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1115

Automaticity, Resources, and Memory :

Theoretical Controversies and Practical ImplicationsDept. of Industrial Systems & Information Engineering

Korea University

Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab

Cha Yeon Joo

Korea University

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1115Contents

• Introduction

• Facts about automaticity

• Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity

• Implication of Automaticity-as-memory

• Summary and Conclusions

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1115Introduction

• Two factions –Automaticity as a way to overcome resource limitation (old guard)–Memory phenomenon (revolutionary)

• Automaticity is a major factor in skill acquisition

• Memory view training

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1115Facts about Automaticity

• Automaticity processing’s properties– Fast– Effortless– Autonomous of obligatory– Consistent of stereotypic– Unavailable to conscious awareness

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1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity

Thesis : automaticity and resources• Modal view

– Automatic processing : without attention, require no capacity

• Questions1.Why automatic processing has the properties it does

- Fast, effortless, autonomous or obligatory, unconscious

2.How automaticity is learned- Not explain the development of automaticity- Practice ↑ demand for attention ↓- Serious weakness of modal view

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1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity

Thesis : automaticity and resources

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3. How the properties of automaticity emerged with practice- Properties : characteristic of processes that require little or no

capacity- Practice↑ capacity ↓ properties emerged

4. Why consistency of practice is so important - Modal view has difficulty dealing with this questions- Process-based learning

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1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity

Antithesis : automaticity and memory• Revolutionary view ‑ Automaticity is a memory phenomenon‑ Single step, direct-access retrieval from memory‑ Automatization build-up of information in memory‑ Resources play no role in automatization

novice performance is limited by a lack of knowledge rather than

by a lack of resources‑ Automaticity associated with expertise

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1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity

Antithesis : automaticity and memory• Questions

1.Why automatic processing has the properties it does• Those properties are characteristic of memory retrieval

2.How automaticity is learned• Strengthening • Table look-up• Instance learning

3.How the properties of automaticity emerged with practice• Practice ↑ memory retrieval ↑

4.Why consistency of practice is so important • Item-based learning

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1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity

Synthesis : points of compatibility and compromise• It is hard to say whether automaticity-as-memory will entirely replace the modal view

• Integrate two theories - possible

‑ Resource theory is strong on explaining novice performance and weak on learning‑ Automaticity as memory is the opposite

• Logan’s memory instance theory‑ Resource reduction : consequence of automatization rather than a cause‑ Automatization could involve few resources compared‑ Automatization is consequence of experience‑ Attention to an object

‑ Encode to memory‑ Retrieve whatever was associated

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1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory• Memory view can no longer be ignored

• Prediction (transfer of automaticity) ‑Modal view : predict broader transfer‑Memory view : predict narrower transfer

• Predictions design of training programs

• Levels of processing ‑ Modal view : Deeper levels demanding more resources‑ Memory view : with better memory for deeper processing

Better memory facilitate automatization

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1115

• Context can have powerful effects on memory

• Match between context at encoding and context at retrieval was the crucial variable

Context is an important retrieval cue

• The consistency of the context is also an important consideration

• In memory view ‐ Context effect automaticity, automatization

Implication of Automaticity-as-memory

- Context effects

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1115

• Training does not appear to produce immunity to dual-task interference

•Training programs should encourage trainees to treat the two tasks separately• Training under a variety of dual-task conditions

To ignore the context

Implication of Automaticity-as-memory

- Dual-Task Conditions as Context

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1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory

- Levels-of-Processing Effects• Levels of processing is a potent variable in memory research

• Memory phenomenon‐ Levels of processing might have effect on automatization‐ Deeper level : faster learning and better retention

• Training may be more effective if it involves a deeper level of processing

• Not understood theoretically

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1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory

- Implicit and Explicit Memory• Explicit memory task

‐ Recognition and recall ‐ Explicitly told to retrieve something from memory

• Implicit memory task‐ Performs better on familiar materials‐ No explicit instruction

• Not mutually exclusive

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1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory - Procedural and Declarative Knowledge : Automaticity as Motor Skill• Declarative knowledge

- Knowledge of facts : knowing that

• Procedural knowledge- Knowledge of process : knowing how

• Skill acquisition- Transition : declarative knowledge procedural knowledge

• Perceptual-motor skills- Both automatic and procedural

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1115Summary and Conclusions

• Resource theories of automaticity

• Memory view provides a new perspective on issues in automaticity and training

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1115

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