Kolbe Academy Home School · This Grade Ten theology course is part of the Didache Series, which...

Kolbe Academy Home School

GRADE TEN THEOLOGY: THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

(DIDACHE)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Syllabus

A. Diploma Requirements 2 B. Semester Reporting Requirements 3 C. Scope and Sequence 3 D. Course Texts 4 E. Course Plan Methodology 5

II. Course Plan A. Semester 1 6 B. Semester 2 22

III. Paper Topic Answer Key

A. Semester 1 36 B. Semester 2 39

IV. Exams 44 V. Exam Answer Keys 52 VI. Study Questions Answer Key 61

Resale & Copying Policy: This course plan and all accompanying materials are not intended for resale or copying. Copying represents copyright infringement, which is illegal. Regarding reselling the materials, Kolbe Academy relies upon the continued purchase of our course plans for financial stability. As a Catholic Apostolate, we ask you to refrain from reselling Kolbe's course plans. While we cannot stop you from copying or reselling this course plan, we do strongly implore you not to do so.

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Kolbe Academy Home School SYLLABUS

Theology Grade 10

Copyright Kolbe Academy 2015 All Rights Reserved The History of the Church 2

COURSE TITLE: The History of the Church COURSE TEXTS: Didache Socias, James. The History of the Church: A Complete Course. Woodridge, Ill: Midwest

Theological Forum, 2005. COURSE DESCRIPTION This Grade Ten theology course is part of the Didache Series, which relies on authoritative sources such as Sacred Scripture, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the lives of the Saints, the Fathers of the Church, the General Directory for Catechesis and the teachings of Vatican II. The focus of this course is to understand the history of the Church as presented with the basic doctrinal, scriptural, moral and sacramental tenets of the Catholic Church and its development down through the ages. All the materials needed for successful completion of the course (including the supplemental readings) are included in the Didache book “The History of the Church: A Complete Course” in conjunction with this course plan. COURSE OBJECTIVES This course will enable the student to:

Understand in detail the establishment of the Church, the developments of its doctrines, its sufferings, its triumphs, its mode of action, its unique presence in every century since Christ and its hope for the salvation of the world

Deepen his appreciation of the Catholic Faith Gain exposure to the origins of the Church's treasury of prayers and spiritual practices, so as to develop

an appreciation for the Church's tradition and a zealousness to serve God Give a defense and justification for the Crusades, extra-biblical traditions, the Inquisition, etc. Become familiar with the lives of many Saints and their works, particularly as they contributed to the

unfolding of Catholic Doctrine and Sacred Tradition Apply Christian principles faithfully, as a result of studying the examples and seeking the intercession of

Saints DIPLOMA REQUIREMENTS

Summa Cum Laude students must complete the entire Kolbe Academy proposed curriculum as written. This course may be used as an Academic Elective for the Summa Cum Laude, but not as part of the standard curriculum. Magna Cum Laude and Standard diploma candidates may choose to pursue the (H) or (K) designation, but are not required to do so. If the student is not pursuing either of these designations, the parent has the option of altering the course plan as desired. Magna Cum Laude students must include 4 years of Theology in high school. Standard diploma students must include 3 years of Theology in high school.

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Theology Grade 10


KOLBE CORE (K) COURSE

Students pursuing the Kolbe Core (K) designation should do all of the readings. Kolbe Core students need to complete 4 of the 7 weekly papers each semester; they should have discussions or write informal essays in response to the rest of the weekly paper topics as these are major themes and will appear in some way on the semester exam.

For students who are not seeking either the Kolbe Core (K) designation for this course, parents may alter the course as they so desire.

REQUIRED SAMPLE WORK

Designation* K Course Title Didache Didache

Semester 1 Any TWO samples of written and graded work

1. Complete Midterm 1 Exam 2. Complete Semester 1 Exam

Semester 2 1. Any TWO samples of written and graded work

1. Complete Midterm 2 Exam 2. Complete Semester 2 Exam

*Designation refers to designation type on transcript. K designates a Kolbe Academy Core course. The Kolbe academic advisor will verify that the required work was completed successfully and award the Kolbe Core (K) designation. The Kolbe academic advisor has the final decision in awarding the designation for the course. If no designation on the transcript is desired, parents may alter the lesson plan in any way they choose and any written sample work is acceptable to receive credit for the course each semester. If you have any questions regarding what is required for the (K) designation or diploma type status, please contact the academic advisory department at 707-255-6499 ext. 5 or by email at [email protected]. SCOPE AND SEQUENCE First Semester: The Roman World: Facilitating the Spread of the Gospel—The High Middle Ages: Scholastic Development and the Flowering of Culture Week 1: The Roman World: Facilitating the Spread of the Gospel Week 2: Jesus Christ and the Founding of the Church Week 3: The Early Christians Week 4: Persecution of “The Way” Week 5: The Church Fathers and Heresies (Parts I-III) Week 6: The Church Fathers and Heresies (Parts IV-V) Week 7: Light in the Dark Ages Week 8: Review Week 9: Midterm 1 Exam Week 10: The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes (Parts I-IV)

mailto:[email protected]

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Theology Grade 10


Week 11: The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes (Parts V-VII) Week 12: Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism Week 13: Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe and the Church (Parts I-III) Week 14: Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe and the Church (Parts IV-V) Week 15: The Crusades, Military Orders, and the Inquisition Week 16: The High Middle Ages: Scholastic Development and the Flowering of Culture Week 17: Review Week 18: Semester 1 Exam Second Semester: A Century of Suffering, Plague, War and Schism—The Church in the United States Week 1: A Century of Suffering, Plague, War and Schism Week 2: The Renaissance (Parts I-II) Week 3: The Renaissance (Parts III-IV) Week 4: The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic (Parts I-II) Week 5: The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic (Parts III-IV) Week 6: Wars of Religion Week 7: Exploration and Missionary Movements Week 8: Review Week 9: Midterm 2 Exam Week 10: The Church and the Age of Enlightenment Week 11: The French Revolution and Napoleon Week 12: The Nineteenth Century: The Age of Revolution and the Emergence of Nationalism (parts I-IV) Week 13: The Nineteenth Century: The Age of Revolution and the Emergence of Nationalism (parts V-VI) Week 14: The Church Gives Witness in Wars and Revolutions Week 15: Vatican II and the Church in the Modern World Week 16: The Church in the United States Week 17: Review Week 18: Semester 2 Exam

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Theology Grade 10


COURSE PLAN METHODOLOGY Students should know those points listed in the Key Points section, most especially the chapter vocabulary

and the Study Questions (for answer to the Study Questions see the Study Questions Answer Key in this course plan).

Any religion course should be designed to inculcate faith. It is a good practice to give weekly quizzes based on the Study Questions, which also make up the exams.

In that way, the information being studied will be reflected upon and reinforced immediately, better preparing the student for the exams.

Exams are closed book exams, designed to be taken within a two-hour period. Memorization ability may be fostered by assignment of passages from Sacred Scripture, certain quotes,

and most especially the chapter vocabulary. Note-taking skills, organizational abilities, and oral and written recapitulation should be developed

throughout the course. Be mindful when reading this material to note similarities and differences between the Church of the first

three centuries after the Incarnation and that of our own day. Note the continuity and development of doctrine in the Catholic Church.

This work is devotional as well as historical. What lessons can be learned from it? How can a Christian take encouragement from it? Also, how have emphases changed in Christian piety over the centuries? How does this show the ongoing guidance of the Holy Spirit in the Church?

The best way to retain material and prepare for the exams is to go over the Study Questions and chapter vocabulary with your student several times a week—also giving weekly quizzes based on them.

Review weeks should make use of both these elements, as the exams are completely based on the Study Questions and chapter vocabularies.

GUIDE FOR READING: Didache = (Pages) Supp. Read. = (Pages)

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Kolbe Academy Home School COURSE PLAN

Theology Grade 10


FIRST SEMESTER

WEEK 1 Didache 1-21 The Roman World: Facilitating the Spread of the Gospel Supp. Read. 22, 25-26 Study Questions 24 (questions 1-16) Paper Topic How did Hellenism and the Pax Romana help the expansion of Christianity? Key Points From the Chapter: The purpose of this week’s lesson is to provide a proper historical background for understanding the emergence of Christianity. The Roman World into which Christ was born was a composite society whose three major influences were Hellenism, the Pax Romana and Judaism. Hellenistic language (Greek) and thought (Greek philosophy) “...were a very suitable medium through which the teachings of Christ could be transmitted” (4). They were also able to express theologically the realities of the Catholic Truth, proving to be invaluable for the development of the Church. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) afforded the early Church the ideal conditions to expand rapidly. Roman peace came in the form of organization, which provided the technological capabilities and freedom for its citizens who were able to travel throughout the empire. Judaism during this time period was heavily marked by sectarianism—in other words, there were quite a few different Jewish groups. Many of them were looking for the messiah to free them from Roman imperialism. A few decades after Jesus’ death and Resurrection, the Romans would destroy the temple in Jerusalem (70 AD) and the Jews would be scattered throughout world. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 23.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 2 Didache 28-54 Jesus Christ and the Founding of the Church Supp. Read. 55, 58 Study Questions 57 (questions 1-31) Paper Topic What kind of men were the Apostles? What does their social status, education, and

personality demonstrate about how Jesus calls people to live a Christian life? Key Points From the Chapter: The goal of this week’s chapter is to explain the inauguration of Church History from its initiation at Pentecost until the death of the original Apostles. Christ laid the foundation of the Church during his earthly ministry wherein He appointed Peter as the “Rock” upon whom He would build His Church. Following Pentecost, one of the major conflicts in the primitive Church would be just how to admit God-fearing Gentiles into the Christian community. A council was called and it was determined that Gentiles could in fact become members of the Church and that they would not have to practice the Mosaic Law. This paved the way for a vast and rapid expansion of the Church both spiritually and physically, despite the simultaneous onset of a long and severe persecution against Christians. Almost all of the original Apostles received the Crown of Martyrdom, many of them having given their lives in far-flung corners of the Roman Empire. The enemies of God tried to eradicate the Church in its infant stages, just as Herod had tried to kill the infant Jesus with the “Slaughter of the Innocents” in Bethlehem. But even as Jesus survived, so has the Church down to our age. None of these achievements could have been accomplished naturally, and so the supernatural presence of the Holy Spirit, which has been with the Church since Pentecost, is paramount in explaining this period of Church history. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 56.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 3 Didache 60-87 The Early Christians Supp. Read. 89, 92 Study Questions 91 (questions 1-20) Paper Topic Jesus taught, “turn the other cheek,” and yet many Christian thinkers developed theories

for the just waging of war. Are these two ideas compatible? With both Jesus’ words and the writings of St. Augustine in mind, describe Christian justice, both on a personal and political scale.

Key Points From the Chapter: The goal of this week is to understand the faith of the early Christians and the outcome of their obedience to Christ. These early Christians cultivated and developed the traditions passed down to them and through steadfast obedience to God, they heroically suffered through trials and dangers imposed by the society in which they lived. Meeting sometimes secretly in house churches and the Catacombs of Rome, they developed many practices and rituals which would be present in the Church down through the ages. Consistent growth, energy and development are the themes of this historical period, which gave the world many treasures which were often paid for in blood. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 90.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 4 Didache 94-122 Persecution of “The Way” Supp. Read. 123, 126 Study Questions 125 (questions 1-18) Paper Topic How could effective apologists like St. Justin Martyr be of great help to the Catholic

Church today? What issues would a modern apologist tackle? To whom would the defense be addressed?

Key Points From the Chapter: The focus this week is to understand the historical triumph of Christianity. Rising up from the ashes of many state mandated persecutions and centuries long subjugation, the Church conquered the empire by bearing its cross and clinging to the hope of salvation. The lessons drawn from these early centuries are applicable today, especially with regards to the relationship of the Church to the state, the structure of the episcopacy and the importance of Tradition along with the recognition of and obedience to legitimate authority. Time verses eternity is a key point for this week. Are we called to live a safe life at all costs, or to abandon our temporary comforts, take up our crosses and follow Jesus wherever He might lead? Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 124.

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 5 Didache 128-147 The Church Fathers and Heresies (Parts I-III) Supp. Read. 170 Study Questions 174 (questions 1-8) Paper Topic Most of the original heresies were derivatives of Gnosticism. Write a paper as if you were

an early Christian apologist explaining to a friend why Gnosticism is false and the heresies are a corruption of orthodoxy.

Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter on The Church Fathers and Heresies is divided into two weeks. This week the student should become knowledgeable about some of the earliest Christian Creeds (esp. the Athanasian Creed), the earliest and most powerful heresies, Ecumenical Councils and Church Fathers by reading and engaging the material in the first three parts of the chapter. Special attention should be given towards understanding the nature and false premises of Gnosticism along with the particular heresies that developed out of that broad system of belief. Since the vocabulary section is especially long (yet immensely important) in this chapter, students should start memorizing the terms from the outset. This will also make reading the chapter much easier. The Church survived many diabolical external threats until the peace brought about by Constantine at the Edict of Milan, but the battle would also be waged against diabolical threats from within. Determining right teaching (Orthodoxy) and a Canon of Sacred Scripture would be the everlasting achievements of the age of the Fathers who, guided by the Holy Spirit, courageously battled the heresies in these earliest centuries. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 171-173.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 6 Didache 148-169 The Church Fathers and Heresies (Parts IV-V) Supp. Read. 175-176 Study Questions 174 (questions 9-20) Paper Topic Provide reasons and examples as to how the union of the throne and altar might cause

conflict between the Church and the State. Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter on The Church Fathers and Heresies is divided into two weeks. This week the student should become knowledgeable about the major heresies of the fourth and fifth centuries, the Council of Nicaea and many of the greatest representatives of orthodoxy during this tumultuous time. St. Augustine will also play a major role during this period, setting the tone for the emergence of a developed Western theology and philosophy which would provide the spiritual and intellectual direction for the rise of Scholasticism and the system of St. Thomas Aquinas some 800 years later. In fact, St. Augustine can be considered the first medieval man making him the link between the classical and medieval worlds. During this week the student will also engage the monumental feat of Christianity becoming the official religion of the Roman Empire—something that was unthinkable in the previous chapters wherein the Church was suffering under state mandated persecutions. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 171-173.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 7 Didache 178-206 Light in the Dark Ages Supp. Read. 207, 212 Study Questions 210 (questions 1-22) Paper Topic Why is it easy to understand that many Christians thought that the Second Coming was

close at hand when the Roman Empire collapsed? Can you think of other times in history when conditions also seemed to be right for the Second Coming?

Key Points From the Chapter: This week examines the tumultuous period from the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the rise of monasticism and the conquest of Islam. The Church’s transition from the classical world into the middle ages with the evangelization of the barbarian tribes is a key point to understand for the eventual response to the challenge Islam posed to the Christian West. The spreading of the Gospel among the Germanic tribes demanded that a development and refinement of doctrine would take place which would providentially safeguard the divine heritage which had been passed down since the time of the Apostles and the age of the Church Fathers. The fall of Rome sent shockwaves throughout the world, and it would be a centuries’ long recovery for civilization. Out of the ashes, the Church grew and transformed, giving hope and security to the world. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 208-209.

WEEK 8 REVIEW WEEK 9

THEOLOGY 1 EXAM

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 10 Didache 214-230 The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes (Parts I-IV) Supp. Read. 246-247 Study Questions 248 (questions 1-14) Paper Topic Respond to someone who says the following: “Christian Missionaries cause destruction.

They find native peoples and then force western conceptions of God on them. Additionally, they destroy the families and culture of natives, who have been living just fine without Christianity.”

Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter on The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes is divided into two weeks. This first week will cover the Church’s work of conversion with special regards to France, Spain, the Celtic peoples (Ireland) and England. Attention will be directed to the important role and influence of the “Apostles” of some of these countries. It is of utmost importance to understand the mobility of the Faith, the clash and unification of cultures under the umbrella of Christianity and the unity of the Church. Special analysis will be given towards some of the outside factors, such as Viking invasions, which contributed to the decline of Catholicism in some of these countries. The uniqueness of Celtic Christianity and its role in the preservation of Western Civilization should be emphasized. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 247.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 11 Didache 231-245 The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes (Parts V-VII) Supp. Read. 249-250 Study Questions 248 (questions 15-30) Paper Topic Discuss Sts. Cyril and Methodius and the trials which they faced. How did their methods

exemplify the Church’s respect for different cultures? Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter on The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes is divided into two weeks. This second week will cover the Church’s work to convert Germany and the Low Countries, Scandinavia and the Slavic peoples. The tension between eastern and western forms of Christianity becomes more apparent during this period of rapid growth; however, many western missionaries are directly responsible for bringing the Cross to eastern lands. Several important Saints from the East will be discussed with special attention being given to the Church’s mission of preaching and spreading the Gospel to all lands. Once again, England contributes some of its best evangelists to the work of evangelization. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 247.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 12 Didache 252-282 Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism Supp. Read. 246-247, 249-250 Study Questions 285 (questions 1-18) Paper Topic Describe the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox

Churches. Why is unity desirable? Key Points From the Chapter: This chapter explores the tragic event called the Great Schism which separated many of the eastern Christians from the West. The shared value of Byzantine icons is a uniting point for the East and West and represents a theological and devotional development stemming from a time when nearly all of the eastern Christians were still united with the Catholic Church. The Carolingian Renaissance represents a high point in the history of the Church and its ability to grow and thrive in the midst of adversity. Its famous figures such as Pepin, Charlemagne, St. Boniface and Alcuin stand as exemplary defenders of the Faith and cultural renewal. Students should take care to learn well the lessons presented in this monumental period of history. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 284.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 13 Didache 288-304 Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe and the Church (Parts I-III) Supp. Read. 317-318 Study Questions 320 (questions 1-10) Paper Topic Cluny monks lived in isolation. Explain how their isolation did not hinder the beneficial role

they served in western European society. Key Points From the Chapter: The collapses of the Carolingian World is marked by much division, searching and new ways forward for the Church and her people. This chapter discusses the most important internal and external threats to Western Civilization and, as always, the responses, reforms and developments that come from troubled times. Special emphasis should be placed on understanding the important role and influence of the Cluniac monks and the emergence the new Temporal Orders (Holy Roman Empire). Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 319.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 14 Didache 305-316 Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe and the Church (Parts IV-

V) Supp. Read. 322 Study Questions 320 (questions 11-23) Paper Topic Explain why the Pope was both a temporal ruler and a spiritual ruler. To which aspect of

the papacy does infallibility apply? How is the papacy different today than it was in the Middle Ages? How is it the same?

Key Points From the Chapter: This week the student should finish the chapter, Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe, and the Church. The seemingly constant shifting of authority between the Church and State is a key part of this section of Church history, and will provide the reader a good context for the history of modern Europe and the emergence of some of the monastic orders discussed in this chapter. Piety, simplicity and a return to prayer mark the achievements of these pages. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 319.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 15 Didache 324-348 The Crusades, Military Orders, and the Inquisition Supp. Read. 350, 353-354 Study Questions 352 (questions 1-29) Paper Topic Many people believe that the Crusades were aggressive excursions with only negative

outcomes. Is this true? Cite reasons for your answers. Key Points From the Chapter: “...every historic age must be evaluated in light of its own value system, not ours. Incidents taken out of context can lead to misunderstanding” (page 347). The above quote is important when evaluating the Crusades and the Inquisition. Sins and shortcomings of the faithful will always be present in this world, and yet the light of Divine Providence has guided the Church in every age. The spreading and protecting of the Faith during the Medieval period was at its base an effort to push forward the kingdom of God into dark corners of the earth and to recover that which had been lost over the centuries. Although some of the methods and means employed by these Medieval Christians blatantly contradict Christ’s message of compassion and mercy, they must be viewed in the context and culture of their own time period. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 351.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 16 Didache 356-386 The High Middle Ages: Scholastic Development and the Flowering of

Culture Supp. Read. 387-388, 391-392 Study Questions 390 (questions 1-32) Paper Topic Complete the Practical Exercise on page 391. Key Points From the Chapter: This week the student will read about the flourishing of Catholic culture during the High Middle Ages. A theme that the book points out is that this blossoming of arts, architecture and scholasticism came in conjunction with a return to personal piety and holiness. For example, St. Thomas Aquinas’ search for God lead him to the height of philosophy, but it was not a search for the height of philosophy (depraved of Revelation) which led to God. This truth can be seen in each of the cultural elements studied. The Franciscans and Dominicans also emerged during this time, and their influence on the Catholic world has been felt ever since. The contrast between the secular world of today and the piety of the great thinkers and innovators of the High Middle Ages should be more than apparent. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 389.

WEEK 17 REVIEW

WEEK 18 THEOLOGY SEMESTER 1 EXAM

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


SECOND SEMESTER

WEEK 1 Didache 394-416 A Century of Suffering, Plague, War and Schism Supp. Read. 417, 420-421 Study Questions 419 (questions 1-29) Paper Topic St. Joan of Arc and St. Catherine of Siena are two very different saints. Explain how the

lives of these two great women reflect the multifaceted role of women in the fourteenth-century society. What were each saint’s great accomplishments? How did she serve God? How did she serve society?

Key Points From the Chapter: The schisms and emergent heresies during this week’s period of history display the need for an authentic papacy as an indispensable means of unity and spiritual and moral health in the Church. The misguided ambition and greed of many of the Church’s leading men caused a series of tragedies which have further developed into outright and ongoing schisms. By giving place for legitimate criticisms of some of the abuses of their God given authority, the leading lights of this period subsequently opened the door to rife division, confusion and permanent loss in the Church—the same Church which Christ had established and which had given the world a pervasive civilization down through the ages. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 418.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 2 Didache 442-445 The Renaissance (Parts I-II) Supp. Read. 458 Study Questions 460 (questions 1-20) Paper Topic What distinguished the Renaissance from the High Middle Ages? Compare and contrast

an artist or writer from each period to explain your answer. Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter The Renaissance is divided into two weeks. In this first week, the student will encounter the fall of Constantinople and the rise of the Italian free cities, as well as the rise of humanism as a reality which continues to influence much of the modern world today. The desire to escape the otherworldly mindset and focus of the Medieval period gave birth to a sometimes-unbalanced individualistic worldview during the Renaissance. Unbalance rather than outright, direct heresy is a theme of this week’s lesson. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 459.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 3 Didache 442-445 The Renaissance (Parts III-IV) Supp. Read. 461-462 Study Questions 460 (questions 21-32) Paper Topic The Renaissance held art in very high esteem. How does the Renaissance understanding of

art help explain the motives for the Renaissance Popes? Choose two Renaissance-era Popes and explain how they might defend their decisions to a contemporary audience.

Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter The Renaissance is divided into two weeks. In this week’s reading more religious and cultural highs and lows will be seen. Great figures emerge on the scene such as Queen Isabella of Castile and Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros who help pave the way towards a new future of Catholic reform and adaptation in a rapidly changing world. The powerful political figures and burgeoning monarchies discussed in this chapter are but the seedbeds of the modern landscape of nation-states. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 459.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 4 Didache 464-478 The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic (Parts I-II) Supp. Read. 503 Study Questions 505-506 (questions 1-18) Paper Topic Martin Luther developed four major theological principles: sola Scriptura, sola fide, sola

gratia and solo Christo (Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone and Christ alone). Each of Luther’s four main theological principles was conceived in reaction to what he believed were false teachings of the Church. Using the Scholastic method, construct a Catholic rebuttal to Luther’s ideas (for the Scholastic method, see pages 363-364).

Key Points From the Chapter: This week’s lesson is the first of two parts from the book chapter, The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic. The Protestant Revolt began in division and rebellion with the help of powerful but confused men, and this revolt has continued along the same path throughout its history. Reaction to the Catholic Church is the mark of Protestantism, whose emergence shook the world and gave birth to the modern skepticism and nihilism we find in our world today. Dividing Scripture, the Sacraments and legitimate authority, greedy and misguided people in many parts of Europe successfully destroyed the civilization God have given them. Martin Luther and John Calvin are the major figures of the protestant revolt, however, there were many more people involved. Nevertheless, these two men effectively separated ideas from life, the Real Presence from the Eucharist, and, subsequently, their writings have mislead countless millions into false teachings about God and His Church. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 504.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 5 Didache 479-502 The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic (Parts III-IV) Supp. Read. 507-508 Study Questions

505-506 (questions 19-36)

Paper Topic The lives of John Calvin and St. Thomas More reveal two distinct understandings of how Christ’s life and teachings apply to living as a Christian. By comparing these two men, explain how their lives reflect their theological understanding of Christianity (use the teaching of the Council of Trent and Calvin’s “Institutes of the Christian Religion” as a guide).

Key Points From the Chapter: This week’s lesson is the second of two parts from the book chapter, The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic. In this chapter the student will learn of the tragic fall of England to Protestantism, the Catholic reformation as well as many of the brave men and women who stood against the tide of rebellion and helped usher in a renewed life of spiritual devotion and to the Christ and His Church. The Council of Trent was a watershed moment in the history of Europe and the world, and should be well studied during this week. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 504.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 6 Didache 510-537 Wars of Religion Supp. Read. 538, 542 Study Questions

540 (questions 1-33)

Paper Topic England was particularly harsh in its treatment of Catholics. Why did Elizabeth I see Catholics as a severe threat? What countries today repress religious groups, including Catholics?

Key Points From the Chapter: This chapter shows the religious wars which forever reshaped the landscape of Europe and shifted the center of authority from the Church and her leaders to secular powers with motivations and interests stemming from passions outside of their Christian heritage. Fear, misunderstanding and violent reaction is a theme of this chapter. “This period of history is a powerful reminder that the heart of the Christian message to love as Christ loved must always be an absolute priority for all Christians, both rulers and citizens. The alternative to Christ’s new law of love is tragedy expressed in terrible violations of human dignity” (page 537). Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 539.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 7 Didache 544-574 Exploration and Missionary Movements Supp. Read. 575, 578 Study Questions 576-577 (questions 1-28) Paper Topic Choose a contemporary culture, either in the United States or elsewhere, and explain how

a missionary could adapt his or her lifestyle in order to earn that culture’s trust. Choose a Gospel story, and retell it in a way suited to that specific culture.

Key Points From the Chapter: In this chapter we see the opening up of the New World, the expansion of trade and exchange with the Far East and the missionary activities that would bring Catholic civilization to countless unreached peoples. Just after millions of Christians had separated themselves from the Catholic Church in Europe, God provided a millions more indigenous people in the New World to fill the void left by the Protestant revolt. Many brave missionaries would take up their crosses and follow God’s command to bring the Gospel to the ends of the earth. Suffering under the reality of disease, hostile peoples, and harsher climates than could be imagined in their homelands, many of these missionaries gave their lives for the cause of spreading God’s love to every nation. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 576.

WEEK 8 REVIEW WEEK 9

THEOLOGY MIDTERM 2 EXAM

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 10 Didache 580-608 The Church and the Age of Enlightenment Supp. Read. 609, 613-614 Study Questions 612 (questions 1-28) Paper Topic Jansenism and Quietism are two heresies with almost opposite understandings of piety

and faith. They offered opposing exaggerations of aspects of Christianity. Why did these heresies appear at about the same time? What was appealing to believers about each of these heresies?

Key Points From the Chapter: This week’s chapter explores the birth of the ideologies which would dominate the modern world. Centering authority on man and his reason, the world grew increasingly anti-Catholic during these tumultuous seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Church was accused by many Enlightenment thinkers of being backwards and promoting superstition, however, the “age of reason” has given way in our times to an “age of nihilism” and yet the Church is still on the scene just as Jesus Christ said when he gave the Keys to St. Peter. Overconfidence, misplaced zeal and impatience are key components to understanding why this seemingly scientific revolution had the ability to turn violent at the drop of a hat. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 610-611.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 11 Didache 616-644 The French Revolution and Napoleon Supp. Read. 645, 648 Study Questions 647 (questions 1-24) Paper Topic Why did the revolution work to “de-Christianize” France? What were the political

motives? What were the ideological motives? Key Points From the Chapter: The French Revolution was a major tragedy for the Church and the world and resulted in the death of countless men, women and children. The seeds of the Revolution were sown by Enlightenment optimism concerning the superiority of human reason over and against Divine Revelation, but very real economic, political and ideological problems in the country played a major role. This week, the student will read about the major factors and outcomes of the revolution in France, along with the state mandated persecution of Catholics. Mob violence, scapegoating and total delusion are marks of this bloody period of history. In the wake of the French Revolution rose up a new emperor—Napoleon Bonaparte. His decisions, achievements and mistakes will also be read in detail during this week. The rise and fall of Napoleon stands as a major turning point for world history. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 646.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 12 Didache 650-677 The Nineteenth Century: The Age of Revolution and the Emergence of

Nationalism (parts I-IV) Supp. Read. 691-692 Study Questions 695 (questions 1-20) Paper Topic What role did the proclamation of the Immaculate Conception play in bringing the

questions of Liberalism and papal authority to the forefront of debate within the Church? What part did St. Bernadette play in confirming the Church’s teaching on this matter?

Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter, The Nineteenth Century, is divided into two weeks. The first week shows the historical, political and economic developments after the fall of Napoleon. The rise of liberalism would create a sometimes-tenuous relationship between secular powers and Church authorities. The social consequences of the Industrial Revolution would bring many new questions to bear on the Church in terms of shifting economics in an age of advancing technological revolution. The rise of nationalism also contributed to this period of rapid reinvention, as Church leaders had to balance many political and ideological forces at odds with each other and each vying for their place in shaping society. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 693-694.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 13 Didache 678-690 The Nineteenth Century: The Age of Revolution and the Emergence of

Nationalism (parts V-VI) Supp. Read. 697-698 Study Questions 695 (questions 21-30) Paper Topic What problems did the three exemplary secular humanist thinkers (Darwin, Marx and

Freud) pose to the Church? How have their ideas affected today’s society? Key Points From the Chapter: The book chapter, The Nineteenth Century, is divided into two weeks. The second week covers Imperialism and the Church’s confrontation with the changing world. The opening of further missionary opportunities in Africa and the Far East are also to be examined in this chapter. To understand Leo XIII and his powerful encyclicals, Inscrutabili Dei, Immortale Dei and Rerum Novarum is to understand the Catholic position that emerged from all the crises in the post-Napoleon world. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 693-694.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 14 Didache 700-727 The Church Gives Witness in Wars and Revolutions Supp. Read. 728-729, 732 Study Questions 731 (questions 1-24) Paper Topic Pius XII is often accused of being “silent” in the face of the Nazi atrocities during World

War II. How did the silence of the Vatican enable the Church to aid those suffering under the Nazi regime? How would a more vocal and public stance against Nazism have affected the role the Church played during the war? How would this have been beneficial? How would it have been detrimental?

Key Points From the Chapter: Catholics of the twentieth century experienced the havoc of world wars, shifting geographies, revolutions and much social turmoil. This time period produced many Saints and martyrs who gave testimony to God’s love for all people. The Church was guided by strong leadership in the Vatican and the teachings of Pius XII, as well as being blessed with the apparition of Our Lady at Fatima. Combatting the rise of secular humanism in two forms (Marxism and materialism) would occupy the Church for the coming decades. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 730.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 15 Didache 734-754 Vatican II and the Church in the Modern World Supp. Read. 756-757, 760 Study Questions 759 (questions 1-22) Paper Topic The 1960s and 1970s were a time of worldwide social change. Drawing from your

knowledge of Church history, describe how those changes may have affected the Church had the Second Vatican Council not occurred.

Key Points From the Chapter: This chapter focuses on Vatican II and the response of the Church to the situation of modern, secularized society. A “culture of death” had risen up in two major forms: Marxism and a consumer society. Each excluded God and His Divine Revelation from their motivations and actions; the Popes following the Council, and especially John Paul II, called for a return to piety and to open wide the doors for Christ. The Church, standing as it did against the deadly worldview of secular society, directly address evils such as contraception, population control, abortion, euthanasia, the acceptance of homosexual acts, human cloning, embryonic stem-cell research and the threat of large-scale war. A major achievement of this period was the setting forth of a true validation of human dignity and a call to come to Christ in order to find one’s humanity. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 758.

Notes

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 16 Didache 764-782 The Church in the United States Supp. Read. 783-784, 787-788 Study Questions 786 (questions 1-23) Paper Topic Throughout the history of the Church, various nations have tried to assert their own

national identities onto the Church in their countries. Using the history of the Church in the United States as a reference, explain why “Gallicanism” has been so prevalent in the Church down through the ages.

Key Points From the Chapter: This week concludes the Church History course by taking a look at the Catholic Church in America. The balance between being a true Catholic and a loyal American are brought to the fore as examples of anti-Catholicism in America’s history are discussed and analyzed. Catholics have played a major role in the shaping of our nation and there are enough signs to bring confidence that there still is much to be done by the current and next generations of Catholics. Vocabulary: Refer to the chapter vocabulary on page 785.

WEEK 17 REVIEW

WEEK 18 THEOLOGY SEMESTER 2 EXAM

Notes

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Kolbe Academy Home School PAPER TOPIC ANSWER KEY

Theology Grade 10


For your grading convenience the information that should be given in the paper is simply given in bulleted phrases and sentences. Your student’s essay should not be in such a form but should be written as an essay employing transitions and a creative personal style. Each essay should be 1 - 2 pages typed in a 12 point Times New Roman font, or very neatly handwritten in cursive. Each essay should contain a strong and creative introductory thesis, a body made up of substantial supporting evidence, and a final conclusion that knits the whole paper together tightly.

FIRST SEMESTER

WEEK 1 How did Hellenism and the Pax Romana help the expansion of Christianity? Student essays should consider: Hellenistic language (Greek) and thought (Greek philosophy) “...were a very suitable medium through

which the teachings of Christ could be transmitted,” (4). They were also able to express theologically the realities of the Catholic Truth, proving to be invaluable for the development of the Church.

The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) afforded the early Church the ideal conditions to expand rapidly. Roman peace came in the form of organization, which provided the technological capabilities and freedom for its citizens who were able to travel throughout the empire.

WEEK 2 What kind of men were the Apostles? What does their social status, education, and personality demonstrate about how Jesus calls people to live a Christian life? Student explanations and arguments should include: Jesus calls all people to live a Christian life regardless of social status, education and personality. The Apostles were typically ordinary men, fishermen, tax collectors, etc. who became powerful leaders

who were filled with the Holy Spirit. Most of them, except for St. John, suffered martyrdom.

WEEK 3 Jesus taught, “turn the other cheek,” and yet many Christian thinkers developed theories for the just waging of war. Are these two ideas compatible? With both Jesus’ words and the writings of St. Augustine in mind, describe Christian justice, both on a personal and political scale. Student explanations and arguments should include: According to the just war theory, war is permitted in the case of self-defense following certain principals: sovereign authority (auctoritas principis). just cause (justa causa). good and right intentions (recta intentio). Emphasis should be placed on the self-defense aspect of waging war justly. Jesus did not defend Himself and commanded Peter to put away his sword.

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WEEK 4 How could effective apologists like St. Justin Martyr be of great help to the Catholic Church today? What issues would a modern apologist tackle? To whom would the defense be addressed? Student explanations and arguments might include: The great apologists of the early centuries were not only effective communicators of the truth of

Christianity, they were extremely brave and ready to defend the Faith in the face of imprisonment and even death. But it is just this confidence in the hope of Salvation which made them able to gain an audience for presenting God’s saving work in Christ with the most powerful leaders in the world.

Modern apologists might tackle a host of current social issues: abortion, government mandated contraception provisions, same sex marriage, etc., etc.

Governments and policy makers of all sorts. WEEK 5

Most of the original heresies were derivatives of Gnosticism. Write a paper as if you were an early Christian apologist explaining to a friend why Gnosticism is false and the heresies are a corruption of orthodoxy. Students answers should include: Gnosticism rejected the Church’s teaching regarding both Christ’s human and divine nature (see Didache

pages 132-134). Gnosticism, in all its forms, holds three general beliefs: 1) Matter is a corruption of spirit and thus the

world is corrupt, 2) Man must seek through knowledge to overcome this fallen state and return to God, 3) God has made this possible by sending a savior (usually held to be Jesus).

Divine Revelation is misunderstood by Gnostics. Jesus (or whoever their “savior” revealer might be) is closer to a guru than to the Christian understanding of the Word made flesh in the Person of Jesus of Nazareth.

Orthodox understanding of the Incarnation in the Person of Jesus Christ is the key to refuting Gnosticism. WEEK 6

Provide reasons and examples as to how the union of the throne and altar might cause conflict between the Church and the State. Examples from this week’s chapter include: Constantine the Great influenced the convening of the Council of Nicaea (325) and the suppression of

dissident bishops. Julian the Apostate (emperor 361-363) reasserted paganism and suppressed the Church. The Western Emperor Honorius suppressed the Pelagians in 418. Theodosius II called for the Council of Ephesus (431). Heraclius (emperor 610/611-641) instigated Monothelitism and authorized the Ecthesis in 624.

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WEEK 7 Why is it easy to understand that many Christians thought that the Second Coming was close at hand when the Roman Empire collapsed? Can you think of other times in history when conditions also seemed to be right for the Second Coming? Student answers might include: Rome was the seat and political provider of civilization; it was thought to be indestructible and eternal. A

world after the fall seemed impossible. The fall of Jerusalem in 70 A. D. During the great persecutions of the early centuries. At the turning of the first millennium. Etc., etc.

WEEK 10 Respond to someone who says the following: “Christian Missionaries cause destruction. They find native peoples and then force western conceptions of God on them. Additionally, they destroy the families and culture of natives, who have been living just fine without Christianity.” Student answers might include the following points for their papers: Christian missionaries have brought hope and salvation to countless millions. Missionaries have established hospitals, schools and numerous other social goods wherever they have

traveled. Rather than destroy family and cultures, Christian missionaries have established the family as the center

of culture and have liberated the globe of barbarism in its many forms. Missionaries have sacrificed their lives for love of God and the people they minister to.

WEEK 11 Discuss Sts. Cyril and Methodius and the trials which they faced. How did their methods exemplify the Church’s respect for different cultures? Student answers might include the following considerations drawn from Didache pages 237-238:

These two saints were the first to missionize the Slavs. They developed Glagolithic script for use with the Slavs. They encountered opposition when German missionaries became offended that they used the

Slavonic language instead of Latin in liturgy. They were granted permission by Pope Adrian II to use Slavonic in the liturgy. Their adaptation of the Catholic message to the Slavic people showed that God is the God of the

world.

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WEEK 12 Describe the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Why is unity desirable? Students might include some of the following for as part of their description and answer:

The Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches are currently separated. Although there is great respect for the Orthodox traditions and liturgy, their separating themselves

from the Catholic Church and the primacy of the Pope has been one of the greatest tragedies of Christianity.

Jesus prayed that all believers would be one. Pope John Paul II referred to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches as the two lungs of the Church;

further stating that the Church must breathe with both lungs. WEEK 13

Cluny monks lived in isolation. Explain how their isolation did not hinder the beneficial role they served in western European society. Refer to Didache pages 295-300. Students may include some of the following:

Several of Cluny’s monks became the leading churchmen of their day. The Cluny monks emphasized Church unity and the authority of the Pope. The rise of powerful monastic spirituality was vital for the reform of the Church at this time. Cluny monks were absolutely free from the authority of kings, bishops and nobles.

WEEK 14 Explain why the Pope was both a temporal ruler and a spiritual ruler. To which aspect of the papacy does infallibility apply? How is the papacy different today than it was in the Middle Ages? How is it the same? Students should rely on their reading in the Didache pages 305-316. According to the Dictatus Papae, issued by Pope St. Gregory VII, the Pope possessed powers to convene

and ratify a council, to define tenets of the Faith and to appoint, transfer and remove bishops from office; however, he further claimed Divine authority to depose temporal rulers and subjects of any temporal ruler had the right to appeal to the papacy to bring charges against their sovereign.

Infallibility applies to matters of faith and morals. Various comparisons and contrasts can be drawn from the chapter between the papacy in the Medieval

Age and the papacy today. It is important to note, however, that it is still the same office as established by Jesus.

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WEEK 15 Many people believe that the Crusades were aggressive excursions with only negative outcomes. Is this true? Cite reasons for your answers. Student answers should include evidence from Didache pages 326-337: Liberating the Holy Land was a very real achievement towards defending Christendom from various

outside threats. Holy Land pilgrims were often attacked by Muslims on their way to visit sights in the East. At least in the beginning, Western Christians defended Eastern Christians, to whom Islam was a very

present danger. The Crusades held back Turkish advancement into Europe for four hundred years and gave Christians

a more acute sense of international unity in the Church. The Crusades gave rise to new technology. The Crusades also encouraged travel and fostered a new curiosity for foreign culture among the Latin

Christians. WEEK 16

Complete the Practical Exercise on Page 391 of the Didache. Refer to pages 363-366 in the Didache.

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SECOND SEMESTER

WEEK 1 St. Joan of Arc and St. Catherine of Siena are two very different saints. Explain how the lives of these two great women reflect the multifaceted role of women in the fourteenth-century society. What were each saint’s great accomplishments? How did she serve God? How did she serve society? St. Joan of Arc was a military leader who turned the tide of battle against the English. She became a symbol of French unity and national spirit. She was burned at the stake on May 30th, 1431. St. Catherine of Siena was a consecrated nun who received strong mystical experiences, including

conversations with Christ. She corresponded with men and women of every walk of life, including many princes and leaders of

Italy. She received a miraculous revelation that the papacy should return to Rome. She died after a mysterious agony in 1380.

WEEK 2 What distinguished the Renaissance from the High Middle Ages? Compare and contrast an artist or writer from each period to explain your answer. The examples for the compare and contrast portion of this assignment can be drawn from many of the short biographies included in this chapter. Universities began to place greater stress on rhetoric, grammar and history than theological studies. Humanism and an escape from “other worldliness” is a mark of the Renaissance and a reaction against

the High Middle Ages. WEEK 3

The Renaissance held art in very high esteem. How does the Renaissance understanding of art help explain the motives for the Renaissance Popes? Choose two Renaissance-era Popes and explain how they might defend their decisions to a contemporary audience. For direction, read pages 445-451 in the Didache.

WEEK 4 Martin Luther developed four major theological principles: sola Scriptura, sola fide, sola gratia and solo Christo (Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone and Christ alone). Each of Luther’s four main theological principles was conceived in reaction to what he believed were false teachings of the Church. Using the Scholastic method, construct a Catholic rebuttal to Luther’s ideas (for the Scholastic method, see pages 363-364). This is the second assignment using the Scholastic method. Here are a few points on which Luther’s principles are to be criticized: Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone): the phrase “Scripture alone” is found nowhere in Scripture. Sola fide (faith alone): again, this phrase never appears in the Bible. In fact, just the opposite. James

2:24 says, “You see that man is justified by works and not by faith alone.” For that reason, Luther did not like the book of James.

Sola gratia (grace alone): Although this phrase is also absent from the Bible, Catholics agree that we are

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Theology Grade 10


indeed saved by grace. The difference, though, is in the manner of receiving grace. We receive grace through the sacraments.

Solo Christo (Christ Alone): At Pentecost, Jesus sent the Comforter (the Holy Spirit) and Catholics believe that we are to be temples of the Holy Spirit. Luther opened the door for a “Jesus and me” scenario which disregards the Church, the Holy Spirit as received at Conformation, and the role that the Communion of Saints plays in our salvation.

WEEK 5 The lives of John Calvin and St. Thomas More reveal two distinct understandings of how Christ’s life and teachings apply to living as a Christian. By comparing these two men, explain how their lives reflect their theological understanding of Christianity (use the teaching of the Council of Trent and Calvin’s, “Institutes of the Christian Religion” as a guide). For St. Thomas More, see pages 443-444; For John Calvin see pages 476-478. For the teaching of the Council of Trent see pages 490-495; for Calvin’s Institutes see page 476. Students might include some of the following: St. Thomas More became a martyr. John Calvin killed a man who disagreed with him. St. Thomas More worked against the Lutheran heresies and was named Defender of the Faith; he refused

to swear allegiance to the schismatic Church of England and upheld the sacraments of the Church. Calvin denied the sacraments, promoted predestination and set up a theocracy in Geneva.

WEEK 6 England was particularly harsh in its treatment of Catholics. Why did Elizabeth I see Catholics as a severe threat? What countries today repress religious groups, including Catholics? Students should include the following in their answers (see page 486): She feared losing the Church lands and properties that had been confiscated by Henry VIII. She feared an alliance with France. There are many countries today that repress religious groups. Student answers may vary.

WEEK 7 Choose a contemporary culture, either in the United States or elsewhere, and explain how a missionary could adapt his or her lifestyle in order to earn that culture’s trust. Choose a Gospel story, and retell it in a way suited to that specific culture. This creative assignment should be balanced between the “fun” portion (explain how to adapt a lifestyle) and the retelling of the Gospel story. An example of retelling a Gospel story might be something along the lines of the story of Zacchaeus, the tax collector, who climbed a tree in order to see Jesus (Luke 19: 1-10). For the assignment he might be a wall street broker who climbed a street sign in order to see Jesus. There are many numerous and creative answers to this assignment.

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Theology Grade 10


WEEK 10 Jansenism and Quietism are two heresies with almost opposite understandings of piety and faith. They offered opposing exaggerations of aspects of Christianity. Why did these heresies appear at about the same time? What was appealing to believers about each of these heresies? See Didache pages 586-587. Answers might include the following: Jansenism believed that it had uncovered a hidden truth of Catholicism in the writings of St. Augustine.

Namely, that people were predestined to either Heaven or Hell. This fit the teachings of Calvin but was under the guise, for a time, of Catholicism.

Unlike Jansenism, Quietism taught that asceticism was not necessary, since it was sufficient for the soul to humble itself in order for God to accept a sinner.

Both of these heresies were very “French” in nature. This fit the mood of French kings and people during the Middle Ages trying to assert their independence from Rome (Gallicanism).

WEEK 11 Why did the revolution work to “de-Christianize” France? What were the political motives? What were the ideological motives? Students may include some of the following in their papers: The rebels attempted to setup a “new” secular society, totally detached from its heritage of Christianity.

The naively thought that they could base their society on sheer human reason detached from God and His revelation.

Economic struggles between the classes. Secular humanism.

WEEK 12 What role did the proclamation of the Immaculate Conception play in bringing the questions of Liberalism and papal authority to the forefront of debate within the Church? What part did St. Bernadette play in confirming the Church’s teaching on this matter? Answers should include the following: Bl. Pius IX defined the Immaculate Conception speaking as the voice of the Church and not as the first

among bishops or within the context of an Ecumenical Council. This act served to reinforce his authority. Mary appeared to St. Bernadette in Lourdes, France and identified herself saying, “I am the Immaculate

Conception.” This also confirmed Pope Pius’s solemn declaration made just four years earlier.

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WEEK 13 What problems did the three exemplary secular humanist thinkers (Darwin, Marx and Freud) pose to the Church? How have their ideas affected today’s society? Answers might include the following (see also, Didache pages 683-686): Charles Darwin, the father of evolutionary theory in biology, posed a “survival of the fittest” ideology

which was manipulated by wealthy industrialists who believed he validated their greedy practices of exploiting the “weaker” members of society for the gain of the “stronger”.

Karl Marx called religion “the opiate of the masses” and theorized that the working classes would rise up against their overlords, setting up a new socioeconomic system in which social classes no longer existed. He called his system “Communism”.

Sigmund Freud’s model of the human person challenges Judeo-Christian notions of natural law and man’s rational nature composed of body and spirit. Subsequently, Freud reduced the “person” to nothing more than a glorified animal whose all-encompassing objective is sexual contentment.

All three of these secular humanists’ works are still widely read and regarded today. Each of them takes a view of man or history which is false, outdated, and exclusive of Divine Revelation.

WEEK 14 Pius XII is often accused of being “silent” in the face of the Nazi atrocities during World War II. How did the silence of the Vatican enable the Church to aid those suffering under the Nazi regime? How would a more vocal and public stance against Nazism have affected the role the Church played during the war? How would this have been beneficial? How would it have been detrimental? Since this is partially a subjective assignment, student answers may vary greatly. The answer to the first part, however, may be found on page 720 in the Didache: Pope Pius XII’s diplomacy was based on his desire for peace. The Vatican exercised great caution when issuing public statements for fear of reprisals against the

Church and the Jews. A more and vocal public stance against Nazism may have resulted in an even earlier and harsher

reaction against the Church. Whether or not a more public stance against Nazism would have been beneficial or detrimental is up to

the student to argue logically.

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WEEK 15 The 1960s and 1970s were a time of worldwide social change. Drawing from your knowledge of Church history, describe how those changes may have affected the Church had the Second Vatican Council not occurred. See Didache pages 734-741. Student answers should consider thoroughly the four Dogmatic Constitutions listed on page 740. What were they addressing? What did they change? What was/is their impact? Also important for this assignment are examples from earlier periods of Church History (especially at the Reformation) when the Church undertook reforms: Lumen Gentium (Light of Nations). Dei Verbum (The Word of God). Sacrosanctum Concilium (The Sacred Council) Gaudium et Spes (Joy and Hope). These Constitutions are the centerpieces of Vatican II’s writings and provide the theological basis and

vision for the rest of the council’s documents. WEEK 16

Throughout the history of the Church, various nations have tried to assert their own national identities onto the Church in their countries. Using the history of the Church in the United States as a reference, explain why “Gallicanism” has been so prevalent in the Church down through the ages. Student answers can include: See Gallicanism on pages 582-583 of the Didache. The rejection of the authority of Rome has been a problem and temptation in many nations with a strong

sense of patriotism and national pride down through the ages. Politicians, such as John F. Kennedy, have set the tone for the separation of religion and public policy in

America. Students should consider whether or not the separation of Church and State is a problem for American

Catholics.

AMDG

Kolbe Academy Home School MIDTERM 1 EXAM

Theology Grade 10


NAME_________________________________________ DATE __________________

MIDTERM 1 EXAM

Part One. Fill in the blank. Please answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Who helped expand Hellenism to the East? _____________________.

2. What happened to the Jews on AD 70? ______________________.

3. What is the name of the day when Jesus sent the Holy Spirit to the Church? ______________________.

4. Who was the famous Jewish teacher under whom St. Paul studied? ______________________.

5. What are the four marks of the Church: 1) ____________2) ___________ 3) ___________ and

4) _____________.

6. Which two days of the week did the earliest Christians keep holy? ____________ and __________.

7. Who is the authentic interpreter of Sacred Scripture? ___________________.

8. The Theban Legion was ______________________ .

9. Where in the Bible is Christianity referred to as “the Way”? ______________.

10. Vox populi means _______________________.

11. What institution did Origen lead in Alexandria? ______________________.

12. The first translation of the Bible from its original languages into Latin was done by _____________.

13. When and by whom was Christianity declared the official religion of the empire? _______________.

14. For what is St. John Chrysostom best known? _______________.

15. What three vows were accepted by the Benedictines? 1) __________, 2) __________ and 3)

___________.

16. At the Battle of Tours in France in 732, who defeated the invading Muslim forces from Spain?

___________.

17. Who was St. Scholastica and what was her chief accomplishment? ____________________.

18. What is a Diocese? _________________.

19. ____________ is a holy war waged by Muslims in the name of religion.

20. A ____________ is the personal ambassador of the Pope.

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Part Two. Short Essays. On separate sheets of paper, please answer the following using complete sentences. For honors/summa students, these should be answered in short paragraphs, demonstrating a mastery of material and supplying supporting information and/or examples when appropriate. Omit TWO. 21. How did the fundamentals of Stoicism appeal to the Romans?

22. Who were the Pharisees?

23. How did Rome benefit from the Punic Wars?

24. What was the outcome of the Council of Jerusalem?

25. What is the inaugural event of Jesus’ public ministry?

26. How did Christianity, as a monotheistic religion, cause tension in Roman Society?

27. What are some of the advantages of infant Baptism?

28. What is the famous story about how Constantine won the Battle at Saxa Rubra?

29. How did the Emperor Decius’s systematic persecution of Christianity involve the bureaucracy of the State?

30. Which regional churches form the Oriental Orthodox Church, and why did they separate from the Catholic

Church?

31. What is unique about the use of Arabic as the original language in the Koran?

32. How is Christian monasticism unique?

Part Three. Essay. (1 – 2 pages)

Describe conditions in the Roman Empire during the fifth century when the empire collapsed.

AMDG

Kolbe Academy Home School SEMESTER 1 EXAM

Theology Grade 10


NAME______________________________________________________ DATE __________________

SEMESTER 1 EXAM

Part I. Fill-in-the-blank Please answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Why is France known as the “Church’s eldest daughter”? _________________________.

2. _______________ was the “Apostle of Ireland”.

3. _______________ is known as the “Father of English History”.

4. _______________ was the “Apostle of Germany”.

5. Why did the Council of Hiereia not meet the conditions for an ecumenical council? ______________.

6. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope St. Leo III on _________________.

7. What was the Photian Schism? _______________.

8. Which rule do the Cistercians follow? _____________________.

9. When and by whom was Cluny founded? _____________________.

10. What three groups threatened to invade Western Europe during the ninth century?

1) ________________, 2) ________________, and 3) ________________.

11. Besides the Cistercians, what color did most religious orders wear? _______________.

12. What kind of spirituality did the Carthusians create in their order? _______________.

13. What new Muslim people appeared on the scene in the Middle East as a new threat to

Byzantium? __________________.

14. When was the First Crusade? _____________.

15. How long did the Europeans control Jerusalem? ______________.

16. _____________ wrote the rule for the Knights Templar.

17. In Aristotle’s philosophical system, _______________ created everything.

18. ____________________ was Dante’s major work.

19. What order oversees many of the shrines in the Holy Land? __________.

20. Who is often called the “second founder” of the Franciscans? __________.

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Part Two. Short Essays. On separate sheets of paper, please answer the following using complete sentences. For honors/summa students, these should be answered in short paragraphs, demonstrating a mastery of material and supplying supporting information and/or examples as is appropriate. Omit TWO. 21. Discuss the role of the bishops in the work and conversion of Europe.

22. How did Irish monasteries protect and promote Western civilization?

23. Why did many Slavs later turn against the Catholic Church in favor of Constantinople?

24. What were the results of Emperor Leo III’s forbiddance of icons?

25. Who was Charlemagne, and how did he help the Church?

26. Describe the geography of the location of Constantinople?

27. What did Pope Benedict VIII grant to Cluny in 1016? How did this help Cluny not to become involved in the

problems of feudalism?

28. What was the Concordat of Worms (1122)?

29. What was the result of the “Children’s Crusade”?

30. Describe the relationship between St. Francis of Assisi and Sultan Malik-al-Kamil.

31. What was the purpose of Medieval Church art?

32. What was the main task of St. Thomas Aquinas?

Part Three. Essay. (1 – 2 pages) What was St. Francis’s dream as a young man? How did he live?

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Theology Grade 10


NAME_________________________________________________ DATE __________________

MIDTERM 2 EXAM

Part One. Short answers.

1. _________________ was a movement which supported the power of a council to appoint a candidate for the

papacy.

2. In what empire did John Huss live? __________.

3. Who were the Flagellants? _____________.

4. What English movement used Wycliffe as a basis for its criticism of the Church? __________.

5. The French word Renaissance means _________________ in English.

6. Which fourteenth-century poet was known as a “the man of letters”? _____________.

7. What two important events occurred in Spain in 1492? __________ and __________.

8. ________________ authored Utopia.

9. What was the name of the document that Martin Luther nailed to the door of the Wittenberg

Cathedral? ________________.

10. What two Sacraments did Luther retain? __________ and __________.

11. In which city did Calvin establish a theocracy? _____________________.

12. Who were two of the most important martyrs during Henry VIII’s reign? ____________ and

____________.

13. What was the name given to the Muslims who lived in Spain? _____________.

14. Who was the most influential politique? __________________.

15. _______________ founded Presbyterianism in Scotland.

16. What treaty ended the Thirty Years War? ______________________.

17. Where did Christopher Columbus land on his first trip? ____________________.

18. Whose ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe? ________________.

19. To whom did our Lady of Guadalupe appear? __________________.

20. _______________ founded the California missions.

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Theology Grade 10


Part Two. Short Essays. On separate sheets of paper, please answer the following using complete sentences. For honors/summa students, these should be answered in short paragraphs, demonstrating a mastery of material and supplying supporting information and/or examples as is appropriate. Omit TWO.

21. How did the Black Death affect society?

22. What is the Western Schism?

23. How did the Council of Constance handle the situation of three Popes?

24. What kind of influence did the Medici family have in Florence? What effect did they have on

the cultural blooming of the Renaissance?

25. What qualities led to Erasmus’ being considered a humanist?

26. What relationship to secular authority did Lutheranism develop?

27. What topics did the Ecumenical Council of Trent address?

28. What was the Spanish Fury?

29. How did Elizabeth I set about ridding Ireland of Catholicism?

30. What is Mercantilism?

31. What delayed the spread of the Faith in Africa?

32. What was the Line of Demarcation and who drew it up?


What was the Columbian Exchange? Provide Examples.

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


NAME______________________________________________ DATE ____________

SEMESTER 2 EXAM

Part One. Short Answers. Please answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What was the name of Thomas Hobbes’ primary work? _________________.

2. The “Sun King” is the nickname for _________________________.

3. William and Mary passed which laws against Catholics? _______________________.

4. _______________ founded Maryland.

5. Who crowned Napoleon emperor? _________________.

6. French clerics who rejected The Civil Constitution of the Clergy and were forced to go

underground were known as ____________________.

7. French upper middle class composed of mostly wealthy bankers, merchants and lawyers are

called ________________________.

8. What diplomat dominated the affairs at the Congress of Vienna? ___________________.

9. What three teachings did Japanese Christians use to verify the orthodoxy of French

missionaries? 1) ___________, 2) __________, 3) ___________.

10. What event forced the disbanding of the First Vatican Council? _________________.

11. Who was the first Pope elected in the twentieth century? ____________________.

12. ________________ Catholics died at Auschwitz.

13. Who were the Cristeros of Mexico?

14. Who founded Opus Dei? _________________.

15. What Pope was elected during Vatican II and saw it through to the end?

16. What two forms of secular humanism did John Paul II see as the biggest threat to

Christianity? ______________ and ______________.

17. What did John Paul II call the other “lung” of the Church? ______________.

18. ______________________ founded the Catholic Worker Movement.

19. ______________________ was the first Catholic President.

20. Who were the Know-Nothings? _________________.

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


Part Two. Short Essays. On separate sheets of paper, please answer the following using complete sentences. For honors/summa students, these should be answered in short paragraphs, demonstrating a mastery of material and supplying supporting information and/or examples as is appropriate. Omit TWO. 21. What is Deism?

22. Why was the Encyclopedia created?

23. What was the “Reign of Terror”?

24. What were the major principles held by The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

25. What was the Kulturkampf?

26. What two Enlightenment thinkers helped lay out the principles that developed into

Liberalism?

27. Who was St. Maximilian Kolbe?

28. What was the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association?

29. What was the emphasis of John Paul II’s encyclical Redemptor Hominis?

30. What are John XXIII’s nicknames? Why does each apply?

31. What is Americanism?

32. What is Lay Trusteeism?


What did the French Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain say about the Catholic clergy in the twentieth century? Provide examples of what he was referring to and talk about whether his statement is still applicable today.

AMDG

Kolbe Academy Home School MIDTERM 1 ANSWER KEY

Theology Grade 10


MIDTERM 1 AK

Part One. Multiple Choice. 1. Alexander the Great 2. Jerusalem fell to the Romans 3. Pentecost 4. Gamaliel 5. The Church is One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic 6. Wednesdays and Fridays 7. The Tradition of the Church 8. A Christian legion in the Roman army 9. Acts 9:2; 19:9 10. Voice of the People 11. The Catechetical School 12. St. Jerome 13. 391 A. D. by Theodosius I the Great 14. Confirmation 15. Outstanding preaching abilities 16. Poverty, chastity and obedience 17. St. Benedict’s twin sister, she established and a convent at Plombariola 18. A territorial division of the Church 19. Jihad 20. Nuncio Part Two. Short Essays. Omit TWO. Answers here are given as lists and brief sentences in order to make correcting easier. Students, however, are expected to answer in complete sentences, and honors students in short detailed paragraphs. 21. By its practice of controlling the passions and promoting law, order and virtue 22. One of many Judaic sects who were marked by progress and reform. They survived, in large part, the Jewish war and became what is now known as Rabbinic Judaism. 23. They obtained Sicily, Spain and North Africa. 24. Gentile converts were free from the Law but should follow these guidelines: avoid eating the meat and blood of animals sacrificed to idols or from animals that had been strangled, and refrain from unlawful marriage. 25. Jesus’ Baptism by St. John the Baptist in the Jordan River.

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Theology Grade 10


26. Roman society was polytheistic and full participation in that society meant that one had to acknowledge more than one God. Christians rejected all acts of public ritual that involved pagan gods and had to necessarily exclude themselves from certain public positions which would compromise their faith in the One True God. 27. Original Sin is forgiven and the child becomes a member of the Mystical Body of Christ. Baptismal character is imprinted on the soul and renders the infant a child of God who shares in the common priesthood of Christ. Baptism confers on the child a special grace through which he may grow more fully in Christ. 28. Constantine claimed that before the battle he saw the symbol of the cross inscribed with the words in hoc signo vinces (“in this sign you will conquer”). 29. Decius declared an empire-wide persecution of Christians. 30. Coptic/Egyptian Orthodox, Abyssinians (Ethiopian Orthodox) and Syrian Orthodox resented the power of the emperor and the attempts to force theological unity. 31. Muslim’s believe that Gabriel dictated revelations to Muhammad in Arabic and that it is therefore the only true language in which to read the Koran. 32. It is based on imitation of Christ by dedication to a life of prayer and penance. Part Three. Essay. Many had assumed that the Roman Empire would last forever. There were signs, however, that decay was taking hold of the empire due to the grim morality of Roman citizens, the collapse of education and overall intellectual activity. Romans were complacent and reveled in debauchery. With a weakened morality and a lack of mental fortitude, they were blind to the dangers that confronted them in the form of barbarian invasions.

AMDG

Kolbe Academy Home School SEMESTER 1 ANSWER KEY

Theology Grade 10


SEMESTER 1 AK Part One. Fill in the Blank. 1. The Franks were the first of the tribes to embrace the Faith 2. St. Patrick 3. St. Bede 4. St. Boniface 5. It was a local council which excluded many bishops. 6. Christmas day in 800 7. Photius was removed due to his accusations against the papacy that they had tampered with the Nicene Creed 8. The Benedictine rule 9. 909/10, William the Pious 10. Saracens, Vikings and Slavs 11. Black 12. Simplicity and prayer 13. Seljuk Turks 14. 1095-1099 15. Nearly 200 years 16. St. Bernard of Clairvaux 17. The “prime mover” 18. The Divine Comedy 19. The Franciscans 20. St. Bonaventure Part Two. Short Essays. Omit TWO. Answers here are given as lists and brief sentences in order to make correcting easier. Students, however, are expected to answer in complete sentences, and honors students in short detailed paragraphs. 21. Bishops took on roles such as that of father, teacher, preacher, leader, administrator, liturgist and sometimes even military leader, working to preserve the safety of the people. 22. They saved a great deal of the Greco-Roman literary tradition in their scriptoria. 23. They reacted against the refusal of the papacy to recognize the use of Slavonic in liturgy. 24. Eastern Monks refused to surrender their icons to the emperor and many of the oldest Byzantine icons were forcefully destroyed, with hundreds of monks and nuns losing their lives in defense of their icons. 25. See pages 270-273 in the Didache.

AMDG

Kolbe Academy Home School SEMESTER 1 ANSWER KEY

Theology Grade 10


26. Constantinople was located on the tip of the Balkan Peninsula just across from Asia Minor along the narrow Bosporus Strait, which connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The City was built on this triangular, rocky promontory, surrounded by the sea on the northern, southern and eastern borders. 27. A special privilegium to be absolutely free from the authority of kings, bishops and nobles, having the papacy as its final authority. 28. A treaty which left spiritual investiture to the church alone and temporal investiture to civil authorities. 29. Many died from starvation and the rest were sold into slavery. 30. Due to the impression of St. Francis, they became friends. 31. Largely, to create objects of devotion and reflection. 32. To reconcile faith and reason. Part Three. Essay. (1 – 2 pages) Students should provide examples in support of the thesis that St. Francis originally wanted to be a Crusader. During his life, however, he lived as a stranger throughout the entire world.

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


MIDTERM 2 AK

Part One. Short Answers. 1. Conciliarism 2. The Holy Roman Empire 3. People who thought they could escape divine punishment by scourging themselves 4. The Lollards 5. Rebirth 6. Petrarch 7. Spanish forces drove the Moors from the kingdom of Granada and Christopher Columbus set out on his mission 8. St. Thomas More 9. The Ninety-Five Theses 10. Eucharist and Baptism 11. Geneva 12. Sts. John Fisher and Thomas More 13. Moriscos 14. Catherine de Medici 15. John Knox 16. The Treaty of Westphalia 17. The Bahamas 18. Ferdinand Magellan 19. St. Juan Diego 20. Father Bl. Junipero Serra Part Two. Short Essays. Answer briefly but comprehensively. Omit TWO. Answers here are given as lists and brief sentences in order to make correcting easier. Students, however, are expected to answer in complete sentences, and honors students in short detailed paragraphs. 21. It laid waste to the political, intellectual and economic leadership of Europe, killing entire towns and monasteries. Approximately 25,000,000 died in Europe. 22. Each country of Europe rallied around its own choice for Pope. Western Christendom was split into two camps, the papacy of Rome or of Avignon. 23. It forced the Pisan Antipope John XXIII to resign his position, and Pope Gregory XII offered to recognize the authority of Constance and would abdicate if the council would recognize him as the legitimate Pope; Benedict XIII refused to cooperate with the council and lost most his support; Gregory’s maneuver cleared the way for the election of Pope Martin V and an end to the Western Schism.

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Theology Grade 10


24. They were wealthy merchant bankers and politicians and completely controlled the political scene of the city; they contributed generously to the arts. 25. He saw the Middle Ages and Scholasticism as unenlightened and stagnant while holding the classical thinkers in highest esteem. He extolled the primacy of human virtues such as prudence, intellectual honesty, zeal for truth and consideration for others. 26. Luther became a pawn of the German princes. 27. Sacred Scripture, Original Sin, the Sacraments, veneration of saints and relics, and indulgences. 28. During the occupation of the Low Countries by Philip II’s forces, the Spanish army mutinied after not having received pay. During the subsequent rampage, these Spanish troops pillaged and murdered over six thousand people in Antwerp. 29 She waged a war of extermination against Catholics in Ireland, butchering men, women and Children; she also banished the use of the Gaelic language and set Protestant overlords to control the agricultural estates. 30. Mercantilism is an economic system adopted by European nations that was based on the premise that a nation could best secure wealth and power by exporting more than it imported. 31. Disease, hostile Muslims, and reprisals over the slave trade and jealous pagan priests. 32. Drawn up by Pope Alexander VI, this line spilt the newly discovered lands into two areas, ceding to Spain all newly discovered lands 100 leagues west of the Azores and beyond; it ceded to Portugal all newly discovered lands east of this line. Part Three. Essay. (1 – 2 pages) The Columbian Exchange was a commercial revolution brought about by the discovery of the New World; traders now how the ability to bring never before seen goods and materials to and from Europe, which forever changed the diet and lifestyle of the respective continents. Examples of plants and animals brought to the Americas from Europe are: rice, wheat, barley, oats, onion, sugar, horses, donkeys, cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. From the New World to Europe were brought: turkeys, llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs, corn, potatoes, peanuts, tomatoes, cashews, rubber, tobacco, and bell peppers.

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


SEMESTER 2 AK Part One. Fill in the blanks. 1. Leviathan 2. Louis XIV 3. Act of Settlement” and “Test Acts” 4. George Calvert 5. Napoleon crowned himself 6. Non-Jurors 7. Bourgeoisie 8. Clement von Metternich 9. Loyalty to the authority of the Roman pontiff, the veneration of the Blessed Virgin and celibacy of the clergy 10. The Franco-Prussian War 11. St. Pius X 12. Three million 13. Armed rebel Catholics in Mexico during the regime of Plutarco Calles 14. St. Josemaria Escriva 15. Pope Paul VI 16. Marxist Communism and the consumer society 17. Eastern Orthodoxy 18. Dorothy Day 19. John F. Kennedy 20. A movement which sought to exclude foreigners and Catholics from public office Part Two. Short Answers. Answer briefly but comprehensively. Omit TWO. 21. Deism is a rationalist philosophy that accepted the principle of a first cause but denied divine intervention or Providence in the world. Deism understands God as a great watchmaker who created the universe with laws and guiding principles, but then left the world to man’s discovery and domination. 22. To discredit the Faith and sow doubt among the Christian faithful. 23. The rule under the Committee of Public Safety in which the committee instituted a systematic policy of curbing violence through frequent and persistent accusations and mass execution in the interest of suppressing counterrevolutionary tendencies. . 24. All men were born equal and held rights to liberty, property, security and resistance. 25. Bismarck’s policy of ridding Germany of Catholicism. It subjected Catholic schools and seminaries to state control, forbade religious orders to teach, and banned every religious order in Germany. Furthermore, any

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


priest or bishop who did not acknowledge state supremacy over the Church in Germany was fined or imprisoned. 26. John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 27. See page 721 in the Didache. 28. A state-controlled association that exercised control over China’s Catholics. 29. The irreducible dignity and rights of every human being, and a “Christian anthropology” based on the insight that, as Vatican II taught, that the dignity and destiny of the human person can only be truly understood in the light of Christ. 30. “Good Pope John” because he was a man of traditional faith and piety who had a friendly manner, “The Caretaker Pope” (see pages 735-738 of the Didache). 31. Condemned by Pope Leo XIII, Americanism sought a way to adapt the Catholic Faith within American principles and modern ideas. It questioned themes like passive and active virtues, the best form of religious life, and the correct approach to evangelization. 32. Partly to conform to American civil law, partly out of enthusiasm for democracy, and partly in imitation of the congregational system in American Protestantism, laymen became the owners of parish property, administered parish affairs, and in some places began hiring their own pastors in defiance of the bishop. Part Three. Essay. (1 – 2 pages) Jacques Maritain famously said that the Catholic clergy in the twentieth century were “kneeling before the world.” Students should try and justify this statement with examples drawn from history and might also reiterate the relevancy of such a bold assertion today. They should cite examples from contemporary clerical policies which might disavow this statement or uphold it in a contemporary setting.

AMDG

Kolbe Academy Home School STUDY QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY

Theology Grade 10


STUDY QU.AK

The Roman World: Facilitating the Spread of the Gospel Answers to questions from Didache page 24: 1. Alexander the Great 2. Romulus, after killing his brother Remus 3. April 21, 753 BC 4. They obtained Sicily, Spain and North Africa 5. After persuading the consul and senate to elect him dictator, he declared himself dictator for life in 44 BC 6. Augustus was originally named Octavian. He was the stepson and successor of Julius Caesar and his reign marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire 7. By never making a formal declaration of the end of the Republic, Augustus maintained the appearance of republican institutions while secretly amassing power for himself 8. Greeks: Literary expressions of the human spirit such as philosophy and the arts; Romans: practical disciplines such as organization, administration, government and law 9. Pietas, which were public rituals and festivals involving offerings of food and wine along with animal sacrifices 10. By its practice of controlling the passions and promoting law, order and virtue 11. By stratifying the population along economic and social divisions 12. Moses 13. The wealthy elite of Jerusalem who enjoyed religious and political power at the time of Jesus 14. One of many Judaic sects who were marked by progress and reform 15. Their temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans 16. Diaspora. Jesus Christ and the Founding of the Church Answers to questions from Didache page 57: 1. At Pentecost 2. Christ 3. Peter “The Rock” is Christ’s vicar, upon whom the Church would be built 4. A record of the life and actions of men and women under the guiding light of the Holy Spirit acting in the Church, a narrative about the development of Christ’s kingdom on earth 5. Christ’s presence in the Church, the Church’s interaction with human history 6. Simeon was an old man who, through the power of the Holy Spirit, had received a revelation that he would not die until he had seen the Messiah. He recognized the infant Jesus, blessed his parents and spoke of Jesus’ destiny. Anna was an elderly prophetess who also recognized Jesus as the Messiah 7. The massacre of every male child under two years if age in Bethlehem 8. Jesus’ Baptism by St. John the Baptist 9. The New Law was based on love and grace, loving one’s enemies and avoiding all forms of violence thereby drowning evil in an abundance of good

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Theology Grade 10


10. They began to preach the crucified and risen Christ with great power, they received the gift of tongues, they were filled with “new wine” 11. God’s covenant with the Jewish people 12. The Church is One, the Church is Holy, the Church is Catholic, the Church is Apostolic 13. The twelve were specifically chosen by Jesus during his public ministry to preach the Good News to all the nations; they also were the first witnesses of Christ’s life, message and Resurrection 14. “One who is sent” 15. The Bishops 16. He was stoned to death by the Sanhedrin for spreading the Good News 17. To attend to the material needs of the Church 18. A severe persecution broke out against the Christians 19. Gamaliel 20. Damascus 21. He was blinded 22. Ananias 23. His conversion represents the opening of the Church to Gentiles 24. He realized that he must open the Church to Gentiles 25. St. Paul, 50s A. D. 26. They had considered the Gentiles as “unclean” 27. 49/50 A. D., to determine whether or not Gentile converts should be required to observe the Mosaic Law 28. Gentile converts were free from the Law but should follow these guidelines: avoid eating the meat and blood of animals sacrificed to idols or from animals that had been strangled, and refrain from unlawful marriage 29. Because he was a Roman citizen and thereby exempt from crucifixion—the cruelest form of execution in the Roman world 30. St. John 31. The patron of lost causes and author of the Epistle of St. Jude. The Early Christians Answers to questions from Didache page 91: 1. Original Sin is forgiven and the child becomes a member of the Mystical Body of Christ, Baptismal character is imprinted on the soul and renders the infant a child of God who shares in the common priesthood of Christ, Baptism confers on the child a special grace through which he may grow more fully in Christ 2. In private homes and in the catacombs 3. Wednesdays and Fridays 4. Sunday represented both the day on which Jesus resurrected and the day on which Pentecost occurred 5. The Head of the Church (Pope) who holds the responsibility and supreme authority of guiding the Church 6. The Episcopacy guides and shepherds the flock of Christians and offer the sacraments of the Church 7. “Presbyteros” 8. Roman society was polytheistic and full participation in that society meant that one had to acknowledge more than one God. Christians rejected all acts of public ritual that involved pagan gods and had to necessarily exclude themselves from certain public positions which would compromise their faith in the One True God

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Theology Grade 10


9. The end of the first decade of the fifth century 10. The Tradition of the Church 11. They were both former slaves 12. A Christian legion in the Roman army martyred under Emperor Maximian 13. War permitted in the case of self-defense following the principals: sovereign authority (auctoritas principis), just cause (justa causa) and good and right intentions (recta intentio) 14. Money was used to tend to the material needs of the whole Christian Church, honestly and without the practice of usury 15. They were universally rejected 16. Christianity changed the perception of women by recognizing and honoring their spiritual equality and importance 17. The Apostolic Fathers are the immediate successors of the original Apostles and the communities established in the earliest age of the Church 18. To defend and explain the Christian religion 19. The Eucharistic Prayer found in his work, The Apostolic Tradition became the basis for the second Eucharistic Prayer in the 1970 Roman Missal, which was published as part of the intended reforms of the Second Vatican Council 20. To Christ as the Way, the Truth and the Life. Persecution of “The Way” Answers to questions from Didache page 125: 1. Acts 9:2; 19:9 2. Nero wanted to seize private property in the center of Rome in order to build an expansive new palace and he was able to elicit false confessions from several tortured Christians 3. That Christians started the fire in Rome and that they “hated the human race” 4. Trajan decided that Christians who denied their faith and made a sacrifice to the Roman gods should be allowed to live. This was intended to be a modified form of Nero’s stance which was declared Christianity as unlawful punishable by death (Christiani non sint) 5. It is the bulwark against false belief and as a means of unity with Christ. Without bishops, there can be neither Matrimony nor celebration of the Eucharist 6. Hadrian ordered that Christians could only be prosecuted for actual violations of the common law, not just for professing Christian belief. Accordingly, those who would falsely accuse Christians would themselves be punished 7. He outlawed both Baptism and circumcision 8. “to the mines” and reefers to the punishment and death given to many Christians during the Roman persecutions 9. Sts. Perpetua and Felicity 10. Gaul 11. Decius declared an empire-wide persecution of Christians 12. The Catechetical School in Alexandria. In some ways, this school can be considered the first Catholic university

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Theology Grade 10


13. He died in captivity after being humiliated and tortured. His body was stuffed and hung inside a temple 14. He rose through the ranks of the Roman army. He divided the Roman Empire into four administrative districts and did not live in Rome, which caused the capital city to lose some of its power and luster. He also weakened the power of the senate, and continued to divide the provinces into even smaller units called “dioceses” 15. First: he commanded the destruction of churches and the burning of the Scriptures along with forbidding Christian gatherings. Second: he sanctioned the imprisonment of the clergy. Third: he demanded pagan sacrifice from the clergy. Fourth: he demanded pagan sacrifice from all Christians, not just the clergy 16. She was tortured with fire and sent into forced prostitution 17. Constantine claimed that before the battle he saw the symbol of the cross inscribed with the words in hoc signo vinces (“in this sign you will conquer”). He instructed his soldiers to put this sign on their shields and he subsequently won the battle of Saxa Rubra against an army four times greater than his 18. The Edict of Milan (313 A. D.) legitimized the Christian religion, which had been outlawed since the time of Nero in 64 A. D. The Edict restored all property taken from the Church by the empire and granted Christians the freedom to practice their religion. The Church Fathers and Heresies (Parts I-III) Answers to questions from Didache page 174: 1. The three Divine Persons of the Blessed Trinity and the Incarnation of God the Son 2. a) Matter is a corruption of spirit and thus the world is corrupt; b) Man must seek through knowledge to overcome this fallen state and return to God; c) God has made this possible by sending a savior (usually held to be Jesus) 3. Asceticism was an attempt to out-perform Christianity in terms of moral rigor 4. The Pope 5. Holy leaders who lead the Church against the heresies confronting the early Church, orthodoxy in doctrine, holiness, notoriety and antiquity 6. He excommunicated Theodosius and forced him to make public penance for having slaughtered 7000 villagers in Thessalonica 7. St. Jerome’s Vulgate translated from original languages and ancient manuscripts that no longer exist, the Jerusalem Bible, the New American Bible (NAB) which is used as the standard translation for liturgies in the USA (except for the Gospels), Revised Standard Version (RSV) which is based on the protestant King James Bible, the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) which eliminated archaic forms such as “Thee” “Though”, etc. and also includes gender-neutral language. Each of the modern translations bears the Imprimatur 8. For his outstanding preaching abilities, he earned the name “Chrysostom” which means “golden-mouthed”. The Church Fathers and Heresies (Parts IV-V) Answers to questions from Didache page 174: 9. A Neo-Platonist heresy that claimed that Jesus Christ was neither God nor equal to the Father but was merely a figure of God’s creation

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Theology Grade 10


10. The Emperor Constantine, the Nicene Creed which is the first solemn declaration of Catholic teaching which proclaimed more fully the central truths of Christianity 11. Jesus Christ is one Person with two natures, human and divine, Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451 A. D. 12. At the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon Pope Leo the Great’s Tome (449) was accepted as the orthodox position declaring that Jesus Christ is the God-man, one Person with two natures, God’s will and authority was present in the Chair of St. Peter 13. Coptic/Egyptian Orthodox, Abyssinians (Ethiopian Orthodox) and Syrian Orthodox resented the power of the emperor and the attempts to force theological unity 14. He secured a rescript from Emperor Valentinian III that acknowledged papal jurisdiction in the West 15. Definitions of authoritative truths drawn from divine revelation 16. By claiming that Christ is the true minister of every Sacrament even if the person celebrating the Sacrament is in a state of sin 17. Augustine was born to a pagan father and Christian mother and lived a dissolute life for many years and even had a child out of wedlock. At age the age of twenty he became deeply involved in Manichaeism. Donatists claimed that those who have sinned were incapable of validly celebrating the Sacraments 18. “Take and read”, Augustine heard a boy singing these words in a garden in Milan and became to read the Scriptures, eventually converting to the Catholic Church 19. Confessions is Augustine’s autobiography of his life and conversion, City of God identified two cities, one earthly and the other heavenly 20. 391 A. D. by Theodosius I the Great. Light in the Dark Ages Answers to questions from Didache page 210: 1. See pages 179-180 in the book 2. By translating the Bible into Gothic 3. To communicate the faith to them by civilizing and evangelizing them, and to alter the Faith for the Germanic populace without changing the essential doctrines 4. It gave rise to monasticism in the Germanic Kingdoms 5. It is based on imitation of Christ by dedication to a life of prayer and penance 6. It involves individuals withdrawing into loosely organized groups to live an isolated ascetical life; Carthusians and Carmelites 7. Even though they would withdraw from the world in order to be more united with God, ordinary people would seek them out for intercessory prayers and guidance 8. a) they were a source of great spiritual strength, b) they served as seminaries for priests and bishops, c) they functioned as centers of evangelization of the barbarian tribes through various forms of education 9. That monks were to sleep between six to eight hours a night (with a siesta in the summer following lunch), they were further allowed to have a bed, pillow and also sufficient food, to live life in common, to chant, pray, read the Scriptures and work 10. Poverty, chastity and obedience 11. St. Benedict’s twin sister, she established and governed a convent at Plombariola

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Theology Grade 10


12. He represents the beginning of the Medieval Age 13. His father was a senator and nobleman and played an important role in the civic affairs of Rome, later he became a prefect and a judge 14. Servus Servorum Dei (“Servant of the Servants of God”), Ecumenical Patriarch; that relations between the East and West were not very good 15. Muslim’s believe that Gabriel dictated revelations to Muhammad in Arabic and that it is therefore the only true language in which to read the Koran 16. Abraham, Ishmael 17. Jesus and Mary are respected in Islam but Christ’s death burial and Resurrection are not held to be the culmination of God’s revelation 18. a) the Shahada (creedal statement of Islam), b) Prayer (required 5 times per day facing in the direction of Mecca, c) The Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), d) Ramadan (the holy month, ninth month of the Islamic calendar), e) Zakah (alms for purification) 19. The Christians 20. The Frankish chieftain Charles Martel “the Hammer” 21. It is the third holiest city in Islam after Mecca and Medina 22. He thought that religiosity of Muslims deserves respect, however, the religion is not a religion of redemption. The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes (Parts I-IV) Answers to questions from Didache page 248: 1. They took on roles such as that of father, teacher, preacher, leader, administrator, liturgist and sometimes even military leader, working to preserve the safety of the people 2. The Franks were the first of the Germanic tribes to embrace the Catholic Faith 3. St. Patrick, (see page 222) 4. They saved a great deal of the Greco-Roman literary tradition in their scriptoria 5. Due to tensions with the Church in mainland Europe; also due to Viking attacks on Irish monasteries 6. St. Columbia 7. It had no diocesan priests, abbots exercised most of the governing power, and it promoted frequent sacramental Penance 8. 1215 at the Fourth Lateran Council; once a year if one were conscious of having committed mortal sin 9. English bishops were already present at the Council of Arles in France 10. St. Augustine of Canterbury 11. Canterbury 12. It reconciled the two divergent traditions (Celtic and Roman) especially with regards to when to celebrate Easter in favor of the Roman tradition, and also established the Benedictine form of monasticism with the Celtic monks eventually withdrawing into Irish monasteries 13. St. Bede; he gave us the mathematical computations for the BC/AD distinction 14. Vikings destroyed the important monastery at Jarrow; English kings failed to achieve a strong unity among their people; some its greatest evangelizers were committed to bringing the Gospel to the Germanic peoples of Freisland.

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Theology Grade 10


The Conversion of the Barbarian Tribes (Parts V-VII) Answers to questions from Didache page 248: 15. St. Willibrord 16. St. Boniface; by converting the Germans and laying the foundation of a church based on a monastic model 17. Fulda 18. England 19. St. Ansgar 20. St. Olaf 21. Iceland was a kingless society, but their ruling tribal council (the Althing) accepted Christianity 22. It shows that it had a continuing, deep religious conviction, courage and missionary zeal 23. Due to a clash of competing missionary interests between Rome and Constantinople 24. Sts. Cyril and Methodius 25. Many Popes refused to recognize the use of Slavonic in liturgy 26. “Patrons of Europe” 27. They became objects of veneration and popular piety 28. Magdeburg 29. Duke Mieszko 30. Vikings Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism Answers to questions from Didache page 285: 1. It was located on the tip of the Balkan Peninsula just across from Asia Minor along the narrow Bosporus Strait, which connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The City was built on this triangular, rocky promontory, surrounded by the sea on the northern, southern and eastern borders 2. He succeeded in resurrecting the glory of imperial Rome in the Eastern Empire; he viewed himself as head of both the state and the Church 3. The unity of the Eastern Empire was very much weakened by this heresy (See page 158), which led Justinian I into conflict with the papacy 4. When rightly understood, the icon, by virtue of what is represented, is seen as an invitation to prayer and not as an object to be worshiped 5. Eastern Monks refused to surrender their icons to the emperor and many of the oldest Byzantine icons were forcefully destroyed, with hundreds of monks and nuns losing their lives in defense of their icons 6. It was a local council which excluded bishops from Rome and the rest of the West as well as the ancient patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria 7. He referenced the mystery of the Incarnation in that the God-man, Christ Jesus, was present in our world 8. He was killed by Khan Krum, the Bulgar leader who later drank wine from Nicephorus’ skull; this paved the way for the new emperor, Leo V, to rehabilitate iconoclasm in Byzantium 9. The papacy granted permission to St. Boniface that the new Carolingian dynasty be officially granted power as the rightful rules in central Europe

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10. The papacy showed that it had the power to bestow secular authority to kings, in exchange, Pepin agreed to intervene on behalf of the Pope against the Lombards 11. Pepin won Rome for the papacy and secured Ravenna and Perugia; for the first time in the history of the Church, the Pope became a sovereign leader as well as a spiritual one 12. (see pages 270-273) 13. Christmas day Mass in 800 14. A cultural renewal of education and artistic excellence 15. He was the best and most influential scholar of the Carolingian Renaissance 16. Photius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, was removed by Rome due to his accusations against the papacy that they had tampered with the Nicene Creed through its use of the Filioque and he also stirred a popular uprising against Rome. He later excommunicated the entire Latin Church (see pages 278-279) 17. Celibate priesthood, the Saturday fast, the use of unleavened bread in the Mass, beardless priests, eating meat with blood and omitting the alleluia during Lent 18. He wished to heal the rift and called for reconciliation. Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe and the Church (Parts I-III) Answers to questions from Didache page 320: 1. The Saracens (Muslims) from the south, the Vikings from the north and the Slavs and Magyars from the east 2. Because they were the repository of Carolingian society’s wealth 3. 909/10, William the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine; for monastic reform 4. The ideal of a universal Church within a political framework and the inherent dignity of the human person 5. a) By following the Benedictine rule, b) by placing greater emphasis upon the spiritual life of the individual monk 6. A special privilegium to be absolutely free from the authority of kings, bishops and nobles, having the papacy as its final authority 7. Abbot Hugh the Great, Cardinal Humbert, Frederick of Lorraine, Otto of Lagery (Pope Bl. Urban II), St. Peter Damian 8. To invoke the memory of Charlemagne’s authority and wedding the Church to the Ottonian dynasty 9. a) through lay investiture (the appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers), b) through the assertion of royal power over proprietary churches which gave the landowner on which a church stood power to make ecclesiastical appointments, c) through appropriation of ecclesiastical funds for the royal coffers 10. He served as counselor to King William I while at the same time having his chief allegiance to Rome. Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe and the Church (Parts IV-V) Answers to questions from Didache page 320: 11. In order to retain control over appointments of bishops, thereby reducing the chance of out-and-out political corruption in the episcopacy 12. He issued his Dictatus Papae, and took advantage of the papacy’s practice of crowing the emperor in order to claim that the papacy held final say on matters of temporal rule

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13. Excommunication is a censure from a bishop stating a person is cut off from communion with the Church because he or she is in a persistent state of mortal sin; in order to regain his office 14. A treaty which left spiritual investiture to the church alone and temporal investiture to civil authorities 15. To gain control over the revenues of episcopal sees and abbeys along with the power to elect all abbots and bishops 16. St. Thomas a Becket was murdered in the cathedral by a band of knights in 1170 17. To maintain a balance of power throughout Europe with himself as arbitrator 18. As vassals and penalized monarchs for violations of chastity and matrimonial fidelity 19. The Benedictine rule, emphasizing austerities, farming and simplicity of lifestyle 20. Poverty and simplicity; most other monks wore black habits 21. a) Scriptures, b) Fathers of the Church; divine life communicated to the world in the Person of Jesus Christ 22. St. Bruno; each monk had his own cell around the cloister 23. A Christian devotion to simplicity and prayer. The Crusades, Military Orders, and the Inquisition Answers to questions from Didache page 352: 1. A series of eight expansive military expeditions that the Christian people undertook roughly between the years 1096 and 1270 as an action in the Holy Land and against continued Muslim expansion 2. Seljuk Turks 3. In 1095 at a council in Clermont in central France 4. Reduction of taxes, dissolving of debt payments and protection of the crusaders’ families; indulgences and pilgrimage 5. 1095-1099 6. The Muslims were politically divided as the Seljuk Turks had recently risen to power in the Holy Land but did not yet have a firm authority of the area 7. Nearly 200 years 8. Saladin 9. Many died from starvation and the rest were sold into slavery 10. They feared the Crusaders and saw the Western armies as a threat against their own territory 11. Jews and Muslims 12. They were friends 13. They held back the Turkish expansion into Europe for four hundred years and gave Christians a more acute consciousness that their Christian unity transcended nationality and race; they opened the door for an exchange of people, goods and ideas from the East which had an enormous influence on the intellectual life of Europe; they made pilgrimages to the Holy Land safer and easier and the Muslims eventually entrusted Christian Holy places in Palestine to the Franciscans due to St. Francis of Assisi’s friendship with Muslim leaders 14. Defenders of holy sites as well as the pilgrims who traveled there 15. To protect pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem 16. St. Bernard of Clairvaux 17. A three-rank division with aristocratic soldiers, clergy and lay brothers from the lower ranks of society who acted as helpers of the aristocratic soldiers

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18. They were excellent transferors and loaners of capital 19. About 1130; to care for the sick and pilgrims 20. The island of Rhodes 21. The island of Malta 22. Prussia, Estonia, Lithuania and Russia 23. Albert of Hohenzollern 24. Broadly speaking, it was the use of political and military power to protect the orthodoxy of the Church (see pages 342-348) 25. The Dominicans and the Franciscans 26. The Albigensian heresy 27. i) he or she would be asked to swear their own innocence on the four Gospels, ii) judges would remind the accused of the punishment that awaited if he or she were convicted without confession, iii) he or she would be subject to close confinement, iv) he or she would receive visits from an already tried man who would attempt to induce free confession through friendly persuasion, v) the accused could be confined to an inquisition prison 28. Usually the boni veri (good men) composed of thirty, fifty, eighty or more persons—laymen and priests; secular and regular 29. It coincided with the Reconquista (the reconquering of Spain by the Christians from Muslims and Jews). The High Middle Ages: Scholastic Development and the Flowering of Culture Answers to questions from Didache page 390: 1. A combination of theological and philosophical methods with the goal of understanding the highest truths of these disciplines and man’s relationship to God and His Church 2. The University of Paris 3. The University of Bologna 4. The Benedictine monastery of Salerno 5. An environment of free inquiry and unobstructed explorations into all aspects of learning 6. A program of study which included theology (and philosophy), law, medicine (physics) and the arts 7. Summa Theologiae; the existence of God, the divinity of Christ and Christian morality 8. Plato 9. Aristotle held that the universe was infinite and that the individual soul was mortal, which directly contradicted Christian teachings of creation and the immortality of the soul 10. To reconcile faith and reason 11. Averroes and Avicenna 12. The “prime mover” 13. “Everything I have written seems like straw by comparison to what I have seen and what has been revealed to me” 14. He furthered the development of philosophy in the West and his work remains one of the church’s great intellectual treasures 15. He tried to find a medium between the thought of St. Thomas and the neo-Platonic Christians of the Augustinian school 16. St. Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans; St. Dominic founded the Dominicans

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17. They did not include a cloistered existence of prayer and work, they were forbidden to own property and living off alms 18. He wanted to be a Crusader; he lived as a stranger throughout the entire world 19. He simply told them to live like Christ, drawing from Gospel passages where Jesus asks His followers to give away all they own and live a life of poverty 20. He had a dream of a poor and despised man holding up St. John Lateran, the cathedral of Rome 21. The Franciscans 22. St. Bonaventure (1221-1274) 23. He made a provision that allowed individual Franciscans to receive donations for the well-being of the order which would be given directly to the Holy See—the Holy See would then see to the preservation of the order according to its own good will 24. The Rule of St. Augustine 25. White 26. Albingensianism 27. Praying the Rosary 28. It helped rejuvenate the spiritual life of the Church by combining a simple Christian life with a strong devotion to the Eucharist and serious education 29. Larger transepts, rounded apses, ribbed vaulting and the pointed arch 30. Vernacular literature 31. The Divine Comedy 32. Largely, to create objects of devotion and reflection. A Century of Suffering, Plague, War and Schism Answers to questions from Didache 419: 1. He split the college of cardinals, appointing twelve new cardinals—seven of them French, the rest, Neapolitan 2. One represented spiritual authority, the other temporal authority 3. To extend the boundaries of France 4. That kings did not have the right to ta clergy without the permission of the Pope 5. That in order to save his or her soul, every human being—including the king—must be subject to the Pope 6. For 70 years the Popes (all French) would reside in Avignon under the watchful eye of the French king (see pages 397-398) 7. The idea that French Roman Catholic clergy favored the restriction of papal control and the achievement by each nation of individual autonomy 8. Famine and Black Death 9. Approximately 25,000,000 10. It laid waste to the political, intellectual and economic leadership of Europe, killing entire towns and monasteries 11. Many people accused the Jews of poisoning wells and causing the plague, popular outrage against Jews became so fierce that Pope Clement VI issued two Bulls to quell the mod violence, 12. Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine, through which he acquired the huge Duchy of Aquitaine in southwestern France

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13. King Edward III of England proclaimed Flanders under the protection of the English crown, 14. Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt 15. Under her leadership, French soldiers liberated Loire, Troyes and Chalons; her memory was vindicated and popular devotion to her grew to the point that by the end of the Hundred Years Was, she became a symbol of French unity and national spirit 16. She lived a secluded and demanding ascetical life, during which she had visions and strong mystical experiences including conversations with Christ 17. Each country of Europe rallied around its own choice for Pope. Western Christendom was split into two camps, the papacy of Rome or of Avignon 18. Many believed that only a general church council could solve the dilemma, which resulted in the Conciliar Movement and its attendant heresy, Conciliarism 19. It forced the Pisan Antipope John XXIII to resign his position, and Pope Gregory XII offered to recognize the authority of Constance and would abdicate if the council would recognize him as the legitimate Pope; Benedict XIII refused to cooperate with the council and lost most his support; Gregory’s maneuver cleared the way for the election of Pope Martin V and an end to the Western Schism 20. In 1439 at Ferrare-Florence 21. They were people who thought they could escape divine punishment by scourging themselves; others sought support through superstition and personal mystical experiences, and still others lost their faith completely and turned to Satanic cults and witchcraft, etc. 22. It attempted to freeze wages and limit peasant mobility 23. A response to the English nobility passing a head tax to recover their loss of revenue 24. The old scholastic tradition 25. Professor at the University of Oxford 26. The temporal practices and material possessions of the Church 27. The Lollards 28. The Holy Roman Empire 29. The abuses of the clergy and the authority of the Church. The Renaissance (Parts I-II) Answers to questions from Didache page 460: 1. “rebirth” 2. Florence, Venice and Genoa 3. May 29th, 1453 4. Reunification of the Western and Eastern Churches 5. Yes, but only temporarily 6. Increasing urbanization 7. Latin and Greek 8. Political involvement of ordinary citizens and education with a more humanistic curriculum 9. The individual 10. Art 11. Humanism

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12. Petrarch 13. St. Augustine 14. Boccaccio 15. It was a secular work which placed emphasis on contempt for stupidity and ignorance, rather than vice 16. The Prince by Nicolo Machiavelli 17. St. Thomas More 18. Handbook of a Christian Knight, Praise of Folly (Moriae Encomium) 19. He saw the Middle Ages and Scholasticism as unenlightened and stagnant while holding the classical thinkers in highest esteem. He extolled the primacy of human virtues such as prudence, intellectual honesty, zeal for truth and consideration for others 20. A renowned humanist, lawyer, knight, Lord Chancellor, saint, martyr and one of the greatest minds of the Renaissance. The Renaissance (Parts III-IV) Answers to questions from Didache page 460: 21. They were wealthy merchant bankers and politicians and completely controlled the political scene of the city; they contributed generously to the arts 22. A Dominican friar who temporarily drove the Medicis out of Florence 23. They lived more like worldly princes than men called to reflect the holiness of Christ as His vicar and a successor of St. Peter 24. Bureaucratic administration and diminished power of the aristocracy led to increased central authority and the rise of new states that would dominate the start of the new modern era, 25. Valois Dynasty 26. The War of Roses 27. Henry Tudor (Henry VII) 28. Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon 29. Spanish forces drove the Moors from the kingdom of Granada and Christopher Columbus set out on his mission 30. Muslims and Jews who would not convert to the Catholic Church 31. By making Spain the only European country to undergo major reform 32. The House of Hapsburg. The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic (Parts I-II) Answers to questions from Didache pages 505-506: 1. Simony, nepotism, abuse of indulgences and improper veneration of relics 2. The Ninety-Five Theses, October 31, 1517 3. The sale of indulgences 4. Eucharist and Baptism

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5. A claim that Christ is present in the Eucharist in the same way that heat is present in a red-hot iron; it is a contradiction to the Church’s teaching that the substance of the bread and wine completely change into the Body and Blood of Christ, called transubstantiation, with only the accidents (or properties) remaining 6. The Diet of Worms 7. The Castle of Wartburg 8. The New Testament 9. “For in it the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, ‘He who through faith is righteous shall live’” 10. The Epistle of St. James 11. Luther became a pawn of the German princes 12. A great peasant uprising 13. An attempt to resolve the conflict between Lutherans and Catholics in the hopes of forming an alliance against Turkish aggression 14. John Calvin 15. Institutes of the Christian Religion 16. He rejected all the sacraments, holding Baptism and the Eucharist as merely memorials while also rejecting all Catholic practices that were not explicitly based in Scripture 17. That some people are destined for Heaven and most others to Hell 18. Geneva. The Reformation: Protestant and Catholic (Parts III-IV) Answers to questions from Didache pages 505-506: 19. Defense of the Seven Sacraments 20. It was in a better condition than in any country in Europe except Spain 21. He wanted to annul his legitimately sanctioned marriage so that he could remarry 22. It was a law that proclaimed the king as supreme head of the Church in England; in 1534 after the birth of King Henry’s daughter Elizabeth 23. Sts. John Fisher and Thomas More 24. They were confiscated 25. Henry tried to maintain his own “Catholic” doctrine which included transubstantiation, Communion under one species, Masses for the dead, the Sacrament of Penance, vows and celibacy of the clergy 26. The Book of Common Prayer 27. Elizabeth I 28. They were an attempt to make the transition to Protestantism smoother for the English while keeping the old organization of the Church with its ceremonies and vestments but rigorously imposing the Oath of Royal Supremacy and decreeing uniformity of prayer following Protestant lines 29. War between the major Christian kings and the interference of secular rulers; also, Many protestant reformers feared that a successful council might undermine their doctrinal changes, 30. December 13, 1545 31. Sacred Scripture, Original Sin, the Sacraments, veneration of saints and relics, and indulgences 32. Lepanto 33. St. Pius V

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34. St. Teresa of Avila 35. Spiritual Exercises 36. They served as nuncios, theologians, professors and missionaries. Wars of Religion Answers to questions from Didache page 540: 1. Spain, the Netherlands and the County of Burgundy 2. Moriscos 3. He sent his half-brother Don Juan to transplant all the Muslims to the interior of Spain, thereby cutting off communications with the Turks 4. Agriculture and commerce 5. The presence of Spanish troops in the Low Countries 6. Small Calvinist groups launched an iconoclastic campaign across the countryside where over 1000 churches and monasteries were plundered over a two-week period 7. On November 4, 1576, Spanish troops sacked Antwerp and killed over six thousand people, 8. Don Juan of Austria 9. The seven northern provinces allied themselves against Spain and became the Netherlands (or, Dutch Republic); the ten southern provinces that remained loyal to the Spanish crown became Belgium (or, the Spanish Netherlands) 10. Antwerp, Ghent and Amsterdam 11. The rise of French Protestants (Calvinist Huguenots) and the Western Schism 12. The House of Guise, Huguenot faction and politiques 13. Catherine de Medici 14. She sent her daughter Elizabeth to wed the king of Spain, Francis II 15. She wanted to assassinate Admiral Coligny 16. “Paris is well worth a Mass” 17. It allowed every noble who was also a landowner to hold protestant services in the privacy of his household as well as the right to maintain legal practices of Protestantism in areas where there was a Protestant majority 18. Cardinal Richelieu 19. He fostered religious unity and promoted anti-Hapsburg policies 20. John Knox 21. A document signed by Scottish lords that that adopted a Calvinistic profession of faith and rejected the jurisdiction of the Pope 22. Due to the lack of Catholic priests in England, he helped found a seminary for the English at Douay in the Spanish Netherlands that helped keep the Catholic Faith alive in England for generations 23. Due to the threat of foreign invasion and the uprising known as the second “Pilgrimage of Grace”, which tried to restore Catholicism in England holding Mary as the rightful heir and successor to the English throne 24. By sending the spy Gilbert Gifford to encourage a plot of forging letters, claiming that Mary sought escape from prison and also to assassinate Elizabeth 25. English pirates who attached Spanish ships, stealing their gold

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26. She waged a war of extermination against Catholics in Ireland, butchering men, women and Children; she also banished the use of the Gaelic language and set Protestant overlords to control the agricultural estates 27. In the hopes for a united Germany, both Catholic and Protestant princes resisted the growing imperial designs of the Austrian Hapsburgs; in the end, the war which had begun to restore religious unity became a war that ended in political compromise 28. It divided Germany between Lutheran princes in the north and Catholics in the south following the principle cuius regio huius religio (whose region, his the religion) 29. They were fearful of what Catholic domination of their land could mean 30. It returned to the Church all lands confiscated by the protestant states 31. Because Ferdinand’s drive to the Baltic Sea threatened to cut off trade between Sweden and the Dutch Republic 32. It had grown into an all out international struggle, causing economic and political chaos to the entire realm of Germany. Saxony, Bohemia and Bavaria were reduced to deserts. Mass starvation was rampant. Over 300,000 soldiers were killed and nearly three-fourths of the entire peasant population perished. Germany’s population fell from 21,000,000 to 13,500,000 and the land was divided into hundreds of tiny principalities as huge, powerful nation-states grew up around them 33. The Treaty of Westphalia Exploration and Missionary Movements Answers to questions from Didache pages 576-577: 1. The Mediterranean Sea 2. The Italian City-States 3. He opened a school for navigation where cosmographers and mathematicians improved the quality of maps, charts and navigational techniques 4. Bartholomew Dias and Vasco da Gama 5. The Bahamas 6. He negotiated a division of the discovered lands which ceded to Spain all newly discovered lands 100 leagues west of the Azores and beyond 7. An expansion of trade to the Americas and beyond, the conquering of the Americas 8. Ferdinand Magellan 9. Sometimes bold adventurers, other times opportunistic soldiers of fortune 10. The widespread exchange of agricultural goods, animals, plants and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after 1492 11. A commercial revolution took place 12. An economic theory based on the premise that a nation could best obtain wealth and power by exporting more goods than it imports 13. By developing trading empires in the New World 14. By introducing slavery into the European economy 15. By sending missionaries to evangelize the indigenous peoples 16. Travel distances, climate, language barriers and poor examples of many other settlers 17. India, South East Asia and Japan

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18. Robert de Nobili; by a method of “inculturation” 19. Matteo Ricci; by adopting their local customs and traditions thereby blending the Eastern and Western worlds in an attractive and compatible way 20. Persecution 21. Disease, hostile Muslims, reprisals over the slave trade and jealous pagan priests 22. The Aztec Empire; Hernando Cortes 23. After the fall of the Aztec capital in in 1520 24. The Inca Empire; Francisco Pizarro 25. St. Juan Diego; on his six mile walk to attend Mass 26. Indians began to embrace the Catholic Faith 27. Thirty-two 28. Father Bl. Junipero Serra; nine, with his successors founding another twelve for a total of twenty-one California missions. The Church and the Age of Enlightenment Answers to questions from Didache page 612: 1. An Englishman; Leviathan 2. Louis XIV 3. Fronde (“rebellion”) was a group made up of nobility who opposed Cardinal Mazzarin 4. They attempted to resurrect the heresies that claimed that the king of France was independent of the Pope in temporal matters and that a general council enjoyed higher authority than that of the Pope; King Louis ordered these principles to be taught in all the seminaries in France 5. That God only granted salvific grace to a small number of people 6. Personal prayer and the sacraments were unnecessary for this heresy’s practitioners 7. A Catholic who attempted to blow up the king and Parliament 8. Oliver Cromwell 9. George Calvert; as a refugee-zone for persecuted Catholics 10. Lands in Ireland were resettled by Scottish Protestants in order to “breed out” the Catholics; today, both Catholic and Protestant Irish feel that they have a hereditary right to the land in Northern Ireland 11. His, Two Treatises on Government, gave rise to the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688, which shifted power and restructured government in England 12. “Act of Settlement” and “Test Acts” 13. Scientific revolution 14. Many became convinced that religion stood in the way of scientific progress and that the Church was a promoter of “superstition” 15. That human reason provided a true and reliable method of knowledge 16. Because some of his observations contradicted prevalent interpretations of Scripture 17. In his, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Newton presented a systematic interpretation of how the universe worked 18. Enlightenment ideas were accepted by thinkers and rulers alike, with the latter trying to secure control of the Church in their respective countries

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19. A rationalist philosophy that accepts the principle of a first cause (similar to a creator) but denies divine intervention or providence in the world 20. A Deistic sect that sees God as the grand architect of the universe and bases its practices, rules and organization on Enlightenment philosophy and reason 21. The creator of the Encyclopedia 22. To discredit the Faith and sow doubt among the Christian faithful 23. One of the most renowned writers of the Encyclopedia and one of the Enlightenment’s most prominent thinkers; he thought that Christianity was a foolish and absurd religion that developed only to keep the masses quiet, and yet he built a Catholic Chapel on his property, attended Mass, had sermons read to him during solitary meals and even requested a Catholic burial after his death 24. He relied more heavily upon personal conscience or emotive feeling than on sheer human reason 25. They distanced themselves from the belief that authority was based on “divine right” 26. Febronius was the pen name used by Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim (the auxiliary bishop of Trier); he argued that the Pope was merely an administrative head of the Church who did not have the power to legislate laws; he denied both the primacy of the Pope over other bishops and his authority to speak definitively on matters of Faith and morals 27. Unlike Maria Theresa, Joseph II was impulsive and impatient and resented the slow pace of reform 28. “In short, no other Catholic order or group could seriously counteract the rationalist ideology of the Enlightenment as well as the Jesuits did,” (page 607, see pages 607-608). The French Revolution and Napoleon Answers to questions from Didache page 647: 1. Squabbles between the king, nobles and a new middle class (the bourgeoisie) left the peasantry, who were bearing the brunt of the unrest, increasingly impoverished and desperate in the face of an ever-increasing national debt 2. First Estate: clergy, Second Estate: made up of about 400,000 nobles, Third Estate, the remaining 97% 3. Each Estate hoped that by reconvening they could further their own cause and influence 4. A Medieval fortress used as an arsenal and a prison, it was violently seized by a mob on July 14 th 1789 and marks the beginning of the French Revolution 5. All men were born equal and held rights to liberty, property, security and resistance 6. A piece of legislation designed to secularize the clergy, govern the Church in France and separate all its administrative decisions from the papacy 7. Those clerics who continued to reject the Civil Constitution of the Clergy 8. Revolutionary members of the Legislative Assembly who worked to uproot all the traditional institutions of the Old Regime 9. In an attempt to secure foreign aid against the Jacobin leaders 10. They believed that the French Revolution could not succeed unless it spread to every nation of the world, creating a federation of republics 11. A revolutionary government which assumed the power of the Legislative Assembly and immediately clamored for a more democratic constitution

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12. The founding of a strictly republican model of government in 1789, which abolished the monarchy and emphasized the jurisdiction of neighborhood clubs and assemblies in order to open the democratic process to the ordinary citizen 13. Poor urban folks to whom power shifted away from the bourgeois 14. A suppression of counterrevolutionary tendencies a utilization of all of France’s resources to support the wars abroad; The Committee of Public Safety, Maximilian Robespierre, Louis Saint-Just 15. The dominant member of the Committee and firm believer in the principles of the revolution, 16. It fell victim to the Committee’s program of “de-Christianization,” which considered any form of religion to be counterrevolutionary 17. Primarily the bourgeoisie; Napoleon Bonaparte 18. He believed that God preferred no particular form of government and that Democracy was not contrary to the Gospel; however, he believed that liberty and equality were ideals that could only be achieved with the help of divine grace 19. Legislative restrictions implemented in the interest of “public safety,” which forbade the publication of all papal documents, decrees of the councils or the convocation of any synod without the consent of the government; in sum, they were a combination of the Gallicanism prevalent during the reign of Louis XIV and the restrictions of The Civil Constitution of the Clergy 20. Napoleon crowned himself 21. Thirteen cardinals who refused to attend Napoleon’s wedding with Maria Louisa; Napoleon had these cardinals arrested, their properties confiscated and forbid them to wear their red cardinalatial robes but only the plain garb of ordinary clerics 22. His failed invasion of Russia in the winter of 1812 23. He had restructured most of Europe and after his fall, the Congress of Vienna was called to reorganize the continent 24. He had literally handcuffed Church authority, redrawn dioceses, redistributed Church properties, decimated religious orders, closed seminaries and destroyed communication with Rome in many areas. The Nineteenth Century: The Age of Revolution and the Emergence of Nationalism (parts I-IV) Answers to questions from Didache page 695 (answers below): 1. Clement von Metternich 2. John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3. It did not outline an effective program to ensure peace and was thus not taken seriously by its members 4. The Concert of Europe 5. Because it announced that any European colonization or attempt to intervene in the affairs of the Americas would be considered an act of war against the United States 6. They were aided in their revolution against the Ottoman Empire by Nicholas I 7. Through effectively breeding out the Catholics, having passed a policy that stated children would be raised in their father’s religion; he required that all Catholics who married outside of the Faith were to instruct their children in the Catholic Faith 8. L’Avenir (The Future) 9. Nativist, anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant positions

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10. Agricultural developments prompted landowners to accumulate farming plantations by buying up many small farms, thereby bringing all English farming under private ownership 11. Families were forced to work long hours and child labor became the norm; in the mid-nineteenth century, more than twenty percent of all employees in textile mills and coal mines were under the age of ten 12. Because economies exist according to their own “natural laws” that dictate economic behavior independently of governmental regulation 13. The closing of the monasteries and convents in Piedmont by Count Camillo Cavour (also the revolutions of 1848 and his exile from Rome) 14. The New Eve and Theotokos (Bearer of God) 15. The appearance of Our Lady at the grotto of Massabielle in Lourdes, France 16. Ideas and opinions that challenged Church authority, including socialism, Gallicanism, rationalism and the separation of Church and State 17. The Franco-Prussian War 18. (see page 673) 19. Sensing the growing nationalistic spirit in Germany, he drew Prussia into war with the surrounding countries in order to inspire Catholic Germans to fight along-side their northern German brothers 20. The Boulanger Crisis and the Dreyfus Affair. The Nineteenth Century: The Age of Revolution and the Emergence of Nationalism (parts V-VI) Answers to questions from Didache page 695: 21. After Queen Victoria 22. Quinine 23. Loyalty to the authority of the Roman pontiff, the veneration of the Blessed Virgin and celibacy of the clergy 24. Galapagos Islands 25. Material motives 26. The id (subconscious mind), the ego (conscious mind) and the superego (preconscious mind, or memory) 27. Temporal power 28. “each member will gradually grow accustomed to the love of religion and piety, to the abhorrence of false and harmful teaching, to the pursuit of virtue, to obedience to elders, and to the restraint of the insatiable seeking after self-interest alone, which so spoils and weakens the character of men” 29. God, 30. Socialism. The Church Gives Witness in Wars and Revolutions Answers to questions from Didache page 731: 1. St. Pius X 2. “To Restore all Things in Christ” (Eph 1:10) 3. The Code of Canon Law 4. He issued decrees encouraging frequent, even daily, reception of Holy Communion 5. As a matter of physiological experience rather than objective truth 6. Because it subjected everything to the laws of evolution

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


7. That the new Pope would emphasize his role as a promoter of peace given the horror of World War I; also, that the Church needed an artful diplomat who possessed the same foresight exemplified by the saint and founder of monasticism whose name Benedict XV took 8. Asia and Africa 9. Soviet Communism 10. The Virgin Mary appeared to three Children and later to more than 70,000 11. Because it was shackled by Soviet Communism 12. Pius XI 13. Joseph Cardijn of Belgium 14. St. Josemaria Escriva 15. That the German clergy be subject to canon law and gain special privileges for Catholic schools and organizations in exchange, the Vatican agreed to encourage the German clergy to temper their political resistance to Hitler 16. There was an indiscriminate slaughter of bishops, priests and men and women religious as well as thousands of lay people 17. Armed rebel Catholics in Mexico during the regime of Plutarco Calles 18. Eugene for Eugenio Pacelli (Pius XII) 19. Three million 20. (see page 721) 21. (see page 721) 22. Mystici Corporis Christi (The Mystical Body of Christ), Divino afflante Spiritu (Inspired by the Holy Spirit), Mediator Dei (Mediator of God), and Humani Generis (The Human Race) 23. 1950 24. A state-controlled association that exercised control over China’s Catholics. Vatican II and the Church in the Modern World Answers to questions from Didache page 759: 1. “Good Pope John” because he was a man of traditional faith and piety who had a friendly manner, “The Caretaker Pope” (see pages 735-738) 2. A diocesan synod for Rome, the drafting of a new Code of Canon Law, and an Ecumenical Council 3. Very friendly; he greeted a group of Jewish visitors with the words “I am your brother, Joseph,” (Gen. 45:4) 4. The secular world was in a “grave state of spiritual poverty” and the Church, “so vibrant with vitality” 5. From Oct. 11th, 1962-December 8th, 1965 6. A Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, it is one of the principal documents of the Council and teaches that all members of the Church are called to be Saints and contains the Council’s principal treatment of the Blessed Virgin Mary 7. A Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, that Scripture and Tradition are not two independent sources of Revelation but are intimately and inextricably linked 8. The Sacred Liturgy 9. Pope Bl. John’s desire that the Church be more directly at the service of the world 10. Pope Paul VI

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


11. He pursued Christian unity by meeting with the leaders of other churches and religious bodies, and, along with the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I, withdrew the mutual excommunications that had formalized the Catholic-Orthodox split in the year 1054 12. He established new commissions and issued detailed documents, spelling out steps to take in the reform of the liturgy, the restoration of the permanent diaconate; he also approved the New Order of the Mass and published a reformed liturgical calendar; he also reorganized the Curia and revised the rules for papal elections 13. It stated that there would be no change in Catholic doctrine on the matter of contraceptives, 14. He said they were “kneeling before the world” 15. Pope John Paul I 16. More than 450 years 17. “Open wide the doors for Christ. To his saving power open the boundaries of states, economic and political systems, the vast fields of culture, civilization, and development” 18. The irreducible dignity and rights of every human being, and a “Christian anthropology” based on the insight that, as Vatican II taught, that the dignity and destiny of the human person can only be truly understood in the light of Christ 19. Marxist Communism and the consumer society 20. Affluent, secularized Europe moving towards unprecedented economic and political unity under the aegis of the European Union 21. Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI) 22. Orthodoxy. The Church in the United States Answers to questions from Didache page 786: 1. A martyr and Jesuit priest who died in 1646 2. St. Augustine, Florida 3. The British Parliament’s extension of political and legal concessions to the French colonists of Quebec which also granted them religious freedom 4. Charles Carroll and Thomas FitzSimmons 5. Baltimore 6. Georgetown University 7. John Berry 8. Because laymen became the owners of parish property 9. The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk 10. A movement which sought to exclude foreigners and Catholics from public office 11. Because prohibitionist, pro-Yankee, anti-Catholic politicians tried to group Catholicism in with other unpopular movements of the time 12. Isaac T. Hecker 13. Brownson’s Quarterly Review 14. They favored a slower approach to assimilation that would allow them to retain their own language and their German Catholic culture 15. Cardinal Gibbons

AMDG


Theology Grade 10


16. St. Frances Xavier Cabrini 17. National Catholic Welfare Conference 18. National Conference of Catholic Bishops 19. Al Smith 20. Dorothy Day 21. John F. Kennedy 22. Humanae Vitae 23. John Kerry

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Kolbe Academy Home School · This Grade Ten theology course is part of the Didache Series, which...

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