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ekologi mangrovekuliah - II

- definisi mangrove- history

- distribusi- status dan kondisi

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Mangroves are woody plants that grow at theinterface between land and sea in tropical and sub-

tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of highsalinity, extreme tides, strong winds, hightemperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils (Kathiresan& Bingham, 2001).

Mangroves are coastal forests found in shelteredestuaries and along river banks and lagoons in thetropics and subtropics. The term mangrovedescribes both the ecosystem and the plant familiesthat have developed specialized adaptations to live inthis tidal environment (Tomlinson, 1986).

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These plants, and the associated microbes, fungi,plants, and animals, constitute the mangrove forestcommunity or mangal.

The term mangrove is also used as an adjective, asin mangrove tree or mangrove fauna.

Mangrove forests are sometimes called tidalforests, coastal woodlands, or oceanic rainforests.

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The word mangrove is usually considered a compound of thePortuguese word mangue and the English word grove.

French words are manglier and paletuvier (Macnae, 1968)

Spanish term is manglar.

The Dutch use vloedbosschen for the mangrove communityand mangrove for the individual trees.

German use follows the English.

The word mangro is a common name for Rhizophora inSurinam (Chapman, 1976).

It is believed that all these words originated from the Malaysianword, manggi-manggi meaning above the soil. This word isno longer used in Malaysia, but is used in eastern Indonesia torefer toAvicennia species.

??

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Mangrove-assosiated

Microbes, flora &

fauna

mangrovemangal

Mangrove

microhabitat

Biological

microhabitat

Abiotic factors

Eco-

system

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Descriptions by Nearchus (325 B.C.) and Theophrastus (305 B.C)of Rhizophora trees in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf are the

earliest known records.

Plutarch (70 A.D.) and Aboul Abass (1230) wrote aboutRhizophora and its seedlings

Kompilasi dari Rollet (1981): 14 references before 1600,

25 references from the 17th century,

48 references in the 18th century, and

427 in the 19th century.

4500 mangrove references between 1900 and 1975 and

+ 3000 between 1978 and 1997, illustrating the explosion of interest

in mangroves.

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Secara historis telah berkaitan dengan kebudayaandan kultur manusia

Di kepulauan Solomon : ritual orang mati dimasukkan keair di mangrove

Menjadi relief di candi hindu : Excoecaria agallocha

Di kenya : tempat pemujaan di dalam mangrove membawakematian

Portugis pertama eropa yang datang ke mangrove diIndian ocean

Rice-fish-farming ; dikenalkan ke afrika

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Evolusi : Lebih mengarah pada tumbuhan darat sebagai asal-usulnya

Fosil polen ditemukan di bawah lapisan foraminifera indikasi berasal dari daratan

Menuju lingkungan payau

Diversitas di daerah indo-west pasific lebih tinggi dibanding

daerah Atlantik Timur dan Karibia

Ada diferensiasi genetik pada mangrove di daerahTimur dengan Barat Atlantik

Mangrove muncul setelah angiospermae pertama, 114jtl.

Avicennia dan Rhizophora diduga muncul pertamapada jaman kretaseus

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The origin of mangroves :1. from the Malaysian peninsular and spread to a

region between Australia and Papua New Guinea,and or

2. between Malaysia and Northern Australia.

These two theories were based on fossilsand pollen.

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distributed circumtropically, occurring in 112countries and territories

restricted to latitudes between 30 north and 30south

Northern extensions of this limit occur in Japan (3122N)and Bermuda (3220N);

Southern extensions are in New Zealand (3803S),Australia (3845S) and on the east coast of South Africa

(3259S)

strongly affected by temperature and moisture

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Large-scale currents may also influence distributions by preventing propagules from reaching some areas

Individual mangrove species differ in the length oftime their propagules remain viable,

their establishment success, their growth rate, and

their tolerance limits.

These factors, which appear quite consistent around theworld, interact to produce characteristic distributional rangesfor most species

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Indo-west pacific (IWP) region

AtlanticCaribbeanEast

Pacific (ACEP) regions

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Region Area (sq km) Percent

South and Southeast Asia 75,170 41.4

The Americas 49,096 27.1

West Africa 27,995 15.4

Australasia 18,788 10.4

East Africa and Middle East 10,348 5.7

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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

1978 1987 1995 2003

mangrove area

lagoon

Reduction of mangrove area