedsociety.Thispaperadvocatesthatastrongerrepresentationbywomenintechnicalrolescanaddresshumancapitaldeficitandexpandtherangeoftechnicalproductsandservicestobenefitallsociety.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Anincreaseinwomenparticipationinthedesignofinformationtechnologyaddressesthehumancapitaldeficitandpromotestheconstructionofinformation-basedsociety;and
2. Thedisparityinparticipationbygenderintheproductionofinformationtechnologiesshouldbeviewedasapolicyproblemwithsignificantimpacts.
REFERENCE(Fountain,2000)
47
TITLEThemarketorienteduniversityandthechangingroleofknowledge
AUTHORSBuchbinder,Howard
YEAR1993
VENUEHigherEducation
SUMMARYThepaperdiscussestheconflictbetweenuniversitiesandmarketintermsofautonomyandcollegiality,ideologyglobalizationandprivatization.Inaddition,thepaperexplorestheroleofknowledgewithinuniversitiesandthechangefromsocialknowledgetomarketknowledge.Thefocusincludesthesocialcontextofknowledge,science,researchofknowledge,knowledgeaspropertyandtransferofknowledge.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Theprivatizationofthesocialcontextwherethemarketmechanismsarepredominant;
2. Knowledgebecomesacommodity;
3. Itisprivateintellectualproperty;
4. Amarketorienteduniversityalterstheformofknowledge;and
5. Thepolicyforuniversitiesshouldaddresstheimpactofglobalizationinaninformationsocietyandavoidamarketorientedstrategy.
REFERENCE(Buchbinder,1993)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library48
TITLEAcritiqueofKoreanNationalInformationStrategy:Caseofnationalinformationinfrastructures
AUTHORSShin,Dong-Hee
YEAR2007
VENUEGovernmentInformationQuarterly
SUMMARYThepaperstudiestheimpactoftheprojectIT839launchedwiththeobjectiveoftransformingKoreaintoanubiquitousinformationsociety.Inaddition,thepapergivesrecommendationstothegovernmentforacontextualizedITstrategy.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Constructasocialanditinfrastructureembeddedwithotherstructures;
2. Informationinfrastructureonlyoccurswhenpeopleuseitintheirroutinelife;and
3. Buildinganeffectivenationalinformationinfrastructureisnotanevent.Itisacontinuousandinteractiveon-goingprocess.
REFERENCE(Shin,2007)
49
TITLEGovernmentasthedrivingforcetowardtheinformationsociety:NationalcomputerpolicyinSingapore
AUTHORSGurbaxani,Vijay;Kraemer,KennethL.;King,JohnLeslie;Jarman,Sheryl;Dedrick,Jason;Raman,K.S.;Yap,C.S.
YEAR1990
VENUEThe Information Society
SUMMARYThepaperanalysistheinfluenceandroleoftheSingaporegovernmentinachievingthegoalofturningthenationintoaninformationsociety.TheauthorsstressthehighinvolvementandcommitmentofgovernmentinthecomputerizationandinformatizationofSingapore.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thegovernmentmayadoptinfluenceorplayregulationroles;
2. Thegovernmentpromotestheusesoftechnologyatalllevelsofsocietyusingdifferentformssuchasfunding,incentivesandsubsidies,informationandconsultationandpartnershipsprojects;
3. Thegovernmentusesthelegalpowerforthediffusionofitdirectives,settingtechnicalstandards,formalizingproceduresandprotectingcopyright;and
4. Thegovernmentinfluencesthesupply/demandgoalsthroughregulation.
REFERENCE(Gurbaxanietal.,1990)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library50
TITLEInformationpolicy,informationaccess,anddemocraticparticipation:ThenationalandinternationalimplicationsoftheBushadministration’sinformationpolitics
AUTHORSJaeger,PaulT.
YEAR2007
VENUEThe Information Society
SUMMARYThepapercoversananalysisoftheinformationpolicyandaccessoftheBushadministrationandimplicationsofthepoliciesforglobalsocietyandforresearchoninformationsystems.Moreover,thepaperraisesthequestionstoatwhatextentinformationpoliciescouldbeusedforpoliticalpurposes,whattheycall“informationpolitics”.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Theinfluenceofinformationpolicyinlimitingtheinformationaccesstoindividuals,socialgroupsandgovernmentorganizations;
2. Theaccesstoinformationisapre-requisiteofdemocraticsocieties;
3. Themanipulationofinformationaccessforpoliticalgain;
4. Researchontheinteractionbetweeninformationpolicyandinformationaccessanditsimpactshouldevolve;
5. Theinformationpoliciesalsohaveimpactonscholarsstudyingthisarea;
6. Inaworlddrivenbyinformation,researchonthisareaisessentialtounderstandingtheinformationsocietyat national and international levels; and
7. Theanalysisofimpactofinformationpolicyisoftenlimitedtoonenation,butaworldwhereinformationcrossesbarriersthereisaneedtomakeexaminationsofpoliciesattheholisticlevel.
REFERENCE(Jaeger,2007)
51
TITLETelehealthacquiresmeanings:informationandcommunicationtechnologieswithinhealthpolicy
AUTHORSKlecun-Dabrowska,Ela;Cornford,Tony
YEAR2000
VENUEInformation Systems Journal
SUMMARYThepaperdiscusseshowapolicyprocesscouldbeusedasameanstoacquireinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesinhealth,andtheimplicationsithasfortelehealth.ThisstudyisdoneresortingabouttheexplorationoffourUKhealthpaperspublishedduring1989and1998.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Beforetheacquisition,thereshouldbeaperfectunderstandingoftheroleandexpectationforICTinthehealthsectorandtelehealthinparticular;
2. Itsrelationwiththeinformationsociety,forinstance,centralizedvs,decentralization,devolutionofpowervs.Controlorstandardizedpractices;and
3. Tocontemplatetheconsequencesoftheadoptionofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesandsystemsinsociety,itisimportanttoknowwhatthesetechnologiesandsystemsmean;and
4. Telehealthisaconceptthathastoacquire,developandsustainmeanings.
REFERENCE(Klecun-Dabrowska&Cornford,2000)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library52
TITLEInformationandcommunicationtechnologiesfordevelopment:assessingthepotentialandtherisks
AUTHORSMansell,Robin
YEAR1999
VENUETelecommunications Policy
SUMMARYThepapermakesananalysisoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononScienceandTechnologyforDevelopment(UNCSTD)WorkingGrouponICTandDevelopmentReport-KnowledgeSocieties:InformationTechnologyforSustainableDevelopment.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. UncstdoutlinesthatdevelopingcountrieswouldbeinabetterpositioniftheyestablishnationalorregionalICTstrategies;
2. ThenationalICTstrategiesoftenarepublicizedtoattractexternalinvestment;
3. Thepoliticalandeconomicprioritiesofkeydecision-makersoftendictatetheoutcomesofICTstrategies;and
4. ItisurgenttodevelopICTstrategieswhichbringmarginalizedpeopleonboard.
REFERENCE(Mansell,1999)
53
TITLEAnempiricalanalysisoffixedandmobilebroadbanddiffusion
AUTHORSLee,Sangwon;Marcu,Mircea;Lee,Seonmi
YEAR2011
VENUEInformation Economics and Policy
SUMMARYThepapermakesananalysisoffixedandmobilebroadbanddiffusionintermsofloopunbundling,income,populationdensity,educationandprice.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. LocalloopunbundlingpolicywassuccessfulinpromotingfixedbroadbanddiffusioninOECDcountries;
2. Governmentsshouldchoosepoliciesthatfavorfastbroadbanddiffusion;
3. Multiplestandardizationpolicyisassociatedwithahighrateofbroadbandpenetration;
4. MobileserviceinmanyOECDcountriesisusedasacomplementarytofixedinternet;and
5. Mobileinternethasthepotentialtoincreasebroadbandpenetration.
REFERENCE(Lee,Marcu,&Lee,2011)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library54
TITLETrustedComputing–SpecialAspectsandChallenges
AUTHORSSadeghi,Ahmad-Reza
YEAR2008
VENUESOFSEM2008:TheoryandPracticeofComputerScience
SUMMARYThepaperoutlinestheimportanceofsecurityinITsystemsandpresentssomecurrentresearchonthetopicandchallengesfacedtoimplementsecuritypolicies.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thetrustedcomputinggroup(TCG),anallianceofitenterprisespublishedasetofspecificationsforextendingconventionalcomputerarchitectureswithsecurityfeatures;
2. Thetrustedcomputing(TC)technologyiscapableofenhancingthesecurityofcomputersandICTinfrastructures,howeverthiswillnotresolveallsecurityproblemsintheinformationsociety;
3. TCbringsnewtechnicalandeconomicchallenges;and
4. TheresearchonTCneedsadeeperunderstandingofthecomplexityofitsystems.
REFERENCE(Sadeghi,2008)
55
TITLEAdoptionofInternetservicesintheAccedingandCandidateCountries,lessonsfromtheInternetbankingcase
AUTHORSCenteno,Clara
YEAR2004
VENUETelematics and Informatics
SUMMARYThepaperdiscussestheimplicationsandpotentialofInternetBankingonthedevelopmentofInformationSocietyinfifteenEuropeanUnioncountriesandinaccedingandcandidatecountries.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Itsimportanttohaveadeepunderstandingofthefactorsthatinfluencetheadoptionofinternetbankingsuchas,theinternetpenetration,costofinternetaccess,securityconcerns,etc;
2. Theimportanceofpromotingandhavingane-bankingculture;
3. Theinternetbankingsectoritselfneedstoaddresstheissuesoflowerinstitutionaltrustinbankingactors,privacyconcerns,andlowerdevelopmentanduseoffinancialservices;and
4. Asetofpolicyactionstostimulatetheuseofinternetandinternet-basedservicesshouldbeadopted.
REFERENCE(Centeno,2004)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library56
TITLETowardaframeworkfordesigninginformationsocietypolicies
AUTHORSMelody,WilliamH.
YEAR1996
VENUETelecommunications Policy
SUMMARYThepaperproposesasystemicanalyticalframeworktoassesswhattheinformationinfrastructurecouldprovideandtohelppolicy-makersdesigninginformationsocietypoliciesforspecificcountries.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Theframeworkprovidesasystemicviewforidentifyinginformationinfrastructuredevelopmentpriorities;
2. Mostnationalgovernmentsclaimforpotentialbenefitsofinformationtechnologiesthatcannotbesupportedandsomehaveevenbeenrefuted;
3. Theinvestmentsshouldnotbeledbysuppliersbecausethisresultsintounbalancedgrowthanddivisionbetweenrichandpoorcitizens;and
4. Countriesonlycanbenefitfrominformationsocietyiftheymetthespecificneedandprioritiesoftheirsociety.
REFERENCE(Melody,1996)
57
TITLEA“GrandChallenge”:MeasuringInformationSocieties
AUTHORSMenou, Michel J.; Taylor, Richard D.
YEAR2006
VENUEThe Information Society
SUMMARYThepaperanalysesthelimitationsofthecurrentinformationsocietymetricsandadvocatesforthecreationofanewacademicfieldofstudytocoverthisspecificarea.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Thereareseriouslimitationsinmetricsineightcriticalareas:-definitionoftheuniversetobemeasured,-definitionoftheobjectsandphenomenatoincludeintheuniverse,-needtoestablishmeasurementsbaseduponsolidtheories,-unitsofmeasurements,-datasourcesandcollection,-methodsofanalysisandconstructionofindicators,-targetaudiencesand-purposeandutilizationofmeasurements;and
2. Toensurethattheinformationrevolutionleadstomorebenefitsthandamages,itsunderstandingshouldbegroundedinsolidscientificwork.
REFERENCE(Menou&Taylor,2006)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library58
TITLETheInformationRevolution,Security,andInternationalRelations:(IR)relevantTheory?
AUTHORSEriksson,J.
YEAR2006
VENUEInternationalPoliticalScienceReview/Revueinternationaledesciencepolitique
SUMMARYThepaperanalyzestheimpacttheinformationsocietyhasonsecurityandexploresthischallengeinthelightofinternationalrelationstheories:realism,liberalismandconstructivism.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Itisimportanttodevelopnewtheoriesthatintegrateliberalism,constructivismandrealismforabetterunderstandingoftheimpactofinformationsocietyonsecurity;
2. Theexistingliteratureonsecurityissuesintheinformationsocietyispolicyorientedwithoutanycontributionsforinternationalrelationstheories;and
3. Thetheoryandpracticeonsecurityinadigitalagearesodistantthattheyhardlycaninformeachother;andamorepragmaticapproachisneededtoclosethegapbetweentheoryandpracticeonsecurityintheinformation society.
REFERENCE(Eriksson,2006)
59
TITLEDiffusion,substitutionandcompetitiondynamisminsidetheICTmarket:ThecaseofJapan
AUTHORSChen,ChaojungWatanabe,Chihiro
YEAR2006
VENUETechnologicalForecastingandSocialChange
SUMMARYThepaperanalysestheco-evolutionaryeffectofdiffusion,substitutionandcompetitiondynamisminsideJapan’sICTmarket.ToproovethattherecentadvancesinJapan’smobileserviceswereduetothisco-evolutionarydynamismfourdiffusionmodelswereutilizedinthiswork:Simplelogisticmodel,Bi-logisticmodel,LogisticgrowthwithinadynamiccarryingcapacitymodelandChoice-basedsubstitutiondiffusionmodel.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Anotableco-evolutionarydynamismbetweendiffusion,substitutionandcompetitionisemerginginsidejapaneseICTmarket;
2. ThemainfactorsunderlyingthisdynamismaretheICTinnovations,enrichedfunctions,reducedpriceandthecompetitivenessoftheenvironment;
3. ThejapaneseinstitutionsarenotelasticandmakeinsufficientuseofICT;and
4. IntermsofimportantpoliciesforjapaneseictmarketthepaperstressthateveryoneshouldhaveanubiquitousinformationreceiverandthegovernmentshoulddecideiftocontinueexpandingtheICTinfrastructureforfixedaccessorsubstitutethefixelinesbymobileaccess.
REFERENCE(Chen&Watanabe,2006)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library60
TITLETheEuropeanUnionandtheinformationsociety:Discourse,powerandpolicy
AUTHORSGoodwin,I.;Spittle,S.
YEAR2002
VENUENewMedia&Society
SUMMARYThepapermakesacriticaldiscourseanalysisofthedebateoverthesocial,culturalandeconomicimpactofinformationsocietywithinEuropeanUnion(EU).ThepapercriticizesthelanguageandpoliciesusedinEUconcerningtheinformationsociety,arguingthatthenatureoflanguageshouldchangeandbeusedasamodeofsocialactionwithinthepolicydebate.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Fourmajordiscourseswereidentified:threat/opportunity,technologicaldeterminism,marketdominanceandcitizenvsconsumer;
2. Byutilizingcriticaldiscourseanalysis,thepapershowsthatnotonlyaretheinformationpolicyoutcomesneo-liberal,butalsothediscoursesthatdonotallowalternativestoneo-liberalism;
3. Thediscoursesfavortheeconomicdimensionattheexpenseofsocialandculturaldimensions;
4. ThelanguageusedhasconsequencesininformationsystemspolicyandinthetypeofinformationsocietyEUwantstoachieve;
5. Theeulimitssocialandeconomicbenefitsofinformationsocietybecauseitisbasedonasetofdiscoursesthatnarrowitsscope;and
6. Paradoxically,itisthroughthesocialandculturalbenefitsofinformationsocietythatthepolicychangesarebeingjustifiedinsideEU,howeveratthesametime,thepoliticaldiscourseprecludestheirrealization.
REFERENCE(Goodwin&Spittle,2002)
61
TITLEBenchmarkingknowledge-basedurbandevelopmentperformance:ResultsfromtheinternationalcomparisonofHelsinki
AUTHORSYigitcanlar,Tan;Lönnqvist,Antti
YEAR2013
VENUECities
SUMMARYThepaperpresentsaframeworkforaknowledge-BasedUrbanDevelopment(KBUD)composedbyfourmainpillarseconomy,society,environmentandgovernance.Usingthisframework,theHelsinkiperformanceintheeraofKnowledgewasevaluatedagainsteightcities:Boston,SanFrancisco,Birmingham,Manchester,Melbourne,Sydney,TorontoandVancouver.TheaimofthisstudywastoknowtheKBUDstatusofHelsinkiaswellasdevelopaperformancemeasurementandbenchmarkingprocess.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. AnanalysisofhowtocarryoutKBUDperformancemeasurementswasconducted;
2. Theempiricalmeasurementresultsareinlinewithpreviousresultsandnewfindingsarepresented;
3. Theperformancemeasurementprocessshowshowsuchmeasurementscanbemadeandwhatkeyphasesshouldbeincludedintheprocessi.E.Measurementmethodology;and
4. Furtherexperimentswithbenchmarking,andcriticaldiscussionaboutlearningexperiences,isneedtodevelopmoreapplicablemodelsandtoolsinthefuture.
REFERENCE(Yigitcanlar&Lönnqvist,2013)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library62
TITLETelecommunicationspolicyandindividualswithdisabilities:Issuesofaccessibilityandsocialinclusioninthepolicyandresearchagenda
AUTHORSJaeger,PaulT.
YEAR2006
VENUETelecommunications Policy
SUMMARYThepaperdiscussestheimportanceofequaltelecommunicationsaccessforpeoplewithdisabilitiesandtherelatedpolicyquestions.Furthermore,thepaperpointsoutaresearchagendaforthisarea.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Ictaccessibilityisvitalforthesocialinclusionofpeoplewithdisabilities;
2. Abetterunderstandingofdisabilityisneeded,sotelecommunicationaccessibilitypolicyobjectivesandtheirsocialimpactshouldberesearchedandanalyzed;
3. Legislativeprocessamongnationsneeddifferentpolicies;
4. ManyICTdesignersanddeveloperslackunderstandingofaccessibilityandtheneedsofpersonswithdisabilities;
5. TopromoteabetterunderstandingandadoptionofaccessibleICT,telecommunicationspoliciesshouldbeimplemented;and
6. Personswithdisabilitiesrepresentasignificantportionofglobalpopulationandthenumberisenvisionedtoincreaseinthecomingyears.
REFERENCE(Jaeger,2006)
63
TITLEMeasuringinformationsociety
AUTHORSRicci, Andrea
YEAR2000
VENUETelematics and Informatics
SUMMARYThepaperexploreshowtheconceptofInformationSociety(IS)isbeingusedinEurope,discussesalternativeISdefinitionsandtheneedofanappropriatesetofpoliciestore-launchISinEurope.Amajorpartofthepaperisdedicatedtotheanalysisofthedatacollectedbetween1995and1999bytheEuropeancommissiontomeasureISperformanceofEuropeancountries.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Amulti-facetedmediasystemexistsineuropeconflictingbetweenthemtoacquirealargershareofthefinancialbudgetofeurope;
2. Onlyminorityofeuropeansareheavyusersofinformationtechnologies;
3. Thereisalargercommunityofpassivemediauserswhichisstilldisorientedbythemediaarenaandseekingforthebestsolutiontobeinvolved;and
4. Tofosterthegrowthoftheeuropeanis,policymakersmustintroduceprioritiescapableofenforcingthesocialcohesionsuchasincreasethesocialdimensioninispolicyimplementation,developnewwaysofisawareness,developaresearchagendatowardsknowledgesocietyandrefinethepoliciesandthepubliccampaigns.
REFERENCE(Ricci,2000)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library64
TITLETaxonomyofe-readinessassessmentmeasures
AUTHORSHanafizadeh,Payam;Hanafizadeh,MohammadReza;Khodabakhshi,Mohsen
YEAR2009
VENUEInternationalJournalofInformationManagement
SUMMARYThepapermakesaclassificationofe-readinessassessmentmeasuresforhelpingpolicymakersandscholarsselectingtherightmeasuresfortheirobjectives,avoidingrepetitiveresearch,identifyingflawsinpreviousmeasuresandlearningwithpastexperiencestoconstructtheirownmeasures.Inaddition,thepaperpresentsameasurefore-readinessassessment.Theauthorsadvocatethattheproposedmeasurecanbeusedasabasisforan international standard for statistics on information society.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Mostassessmentsarebasedonstatisticalstudiesorquestionnaires,countrycases,adhocinterviewsandsummaryevaluationofitreadinessforeconomicgrowth;
2. Moststudiesprovidelittleinformationhowandwhytheindicatorswereselected;
3. Thetraditionalmeasuresoverthepastyearsaremainlyfocusedoninfrastructuralaccess;and
4. Todaytheassessmentshavebeenextendedtootherdimensionsthantheinfrastructuresuchaseconomicandsocialmovingtotechnologicalaspectstouseraspects.
REFERENCE(Hanafizadeh,Hanafizadeh,&Khodabakhshi,2009)
65
TITLEAlternativeEducationalFuturesforaKnowledgeSociety
AUTHORSYoung,Michael
YEAR2010
VENUEEuropeanEducationalResearchJournal
SUMMARYThepaperanalysisthecurrenttrendsineducationpolicies:theintroductionofnationalqualificationsframeworks,theshifttolearningoutcomes,themovefromsubject-specifictogenericcurriculumcriteria,towardstheknowledgesociety.Basedonthisanalysistheauthorproposesanalternativeapproachtoeducationalpolicybasedonsocialrealisttheoryofknowledge.Thisalternativepresupposesthattherearesocialconditionsunderwhichknowledgeisacquiredmorequickly.
HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:
1. Areliablemodelforacurriculumandapedagogyhastoembracecontent,conceptsandskills;
2. Thecurriculumshouldbeginwiththeacquisitionofspecializedknowledge;
3. Ifacurriculumistodrivenbycontentorskillsandcompetencessomeeducationalobjectiveswillbelost;and
4. Howtheeducationalprincipleswillbeappliedinthefuturewillhavesocialandjusticeimplications.
REFERENCE(Young,2010)
3. Publications
Knowledge Societies Policy Library66
TITLEBuildingprofessionalisminaknowledgesociety:examiningdiscoursesofknowledgeinfourprofessionalassociations
AUTHORSKarseth,Berit;Nerland,Monika
YEAR2007
VENUEJournalofEducationandWork
SUMMARYThepaperexploresandanalysesthepolicydocumentsfromfourprofessionalassociationsinNorwegian.Thepolicydocumentsrevealedtohavestrongknowledgediscoursesasameanstopositiontheassociationsdistinctlytowardstheirpractitioners,workingfieldsandpubliccommunity.Furthermore,theanalysisalsorev