Koirala

Yale School of Yale School of Forestry & Forestry & Environmental Environmental StudiesStudieshttp://www.environment.yale.eduhttp://www.environment.yale.edu

Sustainable Community Forestry for Sustainable Community Forestry for Sustainable Development: A case Sustainable Development: A case study of Forest Governance from study of Forest Governance from

NepalNepal

Presented By:Presented By:Rajesh KoiralaRajesh Koirala

Master student in Forest ScienceMaster student in Forest Science

Presented At:World Student Community for

Sustainable Development (WSCSD)University of Regina

SK, Canada (May 12- May 16, 2008)

Nepal

Yale School of Forestry Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies& Environmental Studies

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline IntroductionIntroduction AchievementsAchievements

1.1. Forest Governance Forest Governance

2.2. Sustainable Forest ManagementSustainable Forest Management

3.3. Livelihood and SustainabilityLivelihood and Sustainability ConclusionConclusion ReferencesReferences AcknowledgementAcknowledgement QuestionsQuestions


IntroductionIntroduction Development of Community Forestry Development of Community Forestry in Nepal: From basic needs to MDGsin Nepal: From basic needs to MDGs

Part of the national forest handed over to a group of Part of the national forest handed over to a group of people called a Community Forest User Group for its people called a Community Forest User Group for its protectionprotection, , management management and and utilizationutilization as per the as per the provisions developed in the operational planprovisions developed in the operational plan

Steps: Steps: Recognition of Users, Formation of Recognition of Users, Formation of Community Forest Community Forest

User Group (CFUG)User Group (CFUG) and and Community Forest User Community Forest User Committee (CFUC),Committee (CFUC), Development of a Constitution & Development of a Constitution & an operational plan, Approval of the operational plan, an operational plan, Approval of the operational plan, Monitoring & Evaluation of the Operational plan and Monitoring & Evaluation of the Operational plan and Revision.Revision.


Industrial Development model, Forest Industrial Development model, Forest Nationalization Act, 1957Nationalization Act, 1957

National Forest Plan (1976) - Panchayat National Forest Plan (1976) - Panchayat Forest and Panchayat Protected ForestForest and Panchayat Protected Forest

First/second national workshop on First/second national workshop on community forestry-basic needscommunity forestry-basic needs

Master Plan for Forestry Sector (MPFS), 1978Master Plan for Forestry Sector (MPFS), 1978 Forest Act (1993) & Forest regulation (1995)Forest Act (1993) & Forest regulation (1995) Third national workshop (1998) on Third national workshop (1998) on

community forestry- community forestry- social justice, equity, social justice, equity, gender balance and good governancegender balance and good governance


1,640,239 households (1,640,239 households (35% of total population35% of total population of Nepal) of 14,258 Forest User Groups (600 of Nepal) of 14,258 Forest User Groups (600 only women user groups) are managing the only women user groups) are managing the 1,187,000 ha forest (1,187,000 ha forest (25% of total forest25% of total forest) of ) of Nepal Nepal (Kanel, 2004)(Kanel, 2004)

In 2002, the annual income of the Department In 2002, the annual income of the Department of Forest was Nepalese Rupees (NRs) of Forest was Nepalese Rupees (NRs) 550 550 millionmillion with a total budget of 680 million, but with a total budget of 680 million, but the community forest the community forest (25% of the total forest)(25% of the total forest) earned more than earned more than 740 million740 million (Kanel, 2004) (Kanel, 2004)

Fourth national workshop on Community Fourth national workshop on Community Forestry (2004)- Forestry (2004)- Sustainable Development (SD),Sustainable Development (SD), Millennium Development Goals (MDG)Millennium Development Goals (MDG)


Achievements:Achievements:1. Good Forest Governance1. Good Forest Governance

A broad term with enough flexibility for contextual A broad term with enough flexibility for contextual differences for different purposes differences for different purposes

Exercise of power, decision making system, and Exercise of power, decision making system, and implementation in Forest User Groups (CFUG)implementation in Forest User Groups (CFUG)

For poor and marginalized people:For poor and marginalized people: opportunity for their involvement in public policy opportunity for their involvement in public policy greater likelihood of being treated equally by the law,greater likelihood of being treated equally by the law, more space to associate and pursue interests, more space to associate and pursue interests, better chance of bureaucrats behaving responsibly towards better chance of bureaucrats behaving responsibly towards

them them (Pokharel & Grosen, 2000).(Pokharel & Grosen, 2000).


IndicatorsIndicators of Good Forest Governance of Good Forest Governance (RECOFTC, (RECOFTC, 2001) 2001)

rule of law, compliance with rules and rule of law, compliance with rules and decisions, decisions,

transparency, accountability, transparency, accountability, decentralization and devolution of power and decentralization and devolution of power and

authority, authority, defined roles and responsibilities, defined roles and responsibilities, participatory decision-making, participatory decision-making, gender sensitivity, equity, gender sensitivity, equity, representation and user balance, representation and user balance, bi-directional flow of information horizontally bi-directional flow of information horizontally

and vertically and vertically


contd.contd.

Studies reflecting good forest Studies reflecting good forest governance governance (Branney and Yadav, 1998; Malla, 2000; Pokharel, (Branney and Yadav, 1998; Malla, 2000; Pokharel, 2003; Pokharel, 2004; 2003; Pokharel, 2004;

Pokharel, 2005)Pokharel, 2005)

CFUGs functioning as a small nation CFUGs functioning as a small nation delivering services analogous to 16 delivering services analogous to 16 ministries of a country ministries of a country (Pokharel, 2005)(Pokharel, 2005)


Support to users in vegetable farming, Support to users in vegetable farming, livestock livestock

husbandry, fishery, bee keeping, husbandry, fishery, bee keeping, construction of construction of

irrigation canal irrigation canal

Ministry of Ministry of AgricultureAgriculture

Construction and maintenance of Construction and maintenance of community community

building, drinking water, bridge etc.building, drinking water, bridge etc.

Ministry of Ministry of Physical Physical PlanningPlanning

Management of CFUG fund, loan flow to the Management of CFUG fund, loan flow to the users, present annual record of income & users, present annual record of income & expenditure in assembly expenditure in assembly

Ministry of Ministry of FinanceFinance

Public hearing, public auditing, information Public hearing, public auditing, information flow flow

Both vertically and horizontally Both vertically and horizontally

Ministry of Ministry of Communication Communication and and InformationInformation

Support in scholarship, teacher’s salary, Support in scholarship, teacher’s salary, school school

building and furniture etcbuilding and furniture etc

Ministry of Ministry of EducationEducation

Focus on situation of women, dalit, Focus on situation of women, dalit, members from ethnic minorities and from members from ethnic minorities and from remote places remote places

Ministry of Ministry of Women and Women and Social WelfareSocial Welfare


Annual assembly Annual assembly (Evaluate annual activities, (Evaluate annual activities,

formulate new plans, prepare formulate new plans, prepare budget)budget)“With this success, Dalits are

happyand feel honored. Their participationin the meetings has increased. They

take interest in the community forestactivities and volunteer for work.

They communicate with other fellowusers frequently. Above all, their

trust and confidence on the executivecommittee has increased”.

- Karna Bahadur B.K., Blacksmithand Member Secretary, Chauridanda

CFUG

www.usaid.gov/stories/nepal/ss_nepal_forest.html


Achievements:Achievements:2. Sustainable Forest 2. Sustainable Forest

ManagementManagement

Forest User Committee discussing forest management plan

Source: DOF


Protection (rotation basis, self disciplinary, lauro Protection (rotation basis, self disciplinary, lauro system)system)

Weeding, cleaning, pruning, thinning and other Weeding, cleaning, pruning, thinning and other silvicultural workssilvicultural works

Regular forest assessments: inventory, Growing Regular forest assessments: inventory, Growing stock, allowable harvestsstock, allowable harvests

Leaf litter, fuelwood, NTFP collectionLeaf litter, fuelwood, NTFP collection Provision to biodiversity conservationProvision to biodiversity conservation Equitable benefitsEquitable benefits distribution and practice of distribution and practice of

social justicesocial justice Subsistence forestry to Commercial forestrySubsistence forestry to Commercial forestry Experimental plots establishmentExperimental plots establishment Community Forest Management schoolCommunity Forest Management school


Forest conditionForest condition changechange ReferenceReference

total number of stems total number of stems per unit area per unit area

51% 51% Branney and Branney and Yadav (1998) Yadav (1998)

basal area basal area 29% 29% Branney and Branney and Yadav (1998) Yadav (1998)

active forest active forest management management

3% -19%3% -19% Branney and Branney and Yadav (1998) Yadav (1998)

increase in timberincrease in timber 134%134% Koirala (2006) Koirala (2006)

increase in fuelwoodincrease in fuelwood 405%405% Koirala (2006) Koirala (2006)

increase in fodderincrease in fodder 582%582% Koirala (2006) Koirala (2006)


Achievements:Achievements:3. Livelihood and Sustainability3. Livelihood and Sustainability

A livelihoodA livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living. activities required for a means of living.

A livelihood is A livelihood is sustainable sustainable when itwhen it can cope with and recover from stresses and can cope with and recover from stresses and

shocks shocks maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both

now and in the future, now and in the future, does not undermine the natural resource base does not undermine the natural resource base

(Chambers and Conway 1992).(Chambers and Conway 1992).

SustainabilitySustainability: resilient, independent, viable: resilient, independent, viable


Venn diagram for a sustainable Venn diagram for a sustainable systemsystem


Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability

productivity of life-supporting natural resources is productivity of life-supporting natural resources is

maintained for future generationsmaintained for future generations Economic sustainability Economic sustainability

level of expenditure can be sustained over timelevel of expenditure can be sustained over time Social sustainability Social sustainability

social exclusion minimized and social equity and social exclusion minimized and social equity and

social cohesion maximizedsocial cohesion maximized Institutional sustainabilityInstitutional sustainability

potentiality of current structures and processes potentiality of current structures and processes

capable of functioning over long termcapable of functioning over long term


Source: DFID (2002)


Livelihood approaches in CF:Livelihood approaches in CF:

Livelihood capital generation (Natural Livelihood capital generation (Natural capital, Physical, Financial, social)capital, Physical, Financial, social)

Well being ranking (criteria- Livelihood Well being ranking (criteria- Livelihood capitals)capitals)

Intra CFUG enterprises (Bamboo, sal leaves, Intra CFUG enterprises (Bamboo, sal leaves, bee keeping, goat keeping)bee keeping, goat keeping)

Inter CFUG enterprises (Paper making, juice Inter CFUG enterprises (Paper making, juice making)making)

NSCFP’s FREELIFE approach NSCFP’s FREELIFE approach


Intra CFUG/Inter CFUG Intra CFUG/Inter CFUG LivelihoodLivelihood


ConclusionConclusion World's poorest country- global leader in World's poorest country- global leader in

engaging communities in forest management engaging communities in forest management (World Bank, 2001)(World Bank, 2001)

Crucial factors for the success of Community Crucial factors for the success of Community ForestryForestry dynamic and adaptive nature of the programdynamic and adaptive nature of the program restructuring and reformulation of policyrestructuring and reformulation of policy devolution of authority to local communitiesdevolution of authority to local communities

Concepts replicated in buffer zone Concepts replicated in buffer zone management and watershed managementmanagement and watershed management

To achieve national goal of poverty alleviation To achieve national goal of poverty alleviation and global goal of sustainable development: and global goal of sustainable development: good forest governancegood forest governance sustainable forest management sustainable forest management livelihoodlivelihood


ReferencesReferences Bhattacharya, A.K. and Basnyat, B. 2003Bhattacharya, A.K. and Basnyat, B. 2003. An analytical study of operational plans and . An analytical study of operational plans and

constitution of Community Forests User Groups at Nepal’s Western Terai. Banko Jankari, constitution of Community Forests User Groups at Nepal’s Western Terai. Banko Jankari, 13 (1): 3-14. 13 (1): 3-14.

Branney, P. and Yadav, K.P. 1998.Branney, P. and Yadav, K.P. 1998. Changes in Community Forestry Condition and Changes in Community Forestry Condition and Management 1994-98: Analysis of Information for the Forest Resource Assessment Study Management 1994-98: Analysis of Information for the Forest Resource Assessment Study and Socio-Economic Study of the Koshi Hills. Project report G/NUKCFP/32, NUKCFP, and Socio-Economic Study of the Koshi Hills. Project report G/NUKCFP/32, NUKCFP, Kathmandu.Kathmandu.

DFID. 2000.DFID. 2000. Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Department for International Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Department for International Develoment. www.livelihood.org/info/info_guidancesheets.htm Accessed on February 11, Develoment. www.livelihood.org/info/info_guidancesheets.htm Accessed on February 11, 2006.2006.

Gilmour, D. A. and Fisher, R. J. 1991. Gilmour, D. A. and Fisher, R. J. 1991. Villagers, Forests and Foresters: The Philosophy, Villagers, Forests and Foresters: The Philosophy, Process and Practice of community forestry in Nepal. Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press.Process and Practice of community forestry in Nepal. Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press.

Kanel, K. R. 2004.Kanel, K. R. 2004. Twenty-five Years of Community Forestry: contribution to millennium Twenty-five Years of Community Forestry: contribution to millennium Development Goals. In (eds) Kanel, K. S., Mathema, P., Kanel, B.R., Niaurla, D. R., Sharma, Development Goals. In (eds) Kanel, K. S., Mathema, P., Kanel, B.R., Niaurla, D. R., Sharma, A. R., and Gautam, M. Proceeding of the Fourth workshop on community Forestry, Dec. A. R., and Gautam, M. Proceeding of the Fourth workshop on community Forestry, Dec. 2004. Community Forestry Division, DOF, Kathmandu, Nepal2004. Community Forestry Division, DOF, Kathmandu, Nepal

Koirala , R. 2006.Koirala , R. 2006. Forest Governance: Gender, Poverty and Social Equity Perspective. A Forest Governance: Gender, Poverty and Social Equity Perspective. A Case Study from Community Forest User Groups of Dolakha District. A Project Paper Case Study from Community Forest User Groups of Dolakha District. A Project Paper submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry, Tribhuvan University Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus, Nepal Science in Forestry, Tribhuvan University Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus, Nepal (unpublished)(unpublished)

Malla, Y.B. 2000. Malla, Y.B. 2000. Impact of Community Forestry Policy on Rural Livelihoods and Food Impact of Community Forestry Policy on Rural Livelihoods and Food Security in Nepal. Unasylva, 51 (202):37-45.Security in Nepal. Unasylva, 51 (202):37-45.

Pokharel, B. K. 2004. Pokharel, B. K. 2004. Contribution of Community Forestry to People’s Livelihoods and Contribution of Community Forestry to People’s Livelihoods and Forest Sustainability: Experience from Nepal. World Rain Forest Movement, Montevideo, Forest Sustainability: Experience from Nepal. World Rain Forest Movement, Montevideo, Uruguay. http://www.wrm.org.uy/countries/Asia/Nepal.html (Access date March 5, 2008)Uruguay. http://www.wrm.org.uy/countries/Asia/Nepal.html (Access date March 5, 2008)

Pokharel, B. K. 2005. Pokharel, B. K. 2005. Community Forest User Groups: Institution to protect Democracy Community Forest User Groups: Institution to protect Democracy and vehicle for local Development. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 4(2): 64and vehicle for local Development. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 4(2): 64

RECOFTC. 2001.RECOFTC. 2001. International Conference on Advancing Community Forestry: International Conference on Advancing Community Forestry: Innovations and Experiences. Chiang Mai, Thailand. www.recoftc.org(Accessed on 25th Innovations and Experiences. Chiang Mai, Thailand. www.recoftc.org(Accessed on 25th Dec.2005)Dec.2005)

World Bank. 2001.World Bank. 2001. Community Forestry in Nepal. World Bank Operations Evaluation Community Forestry in Nepal. World Bank Operations Evaluation Department. Precis, 217: 1-4.Department. Precis, 217: 1-4.


AcknowledgementAcknowledgement Nnaemeka (Meka) Okochi, Kristina Nelson and all Nnaemeka (Meka) Okochi, Kristina Nelson and all

members of Organizing Committee of the Student members of Organizing Committee of the Student Summit for Sustainability, Summit for Sustainability, World Student Community for Sustainable Development (WSCSD), University of Regina, SK, Canada

Prof. Tim Gregoire, Prof. Mark Ashton, Prof. Graeme Prof. Tim Gregoire, Prof. Mark Ashton, Prof. Graeme BerlynBerlyn

Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental StudiesStudies

Dr. Bharat Kr. Pokharel (Nepal Swiss Community Dr. Bharat Kr. Pokharel (Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project)Forestry Project)

All my SFES friendsAll my SFES friends All the Conference participantsAll the Conference participants


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