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 Virology

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DNA VS RNA

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CENTRAL DOGMA

DNA  DNA

DNA  RNA

RNA  PROTEIN

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  efinition of Virus

 

Viruses may be defined as acellularorganisms whose genomes consist of

nucleic acid, and which obligately replicateinside host cells using host metabolicmachinery and ribosomes to form a pool ofcomponents which assemble into particles

called VIRIONS

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 Viral Properties 

• Viruses are inert (nucleoprotein ) filterableAgents

• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

• Viruses cannot make energy or proteinsindependent of a host cell

• Viral genome are RNA or DNA but not both.

• Viruses have a naked capsid or envelope with

attached proteins

• Viruses do not have the genetic capability tomultiply by division.

•

Viruses are non-living entities ???????????? 

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Challenges the way we define life 

• viruses do not respire,

• nor do they display irritability

• they do not move

• they do not grow

• they do most certainly reproduce, and may adapt

to new hosts. 

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Size of Viruses 

A small virus has a diameter of

about 20nm.

Parvovirus

A large virus have a diameter of up

to 400nm.

Poxviruses

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14

VIRAL STRUCTURE – SOME

TERMINOLOGY

• virus particle = virion

• protein which coats the genome = capsid

•

capsid usually symmetrical• capsid + genome = nucleocapsid

• may have an envelope

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15

ICOSAHEDRAL SYMMETRY

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ICOSAHEDRAL SYMMETRY

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ICOSAHEDRAL SYMMETRY

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SYMMETRY OF NUCLEOCAPSID

•

ICOSAHEDRAL

• HELICAL

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20

TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

adapted from:

Klug and Caspar Adv. Virus Res. 7:225 

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Helical symmetry

• Length controlled by nucleic acid

• Helix may be stiff or flexible

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COMPLEX SYMMETRY

POXVIRUS FAMILY

surface view cross section

White, DO and Fenner, FJ.

Medical Virology, 4th Ed. 1994

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5 BASIC TYPES OF VIRAL STRUCTURE

HELICAL ENVELOPED HELICAL

ENVELOPED ICOSAHEDRAL

COMPLEX

ICOSAHEDRAL

 Adapted from Schaechter et al., Mechanisms of Microbial Disease

nucleocapsidicosahedral nucleocapsid

nucleocapsid

helical nucleocapsid

lipid bilayer  

lipid bilayer  

glycoprotein spikes= peplomers 

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Fusing

• (A) Entry by fusing with the plasma membrane.

Some enveloped viruses fuse directly with the

plasma membrane. Thus, the internal

components of the virion are immediatelydelivered to the cytoplasm of the cell. 

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Endocytosis

• (B) Entry via endosomes at the cell surface 

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• NUCLEIC ACID• CAPSID

• PRESENCE OF ENVELOPE

• REPLICATION STRATEGY

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 Culture of Viruses

 

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System for the propagation of viruses

• People

• Animals : cows;chickens; mice; rats; suckling mice

• Embryonated eggs

• Organ and tissue culture

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CPE:Viral Cytopathological Effects

• Cell death

Cell rounding/Degeneration/Aggregation

Lass of attachments to substrate

• Inclusion bodies in the nucleus or cytoplasm,

margination of chromatin

• Syncytia: multinucleated giant cells caused by virus-

induced cell-cell fusion

•Cell surface changes

Viral antigen expression

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Normal cell and CPE

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 Inclusions

 Negri body

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