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GEOLOGY
THEORY PART:
ORIGIN , MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION.
RESERVOIR ROCKS AND TRAPPING MECHANISM.
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN.
WELLSITE GEOLOGYCASE HISTORIES OF SELECTED OIL & GAS FIELDS.
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION.
LAB WORK:
STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL CONTOURROBLEMS.
LITHOFACIES MAPS AND PANEL DIAGRAMS.
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GEOLOGY
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GEOLOGY
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63 O O O
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Kerogene: Most of the organic Material (85-95%) found in source rocks consists ofKerogene. It is a solid Pyrobitumen i.e insoluble in ordinary organic solvents. Heat is
required to break it. It is chiefly consists ofC, H, O
and less amount ofN, S
. It is foundin marine rocks usually in Shales, fine amorphous dark brown powder like coal dust.A arentl kero ene is different t es
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Heavy oil, light oil, and natural gasrepresent increasing grades ofpetroleum, formed with increasing
temperature during burial (affects oil/gasratio):
Diagenesis: 0-100 m depth, < 50C
Catagenesis: 100 m to 3.5-5.0 km depth, 50-150C
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Oil window 3.5-6.2 km
~90-150C
Gas window
6.2-9 km 150-225C
GEOLOGY
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To form an economic oil deposit:
Source Rock oil shale - sedimentary
rock formed by
compaction of organic-
rich mud, buried and
heated
Migration Petroleum has a lower
density than the rocksoverlying it
Allows it to move towardthe surface
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To form an economic oil deposit:
Reservoir Rock
Porous andpermeable rock
Common reservoirrocks
Hold oil/gas in porespaces
Sandstone Fractured limestone
Often trapped by
impermeable layers,
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Where is the oil?
About 2/3 of the world'soil is
located in the MiddleEast.
Other importantreserves
include:
Gulf of Mexico
Venezuela West Siberia
Libya
Nigeria
Regionsof major known oil reserves
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