Development of Scaleable Algae Producti on System for Development of Scaleable Algae Producti on System for Biologi cal C O2 Sequester in g and Pro duct ion of Bio Biologi cal C O2 Sequest eri ng and Produ ct ion of Bio- -Fuel Fuel Kri shnah adi S. Pribadi MSc., PhD. Kri shnah adi S. Pribadi MSc., PhD. 27 January 2009 27 January 2009 PT ME DC O DOWNSTRE AM I NDONES I A PT ME DC O DOWNSTRE AM I NDONES I A Krishnahadi S. Pribadi, MSc.,PhD. Krishnahadi S. Pribadi, MSc.,PhD. 27/01/2009 27/01/2009 1 • China China • India India • Indonesia Indonesia • More than 60% is relying on Coal Burning More than 60% is relying on Coal Burning • Indonesia is planning construction of 10 GW coal Indonesia is planning construction of 10 GW coal- -fired fired electric generator plant to meet growing demand ofelectric generator plant to meet growing demand ofelectricity electricity • 10 GW means about 150 million tons of coal to be burned 10 GW means about 150 million tons of coal to be burned every year every year • Annual CO2 emission from the plant is 500 million tons to be Annual CO2 emission from the plant is 500 million tons to be , applied applied Krishnahadi S. Pribadi, MSc.,PhD. Krishnahadi S. Pribadi, MSc.,PhD. 27/01/2009 27/01/2009 2
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Development of Scaleable Algae Production Syst em forDevelopment of Scaleable Algae Production Syst em forBiological CO2 Sequester ing and Product ion of BioBiological CO2 Sequestering and Product ion of Bio--FuelFuel
Krishnahadi S. Pr ibadi MSc., PhD.Krishnahadi S. Pr ibadi MSc., PhD.27 January 200927 January 2009
PT MEDCO DOWNSTREAM I NDONESI APT MEDCO DOWNSTREAM I NDONESI A
Krishnahadi S. Pribadi, MSc.,PhD.Krishnahadi S. Pribadi, MSc.,PhD.27/01/200927/01/2009 11
•• ChinaChina•• IndiaIndia•• IndonesiaIndonesia•• More than 60% is relying on Coal BurningMore than 60% is relying on Coal Burning
•• Indonesia is planning construction of 10 GW coalIndonesia is planning construction of 10 GW coal--firedfiredelectric generator plant to meet growing demand of electric generator plant to meet growing demand of electricityelectricity
•• 10 GW means about 150 million tons of coal to be burned10 GW means about 150 million tons of coal to be burnedevery yearevery year
•• Annual CO2 emission from the plant is 500 million tons to be Annual CO2 emission from the plant is 500 million tons to be,,
appliedapplied
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PRESENTLY THE BURDEN OF ABSORBING CO2 EMISSION FROMPRESENTLY THE BURDEN OF ABSORBING CO2 EMISSION FROM
•• IS THERE ANY ALTERNATIVE?IS THERE ANY ALTERNATIVE?
•• MICRO ALGAE PRESENTS AN ALTERNATIVE WHILE SERVES AS A NEWMICRO ALGAE PRESENTS AN ALTERNATIVE WHILE SERVES AS A NEW
SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY •• WHY?WHY? – – Micro algae growth rate isMicro algae growth rate is 100100 times faster than landtimes faster than land--based plantsbased plants
– – The chlorophyll within the micro algae absorbs COThe chlorophyll within the micro algae absorbs CO22 by the help of sun energyby the help of sun energyto convert it to su ar and other nutrients and roduces ox en that isto convert it to su ar and other nutrients and roduces ox en that is released to the atmosphere in exchange of COreleased to the atmosphere in exchange of CO22..
– – Micro algae growth cycle is doubling everyMicro algae growth cycle is doubling every 2424 toto 4848 hourshours
– – Micro al ae can roduce li ids oilMicro al ae can roduce li ids oil 2020 toto 6565 % b wei ht% b wei ht carbohydrates/sugars (carbohydrates/sugars (1010 toto 4040%) and protein (%) and protein (2020 toto 4040%)%)
– – There are more thanThere are more than 100100,,000000 species of algae in the sea and fresh water tospecies of algae in the sea and fresh water to
choose from to produce any specific product.choose from to produce any specific product. – – Some species (Nannochloropsis and Bryococcus Braunii) contains more thanSome species (Nannochloropsis and Bryococcus Braunii) contains more than
6060% oil% oil
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SOME COMPARISONS OF OILS PRODUCED BY PLANTSSOME COMPARISONS OF OILS PRODUCED BY PLANTS
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ADVANTAGES OF MICROALGAE COMPARED TO LAND ADVANTAGES OF MICROALGAE COMPARED TO LAND--BASED PLANTSBASED PLANTS
•• Does not compete with food productionDoes not compete with food production
•• Each hectare of land can produce more than 60,000 liters of oil annually, orEach hectare of land can produce more than 60,000 liters of oil annually, or
12,000 gallons, or 300 barrels.12,000 gallons, or 300 barrels.
•• It can absorb more CO2 gas per hectare than landIt can absorb more CO2 gas per hectare than land--based plantsbased plants
•• Each ton of dry algae is equivalent to 788 kg of Carbon/coal or 2.9 tons of CO2Each ton of dry algae is equivalent to 788 kg of Carbon/coal or 2.9 tons of CO2gas.gas.
•• The production of Algae in the vicinity of a power plant has mutiple benefits:The production of Algae in the vicinity of a power plant has mutiple benefits:
– – Can absorb CO2 gas form the exhaust of the power plant, including Nox and Sox gasesCan absorb CO2 gas form the exhaust of the power plant, including Nox and Sox gases
– – These ases are food for al ae the more is absorbs as the more it rowsThese ases are food for al ae the more is absorbs as the more it rows
– – The algae can become a renewable source of energy producing bioThe algae can become a renewable source of energy producing bio--fuel, biofuel, bio--ethanol,ethanol,even hydrogen.even hydrogen.
– – The algae is also a renewable source of organic feedThe algae is also a renewable source of organic feed--stock for animals and fish, orstock for animals and fish, orfertilizerfertilizer
– – Also feedstock to produce bio Also feedstock to produce bio--polymers/plastics (biopolymers/plastics (bio--degradeable) as well as materialsdegradeable) as well as materialsfor pharmaceuticals.for pharmaceuticals.
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INDONESIA AS A MARITIME COUNTRY INDONESIA AS A MARITIME COUNTRY
•• A Tropical country with lots of sunshine and solar energy A Tropical country with lots of sunshine and solar energy
•• Large coastal area: 81,000 km2 of coastal line, ideal for algaeLarge coastal area: 81,000 km2 of coastal line, ideal for algaecultivation and production on a large scale basiscultivation and production on a large scale basis
•• Most of industrial installlations that produce major CO2Most of industrial installlations that produce major CO2emissions lays near or on the coastal area (power plants,emissions lays near or on the coastal area (power plants,s ee pro uc on, pe ros ee pro uc on, pe ro--c em ca an gas p an s , ma esc em ca an gas p an s , ma essequestering by algae veru naturalsequestering by algae veru natural
in Asia, next to Australia, and will depend mostly on coal forin Asia, next to Australia, and will depend mostly on coal forelectric roduction in the foreseable futureelectric roduction in the foreseable future
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PURPOSE OF RESEARCHPURPOSE OF RESEARCH
•• Focus on developing largeFocus on developing large--scale algae production systemscale algae production system•• Design and engineering of PhotoDesign and engineering of Photo--Bioreactor (PBR) which can be produced at lowBioreactor (PBR) which can be produced at low
cos on a arge sca e as s w pro uc on cos ocos on a arge sca e as s w pro uc on cos o per ec are or e rsper ec are or e rsgeneration (presently lowest cost available commercial system is $generation (presently lowest cost available commercial system is $11M per hectare).M per hectare).
•• Design should maximize efficiency of the algae production, including:Design should maximize efficiency of the algae production, including: – – – – Direct inj ect ion of CODirect in j ection of CO22 gas capabilit ygas capabilit y – – Dissolved oxygen removal t o prevent oxyDissolved oxygen removal t o prevent oxy--t oxicity t o the algaetoxicity t o the algae – – Compl ete moni t oring and cont rol of pr ocess variables such as flowComplete m onitor ing and control of process variables such as flow --rat e, pH,rat e, pH,
sa n y, macro an m cro nu r en ssa n y, macro an m cro nu r en s – – DarkDark--light zone cycling t o prevent phot olight zone cycling t o prevent photo--saturat ion effect and hysteresissaturat ion effect and hysteresis – – Spect rum shiftin g t o increase photo efficiencySpect rum shiftin g t o increase photo efficiency – – Light fi lt ering t o maxim ize PBR mat erial l ifeLight fi lt ering t o maxim ize PBR mat erial l ife--t ime under ful l outdoortim e under ful l outdoor
conditionsconditions – – Capable of produ cing algae density of at l eastCapable of producing algae densit y of at least 55gms/ l i ter at harvest pointgms/ l i ter at harvest point
•• Final research outcome is to produce a prototype of a modular PBR that coversFinal research outcome is to produce a prototype of a modular PBR that covers--,,
11 ha of area by simply adding similar module units, with volume capacity of ha of area by simply adding similar module units, with volume capacity of 22,,500500,,000000 liters.liters.
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METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY
1.1. PhotoPhoto--bio reactor with the followong features:bio reactor with the followong features:
i.i. Type: Vertical PBR constructed of thin transparent polymer film tubes, interconected continuouslyType: Vertical PBR constructed of thin transparent polymer film tubes, interconected continuously
a)a) 10 times more efficient than open10 times more efficient than open--pond typepond type
b)b) Continuous growing cycle and maximizing light exposure to the algae growth mediaContinuous growing cycle and maximizing light exposure to the algae growth media
c)c) Simple fabrication and assemblySimple fabrication and assembly
axm z ng vo ume per un areaaxm z ng vo ume per un area
e)e) Optimum photo efficiency of absorption by algae cells and maximizing productivity/growthOptimum photo efficiency of absorption by algae cells and maximizing productivity/growth
f)f) Ease of CO2 injection with controllable flow rate and ease of oxygen removalEase of CO2 injection with controllable flow rate and ease of oxygen removal
g)g) Application of “air Application of “air--lift” principle for thorough algae light exposure while producing dark lift” principle for thorough algae l ight exposure while producing dark--light short cycleslight short cycles
Monitoring and control of all variables: flowMonitoring and control of all variables: flow--rate, pH, temperature, salinity, photo intensityrate, pH, temperature, salinity, photo intensity
2.2. PBR material selection, candidates: polycarbonate, HD PE, PVC; initial selection: PCPBR material selection, candidates: polycarbonate, HD PE, PVC; initial selection: PC
3.3. CO2 injection system: sparger at bottom of each column to create “airCO2 injection system: sparger at bottom of each column to create “air--lift” and creatinglift” and creating--
4.4. Oxygen removal: by sparging mixture of CO2 and N2 gas and by diffusion throughOxygen removal: by sparging mixture of CO2 and N2 gas and by diffusion throughmembranemembrane
..
6.6. Nutrient and pH control for maximizing growth rateNutrient and pH control for maximizing growth rate7.7. SeaSea--water intake: Prewater intake: Pre--filtering to remove particles, and sterilization prior to use infiltering to remove particles, and sterilization prior to use in
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METHODOLOGY (2)METHODOLOGY (2)
8.8. Algae growth enhancements: applying succesfully tried methods on land Algae growth enhancements: applying succesfully tried methods on land--basedbasedplants using proven proprietary nanoplants using proven proprietary nano--trechnology methods. Doubling growthtrechnology methods. Doubling growthrates is ossiblerates is ossible
9.9. PhotoPhoto--synthesis enhancements: enhancing the chlorophyll to increase rate of synthesis enhancements: enhancing the chlorophyll to increase rate of
assimilation, absorb more CO2 and produce more brix. Proven method for landassimilation, absorb more CO2 and produce more brix. Proven method for land--based plants/leaves.based plants/leaves.
10.10. Algae harvesting: use low cost methods instead of costly centrifuge and Algae harvesting: use low cost methods instead of costly centrifuge andfiltering, using alternative methods: floculation and flotation.filtering, using alternative methods: floculation and flotation.
11.11. Product extraction:Product extraction:i.i. Lipid/oil by sovent extraction to produce bioLipid/oil by sovent extraction to produce bio--dieseldiesel
ii.ii. Carbohydrate and sugar: enzymatic extraction followed by fermentation to produceCarbohydrate and sugar: enzymatic extraction followed by fermentation to producebiobio--ethanolethanol
.. ro e n an m nera s or an ma ee an er zerro e n an m nera s or an ma ee an er zer
12.12. PILOT TESTING: It is planned to setPILOT TESTING: It is planned to set--up pilot testing for CO2 sequestering atup pilot testing for CO2 sequestering atthe Medco Downstream biothe Medco Downstream bio--ethanol plant in Lampung and produce algaeethanol plant in Lampung and produce algae
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BENEFITS OF RESEARCH PROGRAMBENEFITS OF RESEARCH PROGRAM
1.1. Poduction of lowPoduction of low--cost Photocost Photo--bioreactor that can be massbioreactor that can be mass--produced forproduced fora lications in Indonesiaa lications in Indonesia
2.2. Significatly reduce GHG CO2 emisiions from power plants and industriesSignificatly reduce GHG CO2 emisiions from power plants and industries
3.3. Provide a renewable source of energy from microalgae as a viable alternative toProvide a renewable source of energy from microalgae as a viable alternative to--
4.4. Provide renewable source of feedstock for animal feed and fertilizer that canProvide renewable source of feedstock for animal feed and fertilizer that cansiginificantly contribute to food production in olandsiginificantly contribute to food production in oland--based agriculture andbased agriculture and
5.5. Source for bioSource for bio--materials (biomaterials (bio--polymers) and cellulose source that can replacepolymers) and cellulose source that can replacewood for producing pulp for paper, thereby reducing the number of trees to bewood for producing pulp for paper, thereby reducing the number of trees to be
6.6. The creation of new jobs and downThe creation of new jobs and down--stream industries using algae productsstream industries using algae products
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