(aiva) **
***
. . (intertextuality). . .
[: , , , , ]
* H. N.
. (This research was assisted by a postdoctoral fellowship from The Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation Program in Buddhist Studies administered by the American Council of Learned Societies.).
** The Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow. junglan.bang@gmail.com
(Vajrayna) , , , .
, , . (aiva) . .
.
, .
36 54
(Mantranaya)
(Vajrayna)
.
.
. ,
.


.

. ,
.
.

. ,
.

(Alexis Sanderson)
1).
1) Sanderson
Sanderson (1994), Sanderson (1995) ,
(aiva) 37

(aivism)
.
.
,

.
.
,

.

(intertextuality)
.

.

,
.

.

,
‘aiva age’
Sanderson(2009).
.
.
‘ ’ . , . .

.
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2)’
.

(initiation) .
dk
, abhieka
, dk ,
abhieka .
2) Kriyasamgraha 6: “nbhiikto hi yo yog yogitvam abhivñcchati | hanyate muinka pibate mgatikm ||”
,
. , Isaacson (2010) p. 264 10 .
(aiva) 39

.

.
1) Mañjuriyamlakalpa
(Kriytantr- a) Mañjuriyamlakalpa( MaMKa)
,
. (ma- ala) (sdhana)
.
3) MaMKa
3) Goodall&Isaacson (2016) “On the Shared ‘Ritual Syntax’ of the Early Tantric Traditions” .
, MaMKa GuS
. . Mañjuriyamlakalpa (41. p. 463): nakularomi sarapi ca sarpanirmoka yasya nmn dhpo dahati sa sarvalokavidvio bhavati “ , [ ], [ ] [ ]
.” Guhyastra 3.91-2: nakulasya tu romi ahe caiva tu kañcukam | ayutenaiva japtv tu yo huned dhpaye ‘pi v || ghe caiva vinikipto vastre ayysane that | atha eva vinikipto vidveati parasparam || “[ ]
. [ ] , ,
40 54
(aiva Siddh- nta) Nivsatattvasahit Guhyastra( GuS)
. ,

. GuS , MaMKa
. MaMKa
4)

. MaMKa
.
(kalpa)[= MaMKa ]
[] .
(Tumburu) (kalpamant- ra) [ ] 5).
. [ ]
.” Goodall&Iaacson (2016) pp. 25-26.
4) Mañjuryamlakalpa 47.98cd: yvanti aivatantre ’smi ye tantre cpi grue || ; 103ab: tasmin maale yogya (conj. yogy Ed.) siddhyantha na saaya | “ , [ ]
[MaMKa] [])
.”. Sanderson (2009) p. 130 303
. 5) Mañjuriyamlakalpa 47.53-54 sarva aivam iti khyta sarvair
bhtalavsibhi | mayaiva nigadita prva kalpe-m asmi savistare || pacd anyo jana prhu kalpamantr pthak pthak | tumburo (corr, tuburu Ed.) srthavhasya tryambakasya tu dhmata (corr. dhmate
(aiva) 41
, MaMKa
, MaMKa

.

,
. , MaMKa
.

.

.
Carytantra (Mahvair- ocanbhisabodhitantra)
,
. Vairocana


Ed.). Sanderson (2009) p. 130 307 .
kalpamantr
kalpamantrn ,

.

(Vilsavajra) Nmasagti
.
.
()
, , . , , ,
, ,
… () … . ,
[] , [
] [] , [
] [] , [ ]
[] , [ ] [
] , [ ] [] , [ ] []
6) . rNam par snang mdzad chen po mngon par byang chub pa’i rgyud, f. 141a4–6: de la gsang ba b'i bdag po ma 'ongs pa'i dus na sems can blo zhan pa ma dad pa gang dag bstan pa 'di la dad par mi 'gyur zhing yid gnyis dang som nyi mang ba / thos pa tsam snying por 'dzin pa / sgrub pa la mi phyogs pa dag 'byung bar 'gyur te / de dag ni bdag nyid kyang ma rung la / gzhan yang sung bar byed pa yin no / 'di skad du 'di ni phyi rol pa rnams la yod de sangs rgyas rnams kyis gsungs ba ni ma yin no zhes smra par 'gyur gyi / “, [ ] . []
[ ] . [ ]
, [] . [ ]
.” Sanderson (2009) p. 128 299 ,
.
.
7).
(Yogintantra) ,
(Bhairava) (Heruka)
(Savara) .
2.

8 (Padmavajra) Guhyasiddhi
.
7) Nmamantrrthvalokin
. tath cokta rvairocanbhisambhodhitantre || bhagavantas tathgat arhanta samyaksambuddh sarvajñajñna prpya tat sarvajñajñna sarvasattvebhyo vibhajya nnnayair nnbhipryair nnopyanayair dharma deayanti sma || kecit rvakaynanaya , kecit pratyekabuddhaynanaya | kecit mahynanaya | kecit pañcbhijñajñnanaya | kecid devopapattaye | kecit manuyopapattaye | yvat mahoragayakarkassuragandharvagaruakinardyutpattaye dharma deayanti sma || tatra kecit sattv buddhavaineyik buddharpea payanti | kecic chrvakarpea | kecit pratyekabuddharpea | kecid bodhisattvarpea | kecit mahevararpea | kecid brahmarpea | kecin nryaarpea payanti sma || kecid vairavaarpea | yvat mahoragamanuymanuyarpea payanti || svakasvakair vacanodharaanayair vividherypathavyavasthita | tac ca sarvajñajñnam ekarasa | yaduta tathatvinirmuktarasam ity ha mahvairocana iti. Sanderson (2009) p. 132 309.
44 54
, ,
,

8) .


.
,
.
,
8) Padmavajra (8) Guhyasiddhi 8.7-10: ktv gaevara rpa sarvvayavabhitam | kakvaguhana ktv pravied antyajlayam || eva ktv tu ta divya sugupta siddhihetave | paryaed divyadeeu yatra na jñyate kvacit || praviya cntyajdn madhye ye tripurntake | bhakty jnanti naivnya daivata paramrthata || siddhnte bhvit nitya snnadevrcane rat | kicid akaramrgea prasakte stradarane || “… ,
. [] []
. , [ ]
, ,
,
…” Guhyasiddhi CIHTS(Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies) 1987 ,
. Isaacson
. ,
.
Sanderson (2009) p. 144 333 ,
.
(aiva) 45

(chomm)9)

.
. (intertextuality)

9) ,
chomm
. chumm , chommaka, choma .

. Svacchandatantra 15.1: japadhyanadiyuktasya caryavratadharasya ca | chummakah sampravaksyami sadhakasya varanana (“, ,
(sdhaka) [ ]
, []!”) ; Brahmayamala 55.101: rnu devi pravakymi cchomakn lakaam | yena vijñyate bhrt bhagin v mahevari || (“ ! []
, !”) ,
Hevajratantra 1.7.1: atha chompaala vykhysyma | yena vijñyate bhrt bhagin cpi na saaya | (“,
[] ()
.”) ; Savarodayatantra 9.1: athta sakepato vakye vmahastan tu cchomakam | yena vijñyate yog ghra siddhi prajyate || (“ , [ ] ,
, .”) . (2012) .
46 54
(intertextuality) .
1. : (mantroddhra)

. ‘(kula)’
,
. ‘ (Mantranaya
Mantrayna)’ , ‘
(Mantramrga)’
.

,
Mantroddhra.

.
.
Sarvabuddhasamyo- gakinijlaavara( SaBua) 10). SaBua

10)

.
.
.
.
SaBua Sarvakalpasamuccaya11)
Vikhatantra
(Tomabechi 2007) 12).
11) Rtog pa thams cad ’dus pa zhes bya ba Sangs rgyas thams cad dang mnyam par sbyor ba mkha’ ’gro ma bde ba’i mchog gi rgyud phyi ma’i phyi ma; D 367/P 9. . Tomabechi (2007) Szántó&Griffiths (2015).
12) Tomabechi (2007) pp. 906-909 .
, . [A] Vikhatantra 51.53: sragv sito caiva sarvlakrabhita | uccsanastha prgvaktra kalpayet koamaale || goakdbhasmaliptas tu ucau janavarjite | susame bhmidee tu prastra prastarec chuci || caturasram ata ktv prastrarekham ujjvalam | kuryd ekonapañcat kohkn tu samn ubhn || = [A'] Sarvakalpasamuccaya (D1942b2-3 N279b3-5 P210a6-7) gur gum la sogs byugs (byug NP) pa la || bri sku la sogs rnam brgyan nas || bla re la sogs bres (bris P) nas tu || rtag tu re’u mig bzhi brtsams nas || gru gzhi gzhal yas khang byas te || re’u mig phyogs bzhir ‘bar bar byas || re’u mig sum cu tham (thams N) pa la || bcu dgu dang ni ldan par bya || ; [B] 54 atrdhrdhsansna pañcavargntabindukam | ikhsambhinnamrdhnta kakhya madhyakohake ||= [B] (D194b3-4 N279b5 P219a7-8) bgya phyed stan la gnas pa la || sde pa lnga mtha’ thig le yis || spyi bo gtsug la rtags (em. rtag DP brtag N) pa yi || ka dang a (em., a DNP) zhes bya ba ni || dbus kyi re’u mig la bri’o || ; [C] 55 vidigdigsasthakoheu tatprve bahir aau | yaavargn nyased devi ainydiu tatkramt || = [C] (D 194b4 N279b5-6 P210a8-b1) de’i phyi rol gnas brgyad dag || mtshams dang phyogs kyi re’u mig la || dbang (dang N) ldan la sogs rim pa ru || ya dang a yi sde bkod do ||; [D] 56-57a gneydiu koheu napusakacatuayam | ainydikramd devi bjadvdaaka nyaset || ttyapatikoheu || = [D] (D194b4-5 N279b6-7 P210b1) me mtshams la sogs re’u mig la || ma ning (em., ma yi DN me yi P) yig ‘bru bzhi po dang || a yig sa bon la
48 54




.

,
, 24 (, pha) ,
13). 2009
Cakrasavaratantra( CaSa) 24
brten nas || sa bon bcu gnyis dgod (bkod N) par bya || ; [E] 57b-59 caturthe pañcaviakam | ainydiu koheu bjni kramao nyaset || prastra eva prastrya svaravara ca obhane | bjaoaaka caiva praddharet tu yathkramam || = [E'] (D194b5-6 N279b7-280a1 P210b1-2) dang ldan la sogs re’u mig la || ka yig la sogs rim par dgod || de ltar bzhi la rim par ni || thams cad rnam par gnas bys te || ka sogs re’u mig bzung nas su || yig ‘bru dam pa phyung bar bya ||
13) .

.
.
,
(pha) .
(aiva) 49
(Trika) Tantrasadbhva( TaSa) 14)
. ,
, TaSa
CaSa
. , TaSa Saurra , Ghadevat .
CaSa Saurra , Ghadevat ,

15).
3.
.
14) TaSa Kulta, Arayea, Sindhudea, Nagevara, Samudrakuk, Saurra, Pretapr, Himlaya, Kac, Lampka, Kaliga, Sthala, Kauala, Triakuni, Ora, Kmarpa, Mlava, Devkoa, Sudhrama, Godvar. CaSa
Kulut, Araya (Vivikta Maru ), Sindhu, Nagara, Suvaradvpa, Surra, Ghadevat, Pretapr, Himlaya, Kañci, Kampka, Kaliga, Koala, Triakuni, Oraka, Kmarpa, Mlava, Devkoa, Rmevara, Godvar, Arbuda, Oiyna, Jlandhara, Pullramalaya.
15)
Sanderson (2009) pp. 202-206 ,
Tsunehiko (2009) .
(2011) .
.
.

.
16). NGMPP(Nepal German Manuscript Pres- ervation Project) A933-1
, 13-4
.
Somaambhupaddhati
(pryacitta)
.
“cetyasaskrahne ca spe citye buddhdibhi | kra- mj japen mantrasyya vddhyekottaray ata ||”
. “ivasaskrah- nai tu spe lige dvijdibhi || kramj japed aghorasya vd- dhyaikottaray atam |”, “

[] .” .
,
. ,
16) 2011 ‘kta Traditions’
(Harunaga Isaacson) “Yoginyoga/Yogin as Yogin on the sdhana of female deities in Indian mantranaya Buddhism”
.

.
cetya citye , caitya caitye, hne
hnai, buddhdi bauddhdi
, “
.” .
.

.
.
2)
, Vajrakatantra k- ravatantra .
‘mtyuvañcana’
TaSa
24 17).

. ,
17)
.
mtyuvañcana ,
2016 Zurich
Bang (forthcoming) “Practice of Cheating Time to Conquer Death, its textual transmission along with the related aiva and Buddhist tantric text.”.
52 54
11 ‘ms ca rudrasa- khyay, ((=11) )’
6 ‘ms ca tusakhyay, ((=6) )’
. TaSa
,
.


. TaSa
, TaSa
TaSa 3
,
.
.

. ‘’
‘(vea)’
,
.

(aiva) 53
.

Sarvatathgatatattvasagraha
18).
.
‘aktipta’ ,


.

.

.

.



18) vea

.
Wallis (2008) .
vea
.

.
Sanderson (2009) pp. 132-140 .
54 54
(abhieka) ,


.
(Isaacson) 19).
… [] … ( )
, ()

.
,
.
.


( ) . [
] (, )


. , ,
(crya)
;
[]
. * []

.
.
19) Isaacson (2010) p. 263
(aiva) 55

(bhvan) . (, mahsukha)
.
,
(Vikramala)


. ,
(Mait- reyantha) Sekanirdea Sekanirdeapañjik
. (Rmapla, 11)
(Kambalmbara)
.
[
] .
, () (nyatokti)
20).
.
,
20) Sekanirdeapañjik 19 : sarva samna pravibhajyamna skmekikkmadhiy ktnta | bauddhasya bhyasya vibhgakartr na syd ihaik yadi nyatokti ||
Isaacson&Sferra (2014) .
56 54
(Tathgatarakita) Yoginsacra
(pjya)
(pjaka) (pj) , ( ) ’21).
.

.

10 11
,
(Abhinavagupta) Tantrloka 2222)
21) Sacaranibandha 14 : (advayam iti cittamtratay pjyapjakapjnm abheda payat)
22) Tantrloka 22.12c-14b: atha vaiavabauddhditantrntdharavartinm || yad ivrkaramyoghair viksi hdaymbujam | ligoddhtis tad prva dkkarma tata param || prkligntarasastho 'pi dkta ivat vrajet | “,
(iva) , [ ]
, [] [
]. ,
.” KSTS No.LII pp. 248-9.
(aiva) 57
‘ligoddhra’
‘ligoddhti’
.
.

.

.
(Bhavabhaa, 11)
Cakrasavaratantra
“ , , ,

’ , ‘, ( )

.”23) .
,
,


.
58 54
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ed. P.L. Viadya, Buddhist Sanskrit Texts 18. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute, 1963; Sanderson (2009) .
SaBua Sarvabuddhasamyogakinijlaavara. Tasa Tantrasadbhva. () partly ed. Bang (2018); ()
NGMPP A44-2. NGMPP A44-1.
Dkravatantra(): kravamahyogintantra NGMPP A138-9. Guhyasiddhi(): Ed. in Guhydi-Aasiddhi-Sagraha, by
Samdhong Rinpoche and Vrajavallabh Dwivedi, Rare Buddhist Text Seiries (RBTS) 1. Sarnath, Varanasi: CIHTS, 1978.
Tantrloka(): Tantrloka of Abhinavagupta with the commentary (-viveka) of Rjanaka Jayaratha, ed. Mukund Rm str. Kashmir Series of Texts and Studies (KSTS) 52. Bombay and Srinagar, 1933.
Nivsatattvasahit-guhyastra: Goodall&Isaacson 2016 .
Mahvairocanbhisabodhitantra rNam par snang mdzad chen po mngon par byang chub pa’i rgyud : Peking, Rgyud ’bum, vol. tha, ff. 115b2-225b2. Translation by lendrabodhi and Dpal brtsegs of the
(aiva) 59
Mahvairocanbhisabodhitantra (Mahvairocanbhisabodhivikurvitdhihnavaipulyastre ndrarjanmadharmaparyya)
Vajrakamahtantra(): Tokyo University Library MS 342 (New), 326 (Old).
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Sekanirdeapañjik(): The Sekanirdea of Maitreyantha (Advayavajra) with the Sekanirdeapañjik of Rmapla: Critical Edition of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts with English Translation and Reproductions of the Mss., ed. Isaacson&Sferra, Manuscripta Buddhica 2. Napoli, Università Studi Di Napoli “L’orientale”, 2014.
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Initiation (abhieka) in the Higher Buddhist Tantric Systems”, in Hindu and Buddhist Initiations in India and Nepal, ed. by Astrid Zotter and Christof Zotter, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
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Abstract
Adoption and Assimilation of aiva Rituals as Seen in Buddhist Tantric Texts*24)
Bang, Jung Lan (Taisho University, Japan,
The Robert H.N. Ho Family Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow)
Vajrayna, although distinguished from Mahyna Buddhism in various respects, is regarded as the later devel- opment of Indian Mayyna Buddhism. Vajrayna teaches various tantric rituals and practices that some presumably originated from or were closely associated with non-Buddhist traditions, particularly, aivism. A series of recent ground-breaking articles by Alexis Sanderson has shown significant textual evidence of how Buddhism interacted with other Indian Tantric traditions in a wide range of edited and unedited tantric texts from Sanskrit manuscripts, inscription, etc.
This article utilises his methodology and attempts to provide concrete examples, as found in various Buddhist tantric scriptures, which implicitly and explicitly convey at- testation of their adoption of aiva rituals. In addition, Buddhist commentators were clearly aware of the similarity in ritual and practice of Vajrayna and other Tantric traditions. Therefore, I examine some passages too how they
* This research was assisted by a postdoctoral fellowship from The Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation Program in Buddhist Studies administered by the American Council of Learned Societies.
(aiva) 63
expounded the fundamental difference of Vajrayna by elu- cidating the meaning of Buddhist tantric rituals in accord- ance with their own philosophical views, Yogcara or Mdhyamika.
Conclusively, by introducing textual evidence including the recent findings of scholars in Tantric studies, this article aims to demonstrate the importance of textual studies in un- derstanding the development of Vajrayna.
Keywords: Tantric rituals, Vajrayna, aivism, Textual studies, Intertextuality.