Korea's Energy Insecurities: Comparative and Regional Perspectives by Kent E. Calder

8/3/2019 Korea's Energy Insecurities: Comparative and Regional Perspectives by Kent E. Calder

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2/74

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3/74

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od`xq n` xmd @gvxm Lgvdi` `takdiv avnqnq+ nx nq nozgvxi`x `gs xg xmn`l


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6 Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq

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ge xmd kg`cdv/xdvo etxtvd

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kggo hnqxtvfn`ck~ kivcd g` xmd Lgvdi` zd`n`qtki G`d ddh kggl g etv/

xmdv xmi` xmd qzdaxdv ge @gvxm Lgvdi` `takdiv zgxd`xnik n` xmd sild ge

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i`h xmd qtvvdiknqxna ag`xviqx snxm xmd HZVLq hdqzdvixdk~ fvgld` dkda/

xvna zgsdv cvnh xg cviqz xmd n`xdvvdkixdh qdatvnx~ i`h dag`gona nozgv/

xiàd ge d`dvc~ xg xmd Lgvdi` zd`n`qtkiq etxtvd D`dvc~ nq n`dunxifk~ iad`xvik zivx ge fgxm xmd zvgfkdo i`h xmd qgktxng` xg xmd @gvxm Lgvdi`

`takdiv avnqnq

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sdizg`q ge oiqq hdqxvtaxng` miud fdd` sdkk ivxnatkixdh Ikqg nozgvxi`x

nq i` gexd` `dckdaxdh zgknxnaik/dag`gona nozdvixnud2 si~q egv TQ d`/

dvc~ envoq i`h gxmdv TQ zvnuixd nùdqxgvq xg fdagod zgqnxnudk~ nùgkudh

n` @gvxmdiqx Iqni` hdudkgzod`x i`h xg hdog`qxvixd agàvdxdk~ xmix qtam

nùgkudod`x ai` xvi`qkixd n`xg TQ bgfq i`h agvzgvixd gzzgvxt`nx~ Mnq/

xgvnaikk~+ nx miq fdd` hnzkgoixq+ onqqngìvndq+ i`h dqzdanikk~ xmd onknxiv~

xmix miud hgonìxdh xmd TQ zvdqdàd g` xmd Lgvdi` zd`n`qtki Ogvd

ftqn`dqq nùgkudod`xakgqdv xg xmd zixxdv` ge TQ/Amnì xndqagtkh

sdkk mdkz hvis xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq xgsivh ag`xn`d`xik @gvxmdiqx Iqni n` i

ogvd d`htvn`c i`h fikiàdh eiqmng` xmi` miq gexd` fdd` xvtd n` xmd ziqx

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fkn`c qmihgs iavgqq Lgvdiq zgqxsiv dag`gona hdudkgzod`x N` Qgtxm

Lgvdi -xmd Vdztfkna ge Lgvdi+ gv VGL.+ ogvd xmi` xmvdd hdaihdq ge

qtqxin`dh cvgsxm fdegvd xmd 9>>3>= Iqni` enìànik avnqnq fvgtcmx vnq/

n`c hdzd`hdàd g` ugkixnkd n`xdvìxngìk d`dvc~ oivldxq iq xmd hdudkgz/

od`x ge i zgsdvetk ìxngìk n`htqxvnik fiqd gtxqxvnzzdh oghdqx hgodq/

xna vdqgtvad d`hgsod`xq Fgxm xmd gnk qmgalq ge xmd 9>3:q mnx Lgvdi

mivh Xghi~+ n` xmd sild ge xmd 9>>3>= enìànik avnqnq+ d`dvc~ hnkdo/

oiq t`nudvqikk~ nozknanx n` viznh dag`gona cvgsxm gàd icin` xmvdixd`

xg vdiqqdvx xmdoqdkudq n` Lgvdi+ ikfdnx xmnq xnod ogvd snxm vdqzdax xg

dkdaxvna zgsdv nèviqxvtaxtvd xmi` xg gnk Xmd eiax xmix dag`gona

cvgsxm miq xvi`qad`hdh Lgvdi xg nàkthd ogqx ge nxq `dncmfgvq


10/74

N`xvghtaxng` 1

dqzdanikk~ Amnìoildq Lgvdiq hddzd`n`c d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq dqzd/

anikk~ xmvdixd`n`c

Xmd qmivz hneedvdàdq n` xmd d`dvc~ dag`gondq ge @gvxm i`h Qgtxm

Lgvdi ivd gfungtqi eds ivd nàgod kdudk+ ihdytia~ ge nèviqxvtaxtvd+

i`h iaadqq xg n`xdvìxngìk oivldxqi`h `ddh `gx fd fdkifgvdh Xmnq

og`gcvizm+ xmdvdegvd+ qxivxq evgo i ogvd amikkd`cn`c+ agt`xdv/n`xtnxnud+

i`h ~dx dudv ogvd zgkna~/vdkdui`x ag`xd`xng`2 xmix Lgvdiq d`dvc~

dag`go~ ddhq xg fd qdd` iq i` iìk~xnaik smgkd Oi`~ ge xmd zd`n`qtkiq

zvgfkdoq ivd agoog` xg xmd @gvxm iq sdkk iq xmd Qgtxm hdqznxd xmd

gfungtq ddh egv ag`xviqxn`c qmgvx/xdvo vdqzg`qdq I`h xmd qmihgsq ge

vdt`nenaixng` ivd hddzd`n`c

@gvxm Lgvdi qmivdq xmd Qgtxmq et`hiod`xik zvgfkdo ge knonxdhìxtvik/vdqgtvad d`hgsod`x Xg fd qtvd+ n` xmd @gvxm+ kgsdv cvgsxm iq

sdkk iq xmd qxnkk qtfqxi`xnik+ ne kgs/ytiknx~+ kgaik agik vdqdvudq miud oihd

cvdixdv d`dvc~ qdke/qteenandà~ zgqqnfkd Xmd dag`gona fialsivh`dqq

i`h zgknxnaik nqgkixng` ge xmd @gvxm miud xdozgvivnk~ fvdh i agùdvqd

zvgfkdo2 nìhdytixd egvdnc` d}ami`cd xg zvgatvd `ddhdh d`dvc~ no/

zgvxq dx+ iaadkdvixdh cvgsxm+ smd` nx agodq+ snkk fvn`c snxm nx oi`~ ge

xmd hnkdooiq xmix miud zkictdh xmd Qgtxm n` ziqx ~divq

Izivx evgo i` t`hdvk~n`c kial ge hgodqxna gnk vdqdvudqagtzkdh+n` xmd @gvxmq aiqd+ snxm i` nìfnknx~ xg qdatvd ihdytixd nozgvxq

i`gxmdv fiqna amikkd`cd t`nxdq xmd xsg Lgvdiq2 zvgunhn`c i` ihdytixd

dkdaxvna zgsdv qtzzk~ Egv xmd @gvxm+ xmd fiqna nqqtd nq xsgegkh2 xmd n`de/

enandà~ i`h gfqgkdqadàd ge nxq m~hvg i`h agik/envdh dkdaxvna zgsdv

cd`dvixn`c aizianx~ iq sdkk iq i amvg`na kial ge qzivd zivxq Fdaitqd ge

qtam hneenatkxndq+ 3: zdvad`x ge xmd agt`xv~q d`xnvd zgsdv cd`dvixng`

aizianx~ nq dnxmdv ifi`hg`dh gv n` tvcd`x `ddh ge vdzinvq9

Ihhdh `takdiv zgsdv aizianx~ geedvq xg Z~g`c~i`c xmd izzdikn`c+ne eiankd+ zvgqzdax ge g`d/qxgz d`dvc~ n`hdzd`hdàd Hdqznxd i kial ge

gnk i`h ciq vdqdvudq+ i`h hdqznxd gfqgkdxd i`h hdai~n`c agùd`xngìk

dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixn`c eianknxndq+ @gvxm Lgvdi fdkndudq xmix snxm

`takdiv zgsdv nx agtkh zgxd`xnikk~ dknonìxd smix miq kg`c fdd` nxq

dag`gona Iamnkkdq mddk i`h hg qg n` i eiqmng` ag`qnqxd`x snxm nxq t`hdv/

k~n`c zmnkgqgzm~ ge qdke/vdkniàd Xmd @gvxmq zdvqnqxd`x deegvxq ge xmd

ziqx 94 ~divq xg hdudkgz `takdiv zgsdv ivd xmtq ogxnuixdh f~ itxivlna

noztkqdq otam fvgihdv i`h ogvd agozkd} xmi` qnozk~ si`xn`c xg zgq/

9 Enctvdq ivd egv 6::1< qdd On`nqxv~ ge T`nenaixng` -Qdgtk.+ ssst`nlgvdi

cglv'd`'


11/74


qdqq `takdiv sdizg`q+ ikxmgtcm xmd @gvxm akdivk~ qddoq xg nàkthd izdvqnqxd`x ytdqx egv `takdiv sdizg`q aizifnknx~ iq sdkk

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dytixng`+ ikfdnx n` i hneedvd`x si~ Iq n`hnaixdh nÈnctvd 9.9+ dkdaxvna

zgsdv hdoi`h miq fdd` vnqn`c qxdihnk~ iavgqq Qgtxm Lgvdi qnàd xmd

Iqni` enìànik avnqnq+ dud` iq xvi`qzgvxixng` tqd ge d`dvc~ miq qxic/

ìxdh Xmd viznh vnqd n` dkdaxvnanx~ hdoi`h nq xmd hvnudv egv Qgtxm Lgvdiq

vnqn`c agik+ takdiv+ ciq+ i`h m~hvg tqd i`h ikqg egv xmd Qgtxmq cvgsn`c

agàdv` snxm d`dvc~ nèviqxvtaxtvd@gvxm i`h Qgtxm N` xmnq qd`qd+ xmdBt`d 6::4 VGL zvgzgqik xg qtzzk~ xsg cncisixxq ge zgsdv xg @gvxm

Lgvdi xmvgtcm ag`qxvtaxng` ge ds zgsdv qxixng`q i`h xmd d}xd`qng` ge

Qgtxm Lgvdiq cvnh ihhvdqqdq i` d`dvc~ zvgfkdo kivcdv xmi` btqx vdqgkt/

xng` ge xmd @gvxm Lgvdi` `takdiv avnqnq+ i`h nx `ddhq xg fd duiktixdh n`

xmgqd agozvdmd`qnud xdvoq Xmd zvgzgqik d}zknanxk~ zvgunhdq+ ge agtvqd+

egv ds zgsdv qtzzk~ hnvdaxk~ xg xmd @gvxm+ n` vgtcmk~ xmd iogt`xq zvgo/

nqdh t`hdv xmd 9>>4 Lgvdi` Zd`n`qtki D`dvc~ Hdudkgzod`x Gvci`nri/

xng` -LDHG. icvddod`x dx nx hgdq qg xmvgtcm xmd ag`qxvtaxng` ge kivcd`ds zgsdv zki`xq n` xmd Qgtxm xmix ai` mdkz ihhvdqq xmd Qgtxmq hddzd`/

n`c qmgvxicd ge dkdaxvna zgsdv aizianx~ iq sdkk Xmnq n``guixnud zki`+

ihhvdqqn`c iq nx hgdq xmd d`dvc~ hnkdooiq ge fgxm @gvxm i`h Qgtxm evgo

:

9:+:::

6:+:::

1:+:::

8:+:::

4:+:::

Egv xvi`qzgvxixng`

Egv dkdaxvna cd`dvixng`

6::19>>=9>>19>==9>=1

XGD

Enctvd 9.92Dkdaxvnanx~ Hdoi`h n` Qgtxm Lgvdi+ 9>=96::1+ n

xg`q ge gnk dytnuikd`x -XGD.

Qgtvad2 LDDN -uivngtq ~divq.


12/74

N`xvghtaxng` 4

i` n`xdcvixdh zdvqzdaxnud+ oi~ sdkk miud hdedaxq ge hdqnc`+ ftx nxq n`xd/

cvixdh izzvgiam snkk knldk~ fd dotkixdh n` etxtvd ~divq

Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq n` i` N`xdvìxngìk Ag`xd}xLgvdiq zvg`gtàdh d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq+ fgxm @gvxm i`h Qgtxm+ ai` tqd/

etkk~ fd undsdh n` i` n`xdvìxngìk ag`xd}x xmix akdivk~ agozgt`hq xmgqd

utk`dvifnknxndq Knld Bizi`+ Xinsi`+ i`h oin`ki`h Amnìq agiqxik zvgu/

nàdq+ Lgvdi iq i smgkd kialq hgodqxna gnk i`h ixtvik ciq vdqdvudq dx

Qgtxm Lgvdi+ n` zivxnatkiv+ miq i vdoivlifk~ mncm kdudk ge d`dvc~ ag`/

qtozxng` Ikxmgtcm g`k~ xmd sgvkhq 65xm/kivcdqx agt`xv~ n` zgztkixng`

i`h 99xm n` cvgqq hgodqxna zvghtax -CHZ.+ Qgtxm Lgvdi siq 9:xm ckg/

fikk~ n` zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng` htvn`c 6::6+ 3xm n` gnk tqicd+ i`h

4xm n` avthd gnk nozgvxq6 Nx miq qtfqdytd`xk~ fdagod xmd sgvkhq 8xm/

kivcdqx gnk nozgvxdv

Gnk hdoi`h oi~ sdkk fd qkgsn`c n` xmd VGL iq xmd xvi`qzgvxixng`

oivldx oixtvdq+ iq n`htqxvnik ag`qtodvq dag`gonrd+ i`h iq dkdaxvna zgsdv

zvgunhdvq qmnex xg ixtvik ciq i`h takdiv zgsdv Gudvikk+ Qgtxm Lgvdi`

d`dvc~ hdoi`h snkk ag`xn`td xg vnqd+ etdkn`c i hddzd`n`c ge Lgvdiq

d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq Xmd Lgvdi` D`dvc~ Dag`gonaq N`qxnxtxd zvgbdaxq

xmd cvgsxm ge zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ hdoi`h n` xmd VGL ix fdxsdd` 64 i`h

11 zdvad`x htvn`c xmd 6::8:> zdvngh -LDDN 6::4. Zviaxnaikk~ i`~

zgqnxnud dag`gona hdudkgzod`x n` xmd @gvxm sgtkh iaadkdvixd xmix hd/

oi`h cvgsxm qxnkk etvxmdv

Lgvdi otqx qtzzk~ nxq viznhk~ vnqn`c xmnvqx egv d`dvc~ n` smix nq

ivctifk~ xmd ogqx agozdxnxnud d`dvc~ `dncmfgvmggh n` xmd sgvkh G`d

`dncmfgv+ Bizi`+ miq fdd` xmd kivcdqx knytdendh ìxtvik ciq -K@C. no/

zgvxdv i`h xmd qdag`h/kivcdqx gnk nozgvxdv g` Divxm I`h d}x/hggv Amnì

ikg`d iaagt`xdh egv ogvd xmi` g`d/xmnvh ge sgvkh gnk/hdoi`h cvgsxm

htvn`c 6::::8 N` xncmx ckgfik oivldxq+ Lgvdiq d`dvc~/qdatvnx~ xiqlq

ivd n`hddh qgfdvn`c n` xmdnv qaikd+ qagzd+ i`h n`xd`qnx~

6 Egv zgztkixng + qdd HGD -6::1.< egv cvgqq hgodqxna zvghtax -CHZ.+ qdd

Sgvkh Fi`l -6::4.< i`h egv d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng`+ qdd FZ -6::4.


13/74


14/74

3

6Qgtxm Lgvdiq

Xvnzkd D`dvc~/Qdatvnx~ Hnkdooi

Qgtxm Lgvdi agèvg`xq qgod ge xmd ogqx qdudvd d`dvc~/qdatvnx~ hnkdo/

oiq n` xmd sgvkh+ i`h xmdqd hnkdooiq egvo i` t`tqtik xvnih agofnì/

xng`+ n`xd`qne~n`c xmd amikkd`cd xmix xmd~ zvdqd`x xg xmd agt`xv~q dag/

`gona etxtvd2 Ogqx et`hiod`xikk~+ Lgvdi kialq hgodqxna qgtvadq ge

d`dvc~ xg etdk nxq vdoivlifkd+ viznhk~ cvgsn`c+ i`h d`dvc~/n`xd`qnud

dag`go~ Xg oild oixxdvq sgvqd+ nx nq t`tqtikk~ hdzd`hd`x g` gnk iq i

etdk qgtvad N` ihhnxng`+ ogqx ge Lgvdiq gnk+ xgcdxmdv snxm otam ge nxq

ìxtvik ciq+ agodq evgo xmd ugkixnkd Onhhkd Diqx

Xmd ogqx fiqna+ t`hdvk~n`c zvgfkdo nq xmix Lgvdiq vnqn`c d`dvc~

hdoi`h agèvg`xq i` d}xvdodk~ knonxdh hgodqxna vdqgtvad fiqd Snxm

kivcd qxddk+ qmnzftnkhn`c+ i`h zdxvgamdonaik qdaxgvq+ xmd VGL miq g`d

ge xmd ogqx d`dvc~ n`xd`qnud n`htqxvnik qxvtaxtvdq g` Divxm< i`h nx nq qxnkk

cvgsn`c viznhk~+ smnam ge kixd miq ìxtvikk~ n`xd`qnendh d`dvc~ tqd+ ziv/

xnatkivk~ dkdaxvnanx~

Agozivixnud Zdvqzdaxnudq

N` xmd eiad ge viznhk~ vnqn`c hdoi`h+ Lgvdi1 qxi`hq unvxtikk~ hdugnh ge

hgodqxna qgtvadq ge d`dvc~ Xmd g`k~ oibgv d`dvc~ vdqgtvad n` smnam

xmd VGL nq qdke/qteenand`x nq i`xmvianxd agik egv nxq qxddk n`htqxv~ Zvg/

1 Xmnq amizxdv hdikq d}aktqnudk~ snxm Qgtxm Lgvdi -VGL.< xmdvdegvd+

vdedvdàdq xg Lgvdi qmgtkh vdedv xg Qgtxm Lgvdi t`kdqq gxmdvsnqd

qzdanendh


15/74

= Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq

htaxng` ge i`xmvianxd miq hdakn`dh qmivzk~ qnàd 9>>: gsn`c xg vnqn`c

zvghtaxng` agqxq i`h xmd vdkixnud nàgùd`ndàd ge tqn`c hgodqxna i`/

xmvianxd agozivdh snxm tqn`c nozgvxdh etdkq

Lgvdiq zitanx~ ge ìxtvik vdqgtvadq kdiudq xmd agt`xv~ `g amgnad

ftx xg vdk~ mdiunk~ g` nozgvxq Ge nxq xgxik d`dvc~ qtzzk~+ =8 zdvad`x

agodq evgo ifvgihg`d ge xmd mncmdqx kdudkq n` xmd sgvkh F~ ago/

zivnqg`+ Bizi` nozgvxq =6 zdvad`x ge nxq d`dvc~+ Cdvoi`~ 5: zdvad`x+

i`h xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq g`k~ 63 zdvad`x -NDI 6::8i.8

Lgvdigfxin`n`c 4: zdvad`x ge nxq zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ evgo gnk ago/

zivdh snxm i ckgfik iudvicd ge 1= zdvad`xnq t`tqtikk~ hdzd`hd`x g`

gnk iq i etdk qgtvad Izivx evgo gnkq mdiu~ tqd n` xvi`qzgvxixng` iq Lg/

vdi fdagodq i` itxgogfnkd qgandx~+ xmd VGL ikqg tqdq gnk d}xd`qnudk~xg etdk zgsdv zki`xq i`h zvgunhd mgod mdixn`c+ snxm ciqnenaixng` qxnkk

t`hdvhdudkgzdh n` agozivixnud xdvoq Xg oild oixxdv sgvqd+ Lgvdi

miq g`d ge xmd mncmdqx kdudkq ge gnk hdzd`hdàd g` xmd ugkixnkd+ tàdvxin`

Onhhkd Diqx ge i`~ ìxng` n` xmd sgvkhi hdzd`hdàd xmix miq vnqd`

qmivzk~ htvn`c xmd ziqx hdaihd

Xg gudvagod xmdqd otkxnzkd hnkdooiq+ fgxm @gvxm i`h Qgtxm Lg/

vdi miud fdd` tìugnhifk~ ixxviaxdh xg `takdiv zgsdv N` xmd aiqd ge

Qgtxm Lgvdi+ vdkniàd g` `takdiv zgsdv hddzd`dh viznhk~ i`h kivcdk~snxmgtx nànhd`x+ t`xnk amdaldh f~ hgodqxna g`cgudvòd`xik gvci`nri/

xng` -@CG. gzzgqnxng` htvn`c xmd 9>>:q @gvxm Lgvdiq `takdiv zvg/

cvio+ ge agtvqd+ miq fdd` otam ogvd ag`xvgudvqnik i`h zgknxnanrdh

gsn`c xg xmd HZVLq akdiv+ ihonxxdh deegvxq xg oi`teiaxtvd `takdiv

sdizg`q

Lgvdiq Gnk N`qdatvnxndq

Iq n`hnaixdh nÈnctvd 6.9+ gnk nq gudvsmdkon`ck~ xmd ogqx nozgvxi`x

qgtvad ge zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ n` Qgtxm Lgvdi+ hdqznxd xmd VGLq xgxik kial

ge g`qmgvd gnk i`h nxq mncmk~ d}zgqdh zgqnxng` n` ckgfik gnk oivldxq

N`hddh+ Qgtxm Lgvdiq 4: zdvad`x hdzd`hdàd g` gnk iq i etdk qgtvad nq

qnc`nenai`xk~ mncmdv xmi` dud` Bizi`q 83 zdvad`x+ smnam vdzvdqd`xq xmd

mncmdqx kdudk iog`c xmd Cvgtz ge Qdud` -C/3. n`htqxvniknrdh ìxng`q

Vdad`x gnk hdoi`h cvgsxm miq ikqg fdd` t`tqtikk~ mncm n` xmd VGL

agozivdh snxm hdoi`h cvgsxm n` gxmdv ihuiàdh dag`gondq N` oi`~qtam ìxng`q+ gnk hdoi`h miq fdd` iaxtikk~ hdakn`n`c n` xmd eiad ge qzn/

vikn`c zvnadq sgvkhsnhd

8 Enctvdq ivd egv 6::6< xmd~ ivd aikatkixdh f~ `dx nozgvxq hnunhdh f~ xgxik

zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ qtzzk~


16/74

Qgtxm Lgvdiq Xvnzkd D`dvc~/Qdatvnx~ Hnkdooi >

Iq qmgs` akdivk~ nÈnctvd 6.6+ gnk nozgvxq ivd ikqg n`gvhnìxdk~

mncm n` Lgvdi vdkixnud xg CHZ+ vdekdaxn`c fgxm xmd agt`xv~q d`dvc~/n`/

xd`qnud n`htqxvnik qxvtaxtvd i`h xmd txxdv kial ge hgodqxna gnk vdqdvudq I

qmnex xgsivh i ogvd l`gskdhcd/n`xd`qnud n`htqxvnik qxvtaxtvd+ ad`xdvn`c

g` agoztxdvq i`h xdkdagoot`naixng`q+ miq vdhtadh xmd d`dvc~ n`xd`/qnud`dqq ge Lgvdi` n`htqxvnik qxvtaxtvd+ smnkd hnudvqnenaixng` xgsivh

ìxtvik ciq i`h `takdiv zgsdv miq oivcnìkk~ vdhtadh gnk hdzd`hdàd

@dudvxmdkdqq+ Lgvdiq hnqxnàxnud gnk vdkniàd vdoin`q mncmdv xmi` n` i`~

gxmdv oibgv n`htqxvniknrdh ixng`

Lgvdiq gnk/ad`xvna d`dvc~ hnkdooi ai` fd tqdetkk~ t`hdvqxggh f~

d}ion`n`c xmd zd`n`qtkiq hgodqxna d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng` qxvtaxtvd Lg/

vdi+ knld Amnì `d}x hggv+ xvihnxngìkk~ miq vdkndh mdiunk~ g` agik egv

mdix i`h kncmx Nx nq amivagik+ egv d}iozkd+ xmix x~znaikk~ mdixdh xmd ekggvqt`hdv Lgvdi` mgodq Egv oi`~ ad`xtvndq+ xmix mdixn`c odxmgh mih fdd`

i mncmk~ ihuiàdh xdam`naik n``guixng`

Enctvd 6.1 qmgsq+ mgsdudv+ xmix xmd mnqxgvnaik Lgvdi` zixxdv` ge

agik vdkniàd siq xvi`qegvodh n` xmd Qgtxm htvn`c xmd 9>=:q i`h divk~

Agik@ixtvikciq

@takdiv

Gnk

::

9::

6::

1::

8::

4::

Qgtxm Lgvdi

T`nxdh Qxixdq

Enctvd 6.92Qgtxm Lgvdiq Mdiu~ Vdkniàd g` Gnk

Qgtvad2 FZ -6::4.


17/74

9: Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq

9>>:q xg i `ds zixxdv` ge mdiu~ gnk hdzd`hdàd N`hddh+ Qgtxm Lgvdi`

gnk ag`qtozxng` vgqd 655 zdvad`x htvn`c xmd 9>=:>4 zdvngh N` eiax+htvn`c xmix dvi Qgtxm Lgvdiq gnk tqd vgqd eiqxdv xmi` gnk tqd n` i`~ gxmdv

Iqni/Zianena Dag`gona Aggzdvixng` -IZDA. dag`go~+ ag`xvnftxn`c 66

zdvad`x ge xmd d`xnvd Zianena vdcng`q cvgsxm n` gnk ag`qtozxng` htvn`c

xmgqd ~divq

Iq Enctvd 61 akdivk~ qtccdqxq+ xmdvd miud fdd` xsg oibgv xvd`hq n`

xmd vdad`x mnqxgv~ ge Qgtxm Lgvdi` gnk ag`qtozxng`2 zvd/9>>3 i`h zgqx/

9>>=+ snxm xmd Iqni` enìànik avnqnq iq i sixdvqmdh Htvn`c xmd 9>=3

>3 hdaihd+ gnk hdoi`h d}zi`qng` siq d}zkgqnud Qnàd 9>>=+ mgsdudv+nx miq fdd` kivcdk~ qxixna gsn`c xg oivldx oixtvnx~ N` 6::8 Lgvdi` gnk

ag`qtozxng` iaxtikk~ hdakn`dh qkncmxk~

Xmd VGLq mncm i`h hddzd`n`c vdkniàd g` gnk iq i` d`dvc~ qgtvad

htvn`c xmd hdaihd zvdadhn`c xmd Iqni` enìànik avnqnq gaatvvdh egv xmvdd

vdiqg`q

Envqx siq i` nozgvxi`x+ dofdhhdh mnqxgvnaik vdiknx~ Lgvdi mih

cvgs` xg ckgfik dag`gona zvgon`dàd n` i` dvi smd` gnk siq

zkd`xnetk i`h ckgfik gnk zvnadq sdvd qxdihnk~ hdakn`n`c+ dqzdanikk~smd` aikatkixdh n` xdvoq ge i qxvd`cxmd`n`c Lgvdi` sg`. Dag/

`gona zki``dvq i`h qd`ngv agvzgvixd d}datxnudq egt`h nx vixngìk

n` qtam xnodq xg aiznxiknrd g` xmdqd gnk/fdivnqm xvd`hq i`h xg

Gnk hdoi`h cvgsxm -$.

Gnk hdoi`h'CHZ cvgsxm

@dx gnk nozgvxq'CHZ -$.

Qgtxm Lgvdi

T`nxdh Qxixdq

Qgtvad2 FZ -6::4.+ HGD -6::4.

Enctvd 6.62Xmvdd Hnod`qng`q ge Qgtxm Lgvdiq Gnk Utk`dvifnknx~

95

:9

:9

:6

15

9:


18/74

Qgtxm Lgvdiq Xvnzkd D`dvc~/Qdatvnx~ Hnkdooi 99

agènctvd Lgvdi` n`htqxv~+ dqzdanikk~ htvn`c xmd mncm/cvgsxm

zvdgnk qmgal hdaihd+ n` qddon`ck~ vixngìk d`dvc~/n`xd`qnudeiqmng`

Qdag`h+ xmd kgs i`h hdakn`n`c kdudk ge ckgfik gnk zvnadq htvn`c xmd

9>=:q i`h 9>>:q+ dqzdanikk~ smd` aikatkixdh n` sg`+ xgcdxmdv

snxm xmd Lgvdi` cgudvòd`xq zgkna~ ge dàgtvicn`c nozgvxdh gnk

vdkniàd i`h xmd cvgsxm ge d`dvc~/n`xd`qnud n`htqxvndq+ ciud vnqd

xg i` ihhnxngìk+ ogvd zvg}noixd vdiqg` egv Lgvdiq qxvg`c gnk

vdkniàd2 xmd mncmk~ gnk/n`xd`qnud amiviaxdv ge Lgvdiq n`htqxvnik

qxvtaxtvd Xmd Lgvdi` qxddk+ qmnzftnkhn`c+ zdxvgamdonaik+ i`hedvxnknrdv qdaxgvq vdoin` iog`c xmd ogqx gnk/n`xd`qnud n`htqxvndq

n` xmd sgvkh Ikk ag`xn`td xg fd nozgvxi`x xg i Lgvdi` dag`go~

xmix nq btqx gs oiln`c xmd xvi`qnxng` xg i l`gskdhcd/n`xd`qnud

n`htqxvnik qxvtaxtvd xmix dncmfgvn`c Bizi` t`hdvxggl htvn`c xmd

9>3:q i`h 9>=:q

Xmnvh nq xmd eiax xmix egv oi`~ ~divq Lgvdiq gnk hdoi`h siq

vnqn`c qg viznhk~ fdaitqd ge Lgvdiq itxgogxnud vdugktxng` Iexdvxmd qdag`h gnk qmgal ge 9>3>=:+ itxg gs`dvqmnz qmivzk~

d}zi`hdh+ dàgtvicdh f~ hdakn`n`c gnk zvnadq n` sg` i`h aggz/

dvixnud Lgvdi` cgudvòd`x/ftqn`dqq deegvxq xg hdudkgz i hgodq/

xna itxg n`htqxv~ Qxvd`cxmd`n`c ge xmd sg` iexdv 9>3> siq

:

6:

8:

5:

=:

9::

96:

Agik

Gnk

6::86:::9>>49>>:9>=49>=:

Onkkng`q ge xg`q

Qgtvad2 FZ -6::4.

Enctvd 6.12Qgtxm Lgvdiq Hdzd`hdàd g` Gnk+ 9>=:6::8


19/74


dqzdanikk~ nozgvxi`x n` zvgzdkkn`c ogxgvnrixng` i`h d}zi`hdh

xvi`qzgvx hdoi`h fdaitqd ag`qtodv qzd`hn`c xd`hq xg fd

dqzdanikk~ zvnad qd`qnxnud

Lgvdi`q miud hdudkgzdh i` ikogqx Iodvnai`/qx~kd zvgzd`qnx~ egvhvnun`c xmix ag`xviqxq snxm xmd cvdixdv oiqq/xvi`qnx vdkniàd ge xmdnv Bizi/

`dqd `dncmfgvq N` 9>>> Lgvdiq i``tik iudvicd hvnun`c onkdicd zdv

udmnakd vdiamdh 9>+4:: lnkgodxdvq+ agozivdh snxm 99>+9:: lnkgodxdvq

n` xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq i`h g`k~ 9:+::: lnkgodxdvq n` Bizi`4 Ciqgkn`d ag`/

qtozxng` zdv udmnakd siq 68 xnodq xmix n` Bizi`

Iq i ag`qdytdàd ge mdiu~ itxgogfnkd tqd+ Lgvdi` d`dvc~ ag`/

qtozxng` n` xmd xvi`qzgvx qdaxgv vgqd 96/egkh+ evgo 4 xg 5: onkkng` xg`q

ge gnk dytnuikd`x -OXGD. fdxsdd` 9>=: i`h 9>>4+ snxm ogqx ge xmdcin`q agon`c n` xmd kiqx mike ge xmix zdvngh -^glgftvn 9>>=+ 8986.

Xmnq 995 zdvad`x iudvicd vixd ge i``tik xvi`qzgvxixng` d`dvc~ hdoi`h

cvgsxm n` Lgvdi -ikogqx d`xnvdk~ gnk. siq f~ eiv xmd mncmdqx n` IZDA Nx

ag`xviqxdh qmivzk~ snxm g`k~ 1 zdvad`x i``tik hdoi`h cvgsxm n` Bizi`

i`h 91 zdvad`x n` xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq

Qgtxm Lgvdi miq+ nx qmgtkh fd gxdh+ qtaaddhdh n` vdhtan`c nxq oiv/

cnìk vdkniàd g` gnk qnàd xmd Iqni` enìànik avnqnq ge 9>>3>= Gnk

hdoi`h cvgsxm ge 31 zdvad`x n` 9>>>+ egv d}iozkd+ siq iog`c xmdmncmdqx ge i`~ oibgv ixng` n` xmd sgvkh< ~dx nx mih oghdvixdh qtfqxi`/

xnikk~ f~ 6::6 iq xmd hnqxgvxng`q ge xmd Iqni` enìànik avnqnq zdvngh sgvd

gee Gnk nozgvxq miud ikqg eikkd`f~ g`d/xd`xm+ xg 15 zdvad`x ge CHZ

Qkgsdv dag`gona d}zi`qng`+ n`htqxvnik xvi`qegvoixng` xgsivh

l`gskdhcd/n`xd`qnud n`htqxv~+ i`h d`dvc~ hdoi`h qixtvixng` n` xmd vdqn/

hd`xnik qdaxgv ikk zki~dh i vgkd n` oghdvixn`c Qgtxm Lgvdiq d`dvc~/

ag`qtozxng` cvgsxm Ogvd oivldx/gvnd`xdh d`dvc~ zgknandq+ xg smnam

sd snkk vdxtv`+ ikqg mdkzdh Fdaitqd ge xmdqd qxvtaxtvik ami`cdq+ LgvdiqCHZ dkiqxnanx~ ge hdoi`h egv d`dvc~ miq qxdihnk~ hdakn`dh qnàd 9>>> xg

kdudkq ag`qnqxd`xk~ kdqq xmi` 9+ iq n`hnaixdh n` Xifkd 6.9. Egv ogqx ge xmd

ziqx hdaihd+ dag`gona d}zi`qng` miq xmtq fdd` ogvd viznh xmi` xmd

cvgsxm ge d`dvc~ hdoi`h Xmnq zixxdv` egkkgsq i xvd`h xgsivh d`dvc~

deenandà~ agoog` xg oixtvn`c dag`gondq+ smnam miq ikqg fdd` gxnad/

ifkd n` Bizi` qnàd xmd onh/9>3:q

Hdqznxd qgod vdad`x oghdvixng` ge Lgvdiq zvdungtqk~ d}zkgqnud

d`dvc~ hdoi`h cvgsxm+ xmd fvgih qxvtaxtvik fniqdq ge xmd xsg hdaihdqzvdadhn`c xmd enìànik avnqnq dudvxmdkdqq vdoin` et`hiod`xikk~ n` zkiad

Qgtxm Lgvdi ag`xn`tdq xg fd i cvgsn`c qgandx~ n` xvi`qnxng` Xmd vnqn`c

4 N`htqxv~ Xgg Utk`dvifkd xg Gnk Qmgal7Ftqn`dqq Lgvdi -Bt`d 6:::.+ 4=


20/74


ieektdàd i`h nàvdiqn`ck~ ogfnkd knedqx~kd ge xmd Lgvdi` zdgzkd ztx

ag`xn`tn`c tzsivh zvdqqtvd g` d`dvc~ hdoi`h Gnk tqd ag`xn`tdq xg fd

mncm+ ne nàvdiqn`ck~ qxifkd I`h Lgvdi ge agtvqd vdoin`q i ixng` snxm

eds hgodqxna d`dvc~ qtzzk~ qgtvadq ge nxq gs`

N` @gvxm Lgvdi d`dvc~ hdoi`h gfungtqk~ vdoin`q otam ogvd kno/nxdh xmi` n` xmd Qgtxm @gvxmdv` d`dvc~ hdoi`h agtkh mivhk~ cg otam

kgsdv+ cnud` xmd atvvd`x cvno qxixd ge dag`gona ieeinvq xmdvd N`hddh+ xmd

@gvxmq gudvikk qtzzk~ ge agoodvanik d`dvc~ edkk f~ g`d/mike xg xsg/

xmnvhq+ hdzd`hn`c g` xmd iqqdqqod`x+ htvn`c xmd agtvqd ge xmd 9>>:q

-Snkknioq dx ik 6:::.

Xmdvd vdoin`q+ mgsdudv+ xmd kixd`x zvgqzdax ge qmivz d`dvc~ hd/

oi`h nàvdiqdq n` xmd HZVL qmgtkh zgknxnaik/dag`gona anvatoqxiàdq

ami`cd+ iq xmd @gvxmq d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng` nq qxivxn`c evgo qtam i kgsfiqd Xmd @gvxm+ knld xmd Qgtxm+ nq i qgandx~ snxm g`k~ knonxdh qgtvadq ge

hgodqxna qtzzk~ Ikqg+ @gvxm Lgvdiq dkdaxvna zgsdv cvnh nq amvg`naikk~

n`deenand`x+ snxm xmd zvgqzdaxnud aiznxik agqxq ge vdmifnknxixn`c xmix qda/

xgv dqxnoixdh iq knldk~ xg vdiam (6: fnkkng` xg (4: fnkkng` gudv xmd ago/

n`c 6: ~divq -@gki`h 6:::+ 95553.

Lgvdiq Hdzd`hdàd g` Onhhkd Diqx D`dvc~

Iq qmgs` akdivk~ nÈnctvd 6.8+ Lgvdi hdzd`hq mdiunk~ g` gnk nozgvxq

evgo xmd Onhhkd Diqx N`hddh+ Lgvdi nq otam ogvd hdzd`hd`x xmi` ogqx

n`htqxvniknrdh ìxng`q g` xmd ugkixnkd Onhhkd Diqx egv nxq gnk qtzzk~

Lgvdiq mdiu~ vdkniàd g` xmd Onhhkd Diqx egv nxq gnk qtzzkndq ag`xviqxq

dqzdanikk~ qmivzk~ snxm xmix ge xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq -69 zdvad`x n` 6::8.

i`h Eviàd -65 zdvad`x.

Lgvdiq vdkniàd g` Onhhkd Diqxdv` gnk+ etvxmdvogvd+ miq fdd` vnq/

n`c qxdihnk~ Iq n`hnaixdh n` Enctvd 68+ xmix hdzd`hdàd siq fdkgs 4:zdvad`x n` 9>>8 dx n` g`d qmgvx hdaihd+ Lgvdiq vdkniàd g` xmd Onhhkd

Diqx vgqd qmivzk~+ xg i` iudvicd sdkk ifgud xsg/xmnvhq ge xmd agt`xv~q

xgxik nozgvxq Eiugvifkd qmgvx/vt` agqxq i`h hddzd`n`c nozgvx vdkixng`q

snxm `ds xvihn`c zivx`dvq qddo xg iaagt`x egv xmd nàvdiqd


21/74


N` vdad`x ~divq+ Lgvdi miq fdd` xv~n`c xg hnudvqne~ nxq d`dvc~ qgtvadq

n` i hdxdvon`dh ixxdozx xg dqaizd evgo d}xvdod vdkniàd g` Onhhkd Diqx/

dv` gnk dx Lgvdiq hnudvqnenaixng` deegvxq miud egatqdh g` ìxtvik ciq

vixmdv xmi` agik+ zivxk~ fdaitqd ge dùnvgòd`xik ag`qnhdvixng`q Mgs/

dudv+ xmnq etdk qgtvad xvi`qegvoixng` deegvx nvg`naikk~ miq nàvdiqdh vdkn/

iàd g` xmd Onhhkd Diqx+ smnam zvgunhdh Lgvdi snxm 44 zdvad`x ge nxq

ìxtvik ciq nozgvxq ftx unvxtikk~ g`d ge xmd agik xmix xmnq ciq hnqzkiadh-HGD 6::4. N` xgxik+ ikogqx mike ge Lgvdiq gudvikk zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ siq

zvgunhdh f~ xmd Onhhkd Diqx n` 6::1

Lgvdiq vdkniàd g` Onhhkd Diqxdv` d`dvc~ nq qtfqxi`xnik i`h dud`

vnqn`c+ ftx nx nq `gx `dadqqivnk~ zdvudvqd Hdqznxd xmd Onhhkd Diqxq zg/

knxnaik ugkixnknx~+ si~q d}nqx xg vdhtad vdkixdh d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq+ dqzd/

anikk~ xmvgtcm avgqq/nùdqxod`x Onhhkd Diqxdv` nùdqxod`x n` Lgvdi nq

vnqn`c< egv d}iozkd+ n` 6::4+ nx siq i``gtàdh xmix Htfin N`xdvìxngìk

nq ztvamiqn`c i (196 onkkng` qxild n` oiìcdod`x ge Ftqi`q ds ag`/xin`dv zgvx5 Xsg ge egtv Lgvdi` gnk agozi`ndq ivd `gs ag`xvgkkdh f~

Onhhkd Diqxdv` envoq evgo Qithn Ivifni i`h Ift Hmifn G`k~ g`d Lg/

5 Enìànik Xnodq Nègvoixng`+ 3 Oivam 6::4

:

6:

8:

5:

=:

9::

6::86::66:::9>>=9>>59>>8

Zdvad`xicd

Qgtvad2 HGD -6::4.@gxd2 Enctvd qmgsq Lgvdiq vdkniàd g` gnk evgo Ctke i`h Iqni` ìxng`qtqtikk~ ag`qnhdvdh zivx ge xmd Onhhkd Diqx Nx hgdq `gx nàkthd Lgvdiq gnknozgvxq evgo @gvxm Ievnai

Enctvd 6.82Qgtxm Lgvdiq Vdkniàd g` Onhhkd Diqxdv` Gnk+

9>>16::8


22/74


vdi` gnk vden`dv+ xmd QL Cvgtz+ miq `g egvdnc` qtzzk~ zivx`dvq+ i`h nx nq

vdzgvxdhk~ ag`qnhdvn`c fvn`cn`c n` Onhdiqx nùdqxod`x ikqg Xmdqd n`/

udqxod`x zivx`dvqmnzq d`miàd d`dvc~ qdatvnx~ f~ avdixn`c hnvdax enì`/

anik nàd`xnudq egv Onhhkd Diqxdv` envoq xg qtzzk~ xmdnv Lgvdi` zivx`dvq

zvdhnaxifk~

Lgvdi` @ixngìk Gnk Agozi`~ -L@GA. nq ikqg iaxnudk~ oiln`c

oibgv ds nùdqxod`xq ifvgih xmix d`miàd d`dvc~ qdatvnx~ L@GA vd/

zgvxdhk~ ag`xdozkixdq qtzzk~n`c tz xg 9: zdvad`x ge Lgvdiq avthd gnk

nxqdke+ otam ge nx evgo xmd Onhhkd Diqx N` Oivam 6::4+ L@GA xggl zivx

n` 6: d}zkgvixng` i`h zvghtaxng` zvgbdaxq gudvqdiq+ nàkthn`c i oibgv

zvgbdax n` Knf~iq Dkdzmi`x Endkh+ iq sdkk iq gxmdvq n` dod`+ Lirilmqxi`+

Dvnxvdi+ i`h Fd`n`

3

Lgvdiq @takdiv Dofviad

Cdgzgknxnaq iqnhd+ amvg`na d`dvc~ qmgvxicdq n` fgxm @gvxm i`h Qgtxm

Lgvdi ivd akdivk~ i oibgv vdiqg` sm~ fgxm mikudq ge xmd zd`n`qtki miud

egt`h `takdiv zgsdv ixxviaxnud+ zivxnatkivk~ qnàd xmd gnk qmgalq ge xmd

9>3:q @gvxm Lgvdi+ snxm qtfqxi`xnik tvi`nto vdqdvudq ix T`ccn+

Z~g`cqi`+ i`h Mt`cìo+ hgdq gx dud` ddh xg nozgvx xmd vis oixdvn/

ikq Egv Qgtxm Lgvdi+ smnam kialq n`hncd`gtq tvi`nto qtzzkndq+ xmd ftv/

hd` ge tvi`nto nozgvxq nq `dudvxmdkdqq on`tqatkd agozivdh snxm xmd

agqx i`h kgcnqxnaik hneenatkxndq xmix Qdgtkq zvg`gtàdh hdzd`hdàd g`

nozgvxq ge Onhhkd Diqxdv` gnk zvdqd`xq @gvxm Lgvdiq ag`xvgudvqnik ziqx

deegvxq xg hdudkgz takdiv zgsdv ivd sdkk l`gs` i`h snkk fd ag`qnhdvdh

ogvd etkk~ kixdv n` xmnq og`gcvizm

N` xmd Qgtxm+ `takdiv zgsdv miq `divk~ iq kg`c i mnqxgv~ iq n` xmd

@gvxm+ hixn`c fial xg xmd 9>5:q N` xmd sild ge gnk qmgal 9+ Qgtxm Lgvdi

ogudh iccvdqqnudk~ xgsivh `takdiv zgsdv N`hddh+ ix i zdil n` 9>=3+

`takdiv zgsdv zvgunhdh ogvd xmi` 4: zdvad`x ge Lgvdiq zgsdv iaxtikk~

cd`dvixdh i`h qxnkk iaagt`xdh egv divk~ 8: zdvad`x n` 6::1 -HGD 6::4.

Xghi~+ takdiv zki`xq+ gzdvixn`c n` egtv cni`x takdiv aktqxdvq ivgt`h

Qgtxm Lgvdi+ zvgunhd iq otam iq 8: zdvad`x ge xgxik dkdaxvnanx~ iaxtikk~

cd`dvixdh n` xmd agt`xv~ iq i smgkd+ i`h 6= zdvad`x ge xgxik aizianx~ Iq

qtccdqxdh g` xmd `d}x zicd n` Xifkd 6.6+ xmnq Lgvdi` agoonxod`x xg

`takdiv zgsdv nq ogvd qtfqxi`xnik xmi` n` ogqx gxmdv oibgv n`htqxvnik/nrdh ìxng`q N`hddh+ Qgtxm Lgvdiq vdkniàd g` `takdiv zgsdv egv ia/

3 N` dod + L@GA siq nùgkudh n fgxm gnk i`h ciq zvgbdaxq< egv hdxinkq

g` L@GAq geeqmgvd gzdvixng`q+ qdd xmd L@GA Sdf qnxd ix sssl`ga

aglv'd`c'n`hd}zmz


23/74


xtik zgsdv cd`dvixng` nq xmd xmnvh mncmdqx n` xmd d`xnvd sgvkh+ egkkgsn`c

Evi`ad i`h Qsdhd` Nx nq hgtfkd xmd ckgfik iudvicd


24/74

93

1Iqniq Cvgsxm Hddzd`q

Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq

Lgvdiq d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq ivd hddzk~ vggxdh hdqznxd xmd vdoivlifkd

bgf xmix nxq zgkna~ zvgadqq i`h zvnuixd qdaxgv miud hg`d n` vdad`x ~divq

ge agzn`c snxm xmd t`hdvk~n`c hgodqxna d`dvc~ zvgfkdoq xmix xmd agt`/

xv~ eiadq CHZ dkiqxnanx~ ge hdoi`h egv d`dvc~ miq qxdihnk~ hdakn`dh

qnàd 6:::+ hvnud` f~ xmd dodvcdàd ge `ds+ kgs/d`dvc~/ag`qtozxng`

qdaxgvq -agoztxdvq i`h xdkdagoot`naixng`q+ egv d}iozkd. Nozvgudh

d`dvc~ deenandà~ n` xmd mncm/ag`qtozxng` ivdiq ge qxddk i`h zdxvgamdon/

aikq miq ikqg mdkzdh

@ddh egv D`dvc~ Tfnytnxgtq n` @gvxmdiqx Iqni

Xmd n`xdvìxngìk hnod`qng`q ge Lgvdi` d`dvc~ n`qdatvnx~ miud cvgsògvd hneenatkx+ dud` iq Lgvdiq ifnknx~ xg agzd snxm xmd d`dvc~ amikkd`cd

miq cd`dvikk~ qxvd`cxmd`dh G`d hddzd`n`c n`xdvìxngìk zvgfkdo egv

Lgvdi+ `gxdh divkndv+ miq fdd` vnqn`c d`dvc~ hdzd`hdàd g` xmd Onhhkd

Diqx+ dqzdanikk~ snxm vdqzdax xg gnk i`h ìxtvik ciq Xmdvd nq ikqg xmd

viznh ziad ge d`dvc~ hdoi`h cvgsxm+ i`h mncm kdudkq ge ifqgktxd hd/

oi`h+ dkqdsmdvd n` Iqni Egtv ge xmd xgz 9: zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ ag`qtodvq

n` xmd sgvkhAmnì+ Bizi`+ i`h N`hni n` ihhnxng` xg Lgvdiivd ikqg

`gs kgaixdh n` Iqni+ iq sdkk iq egtv ge xmd xgz qdud` ag`qtodvq ge gnk-LLA 6::4+ >>+ 9:9. Ikk xmdqd ixng`q ivd qddln`c kivcd i`h nàvdiqn`c

iogt`xq ge nozgvxdh d`dvc~+ dqzdanikk~ gnk+ ikg`c xmd qiod qdi ki`dq

evgo xmd Onhhkd Diqx


25/74

9= Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq

Nx xmtq oixxdvq cvdixk~ xg Lgvdifgxm dag`gonaikk~ i`h qxvixdcn/

aikk~+ dud` xmgtcm ckgfik d`dvc~ oivldxq ivd ge agtvqd n`xdcvixdhmgs

d`dvc~ hdoi`h i`h qtzzk~ dugkud dkqdsmdvd n` xmd Diqx Iqni` vdcng`

Xmix nq dqzdanikk~ xvtd fdaitqd xmd ixng`q qtvvgt`hn`c LgvdiAmnì+

Bizi`+ i`h Vtqqni+ n` zivxnatkivivd ikk oibgv zgsdvq g` xmd sgvkh

qxicd+ snxm qtfqxi`xnik dag`gona i`h cdgzgknxnaik kdudvicd ge xmdnv gs`

Xmdnv d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng` zixxdv`q ieedax gx g`k~ xmd sgvkh oivldx ftx

ikqg zgqqnfnknxndq egv aggzdvixng`gv agèknaxakgqdv xg mgod

Ogqx ge Lgvdiq `dncmfgvq+ tègvxtìxdk~ egv Qdgtk+ ivd `divk~ iq

d`dvc~/hdenand`x iq Lgvdi nxqdke Nx nq gexd` gxdh xmix gx i qn`ckd+ oibgv+

d}zi`hn`c g`qmgvd gnk endkh d}nqxq n` xmd uiqx d}zi`qd evgo Qilmikn`

qgtxm xg N`hg`dqni

=

Bizi`+ Xinsi`+ i`h agiqxik oin`ki`h Amnìihd`qdk~ zgztkixdh agozkd} ge akgqd xg g`d fnkkng` zdgzkdikk kial qnc/

`nenai`x gnk i`h ciq vdqdvudq Snxmn` i hdaihd+ dud` agik nq d}zdaxdh xg

fd i `dx nozgvx agooghnx~+ Amnìq zgqnxng` iq xmd kivcdqx zvghtadv n`

xmd sgvkh gxsnxmqxi`hn`c

D`dvc~ oivldxq+ ge agtvqd+ ivd ckgfik< i`h d`dvc~ vdqgtvadq qmgtkh+

n` xmdgv~+ fd ekd}nfk~ xvi`qedvifkd evgo g`d vdcng` xg i`gxmdv Lgvdiq

zvdqdàd n` i` d`dvc~/qmgvx `dncmfgvmggh qmgtkh xmtq+ n` xmdgv~+ `gx

oild otam zviaxnaik hneedvdàd ^dx xmd zdvadnudh vdiknxndq ivd ogvdagozkd}

D`dvc~ utk`dvifnknxndq ai` akdivk~ ieedax znzdkn`d zgknxnaq+ nàkthn`c

xdvoq ge iaadqq xg `divf~ Vtqqni` ciq i`h gnk Xmd~ ikqg avdixd qtfxkd

cdgqxvixdcna agàdv`q ifgtx qdi ki`dq i`h vdkixng`qmnzq snxm xmd Onhhkd

Diqx i`h Ievnai Fgxm hnqxi`x ivdiq qtzzk~ Lgvdi snxm gnk i`h ciq n`

nàvdiqn`c yti`xnxndq uni xmd qiod kg`c oivnxnod vgtxdq iavgqq xmd N`/

hni` Gadi` i`h xmvgtcm xmd Qgtxm Amnì Qdi

Xmgqd d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndqkn`ldh zvgegt`hk~ xg znzdkn`dq+ qdi ki`dq+i`h vdcngìk zgknxnaqìxtvikk~ etdk d`dvc~ ixngìknqo xmix cvgsq ogvd

n`xd`qd iq ckgfik oivldxq xncmxd` Qtam agàdv`q xd`h xg fd dqzdanikk~

zvg`gtàdh n` @gvxmdiqx Iqni fdaitqd ge zdvuiqnud vdqgtvad qmgvxicdq+

qxdihnk~ vnqn`c hdoi`h+ i`h i kial ge cdgzgknxnaik kdudvicd xg agooi`h

qtam vdqgtvadq xmix xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq+ n` zivxnatkiv+ d`bg~q Xg t`hdv/

= Hiyn c+ n` Amn iq @gvxmdiqx+ vdoin`q qgodsmix nozgvxi`x+ zvghtan c

izzvg}noixdk~ g`d onkkng` fivvdkq ge gnk i hi~ ^dx nxq gnk zvghtaxng` miq

fdd` qxdihnk~ hdakn`n`c qnàd 6::: f~ ifgtx 8:+::: fivvdkq zdv hi~

Ikxmgtcm Hiyn`c nq xg qgod d}xd`x qtzzkdod`xdh f~ xmd ikqg qnc`nenai`x

Qmd`ckn endkh+ xmd bgn`x ag`xvnftxng` ge Hiyn`c i`h Qmd`ckn nq qxnkk uiqxk~

gtxqxvnzzdh f~ xmd d}zkgqnud vdad`x cvgsxm n` gudvikk Amn`dqd ìxngìk gnk

hdoi`h


26/74

Iqniq Cvgsxm Hddzd`q Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq 9>

qxi`h Lgvdiq d`dvc~ utk`dvifnknxndq+ iq zdvadnudh fgxm qgtxm i`h gvxm

ge xmd HOR+ nx nq xmtq nozgvxi`x xg t`hdvqxi`h xmd d`dvc~ anvatoqxiàdq

ge nxq `dncmfgvq iq sdkk iq xmd iqxg`nqmn`c qzddh snxm smnam xmd~ ivd

ami`cn`c

Ad`xviknx~ ge Amnì n` Lgvdiq Vdcngìk D`dvc~ Dytixng`

Amnì+ ge agtvqd+ kggoq kivcdqx egv Lgvdi n` Iqni` d`dvc~ oivldxq egv i

`tofdv ge vdiqg`q Nx nq+ iq `gxdh n` Xifkd 1.9+ f~ i qnc`nenai`x oivcn`

xmd kivcdqx d`dvc~ ag`qtodv n` Iqni+ snxm ogvd xmi` hgtfkd xmd iccvd/

cixd d`dvc~ hdoi`h ge Bizi` hdqznxd Bizi`q otam kivcdv dag`go~

Amnìq mtcd zgztkixng` i`h nxq kgs d`dvc~ deenandà~ iaagt`x egv xmnq

qddon`c i`goik~

@divk~ 3: zdvad`x ge Amnìq d`dvc~ nq ag`qtodh n` xmd egvo ge

agik+ i`h Amn`dqd ag`qtozxng` kdihq xmd sgvkh -FZ 6::4. Xmnq eiax

ieedaxq Lgvdi oin`k~ xmvgtcm xmd dùnvgòd`xik zvgfkdoq xmix nx cd`dv/

ixdq ^dx Amnìq gnk ag`qtozxng` nq ikqg oiqqnud i`h vnqn`c viznhk~

Qnàd 6::1 Amnìq gnk ag`qtozxng` miq ikqg fdd` xmd qdag`h mncmdqx ge

i`~ ixng` n` xmd sgvkh+ iexdv xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq+ i`h nxq ag`qtozxng` miq


27/74


fdd` cvgsn`c eiqxdv xmi` n` gxmdv oibgv ag`qton`c ìxng`q> Amnì ia/

agt`xdh egv ogvd xmi` g`d/xmnvh ge xgxik ckgfik cvgsxm n` sgvkh gnk hd/

oi`h fdxsdd` 6::: i`h 6::8 -FZ 6::4.

Xmd N`xdvìxngìk D`dvc~ Icdà~ -NDI. egvdaiqxq xmix Amnìq avthd

gnk nozgvx hdzd`hdà~ vixng agtkh ogvd xmi` hgtfkd evgo atvvd`x kdudkq

htvn`c xmd agon`c 64 ~divq+ ztxxn`c qxnkk ogvd zvdqqtvd g` ckgfik d`dvc~

oivldxq i`h g` Lgvdiq fnhq egv qtzzk~ evgo xmdo Amnìq nozgvx/

hdzd`hdà~ vixng snkk zvgqzdaxnudk~ vnqd evgo 1: zdvad`x n` 6::: i`h

vgtcmk~ 8: zdvad`x n` 6::4 xg iq otam iq =: zdvad`x ge xgxik hdoi`h f~

6:1: -NDI 6::8f. Nozgvxq xmdoqdkudq sgtkh vnqd ogvd xmi` enudegkh+

evgo ivgt`h 6 onkkng` fivvdkq zdv hi~ xg `divk~ 99 onkkng` Xmdqd no/

zgvxq sgtkh fd i qmivzk~ vnqn`c qmivd ge i` d}zkgqnudk~ cvgsn`c xgxikzialicd ge iccvdcixd d`dvc~ hdoi`h Xmd NDI ikqg zvgbdaxq xmix Amn/

`dqd d`dvc~ hdoi`h snkk nàvdiqd htvn`c xmd agon`c xsg xg xmvdd hd/

aihdq ix akgqd xg hgtfkd xmd vixd ge d`dvc~ hdoi`h cvgsxm n` xmd sgvkh

dag`go~9:

Ikxmgtcm Amnìq noziax g` ckgfik gnk zvnadq oi~ sdkk fd cd`dvikk~

`dcixnud evgo Lgvdiq zdvqzdaxnud+ xmdvd nq i qnkudv kn`n`c2 vden`dh zvgh/

taxq N` vdad`x ~divq xmd VGL miq hdudkgzdh i` deenand`x gnk/vden`n`c

qdaxgv+ qtzzgvxdh f~ i oivldx/iknc`dh qdx ge zvghtax/zvnan`c zgknandq+snxm qtfqxi`xnik qzivd zvghtaxng` aizianx~ Amnì+ f~ ag`xviqx+ miq n`/

mnfnxdh xmd cvgsxm i`h zvgqzdvnx~ ge nxq vden`dvq xmvgtcm zvnad ag`xvgkq

g` vden`dh zvghtaxq i`h gxmdv hnqavnonìxgv~ zgknandq Nx nq `g qtvzvnqd

xmix Lgvdi miq fdagod i kivcd i`h nàvdiqn`ck~ nozgvxi`x qtzzkndv ge

vden`dh zvghtaxq xg Amnì+ zvgenxn`c evgo xmd agofnìxng` ge onqiknc`dh

d`dvc~ zgknandq i`h ftg~i`x hdoi`h xmix miq vdad`xk~ zvduinkdh n` Amnì

Amnìq gs` gnk nozgvxq ivd d}zdaxdh xg agod mdiunk~ evgo xmd

Onhhkd Diqx n` xmd kg`c vt` Xmnq nq i akdiv eiaxgv ge agàdv` xg Lgvdi+smnam miq qnonkiv d}zdaxixng`q ge xizzn`c n`xg xmd sgvkhq kgs/agqx qgtvad

ge d`dvc~i vdcng` xmix nq qnotkxi`dgtqk~ zgknxnaikk~ ugkixnkd Atvvd`xk~

kdqq xmi` mike ge Amnìq gnk ekgsq evgo xmd Onhhkd Diqx+ snxm Qithn

Ivifni i`h Nvi` fdn`c xmd kivcdqx qtzzkndvq Xmd Diqx/Sdqx Ad`xdv

zvgbdaxq+ mgsdudv+ xmix Amnìq gudvikk Onhhkd Diqx hdzd`hdà~ snkk

> Amnìq ag`qtozxng` qtvziqqdh Bizi`q n` 6::6 N` 6::8 Amn`dqd gnkag`qtozxng` siq 53 onkkng` fivvdkq hink~+ agozivdh snxm 41 onkkng` egv

Bizi` -FZ 6::4.

9: Xmd NDI zvgbdaxq xmix Amn`dqd zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ hdoi`h snkk cvgs ix 63zdvad`x i``tikk~ egv xmd 6:::1: zdvngh+ smnkd ckgfik d`dvc~ hdoi`h nqknldk~ xg cvgs ix g`k~ 93 zdvad`x -NDI 6::8f.


28/74

Iqniq Cvgsxm Hddzd`q Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq 69

vnqd xg ogvd xmi` 3: zdvad`x f~ 6:94+ avdixn`c xmd knldknmggh ge i ogvd

zvgiaxnud Onhhkd Diqx hnzkgoia~ g` xmd zivx ge Amnì+ xg smnam Lgvdi

snkk `ddh xg vdqzg`h -St 9>>>.

Bizi`q Ag`xn`tn`c Nozgvxiàd

Atvvd`xk~ Bizi` nq ikqg i egvonhifkd eiaxgv n` Iqni` d`dvc~ oivldxq>4 Amn`dqd cdgkgcnqxq mih nhd`xnendh xmvdd dqzdanikk~ zvgonq/

n`c ciq endkhq n` xmd unan`nx~ ge xmd odhni` kn`d Evgo 9>>4 xg 9>>3 xmd~

t`hdvxggl qzgvihna qdnqona qtvud~q+ smnam sdvd egkkgsdh f~ ogvd n`/xd`qnud d}zkgvixng` N` Itctqx 6::1 xmd~ qdx tz zvghtaxng` zkixegvoq ix

Amt`}nig+ g`d ge xmdo kdqq xmi` g`d onkd evgo xmd odhni` kn`d ix xmd

dhcd ge hnqztxdh xdvvnxgv~ Htvn`c 6::8 i`h divk~ 6::4+ Amn`dqd qtfoi/

vn`dq i`h xmd` hdqxvg~dvq ikqg fdci` evdytd`xn`c xmd ivdi N` Izvnk 6::4+

iexdv Amnì vdetqdh xg qmivd cdgkgcnaik hixi g` xmd xmvdd ciq endkhq+ Bi/

zi` itxmgvnrdh xmvdd ge nxq agozi`ndq xg fdcn` xdqx hvnkkn`c g` nxq qnhd ge

xmd kn`d

Etvxmdv `gvxm n` xmd ^dkkgs Qdi+ btqx gee xmd sdqx agiqx ge @gvxmLgvdi+ xmdvd nq ikqg zvgqzdax ge qtfqxi`xnik geeqmgvd vdqdvudq ikxmgtcm

`gx g` xmd qaikd ge xmgqd d}zdaxdh n` xmd Qd`lilt/Hnig~txin ivdi Xmd

ogqx gzxnonqxna zvdhnaxng`q egv oibgv hnqagudvndq ad`xdv g` xsg ivdiq2

xmd Lt`qi` Fiqn` n` xmd qgtxmdv` ^dkkgs Qdi+ ix xmd fgt`hiv~ ge Amn/

`dqd i`h Qgtxm Lgvdi` btvnqhnaxng`q+ i`h n` xmd Sdqx Lgvdi Fi~ fiqn`

gee xmd agiqx ge @gvxm Lgvdi Zdxvgìq ge Oiki~qni agàkthdh i agàdq/

qng` icvddod`x snxm Z~g`c~i`c egv d}zkgvixng` ftx aiàdkkdh nx egkkgs/

n`c n`hnaixng`q ge Amn`dqd hnqzkdiqtvd Etvxmdv ediqnfnknx~ qxth~ i`h hd/udkgzod`x miq qxikkdh ionh xmd @gvxm Lgvdi` takdiv avnqnq fdaitqd ge i

kial ge icvddod`x iog`c @gvxm Lgvdi+ Qgtxm Lgvdi+ i`h Amnì vdcivh/

n`c xmd xdvvnxgvnik nqqtdq nùgkudh -Zinl 6::4+ 8583.

91 Amn`dqd dqxnoixdq vdzgvxdhk~ n`hnaixd Diqx Amnì Qdi ciq vdqdvudq ge 934

xg 69: xvnkkng` atfna eddx+ agozivdh snxm Qithn zvgud` i`h zvgfifkd

ciq vdqdvudq ge 61= xvnkkng` atfna eddx+ i`h iìkgcgtq TQ vdqdvudq ge9938 xvnkkng` atfna eddx Qgod l`gskdhcdifkd Sdqxdv` iìk~qxq qtccdqx

xmix qtam Amn`dqd vdqdvud dqxnoixdq qmgtkh fd hduiktdh f~ i eiaxgv ge ix

kdiqx enud

98 Qithn Ivifni miq zvgud` i`h zvgfifkd gnk vdqdvudq ge 6593 fnkkng`fivvdkq+ i`h xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq 66 fnkkng`


31/74


Amnìq dodvcdàd iq i oibgv d`dvc~ nozgvxdv cnudq nx `gx g`k~

`ds nàd`xnudq xg fnh iccvdqqnudk~ egv hnqztxdh vdqgtvadq+ iq n` xmd Diqx

Amnì Qdi+ ftx ikqg ihhnxngìk nàd`xnudq ix xnodq xg aggzdvixd snxm nxq

`dncmfgvq Xsg zvgqzdaxnudk~ nozgvxi`x ivdiq smdvd Lgvdi` d}zdvxnqd

agtkh fd aixik~xna n` xvnccdvn`c vdcngìk aggzdvixng` agàdv` bgn`x qxgal/

znkn`c zvgcvioq i`h hdudkgzod`x ge i vdcngìk d`dvc~ xvi`qzgvxixng`

`dxsgvl

Qxgalznkn`c Zvgcvioq

Lgvdi` zgknandq egv qxgalznkn`c ivd dqzdanikk~ noicnìxnud i`h vdkdui`x

xg xmd zvgfkdoq Amnì agèvg`xq L@GA kd`hq avthd xg vden`dvq htvn`c

xnodq ge xvgtfkd+ tqn`c zvgenxq evgo gnk xvihn`c xg d}zi`h nxq qxgalznkd+

i`h ikqg kdiqdq qziad xg n`xdvìxngìk gnk zvghtadvq xg qxgvd xmdnv gs` gnk

n` Lgvdi94 @gvsi~q Qxixgnk+ iog`c gxmdvq+ miq xild` ihui`xicd ge xmdqd

n``guixnud zvgadhtvdq

Iq d`dvc~ oivldxq xncmxd`+ qxgalznkn`c nq viznhk~ fdagon`c i` nqqtd

ge oibgv agàdv` iavgqq xmd Iqni` vdcng` Qnàd @gudofdv 6::1+ vd/

cngìk gnk egvtoq miud fdd` mdkh i``tikk~ iog`c xmd IQDI@ , 1 ì/

xng`q95 iq xmd~ qddl akgqd gnk aggzdvixng`+ nàkthn`c xmd dqxifknqmod`x ge

i` gnk/qxgalznkn`c zvgcvio egv xmd 91 odofdv agt`xvndq93 N` Bt`d 6::8

Amnì mgqxdh i egvdnc` on`nqxdvq oddxn`c ge xmd Iqni Aggzdvixng` Hni/

kgctd+ smnam izzvgudh xmd Yn`chig N`nxnixnud g` d`dvc~ aggzdvixng`

xmix dofghndh oi`~ ge xmdqd odiqtvdq Atvvd`xk~+ g`k~ Bizi` i`h Qgtxm

Lgvdi snxmn` Iqni miud qtfqxi`xnik gnk qxgalznkdq -Li`dln~g 6::4.+ xg/

xikn`c izzvg}noixdk~ 931 i`h 53 hi~q+ vdqzdaxnudk~+ qg qtam odiqtvdq+

zivxnatkivk~ n` xmd avdixnud egvoq xmix Lgvdi miq zng`ddvdh+ agtkh ag`/

xvnftxd qnc`nenai`xk~ xg d`miàdh vdcngìk d`dvc~ qdatvnx~

@ixtvik Ciq Znzdkn`dq

Aggzdvixng` egv qtzzkndq ge ìxtvik ciq nq iog`c xmd ogqx nozgvxi`x

zgxd`xnik ivdiq egv agkkdaxnud iaxng` n` @gvxmdiqx Iqni Xmd vdcng` nq

94 Qdd xmd L@GA Sdf qnxd egv ihhnxngìk nègvoixng` g` gnk qxgalznkn`c

zvgbdaxq+ sssl`gaaglv'd`c'n`hd}zmz95 Xmd Iqqganixng` ge Qgtxmdiqx Iqni` @ixng`q agozvnqdq Fvt`dn

Hivtqqikio+ Aiofghni+ N`hg`dqni+ Kigq+ Oiki~qni+ O~iòiv+ Zmnknz/zn`dq+ Qn`cizgvd+ Xminki`h+ i`h Undxìo IQDI@ , 1 vdedvq xg xmdodofdvq ge IQDI@ zktq Amnì+ Bizi`+ i`h Qgtxm Lgvdi

93 Qdd xmd Sdf qnxd ge xmd IQDI@ Ad`xdv egv D`dvc~+ sssiqdi`d`dvc~gvc'


32/74


t`nytd ckgfikk~ n` fdn`c fgxm dag`gonaikk~ ihuiàdh i`h n`htqxvnik/

nrdh+ ~dx qxnkk kialn`c i vdcngìk ciq cvnh Amnì+ ix xmd d`h ge 6::8 iexdv

~divq ge deegvx+ enìkk~ agozkdxdh nxq Sdqx/Diqx znzdkn`d zvgbdax xg fvn`c

ìxtvik ciq evgo ]n`bni`c xg Qmi`cmin Zki`q xg d}xd`h znzdkn`dq iq eiv

iq Lgvdi vdoin` dòdqmdh n` cdgzgknxnaq9=~dx znzdkn`d d}xd`qng`q miud

nozgvxi`x etxtvd zgxd`xnik+ zgqqnfk~ n` xmd ag`xd}x ge xmd qn}/zivx~ zgknxn/

aik/dag`gona hnikgctd gs dodvcn`c n` ag``daxng` snxm xmd @gvxm Lg/

vdi` takdiv xiklq

Bizi` miq fdd` sgvln`c xgcdxmdv snxm Vtqqni` envoq i`h Vg~ik Htxam

Qmdkk g` xmd Qilmikn` NN zvgbdax+ smnam qxivxdh xg zvgunhd gnk n` 6::8

ikxmgtcm ìxtvik ciq snkk `gx fd cd`dvixdh n` qtfqxi`xnik iogt`xq t`xnk

ivgt`h 6::3

9>

Nx izzdivq agoonxxdh xg K@C+ ftx Qilmikn` N ciq oi~ fdiuinkifkd egv znzdkn`d xvi`qonqqng` xg Lgvdi Xiklq ifgtx gxmdv n`xdvì/

xngìk ixtvik ciq znzdkn`dq ag`xn`td iog`c kivcd Iqni` ag`qtodvq qtam

iq Amnì+ Qgtxm Lgvdi+ i`h Bizi` i`h `dncmfgvn`c zvghtadvq Vtqqni+

Lirilmqxi`+ i`h Xtvlod`nqxi` Zvgbdaxq iog`c Vtqqni+ Amnì+ i`h Lgvdi

snkk fd ag`qnhdvdh n` amizxdv 8

I`gxmdv zvgonqn`c ciq zvgunhdv snxmn` xmd Diqx Iqni` vdcng`+ ik/

xmgtcm g`d cdgcvizmnaikk~ nqgkixdh evgo Lgvdi+ nq IQDI@ T`hdv xmd

IQDI@ Unqng` 6:6:+ Qgtxmdiqx Iqni` ìxng`q miud zvgzgqdh i xvi`q/IQDI@ ciq znzdkn`d iog`c xmd odofdv agt`xvndq+ ix i agqx ge (3 fnk/

kng` Xmd zvgbdax sgtkh+ ne vdiknrdh+ nùgkud qdud` oibgv n`xdvag``daxdh

ciq znzdkn`dq Iq divk~ iq 6::6+ N`hni d}zvdqqdh i hdqnvd xg d}xd`h xmd

IQDI@ znzdkn`d xg N`hni uni O~iòiv i`h Fi`ckihdqm+ ikxmgtcm xmd

ediqnfnknx~ vdoin`q xg fd hdog`qxvixdh6: Xmd nèviqxvtaxtvik agqxq ge ciq

znzdkn`dq ivd ge agtvqd mtcd i`h xmd kdih xnodq kg`c+ oiln`c tàdvxin`

zgknxnaik ziviodxdvq i`h vdctkixgv~ dùnvgòd`xq i ag`xn`tn`c gfqxiakd

xg zvgbdax vdiknrixng`Qgtxm Lgvdi+ iq i zivx ge xmd Dtviqni` ag`xn`d`x+ nq fdxxdv qnxtixdh

cdgcvizmnaikk~ xmi` Bizi` xg zivxnanzixd n` ftnkhn`c ciq znzdkn`dq+ ik/

xmgtcm fgxm agt`xvndq ivd znugxik zivxnanzi`xq n` xmd qn}/zivx~ zvgadqq

xmix agtkh fd i aixik~qx egv qtam znzdkn`dq Qgtxm Lgvdiq eiugvifkd qnxt/

ixng` nq agozknaixdh+ mgsdudv+ f~ xmd eiax xmix oi`~ qtam znzdkn`d vgtxdq

9= ZdxvgAmnì N`xd`hq xg Ziud Qdag`h Sdqx/Diqx Ciq Znzdkn d+ Qn`gAiqxAmnì Ftqn`dqq Hink~ @dsq+ 19 Hdadofdv 6::8

9> Ihhnxngìk nègvoixng` nq iuinkifkd g` xmd Sdf qnxd ge Qilmikn` D`dvc~Nùdqxod`x Agozi`~ Kxh+ sssqilmikn`d`dvc~ago'

6: N`hni Zki`q xg Qddl Xvi`q/IQDI@ Ciq Znzdkn`d D}xd`qng`+ EX Ckgfik@dsqSnvd+ 9= Gaxgfdv 6::6


33/74


sgtkh ogqx kgcnaikk~ xvi`qnx @gvxm Lgvdi fdegvd vdiamn`c Qdgtk Xmd

qkgs vdqgktxng` ge xmd @gvxm Lgvdi` `takdiv nqqtd iq sdkk iq vdkixdh

enìànik hneenatkxndq miud hdki~dh znzdkn`d kn`lq iog`c Vtqqni+ Amnì+

i`h xmd VGL Dag`gona i`h cdgzgknxnaik zvdag`hnxng`q egv xmd vdiknri/

xng` ge i` d`miàdh znzdkn`d `dxsgvl snkk fd ag`qnhdvdh n` amizxdv 8

D`dvc~ Deenandà~ Zvgcvioq

I`gxmdv oibgv zvgqzdaxnud ivdi egv vdcngìk aggzdvixng` nq n` xmd ytdqx

egv d`dvc~/deenandà~ nozvgudod`xq Amnìq d`dvc~ deenandà~+ n` ziv/

xnatkiv+ nq d}xvdodk~ kgs+ smnam agozgt`hq xmd ikvdih~ qtfqxi`xnik no/

ziax ge Amnìq viznh dag`gona cvgsxm g` ckgfik d`dvc~ oivldxq i`h g`

Lgvdiq gs` d`dvc~ qnxtixng` D`dvc~ deenandà~ n` Amnì vdoin`q g`k~

g`d/`n`xm ge Bizi`q deenandà~+ g`d/enexm ge xmd Dtvgzdi` T`ng`q+ i`h

8: zdvad`x ge TQ d`dvc~ deenandà~+ iaagvhn`c xg xmd Amn`dqd Qxixd

D`dvc~ Vdqdivam N`qxnxtxd Dud` Amn`dqd inv ag`hnxng`dvq+ smnam g`d

oncmx zvdqtod xg fd oihd iaagvhn`c xg i ckgfik qxi`hivh+ ivd vgtcmk~

g`d/enexm kdqq deenand`x xmi` xmd sgvkh iudvicd69 D`dvc~ ag`qtozxng` ix

qxddk onkkq n` Amnì vdoin`q 4: zdvad`x mncmdv xmi` ag`qtozxng` n` Bi/

zi`+ i`h ogvd xmi` 8: zdvad`x mncmdv xmi` n` Lgvdi -Li`dln~g 6::4.

Dud` Amn`dqd dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixgvq ag`qtod g`d/enexm ogvd d`dvc~

zdv t`nx ge gtxztx xmi` xmdnv TQ agt`xdvzivxq -Li`dln~g 6::4. Lgvdi+

snxm vdad`x d}zdvndàd agzn`c snxm zvgfkdoq knld xmgqd n` Amnì+ nq sdkk

zkiadh xg inh Amnì n` nozvgun`c d`dvc~ deenandà~ gv n` aggzdvixn`c

snxm `dncmfgvq qtam iq Bizi` n` hgn`c qg

Dùnvgòd`xik Zvgxdaxng`

Amnì gfungtqk~ miq cggh vdiqg`q xg xialkd dùnvgòd`xik nqqtdq ic/cvdqqnudk~+ i`h nxq `dncmfgvq+ nàkthn`c Lgvdi+ miud nàd`xnud xg mdkz

Ianh vin` i`h gxmdv egvoq ge inv zgkktxng` evgo Amnì ivd oibgv zvgf/

kdoq egv Lgvdiq egvdqxq i`h egv nxq tvfi` hsdkkdvq iq sdkk Bizi` nq

knldsnqd ieedaxdh+ i`h nx qmivdq i agoog` n`xdvdqx snxm Lgvdi n` aggzdv/

ixn`c snxm Amnì

Agik nq n` ogqx egvoq i mncmk~ zgkktxn`c etdk+ ag`xvnftxn`c mdiunk~

xg qtam zvgfkdoq iq ianh vin`+ i`h nx qxnkk iaagt`xq egv xsg/xmnvhq ge

Amnìq zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng` Ogxgvnrixng` i`h hneetqng` ge mgod

69 Dkdaxvnaik N`deenandà~ i Hivl Qzgx egv Amnì2 Anxndq Ckgs egv Qmgs iq

Eiaxgvndq Fkial Gtx+ Siqmn`cxg` Zgqx+ > Itctqx 6::4


34/74


dkdaxvna izzkniàdq knld inv ag`hnxng`dvq i`h vdevncdvixgvq ivd ikqg zvg/

addhn`c viznhk~ n` xmd Zdgzkdq Vdztfkna ge Amnì -ZVA.+ sgvqd`n`c

qtketv hng}nhd donqqng`q i`h iaadkdvixn`c ckgfik sivon`c xd`hdàndq

Vdad`xk~+ Amnì miq fdd` xiln`c dùnvgòd`xik zvgxdaxng` qdvngtqk~>: i`h ifgtx mike xmd

kdudk n` Bizi`+ smnam mih i CHZ zdv aiznxi 6: xnodq iq mncm iq @gvxm

Lgvdi ix xmd xnod -@gki`h 6:::+ 988. N`deenand`x tqd ge etdkq+ gsn`c xg

gfqgkdxd dytnzod`x iq sdkk iq kial ge oivldx zvnan`c i`h vdkniàd g`

vdkixnudk~ kdqq deenand`x etdkq qtam iq agik+ miq n`xd`qnendh xmd mncm/

d`dvc~ fniq gvncnìkk~ avdixdh f~ n`htqxvnik qxvtaxtvdXmnq mncm/d`dvc~ gvnd`xixng` ge xmd @gvxmq dag`go~+ xgcdxmdv snxm

zggv t`hdvk~n`c d`dvc~ vdqgtvad d`hgsod`xq i`h xmd nozgvxiàd ge

d`dvc~ xg @gvxm Lgvdiq onknxiv~+ oild d`dvc~ i zvngvnx~ agàdv` egv xmd

HZVLq zgknxnaik/onknxiv~ kdihdvqmnz Lno Nk/qt`c gxdh n` xmd onh/9>=:q

xmix \s_nxmgtx dkdaxvnanx~+ sd ai``gx zvghtad i`~xmn`c+ dnxmdv n` zdiad/

xnod gv sivxnod -Im` 6::1+ 99=. Lnoq qxixdod`x nq zvgun`c xg fd

dud` ogvd xvtd `gs+ i cd`dvixng` kixdv

@gvxm Lgvdiq kdihdvqmnz izzdivq agàdv`dh gx g`k~ snxm xmd yti`/xnx~ ge d`dvc~ n`ztxq egv xmd HZVLq dag`go~ ftx+ nàvdiqn`ck~+ snxm

xmdnv ytiknx~ iq sdkk Zgsdv gtxicdq i`h xmd atvvd`x ugkixnknx~ ge gzdvix/

n`c atvvd`x+ iog`c gxmdv zvgfkdoq+ miud fdagod nàvdiqn`ck~ zvg/

`gtàdh gudv xmd ziqx hdaihd iq @gvxm Lgvdiq dkdaxvna zgsdv cvnh+ smnam

hixdq fial n` t`nendh ixngìk egvo xg 9>4=+ fdagodq nàvdiqn`ck~ gfqg/

kdqad`x Iq xmd nègvoixng` vdugktxng` zvgaddhq sgvkhsnhd+ n` fgxm nxq

anunkni` i`h onknxiv~ hnod`qng`q+ i`h iq qxixd/ge/xmd/ivx n`htqxvnik eiankn/

xndq fdagod ogvd i`h ogvd xdam`gkgc~ n`xd`qnud+ xmd ytiknx~ ge dkdaxvnazgsdv fdagodq ogvd nozgvxi`x xg xmd HZVL n` ikk iqzdaxq ge dag`gona

i`h onknxiv~ kned I agoztxdvnrdh qgandx~+ @gvxm Lgvdi nq fdcn``n`c xg

hnqagudv+ ai``gx vt` g` xmd dvvixna zgsdv qtzzk~ snxm smnam Z~g`c~i`c+

`gx xg od`xng` zvgunànik xgs`q+ nq zvdqd`xk~ ieeknaxdh

@gvxm Lgvdiq Hgodqxna D`dvc~ Qnxtixng`

@gvxm Lgvdiq hgodqxna d`dvc~ qnxtixng` ddhq xg fd ag`qnhdvdh n` xdvoqge egtv fiqna iqzdaxq2 qtzzk~ ge fiqna d`dvc~+ dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixng`+

dkdaxvna zgsdv xvi`qonqqng`+ i`h d`dvc~ ikxdvìxnudq gv qdag`hiv~ d`/

dvc~ tqicd izivx evgo dkdaxvna zgsdv Iq `gxdh n` amizxdv 9+ dkdaxvna

zgsdv nq xmd @gvxmq Iamnkkdq mddk+ smdvd nxq d`dvc~ zvgfkdoq agod

xgcdxmdv+ i`h xmd eiaxgv xmix ogqx hnvdaxk~ ieedaxq xmd etàxng`n`c ge xmd


38/74

@gvxm Lgvdi i`h xmd @gvxmdiqx Iqni` D`dvc~ Dytixng` 19

@gvxmq gudvikk dag`go~ Xmd HZVLq anvatoqxiàdq ivd hnvd ikg`c ikk

egtv fiqna iqzdaxq+ i`h xmd d`dvc~ zvgfkdoq xmix xmd @gvxm agèvg`xq n`

ikk xmdqd ivdiq ivd n`xdvvdkixdh dx xmd ixtvd ge xmd hneenatkxndq nùgkudh

nq qgodsmix hneedvd`x n` diam ivdi

Qtzzk~ ge Fiqna D`dvc~

N` xdvoq ge fiqna d`dvc~ qtzzk~xmix nq+ xmd iuinkifnknx~ ge agik+ m~hvg/

dkdaxvna zgsdv+ gnk+ ìxtvik ciq+ i`h `takdiv zgsdv@gvxm Lgvdiq d`/

dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq ivd fvgihk~ qnonkiv xg xmgqd ge Qgtxm Lgvdi+ Xinsi`+

i`h Bizi` @gvxm Lgvdi hgdq `gx miud i`~ oibgv gzdvixn`c g`qmgvd gnk

endkhq ikxmgtcm n` Itctqx 6::6 Qgudvdnc` Ud`xtvdq Zxd Kxh -QUZK. ge

Qn`cizgvd i``gtàdh xmix nx mih egt`h on`gv gnk i`h ciq vdqdvudq n` nxq

ag`xviaxdh ivdi ge @gvxm Lgvdi+ g` xmd Amn`dqd fgvhdv ikg`c xmd Xtod`

Vnudv -Mivvnqg` 6::4+ 88.

Xmd HZVL hgdq izzdiv xg miud zgxd`xnikk~ oibgv geeqmgvd gnk hd/

zgqnxq kgaixdh g` xmd qdifdh sdqx ge I`bt n` xmd dkkgs Qdi+ snxm zgxd`/

xnik vdqdvudq ge iq otam iq 96 fnkkng` fivvdkq ge gnk -Mivvnqg` 6::4+ 91.

@gvxm Lgvdi miq xvndh xg hdudkgz xmdqd geeqmgvd vdqdvudq n` aggzdvixng`

snxm i snhd vi`cd ge egvdnc` zivxndq+ nàkthn`c xmd Amn`dqd -9>54=:.=5.< xmd Itqxvikni`q -9>==>:.< xmd Qsdhdq -9>>1.< xmd

Oiki~qni`q -9>>3.< xmd Qn`cizgvdi`q -6::9.< i`h xmd Fvnxnqm -6::8. -Zinl

6::4+ 1>8>. dx g` diam gaaiqng` dnxmdv xdvvnxgvnik nqqtdq fdxsdd` xmd

HZVL i`h divf~ Amnì gv enìànik i`h kdcik ytdqxng`q zvdud`xdh xmdqd

ud`xtvdq evgo iamndun`c odi`n`cetk vdqtkxq

Tkxnoixdk~+ qdvngtq d}zkgvixng` ge xmdqd zvgonqn`c geeqmgvd gnk vd/

qdvudq snkk `ddh xg isinx i vdqgktxng` ge xmd Lgvdi` `takdiv avnqnq Xmd

zvgqzdaxq ge qtam d}zkgvixng` agtkh fd i odi`n`cetk nàd`xnud egv xmd

HZVL xg iaadhd xg i`h iaxtikk~ gfqdvud i` icvddod`x iaadzxifkd xg xmd

gxmdv enud zivxndq xg xmd `takdiv xiklq Zvg}nonx~ i`h xdvvnxgvnik nqqtdq

unq//unq Amnì oild nx akdiv xmix iaxtik d}zkgvixng` sgtkh ikqg vdytnvd

xmd iqqd`x ge Amnì+ smnam sgtkh vdxin` kdudvicd n` xmd iaxtik hdudkgz/

od`x zvgadqq ikqg

@gvxm Lgvdi+ xg fd qtvd+ hgdq miud qtfqxi`xnik m~hvgdkdaxvna zgsdv

aizianx~< n` eiax+ xmd @gvxmq aizianx~ nq sdkk gudv hgtfkd xmd Qgtxmq

hdqznxd xmd mtcd agùdvqd ciz fdxsdd` xmd aizianxndq ge xmd Lgvdiq n`gxmdv iqzdaxq ge d`dvc~68 Nxq ogt`xin`gtq xdvvin` i`h vdkixnudk~ zkd`xn/

68 Iaxtik m~hvgdkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixng` n` xmd @gvxm izzdivq xg miud fdd`

ivgt`h 35: onkkng` lnkgsixxq n` 6::6+ agozivdh snxm 194 onkkng`

lnkgsixxq n` xmd Qgtxm -Im` 6::8+ 96966.


39/74


etk vinèikk zvgunhd xmd HZVL snxm t`tqtik m~hvgdkdaxvna zgxd`xnik evgo

i ckgfik agozivixnud qxi`hzgn`x Nxq vixd ge hdudkgzifkd m~hvgdkdaxvna

zgsdv zdv qytivd lnkgodxdv nq 338 lnkgsixxq agozivdh snxm xmd ckgfik

iudvicd ge 4: lnkgsixxq -Im` 6::8+ 69.

M~hvg zvgunhdq sdkk gudv mike ge xghi~q dkdaxvna zgsdv qtzzk~ n`

xmd HZVL+ i`h zvghtaxng` agtkh akdivk~ cg mncmdv snxm ihhnxngìk aizn/

xik nùdqxod`x i`h izzknaixng` ge ogvd qgzmnqxnaixdh xdam`gkgc~64 ^dx+

htvn`c xmd Lgvdi` hv~ qdiqg`+ xmd gzdvixn`c aizianx~ ge m~hvgdkdaxvna

zgsdv zki`xq n` xmd HZVL hvgzq qmivzk~+ qdudvdk~ hdavdiqn`c xmd iogt`x

ge zgsdv cd`dvixdh i`h+ xmtq+ cnun`c i hnqxnàxk~ a~aknaik amiviaxdv xg

@gvxm Lgvdiq qdag`hiv~ d`dvc~ qtzzk~ Xmnq nq dqzdanikk~ nàgùd`nd`x

i`h evtqxvixn`c xg @gvxm Lgvdi` dag`gona zki``dvq fdaitqd =4 zdvad`xge xmd HZVLq m~hvgzgsdv nq miv`dqqdh egv n`htqxvnik tqd

@gvxm Lgvdi ikqg miq qnc`nenai`x agik vdqgtvadq+ dqzdanikk~ i`xmvi/

anxd i`h knc`nxd agik+ ogqxk~ zvghtadh evgo t`hdvcvgt`h on`dq -Ug`

Mnzzdk dx ik 6::9+ 96. Xmnq hgodqxna agik+ ikxmgtcm vdkixnudk~ kgs n`

ytiknx~+ nq `dudvxmdkdqq @gvxm Lgvdiq oin` etdk egv dkdaxvnanx~ cd`dvi/

xng` dx agik on`n`c tqtikk~ vdytnvdq dkdaxvnanx~ egv kncmxn`c+ bialmio/

odvq+ i`h ogun`c agik gtx ge xmd on`dq

N` ihhnxng`+ oi`~ nozgvxi`x agik qdioq ivd iaxtikk~ fd`dixm xmdqdifdh+ dqzdanikk~ gee xmd sdqxdv` agiqx `div I`bt+ smnam vdytnvdq qdi/

sixdv xg fd ag`xn`tgtqk~ ztozdh gtx egv xmd on`dq xg gzdvixd Qdudvik

ge xmdqd on`dq sdvd ekgghdh n` xmd onh/9>>:q N` ihhnxng`+ xmd agik xmix

ai` fd zvghtadh n` @gvxm Lgvdi nq t`dud` n` ytiknx~+ smnam avdixdq

qnc`nenai`x gzdvixngìk zvgfkdoq+ dqzdanikk~ egv ds agik/envdh zki`xq

N` 6::9+ agik zvgunhdh izzvg}noixdk~ =5 zdvad`x ge @gvxm Lgvdiq

zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng`+ i qmivd xmix vgqd qmivzk~ htvn`c xmd 9>>:q

iq xmd HZVLq nqgkixng` evgo xmd fvgihdv sgvkh n`xd`qnendh Egkkgsn`cxmd mikx ge LDHG avthd gnk qmnzod`xq n` Hdadofdv 6::6+ @gvxm Lgvdi

xtv`dh dud` ogvd n`xd`qnudk~ xg agik iq xmd g`k~ etdk nx agtkh nàvdiqd

xmvgtcm nxq gs` deegvxq N` 6::1+ egv d}iozkd+ xmd @gvxm nàvdiqdh fth/

cdx ikkgaixng`q xg agik zvghtaxng` f~ ogvd xmi` 1: zdvad`xf~ eiv xmd

kivcdqx nàvdiqd n` xmd agt`xv~q gònknxiv~ fthcdx65 Xmd HZVL nq ix/

64 N` 6::6 m~hvgdkdaxvnanx~ ag xvnftxdh ifgtx 48 zdvad`x ge xmd xgxik

dkdaxvnanx~ qtzzk~ n` xmd HZVL< qdd xmd NDI Sdf qnxd+ sssndigvc'

65 Gxmdv fthcdx d}zd`hnxtvd nàvdiqdq nàkthdh icvnatkxtvd -nàvdiqd ge 691zdvad`x.+ qandàd i`h xdam`gkgc~ -nàvdiqd ge 943 zdvad`x.+ i`h dkdaxvna/nx~ -nàvdiqd ge 96= zdvad`x. -Im` 6::8+ 48.


40/74


xdozxn`c xg nàvdiqd agik zvghtaxng` f~ fgxm nozvgun`c xdam`gkgc~ i`h

oghdv`nrn`c d}nqxn`c kivcd/qaikd on`dq iq nx ikqg hdudkgzq qoikkdv on`dq

I enìk avtanik dkdod`x ge @gvxm Lgvdiq zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ qnxtixng`

nq xmd noziax xmix xmd qtqzd`qng` ge xmd LDHG icvddod`x nq miun`c g`

xmd HZVLq d`dvc~ anvatoqxiàdq Xmnq noziax nq agàd`xvixdh ix xmd

Z~g`c~i`c xmdvogdkdaxvna zgsdv zki`xxmd g`d zki`x n` @gvxm Lgvdi

dytnzzdh xg fd etdkdh f~ mdiu~ gnk Xmnq zki`x tqdh 6+::: xg 4+::: xg`q

ge avthd gnk qtzzkndh f~ xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq htvn`c xmd qdud` ~divq xmd

LDHG icvddod`x siq gzdvixngìk N` Bi`tiv~ 6::1+ mgsdudv+ iexdv xmd

mikx n` LDHG mdiu~/gnk qmnzod`xq+ g`k~ 5 ge 91 fgnkdvq sdvd gzdvixn`c+

i`h xmd dkdaxvnanx~ cd`dvixdh edkk xg xmd kgsdqx kdudk ge xmd cd`dvixgvq

aizianx~ -LHN 6::1+ =1. Qtqzd`qng` ge xmd 9>>4 icvddod`x miq izziv/d`xk~ ag`xn`tdh xg miud i gxnadifkd noziax xmix qmgtkh zvgunhd xmd HZVL

snxm xi`cnfkd dag`gona nàd`xnudq egv vdqgktxng` ge xmd `takdiv avnqnq

Dkdaxvna Zgsdv Cd`dvixng`

Dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixng` miq fdd` i ad`xvik zvngvnx~ ge xmd @gvxm Lg/

vdi` vdcnod egv `divk~ i mike ad`xtv~+ iq `gxdh divkndv N`hddh+ nx ki~ ix

xmd mdivx ge xmd envqx Qdud`/ div Zki` -9>593:. Xmix zki` qxvdqqdh xmd

hdudkgzod`x ge xmdvoik/zgsdv cd`dvixng` xg qtzzkdod`x xmd m~hvgdkda/

xvna zgsdv g` smnam xmd HZVL vdkndh egv >: zdvad`x ge nxq xgxik dkdaxvna/

nx~ qtzzk~ ix xmd xnod

D}zi`hn`c zgsdv cd`dvixng` siq ikqg ag`qnqxd`xk~ i zvngvnx~ ge xmd

Qn}/ div Zki` -9>3935.< xmd qdag`h Qdud`/^div Zki` -9>3==8.< i`h

xmd xmnvh Qdud`/^div Zki` -9>=3>1. Ikxmgtcm xmd HZVL miq gx hviexdh

agozvdmd`qnud dag`gona zki`q qnàd xmd kiqx ge xmdqd siq agozkdxdh+

nxq ogqx vdad`x ixxdozx ix qmizn`c nxq dag`gona etxtvdxmd Xmvdd/ div

Zki` egv Etdk i`h Zgsdv -6::1:4.agàd`xvixdq qzdanenaikk~ g` xmix

qdaxgv+ qtccdqxn`c xmd ag`xn`tn`c nozgvxiàd xg @gvxm Lgvdiq xdam`g/

avixna kdihdvq ge dkdaxvna zgsdv -Im` 6::8+ >3969.

Hdqznxd xmd nozgvxiàd ge dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixng` aizianx~ xg xmd

HZVLq dag`gona hdudkgzod`x i`h xmd zvngvnx~ xmix nozvgudod`xq n`

xmix ivdi izzdiv xg mgkh egv xmd ìxng`q kdihdvq+ zgsdv cd`dvixng` vd/

oin`q i qdvngtq hgodqxna dag`gona ag`qxvin`x M~hvgdkdaxvna zgsdv

zki`xq cd`dvixd izzvg}noixdk~ xsg/xmnvhq ge @gvxm Lgvdiq dkdaxvnanx~+i`h xmdvoik zgsdv zki`xq izzvg}noixdk~ g`d/xmnvh Ikk d}adzx xmd

Z~g`c~i`c xmdvoik zgsdv qxixng`+ smnam vdkndh g` xmd mdiu~ etdk gnk

xmix siq atx gee smd` xmd LDHG icvddod`x siq qtqzd`hdh n` 6::6+ ivd

agik envdh


41/74


Xmd HZVLq dkdaxvnanx~ qtzzk~ xmtq qteedvq n`hnvdaxk~ evgo i vi`cd

ge hneenatkxndq vdkixn`c xg agik zvghtaxng` i`h xvi`qzgvxixng` G`d nq xmd

hdavdznx ytiknx~ ge xmd vgkkn`c qxgal xmix xvi`qzgvxq >: zdvad`x ge @gvxm

Lgvdiq agik f~ vink N` ihhnxng` xg xmnq+ iq otam iq =4 zdvad`x ge xmd

HZVLq m~hvgdkdaxvna aizianx~ miq fdd` hioicdh f~ ekgghn`c -Nui`gu

6::6+ 91.

Gudvikk+ iq knxxkd iq 6: xg 1: zdvad`x ge n`qxikkdh @gvxm Lgvdi` ai/

zianx~ egv dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixng`+ smnam xgxikq vgtcmk~ = xg 9: cnci/

sixxq+ oi~ iaxtikk~ fd gzdvifkd -Ug` Mnzzdk dx ik 6::9+ 91. Xmnq nq

qmivzk~ kdqq xmi` ix xmd xnod ge xmd Qgundx agkkizqd ix xmd d`h ge 9>>9+

smd` xmd hgs`sivh qznvik n` xmd HZVLq dag`gona anvatoqxiàdq fd/

ci` xg iaadkdvixd Nèviqxvtaxtvik hdakn`d+ i hvgz n` agik zvghtaxng`+ kgsytiknx~ ge agik+ i`h i qmivz hdavdiqd n` gnk nozgvxq miud n`xd`qnendh xmdqd

zvgfkdoq63

Nèviqxvtaxtvik hdakn`d miq kdh xg i qxvnln`c i`h qddon`ck~ zivihg}naik

nùdvqd vdkixng`qmnz fdxsdd` cd`dvixn`c aizianx~ i`h zgsdv zvghtaxng`

n` xmd @gvxm qnàd xmd agkkizqd ge xmd Qgundx T`ng` Iq n`hnaixdh n`

Xifkd 8.9+ zgsdv zvghtaxng` aizianx~ d}zi`hdh ogvd xmi` 44 zdvad`x

fdxsdd` 9>>: i`h 6::1+ otam ge nx agàd`xvixdh n` qoikk/qaikd kgaik

zki`xq kivcdk~ n`hdzd`hd`x ge xmd t`vdknifkd ìxngìk cvnh ^dx iaxtikzgsdv zvghtaxng` izzdivq xg miud hdakn`dh f~ ogvd xmi` 8: zdvad`x

htvn`c xmd qiod zdvngh F~ 6::1 @gvxm Lgvdiq cd`dvixn`c aizianx~

siq kdqq xmi` g`d/qdud`xm ge xmix n` xmd Qgtxm+ ftx nxq iaxtik zgsdv zvg/

htaxng` siq g`k~ g`d/xmnvxdd`xm xmix ge xmd Qgtxm gsn`c xg amvg`na zvg/

htaxng` i`h xvi`qonqqng` hneenatkxndq i`h i cvnh n` udv~ zggv ag`hnxng`

Xmd @gvxm Lgvdi` cgudvòd`x nxqdke nq akdivk~ agàd`xvixn`c i oi/

bgv qmivd ge xmd hgodqxna vdqgtvadq nx hdugxdq xg gònknxiv~ ztvqtnxq g`

xmd dkdaxvna zgsdv qdaxgv Nx nùdqxq nxq vdud`tdq evgo Zdgzkdq Qtfqnq/xdàd Fg`hq+ egv d}iozkd+ n` zgsdv cd`dvixng` -Im` 6::8+ >>. dx xmnq

zvngvnx~ xvdixod`x nq gx deedaxnudk~ ivvdqxn`c xmd qxdih~ hdxdvngvixng` ge

i avtanik qdaxgv smgqd hdai~ nq cd`dvixn`c zdvuiqnud+ agvvgqnud deedaxq

iavgqq xmd HZVL zgknxnaik dag`go~ iq i smgkd @gvxm Lgvdi ai` xmtq

fd d}zdaxdh xg uiktd mncmk~ i`~ oibgv egvdnc` zvgzgqikq egv d`dvc~ iq/

qnqxiàd xivcdxdh n` xmd dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`dvixng` i`h xvi`qonqqng` iv/

diq Qtam zvgbdaxq+ xgcdxmdv snxm izzvgzvnixd qdvunad zvgunqng` i`h zvg/

63 Xmd hvgz n` agik zvghtaxng` i`h ytiknx~ hdzvdqq gzdvixn`c vixngq fdaitqd

ge xmdnv noziax g` xvi`qzgvxixng`< ogqx ge xmd agik tqdh n` @gvxm Lgvdi`

zgsdv zki`xq+ nvg`naikk~+ nq xvi`qzgvxdh f~ vink Xmd hdakn`d n` gnk nozgvxq

gfungtqk~ ieedaxq xmd ifnknx~ ge gnk/envdh zki`xq xg gzdvixd


42/74


cvioq egv xvin`n`c zdvqg``dk+ agtkh mgkh xmd ld~ xg xmd @gvxmq dag/

`gona vdunuik

Dkdaxvna Zgsdv Xvi`qonqqng`

Dkdaxvna zgsdv xvi`qonqqng` nq i xmnvh oibgv hneenatkx~ xmix @gvxm Lgvdi

miq snxm nxq qtzzk~ ge hgodqxna d`dvc~< nx nq vdkixdh akgqdk~ xg zvgfkdoq

ge cd`dvixng` @gvxm Lgvdiq gvncnìk zgsdv cvnh siq avdixdh n` Bizi/

`dqd agkg`nik hi~q+ sdkk gudv 5: ~divq icg+ i`h siq hdanoixdh htvn`c

xmd Lgvdi` Siv Vdetvfnqmdh f~ xmd Qgundx T`ng` n` xmd 9>5:q i`h 9>3:q+

xmd cvnh miq d}zdvndàdh nìhdytixd qdvunan`c qnàd xmd agkkizqd ge xmd

TQQV ix xmd d`h ge 9>>9 Xmd kial ge qzivd zivxq+ qaiud`cn`c ge odxik

-iq fivxdv egv eggh. evgo vdogxd kn`dq n` xmd agt`xv~qnhd+ i`h cd`dvik

zm~qnaik hdxdvngvixng` miud qdudvdk~ hdcvihdh xmd q~qxdo Zgsdv gtx/

icdq ivd xmtq agoog` xmvgtcmgtx xmd agt`xv~+ nàkthn`c dud` n`

Z~g`c~i`c+ i`h d`dvc~ kgqq xmvgtcm n`deenand`x xvi`qonqqng` nq d`gvogtq

Iq kixd iq xmd divk~ 9>>:q+ ag``daxng`q fdxsdd` dkdod`xq ge xmd

zgsdv cvnhq xvi`qonqqng` i`h hnqxvnftxng` q~qxdo sdvd n` eiax gzdvixdh

f~ xdkdzmg`d i`h xdkd}+ snxmgtx xmd qtzzgvx ge itxgoixng` gv agoztxdv

q~qxdoq -Mi~dq dx ik 6::4. I T`nxdh @ixng`q zvgbdax htvn`c xmix zd/vngh hnh vdzgvxdhk~ n`qxikk qgod ag`xvgk dytnzod`x ix i zgsdv zki`x i`h

ix qdkdaxdh ag`xvgk ad`xdvq n` xmd Z~g`c~i`c ivdi+ ftx eds gxmdv q~qxdo

tzcvihdq miud fdd` zdvegvodh Iq i ag`qdytdàd+ zgsdv gtxicdq+ zggv

evdytdà~ ag`xvgk+ i`h gxmdv xdam`naik zvgfkdoq ag`xn`td xg zkictd xmd


43/74


q~qxdo Ugkxicd i`h evdytdà~ ektaxtixng`q ivd gvhdvq ge oic`nxthd

cvdixdv xmi` n`xdvìxngìk qxi`hivhq

@gvxm Lgvdi miq xild` vdad`x qxdzq xg ihhvdqq g`d ge nxq qdvngtq

dkdaxvna zgsdv cvnh zvgfkdoq N` onh/6::4 @gvxm Lgvdi i``gtàdh i

`ds+ agoztxdvnrdh cvnh oiìcdod`x q~qxdo xmix sgtkh ikkgs xmd

HZVLq dkdaxvna zgsdv zvgunhdvq xg l`gs d}iaxk~ mgs otam zgsdv siq

fdn`c ag`qtodh f~ i cnud` ag`qtodv n` i`~ vdcng`6= Xmnq ds q~qxdo

sgtkh ikqg ikkgs xmd HZVLq dkdaxvnanx~ zvgunhdvq xg atx gee gv knonx xmd

iogt`x ge zgsdv ag`qtodh f~ i`~ cnud` ag`qtodv Nx vdoin`q tàkdiv

mgs deedaxnudk~ xmd zvgzgqdh q~qxdo snkk fd nozkdod`xdh gv mgs otam

nx snkk iaxtikk~ d`miàd otam/`ddhdh d`dvc~ deenandà~

D`dvc~ Ikxdvìxnudq2 @takdiv i`h Fd~g`h

Cnud` @gvxm Lgvdiq t`hdvk~n`c kial ge gnk i`h ciq+ xgcdxmdv snxm xmd

ogt`xn`c nèviqxvtaxtvik zvgfkdoq nx agèvg`xq n` fgxm dkdaxvna zgsdv

cd`dvixng` i`h xvi`qonqqng`+ xmd HZVL ìxtvikk~ miq i kg`c/qxi`hn`c

i`h zdvmizq hddzd`n`c n`xdvdqx n` anunkni` `takdiv zgsdv+ ytnxd izivx

evgo i`~ onknxiv~ izzknaixng`q Xmnq n`xdvdqx n` anunkni` takdiv zgsdv nq

etvxmdv d`miàdh f~ xmd eiax xmix @gvxm Lgvdi nq qdke/qteenand`x n` tvi/

`nto zvghtaxng`+ snxm qtfqxi`xnik hgodqxna hdzgqnxq n` xmd T`ccn+

Z~g`cqi`+ i`h Mt`cìo vdcng`q ge xmd HZVL Xmdqd hdzgqnxq+ ago/

fn`dh snxm @gvxm Lgvdiq cvgsn`c xdam`naik aizianxndq+ cnud Z~g`c~i`c

xmd zgxd`xnik ifnknx~ xg gzdvixd i akgqdh takdiv etdk a~akd ytnxd n`hdzd`/

hd`x ge xmd fvgihdv sgvkh N` qmgvx+ `takdiv zgsdv nq @gvxm Lgvdiq

tkxnoixd vgtxd xg fgxm d`dvc~ n`hdzd`hdàd i`h zgknxnaik itxg`go~

Vgtcmk~ 6= zdvad`x ge Qgtxm Lgvdiq cd`dvixn`c aizianx~ nq takdiv+

ftx @gvxm Lgvdi atvvd`xk~ miq g`d -Mi~dq dx ik 6::4. Nx hgdq+ ge agtvqd+

gzdvixd g`d 4+:::/lnkgsixx znkgx `takdiv zki`x ix ^g`cf~g`+ ix smnam

ag`qxvtaxng` qxivxdh n` 9>3> i`h gzdvixng` fdci` n` 9>=5 Xmnq znkgx

zki`x+ oghdkdh iexdv xmd Aikhdv Mikk takdiv eianknx~ n` xmd T`nxdh Ln`c/

hgo+ tqdq ixtvik tvi`nto iq etdk i`h+ xg zvgunhd sdizg`q/cvihd zktxg/

`nto egv @gvxm Lgvdiq onknxiv~ takdiv zvgcvio+ miq zvghtadh xmd =+:::

nvvihnixdh etdk vghq xmix miud izzivd`xk~ fdd` vdzvgadqqdh qnàd xmd fvdil/

hgs` ge xmd Icvddh Eviodsgvl n` 6::6

T`hdv xmd Icvddh Eviodsgvl+ agàkthdh fdxsdd` @gvxm Lgvdi i`hxmd T`nxdh Qxixdq n` Gaxgfdv 9>>8+ @gvxm Lgvdi siq xg qtqzd`h ag`/

qxvtaxng` g` nxq qtqzdax takdiv zvgbdaxq N` vdxtv`+ xsg 9+:::/odcisixx

6=Iqni Ztkqd+ 9 Itctqx 6::4


44/74


kncmx/sixdv vdiaxgvq -KSVq. sdvd xg fd zvgunhdh xg xmd HZVL f~ i

xivcdx hixd ge 6::1 iq sdkk iq 4::+::: odxvna xg`q ge mdiu~ etdk gnk

i``tikk~ t`xnk xmd vdiaxgvq fdaiod gzdvixngìk Xmdqd zvgunqng`q sdvd

odi`x xg vdzkiad xmd zgxd`xnik d`dvc~ qtzzk~ evgo xmd qtqzdax `takdiv

zvgbdaxq+ nàkthn`c g`cf~g` Tzg` agozkdxng` ge xmd vdiaxgvq i`h ie/

xdv i xmvdd/~div cviad zdvngh+ @gvxm Lgvdi siq xg fdcn` vdzi~n`c xmd

agqx ge xmdqd `ds vdiaxgvq gudv 93 ~divq

Ag`qxvtaxng` iaxtikk~ fdci` g` g`d ge xmd vdiaxgvq+ ix Ltomg n`

@gvxm Lgvdi+ snxm Qgtxm Lgvdi i`h Bizi` d}zd`hn`c izzvg}noixdk~ (9

fnkkng` diam n` qtzzgvx ge xmd zvgbdax xmvgtcm LDHG+ smnam siq dqxif/

knqmdh t`hdv xmd Icvddh Eviodsgvl I evddrd siq nozgqdh g` xmd Ltomg

vdiaxgv zvgbdax n` @gudofdv 6::1+ mgsdudv+ i`h iaxnunx~ ix xmd ag`/qxvtaxng` qnxd miq qnàd egatqdh g` zvdqdvuixng` i`h oin`xdìàd ge ei/

anknxndq i`h zki`xq g` smnam ag`qxvtaxng` mih zvdungtqk~ fdct` -LDHG

6::8+ 4. Xmd zivxk~ en`nqmdh Ltomg zvgbdax+ `gonìkk~ ag`qnqxn`c ge

xsg KSVq+ vdoin`q xmd g`k~ akdivk~ anunkni` `takdiv eianknx~ n` @gvxm

Lgvdi

Izivx evgo takdiv zgsdv+ qxnkk n` nxq ag`xvgudvqnik nèià~ n` @gvxm

Lgvdi+ eds qtfqxi`xnik ikxdvìxnudq xg agik i`h m~hvgdkdaxvna zgsdv miud

zvgaddhdh udv~ eiv @ixtvik ciqi` nozgvxi`x gzxng` n` otam ge xmdsgvkh fdaitqd ge nxq mncm d`dvc~ deenandà~ i`h zgqnxnud dùnvgòd`xik

ytiknxndqnq ag`qznatgtqk~ hneenatkx xg hdudkgz t`hdv atvvd`x anvato/

qxiàdq n` xmd HZVL hdqznxd xmd zvg}nonx~ ge Vtqqni snxm ogvd xmi` 1:

zdvad`x ge zvgud` ckgfik ciq vdqdvudq Qmgtkh i xvi`q/Lgvdi` ciq znzd/

kn`d oixdvniknrd+ ìxtvik ciq agtkh fd nozgvxi`x egv dkdaxvna zgsdv cd`/

dvixng` xmvgtcm i qdvndq ge oghdvixd/qnrdh+ agofn`dh/a~akd+ ciq/envdh

zki`xq ikg`c xmd znzdkn`d Qtam i zvgqzdax nq+ mgsdudv+ nèdiqnfkd gudv

xmd qmgvx vt`+ i`h @gvxm Lgvdi ai``gx ieegvh xmd qtfqxi`xnik egvdnc`/d}ami`cd agqx ge nozgvxn`c K@C gv ag`qxvtaxn`c xmd nèviqxvtaxtvd xg

tqd nx deedaxnudk~ -Aikhdv 6::8.

N` xmd @gvxm Lgvdi` agt`xv~qnhd+ fngoiqqnùgkun`c xmd agùdv/

qng` ge i`noik i`h mtoi` edvxnknrdv n`xg d`dvc~vdoin`q i oibgv qgtvad

ge zgsdv+ qtccdqxn`c mgs hdqzdvixd i`h mgs hnqag``daxdh evgo xmd oin`/

qxvdio ixngìk dag`go~ otam ge xmd agt`xv~qnhd miq fdagod Fngoiqq

nq nozgvxi`x n` N`hni i`h Ievnai ftx nq vivdk~ tqdh n` xmd n`htqxvniknrdh

sgvkh N` 6::6+ qtam agoftqxnfkdq+ vd`dsifkdq+ i`h siqxdq iaagt`xdhegv 46 zdvad`x ge xmd HZVLq xgxik zvnoiv~ d`dvc~ ag`qtozxng` -Lgoiln

6::4+ 3>. Snxm xmd iqqnqxiàd ge xmd @itxnktq N`qxnxtxd+ smnam nq fiqdh

n` Qi` Eviànqag+ Aiknegv`ni+ @gvxm Lgvdi miq ikqg ftnkx qdud` sn`h/


45/74

1= Lgvdiq D`dvc~ N`qdatvnxndq

zgsdvdh cd`dvixgvq+ ikxmgtcm xmd cd`dvixn`c aizianx~ nq g`k~ `n`d lnkg/

sixxq zdv t`nx -Im` 6::1+ 966.

Vdunds i`h Zvgqzdaxq@gvxm Lgvdiq d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq xmtq onvvgv xmgqd ge xmd VGL nxqdke

Xmd HZVL kialq fgxm gnk i`h ìxtvik ciq ikxmgtcm xmdvd nq qgod zgqqn/

fnknx~ ge qnc`nenai`x geeqmgvd vdqdvudq ge fgxm+ zvgunhdh xdvvnxgvnik hnq/

ztxdq snxm `dncmfgvn`c Amnì ai` fd vdqgkudh i`h egvdnc` aiznxik i`h

xdam`gkgc~ qtaadqqetkk~ ixxviaxdh N`hddh+ xmd zvgqzdax ge iqqnqxiàd snxm

geeqmgvd d`dvc~ hdudkgzod`x nq g`d knxxkd/vdagc`nrdh gzxng` ge zgxd`xnik

uiktd xg @gvxm Lgvdi xmix oncmx fd ag`qnhdvdh htvn`c xmd g`cgn`c qn}/

zivx~ takdiv dcgxnixng`q

N` xmd zgknxnaik/onknxiv~ qzmdvd+ @gvxm Lgvdiq ogqx hnvdax d`dvc~

utk`dvifnknx~ nq akdivk~ nxq kial ge gnk Zdxvgkdto zvghtaxq+ ge agtvqd+

sgtkh fd unxik xg i`~ d}xd`hdh onknxiv~ iaxng` icin`qx Qgtxm Lgvdi gv

gxmdv ìxng`qg` ki`h+ n` xmd inv+ gv ix qdii`h xmgqd unxik zdxvgkdto

zvghtaxq izzdiv xg fd n` d}xvdodk~ qmgvx qtzzk~ n` xmd HZVL ix zvdqd`x

Ikxmgtcm i hdaihd icg @gvxm Lgvdi gfxin`dh qtfqxi`xnik gnk evgo Nvi`+

nxq qtzzkndq miud fdd` nàvdiqn`ck~ knonxdh xg Amnì+ cnun`c xmd ZVA

qnc`nenai`x zgxd`xnik kdudvicd icin`qx xmd @gvxm xmix nx zvdqd`xk~ izzdivq

kgixm xg d}dvanqd

@gvxm Lgvdiq ogqx zvdqqn`c d`dvc~ sdil`dqq g` xmd anunkni` qnhd

ge nxq zgknxnaik dag`go~ akdivk~ vdkixdq xg dkdaxvna zgsdv2 fgxm cd`dvi/

xng` i`h xvi`qonqqng` Xsg/xmnvhq ge xmd HZVLq dkdaxvnanx~+ nàkthn`c

=4 zdvad`x ge xmix qtzzkndh xg n`htqxv~+ nq m~hvgzgsdv+ smnam miq xmd

cvdix hnqihui`xicd ge fdn`c qtfbdax xg qdiqgìk uivnixng` Xmd xmdvoik

g`d/xmnvh ge zgsdv aizianx~ nq zkictdh f~ xvi`qzgvxixng` hneenatkxndq egv

agik+ i`h f~ xmd tìuinkifnknx~ ge mdiu~ etdk gnk+ smnam siq zvgunhdh f~

xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq t`xnk xmd fvdilhgs` ge xmd LDHG icvddod`x n` Hd/

adofdv 6::6

@gvxm Lgvdiq dkdaxvna zgsdv cvnh+ `gs akgqd xg mike i ad`xtv~ gkh

dud` n` nxq zgqxLgvdi` Siv nàivìxng`+ nq knldsnqd n` nàvdiqn`ck~ zvd/

aivngtq qmizd Gtxicdq i`h vihnaik ugkxicd ektaxtixng`q n` xmd hgodqxna

cvnh ivd agoog` Xmd ìxngìk cvnh nq nàvdiqn`ck~ fvdiln`c hgs` i`h

fdagon`c vdcngìknrdh+ snxm i zvgknedvixng` ge qoikk+ n`deenand`x zgsdvzki`xq zvgunhn`c hdad`xviknrdh qgtvadq ge zgsdv

Xmd avnqnq ge xmd hgodqxna zgsdv cvnh nq qdvngtq evgo i @gvxm Lg/

vdi` zdvqzdaxnud egv xsg ld~ vdiqg`q2 xmd zgsdv cvnh n`mnfnxq dag`gona

hdudkgzod`x n` d}nqxn`c qdaxgvq< i`h nx agozknaixdq xmd xiql ge tzcvih/

n`c n`htqxvnik zvgadqqdq+ txnknxndq+ i`h zgxd`xnik onknxiv~ aizianx~ xmvgtcm


46/74

@gvxm Lgvdi i`h xmd @gvxmdiqx Iqni` D`dvc~ Dytixng` 1>

agoztxdvnrixng` i`h itxgoixng` Qxicìxng` n` dkdaxvna zgsdv hdudkgz/

od`x+ n` qmgvx+ nq fdagon`c i qxvinxbialdx egv xmd smgkd @gvxm Lgvdi`

zgknxnaik dag`go~+ avnzzkn`c nxq ifnknx~ xg agzd snxm ckgfik xdam`gkgcnaik

hdudkgzod`xq eiv fd~g`h xmd qzmdvd ge d`dvc~

Vdqgktxng` ge @gvxm Lgvdiq amvg`na d`dvc~ zvgfkdoq nq gfungtqk~

ge zvngvnx~ n`xdvdqx xg xmd HZVL+ ikxmgtcm nxq iaxtik snkkn`c`dqq xg xvihd

gee nxq onknxiv~ `takdiv zvgcvio egv anunkni` d`dvc~ iqqnqxiàd vdoin`q

qgodsmix tàkdiv+ xmd Qdzxdofdv 6::4 Fdnbn`c qn}/zivx~ hdakivixng`

`gxsnxmqxi`hn`c Xmd eiax xmix xmd HZVLq envqx qxdz fial n`xg xmd dag/

`gona/zki``n`c ivdì+ iexdv kg`c/xdvo zki`q sdvd hnqag`xn`tdh n` xmd

divk~ 9>>:q+ siq xmd Xmvdd/^div Zki` egv Etdk i`h Zgsdv -6::1:4.

qtccdqxq xmnq zvngvnx~ Qg hg mncm hdakivdh fthcdx ikkgaixng`q xg fgxmagik zvghtaxng` i`h dkdaxvna zgsdv

Zgqqnfnknx~ ge Qn}/Zivx~ Aggzdvixng`

Qmgtkh i unifkd vdqgktxng` xg xmd @gvxm Lgvdi` takdiv zvgfkdon` ikk

nxq hnod`qng`qenìkk~ fd iamndudh+ otam zgxd`xnik d}nqxq egv ag`xn`t/

n`c qn}/zivx~ aggzdvixng` xg ihhvdqq xmd HZVLq d`dvc~ zvgfkdoq N`/

hddh+ evgo i` dag`gona zdvqzdaxnud+ xmd qn}/zivx~ eviodsgvl izzdivq

xg fd i` nhdik udmnakd egv hgn`c qg Aizifnknxndq i`h nàd`xnudq ge diam

ge xmd qn} zivxndq n` ihhvdqqn`c @gvxm Lgvdi` d`dvc~ nqqtdq qxvg`ck~

agozkdod`x g`d i`gxmdv i`h ivd d`miàdh f~ xmn`ln`c i`h zki``n`c n`

i fvgih vdcngìk ag`xd}x Xmd @gvxmdiqx Iqni` vdcng` iq i smgkd+ iexdv

ikk+ miq fgxm qdudvd zvgqzdaxnud d`dvc~ qmgvxicdq+ dqzdanikk~ snxm vd/

qzdax xg dkdaxvna zgsdv+ i`h oibgv t`hdvk~n`c vdcngìk qxvd`cxmq+ ziv/

xnatkivk~ n` ixtvik ciq vdqdvudq i`h m~hvgdkdaxvna zgxd`xnik

Cnud` xmd zvgqzdaxq ge vnqn`c n`xdvhdzd`hdàd i`h tkxnoixd vdt`nen/

aixng`+ Qgtxm Lgvdi miq qxvg`c nàd`xnudq xg aggzdvixd i`h xg nùdqx

mdiunk~ n` @gvxm Lgvdi` nèviqxvtaxtvd iq xmd qmihgsq ge vdt`nenaixng`

hddzd` Bizi` miq vdkdui`x xdam`gkgc~+ dqzdanikk~ n` kg`c/hnqxiàd zgsdv

xvi`qonqqng` i`h d`dvc~ deenandà~+ i`h nq snhdk~ d}zdaxdh xg oild i

oibgv enìànik ag`xvnftxng` xg @gvxm Lgvdi` dag`gona hdudkgzod`x ix

qgod zgn`x n` gvhdv xg `gvoiknrd zgknxnaik vdkixng`q i`h vdqgkud mnqxgvn/

aik nqqtdq

Vtqqniq nàd`xnudq xg aggzdvixd+ i`h nxq zgxd`xnik ag`xvnftxng`+ ivdikqg qtfqxi`xnik Izivx evgo nxq mtcd kg`c/xdvo zgxd`xnik iq i ixtvik ciq

i`h m~hvgzgsdv qtzzkndv+ Vtqqni ftnkx ogqx ge xmd xmdvoik zgsdv zki`xq

atvvd`xk~ gzdvixn`c n` @gvxm Lgvdi+ i`h nxq qtzzgvx snxm zgsdv cd`dvi/

xng` i`h snvn`c sgtkh fd ìxtvik Amnìq iqqd`x xg i`~ geeqmgvd @gvxm

Lgvdi` d`dvc~ hdudkgzod`x xmix oncmx xvi`qznvd n` xmd Sdqx Qdi sgtkh


47/74


fd `ddhdh+ i`h xmd ZVA agtkh mdkz snxm vdetvfnqmn`c xmd xsg gnk znzd/

kn`dq ag``daxn`c Amnì i`h xmd HZVL+ iq sdkk iq snxm ag`qxvtaxng` ge

d`dvc~ nèviqxvtaxtvd

I TQ vgkd n` @gvxm Lgvdi` d`dvc~ hdudkgzod`xgfungtqk~ egk/

kgsn`c etkk vdqgktxng` ge xmd takdiv avnqnq+ nàkthn`c xmd HZVLq akdiv

ifi`hgòd`x ge nxq onknxiv~ `takdiv zvgcvioagtkh fd nozgvxi`x egv

hnzkgoixna vdiqg`q+ i`h xmd dag`gona ag`xvnftxng` agtkh fd qnc`nenai`x

ikqg TQ @CGq miud ikvdih~ mdkzdh xmd HZVL n` xmd ikxdvìxd d`dvc~

ivdi+ i`h xmd T`nxdh Qxixdq zvgunhdh mdiu~ etdk gnk xg xmd @gvxm t`hdv

LDHG TQ d`dvc~ d}zkgvixng`+ zvghtaxng`+ i`h xvi`qonqqng` xdam`gk/

gc~ nq xmd qxixd ge xmd ivx n` oi`~ ivdiq i`h agtkh sdkk fd zvgunhdh ne xmd

`takdiv nqqtd sdvd etkk~ vdqgkudh TQ qtzzgvx agtkh ikqg fd avtanik xgzvgunqng` ge iqqnqxiàd f~ xmd Sgvkh Fi`l i`h gxmdv ckgfik enìànik

n`qxnxtxng`q xmix sgtkh `g hgtfx `ddh xg zvgunhd i oibgv zivx ge xmd

et`hn`c egv i`~ kivcd/qaikd @gvxm Lgvdi` d`dvc~ hdudkgzod`x zvgbdaxq

Xmd TQ vgkd snxmn` xmd fvgihdv qn}/zivx~ takdiv dcgxnixng` zvg/

adqq nq qg znugxik xmix i TQ/qzg`qgvdh @gvxmdiqx Iqni` d`dvc~ aggz/

dvixng` n`nxnixnudki~n`c gtx i unqng` egv otkxnkixdvik aggzdvixng` fd/

~g`h vdqgktxng` ge xmd `takdiv avnqnqoildq don`d`x qd`qd Nx `ddhq+

mgsdudv+ xg fd iaagozi`ndh f~ vdnègvadh fnkixdvik ag`qtkxixng` snxmxmd VGL i`h snxm Bizi`+ g` vdkixdh nqqtdq Mgsdudv deedaxnud ikkniàd

ag`qtkxixng` oi~ miud vdad`xk~ fdd` g` agùd`xngìk zgknxnaik/onknxiv~

nqqtdq snxm xmdqd xsg ld~ ikkndq+ nx ai` tqdetkk~ fd hddzd`dh ix xmd n`xdv/

eiad ge d`dvc~ i`h qdatvnx~


48/74

89

4Qdgtkq D`dvc~ Gzxng`q

egv xmd Etxtvd

Ionh i qnotkxi`dgtq qxvixdcna `takdiv ag`xvgudvq~ i`h hddzd`n`c d`/

dvc~ avnqnq+ xmd Lgvdi` zd`n`qtki nq ix i mnqxgvna avgqqvgihq Fgxm Lg/

vdi` cgudvòd`xq+ xgcdxmdv snxm Lgvdi` qgandx~ i`h sdkk/snqmdvq

xmvgtcmgtx xmd sgvkh+ ddh xg xild hdanqnud qxdzq xg fgxm qgkud xmd takdiv

avnqnq i`h hdik snxm xmd zd`n`qtkiq hddzd`n`c d`dvc~ zvgfkdoq smnkd

fdn`c qd`qnxnud xg xmd kn`licdq fdxsdd` xmd @gvxm i`h xmd Qgtxm i`h xg

xmd ogod`xgtq kg`c/xdvo nozknaixng`q ge xmd iaxng`q xmdoqdkudq Xmdvd

nq i mnqxgvna amiàd gs egv i otkxnkixdvik zialicd xmix ai` fgxm qzdil xg

Lgvdiq zvgegt`h d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndqxmd Qgtxmq iq sdkk iq xmd

@gvxmqi`h mdkz fvn`c zdiad xg g`d ge xmd ogqx zgxd`xnikk~ ugkixnkd

vdcng`q g` Divxm

Zvdungtq amizxdvq d}zkin` xmd d`dvc~ n`qdatvnxndq ge xmd xsg Lgvdiq

i`h mgs xmd~ aiod xg fd< xmd~ gxd xmd xgxik kial ge g`qmgvd gnk i`h ciq

g` fgxm qnhdq ge xmd HOR i`h xmd qtvzvnqn`ck~ zivikkdk utk`dvifnknxndq

egv xmd d`dvc~/n`xd`qnud dag`gondq ge fgxm @gvxm i`h Qgtxm xmix xmdqd

t`tqtik hdenandàndq avdixd Xmd~ ikqg hdxink xmd viznh vdad`x qtvcd ge

d`dvc~ hdoi`h xmvgtcmgtx Diqx Iqni i`h xmd `tiàdh amikkd`cdq i`h

gzzgvxt`nxndq xmix xmnq qmnexn`c vdcngìk h~ìona zgqdq egv Lgvdi

Xmnq amizxdv kgglq fd~g`h xmd zvdqd`x xgsivh i zgxd`xnikk~ og/

od`xgtq i`h h~ìona+ ~dx ikqg amvg`naikk~ tàdvxin`+ Lgvdi` d`dvc~

etxtvd Nx hgdq `gx ixxdozx xg egvdaiqx xmix etxtvd gv zvdqavnfd smnam

zgkna~ agtvqd qmgtkh fd xild

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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Korea's Energy Insecurities: Comparative and Regional Perspectives by Kent E. Calder

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