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Chinese Acupuncture

And Moxibustion

XIAMEN UNIVERSTITY

DOCTOR MENG XIANJUN


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Simpleobesity


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Simple

obesity


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IntroductionAcupuncture and moxibustion,

one of the therapeutic methods

in traditional Chinese

medicine with a history of

several thousand years,


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developed in the ancient

times and has contributed

much to the healthcare and

medical treatment for the

Chinese people.


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During their long clinical

practice, people accumulated

rich clinical experience and

discovered a number of the

therapeutic principles.


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The summarization of theclinical experience and

therapeutic principles hasgradually paved the way to the

establishment of the theory ofacupuncture and moxibustion


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which has promoted the

clinical practice anddevelopment of acupuncture

and moxibustion,(acmo) andeventually directing it to

evolve into an independentclinical specialtyscinence of

acupuncture and moxibustion


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Science of acupuncture and

moxibustion develops under theguidance of TCM theory, itsessential theory is the doctrine of

meridians and collaterals whichmainly includes meridians,collaterals and acupoints, directly

guiding the clinical practice ofacupuncture and moxibustion.


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Clinical treatment with

acupuncture and moxibustion is

done in light of syndromedifferentiation,therapeutic

principles and methods, by means

of needling and moxibustion with

certain manipulating


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Methods to stimulate theselected acupoints for the

prevention and treatment ofdisease acupuncture andmoxibustion is an external

therapy. By means of needlingand moxibustion ,


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it can stimulate the body and

activate the regulating

functions of the body to

improve and rectify the

disturbance and dysfunctionof certain organs in the body.


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Such a therapy not only can

treat disease, but also can

prevent disease. It is noted

for extensive application,

significant curative effectsand no side effects.


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It is just because of the

characteristics mentionedabove, the therapy of

acupuncture and moxibustionis not only used in China, but

also practised in over 100countries in the world.


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It has gradually become acomponent in the world

medicine and plays a certainrole in the healthcare course

for all human beings.


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2 brief history

A brief introduction to the

establishment and development

of acupunture and moxibustionis helpful for the study , practice

and research of such a uniquetherapy.


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In the ancient literature since

the sixth century B.C., there

was the record of treatment

of disease with stone needle.


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The earliest needle was made of

stone.In Huangdi Neijing

published over 2,000 years ago,silk medical books unearthed in

the modern times and ancientChinese classics,


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there was the description about

how to treat disease with stone

needle. In the 1960s, a stoneneedle was found in the ruins of

new stone age in the north ofChina.


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With the development ofmetallurgy, needles weregradually made of bronze,

iron. gold and silver.Huangdi Neijing mentionsnine needls, the relics ofwhich were found inarchaeology.


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The materials used for

moxibustion were various in

the early practice,gradually

moxa was selected as the

most suitable material forperforming moxibustion


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In using acupuncture and

moxibustion to treat disease,

people discovered some

therapeutic cognitionlike the

conception of meridians.


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In the silk medical books unearthed

in the tomb of West Han Dynasty

in 1970s in Mawangdui,ChangshaCity, Hunan province, there are the

descriptions of eleven meridians

named as Eleven meridians of footand arm for moxibustion


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Including meridians,acupoints,needling methods, indications

and cautions as well astherapeutic principles,diagnosis

and


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syndrome differentiation,

Huangdi Neijing lays the

foundation for the theory of


and guides the developmentof such a unique specialty.


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Zhenjiu Jiayijing compiled byHuangfu Miin the Jin Dynasty

is a collection of the relatedcontents in Huangdi Neijingand Mingtang kongxue Zhenjiu

Zhiyao and described thelocations ,.


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indications and needling

methods of 349 acupoints as

well as specific treatments

for various diseases


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Sun Simiao, a great doctor in

the Tang Dynasty , described

Ashi point and moxibustion

methods for healthcare in

Qianjin Fang with coloredillustrations of meridians.


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This book also contains manytherapeutic methods for various

diseases. In the book WaitanMiyao written by WangTaocontains rich methods for

performing moxibustion, whichhas promoted the development ofmoxibustion therapy.


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In the Imperial Medical Bureau,


became an independent specialypractised by doctors, assistants

and acupuncturists who werealso responsible for teaching.


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In the 11thcentury A.D.,WangWeiyi, an official in charge of

medicine in the government inthe Song Dynasty,rectified 354acupoints and compiled

Tongren Shuxue Zhenjiu Tujingwhich was published nationally .


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Two bronze figures, the normalsize of man, were modelled forteaching and examination of

acupuncture and moxibustion.Such an improvement promote theunity in the location of acupoints

and education of acupucture andmoxibustion.


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In the Jin and Yuan

Dynasties ,there was further

development in the theory of

meridians, methods for

selecting acupoints andneedling techniques.


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Hua Boren,a celebrated

doctor in the Yuan

Dynasty ,believed that the

governor and conception

vessels were as important asthe twelve meridians..


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Therefore he called themfourteen meridians and

described meridiansand acupoints according to

the fourteen meridians in hisbook Shisi j ing Fahui


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Such an arrangement has

helpful for understanding and

using the theory of meridians

and acupoints in the later

generations.


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Acupucture and moxibustion

spread to the other countries

even in the ancient times. Inabout 6thcenturyA.D.Zhenjiu

Jiayijingwas spread to Koreaand Japan


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In 552 A.D., the Chinese

Government then presented a

set of Zhenjing to JapaneseEmperor. In the Tang Dynasty,

Qianjin Fangand WaitaiMiyaowere brought to Korea.


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Following the example of

the Tang Dynasty, Japan also

established acupuncture and

moxibustion specialty and

Korea appointed doctorateposition for acupuncture.


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The textbooks used were

Zhenjing and Zhenjiu

jiayijing. In the 17thcentury,


was spread to Europe.

1 G l i t d ti t


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1 General introduction to

meridians and acupoints

The theory of meridians and

acupoints is the basic theory

of acupuncture and

moxibustion therapy.


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while the science of

acupoints elucidates the

relation between the visceraand the meridians in light of

the theory of meridians


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The science of meridians

expounds the routes that

connect different parts of thebody based on the clinical

applicatin of acupoints..


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MeridianSystem

The Meridians is a

comprehensive term of

"Jingluo" in TCM. Theyare the passages through

which the Qi can beconducted.


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The meridians mainly

refer to the paths of main

trunks which run up and

down, interiorly andexteriorly within the body.


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The branches of

meridians are called

collaterals which imply thenetworks, thinner and

smaller than meridians,run crossly over the body.


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The meridians are internal

trunks, its transversing

branches are collaterals,the subdivisions of

collaterals are minutecollaterals.


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The meridians and itscollaterals belong to theZang-Fu organs interiorly

and extend to the extremitiesand joints exteriorlyintegrating the Zang, the Fu,

tissues and organs into anorganic whole,


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by which they transport Qi of

blood and regulate Yin and

Yang, keeping the functionsand activities of all parts of

the body in harmony andbalance relatively.

D l t f th


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Development of the

Theory of the Meridians The theory of the

meridians is formed through

longtime practice andobservation of Chinesepeople. Based on theanalysis of records, theformation is as follows:


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1. Observation ofNeedling Sensation:

Acupuncture producessensation of soreness,

numbness, distension orheaviness.


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2. The acupoints which

have similar clinical effects

are regularly lined on thesame course.


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3. Reference of thePathological Phenomenon

on the Body Surface: Whenthere appears the disorder ina certain organ, way of

discovering the system ofmeridians.


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4. Suggestions fromknowledge of Anatomy and

Physiology:With the help ofanatomy, Chinese doctors inancient times got to know the

position, the appearance andsome physiological functionsof internal organs,


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and observed the

tunnellike and the cordlike

structures are distributedover the body and

connected with four limbsas well.


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Meridian

The mainly refer to the

paths of main trunks which

run up and down, interiorlyand exteriorly within the

body.


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the Twelve Divergent

Meridians,the Twelve

Muscle Regions and theTwelve Cutaneous

Regions.


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The Twelve Regular

Meridians include

three Yin Meridians of

Hand(LungPericardium

and Heart)


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Three Yang Meridians of

Hand(Large Intestine

Triple Energizer and SmallIntestine)


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Three Yang Meridians ofFoot(Stomach,Gall-

bladder and Bladder)

Three Yin Meridians of

Foot(Spleen

Liver andKidney)


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They are the major trunks

of the system of the

meridiansso they arecalled the Twelve Regular

Meridians.


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The nomenclature of theTwelve Regular Meridians is

based on the three factors:a) hand or foot,

b) Yin or Yang,

c) Zang or Fu organ.


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The Twelve RegularMeridians pertain to the

twelve Zang and Fu organscorrespondingly, eachregular meridian is named

after the organ to which itpertains.


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In consideration of thefactors, such as hand or foot,

interior or exterior, anterior,middle or posterior aspect ofthe meridian travels through,

and also in accordance withthe theory of Yin and Yang,.


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The meridians that pertain

to the Fu-organs are Yang

meridians which mainlytravel along the lateral

aspect of the limbs.


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The meridians that pertain

to the Zang-organs are

called Yin meridians whichare mainly distributed on

the medial aspect of thefour limbs.


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Based on the

development of Yin and

Yang theory, themeridians are divided into

three Yin meridians andthree Yang meridians


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Body-Surface Distribution of the

Twelve Meridians

The twelve regular

meridians are distributedsymmetrically at the left

and right sides of the head,trunk and four limbs and

go through the whole body


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The six Yin meridians are

distributed on the medial

aspects of the four limbs,the thoracic and

abdominal regions.


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The three Yin meridians of

the hands are distributed

on the medial aspects ofthe upper limbs.


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the foot are distributed on

the medial aspects of thelower limbs.


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The six Yang meridians

are mostly distributed on

the lateral aspects of fourlimbs, head and trunk.


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The three Yang meridians

of hand are distributed on

the lateral aspects of theupper limbs.


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of foot are distributed on

the lateral aspects of thelower limbs.


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of hand and foot are

arranged in an order,inwhich "Large Intestine and

Stomach Meridians" arethe anterior ones,


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"Triple Energizer andGallbladder Meridians" the

medium ones,"Small Intestine and

Bladder Meridians" theposterior ones.


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hand are arranged as follows:

"Lung Meridians" are theanterior ones, "Pericardium

Meridians" the medium ones,


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Heart Meridians" the

posterior ones,


foot are to the aspects of

the lower limbs and instep.


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They are arranged in anorder in which

Liver Meridians are theanterior ones,

Spleen Meridians are themedium ones,

Kidney Meridians are the

posterior ones

S i l th


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Special path

under the lever 8 cunabove the medial

malleolus,Liver Meridians and

Spleen Meridians arecrossed,


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Spleen Meridian is in theanterior aspect,

Liver meridian in themedium aspect,

Kidney Meridian in theposterior aspect.

Courses and Links of the


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Twelve Meridians

The Courses of The

Twelve Meridians:Three Yin meridians of

hand start from the chestto the hands.


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Three Yang meridians of

hand run from hands to

the head.


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Three Yang meridians offoot run from the head to the

feet.Three Yin meridians of foot

run from the feet to abdomen

and chest.


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Links of the Twelve Regular


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g

Meridians

(1) The Yin Meridians linkwith the Yang meridians

mainly in the limbs.For instance, the Lung

Meridian links with the LargeIntestine Meridian on the tipof the index finger.


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The Stomach Meridianconnects with the Spleen

Meridian on the tip of thegreat toe,


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the Bladder Meridianreaches the lateral side of

the tip of the little toewhere it links with the

Kidney Meridian.


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The Gallbladder Meridianruns to the distal portion of

the great toe andterminates at its hairy

region where it links withthe Liver Meridian


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(2)The Yang meridiansand Yang meridians (with

the same nomenclature)are met on the head.


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For instance, both the

Large Intestine

meridian and the

Stomach Meridian go to

both sides of the nose.


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Both the Small IntestineMeridian and the BladderMeridian reach the inner

canthus, and both the TripleEnergizer Meridian and theGallbladder Meridian reachthe outer canthus.

(3)The Yin meridians and


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(3)The Yin meridians and

Yin meridians are met inthe chest region.

For instance, the SpleenMeridian links with theHeart Meridian in the heart,


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the Kidney Meridian linkswith the Pericardium

Meridian in the chest,and the Liver Meridian

links with the LungMeridian in the lung.

Collaterals


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Collaterals

The branches ofmeridians are called

collaterals which imply thenetworks, thinner andsmaller than meridians,run crisscrossly over thebody.


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The meridians are internaltrunks, its transversing

branches are collaterals,the subdivisions of

collaterals are minutecollaterals."


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The collaterals consists ofthe Fifteen Collaterals,the

Superficial Collaterals,and

the Minute Collaterals.

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