kulturis kvlevaTa instituti irakli CxaiZe eTnikuridan...

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

kulturis kvlevaTa instituti

irakli CxaiZe

eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken: nacionaluri

proeqtis dinamika postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi

kulturis kvlevaTa doqtoris (PhD) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

disertacia

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori nino Ciqovani

Tbilisi

2016

avtoris stili daculia

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Tavi I. damoukideblobis gariJraJze – postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis saTaveebTan ............................................................................................................................. 29 1.1. qarTuli nacionalizmis safuZvlebi: “Tergdaleulebi” da pirveli nacionaluri proeqti ....................................................................................................................................... 29 1.2. disidenturi moZraobidan erovnul moZraobamde – saqarTvelo ............ 33 1970-1980-ian wlebSi .............................................................................................................................................. 33

Tavi 2. qarTuli nacionalizmis axali etapi: saqarTvelo 1988-1992 wlebSi ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.1. araformaluri moZraobidan xelisuflebamde (1988-1990) .................................. 42 2.2 erovnuli moZraoba xelisuflebis saTaveSi – winaaRmdegobrivi nacionaluri proeqtis maxasiaTeblebi (1990-1992) ............................................................. 59

Tavi 3. samoqalaqo nacionalizmis konturebi (1992-2003) ............................................. 104 3.1. radikalizmidan stabilurobisken – saqarTvelo 1992-1995 wlebSi .... 104 3.1.1. fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi – kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos konstitucia ................................................................................................. 139 3.2. eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken – saqarTvelo 1995-2003 wlebSi .............................................................................................................................................................................144 3.2.1. adaptacia dasavlur samyarosTan......................................................................................... 147

daskvna .................................................................................................................................................................................. 157 gamoyenebuli literatura ............................................................................................................................. 169

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Sesavali

Tanamedrove msoflioSi nacionalizmi erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian

da angariSgasawev Zalad miiCneva. me-19 saukunidan dRemde man

saerTaSoriso sistemaSi revoluciuri cvlilebebi ganapiroba –

gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana eri-saxelmwifoebis formirebaSi,

centraluri da aRmosavleT evropuli imperiebis rRvevaSi, meore

msoflio omis gaCaRebasa da sami komunisturi saxelmwifos - sabWoTa

kavSiris, iugoslaviisa da Cexoslovakiis - daSlaSi. nacionalizmis

fenomenis siZlieresa da gavlenaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom gasuli

saukunis miwuruls, didi politikuri transformaciis periodSi, bevrma

politikosma da sazogado moRvawem daiviwya Tavisi komunisturi,

internacionaluri warsuli da mxurvale nacionalistad mogvevlina.

ukanasknel wlebSi, liberalur-demokratiul dasavleTSic ki,

nacionalisturi ideologiis matarebeli politikuri gaerTianebebi

gansakuTrebuli eleqtoraluri warmatebiT sargebloben. aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare, bolo periodSi dasavlur (da ara mxolod dasavlur)

samecniero wreebSi nacionalizmis da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis

Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda. maikl heCters Tu

davesexebiT, gaCnda nacionalizmis problemisadmi miZRvnili statiebisa

da wignebis „mTeli mTebi“ (heCteri 2007: 25).

mkvlevarTa didi nawili nacionalizms ukavSirebs bevr

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul faqtsa Tu movlenas, magaliTad, erTi mxriv,

safrangeTis revolucias da, meore mxriv, Tanamedrove epoqisTvis

damaxasiaTebel eTnikur wmendas, Zaladobas, samxedro danaSaulebs da

sxva. aseTi mravalferovneba naTlad aCvenebs am fenomenis

kompleqsurobas da misi Seswavlis sirTules. nacionalizmi

ambivalenturobiT da winaaRmdegobriobiT xasiaTdeba. erTi mxriv, igi

asocirdeba militarizmTan, SovinizmTan, omTan, iracionalizmTan,

homogenizaciasTan, Zaladobriv asimilaciasTan, qsenofobiasTan, eTnikur

wmendasTan, xolo meore mxriv, nacionalizmis fenomeni ukavSirdeba

demokratias, TviTgamorkvevas, politikur legitimurobas, socialur

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integracias, solidarobas, Rirsebas, identobas, kulturul aRorZinebas,

moqalaqeobas, liberalizms. igi aerTianebs erTmaneTisagan radikalurad

gansxvavebul da xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego movlenebs, rac, Tavis

mxriv, iwvevs konceptualur orazrovnebas nacionalizmis Sefasebisas.

misi daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras vgulisxmobT

terminSi “nacionalizmi” (Brubaker 2006: 132).

rTulad gansasazRvria eris cnebac, romelTan dakavSirebiT bevri

gansxvavebuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazreba arsebobs. me-19

saukuneSi moRvawe britaneli eseistis valter bajeTis sityviT, “ra aris

eri, Cven viciT mxolod manam, sanam amis Sesaxeb rames gvkiTxaven” (Bagehot

1972: 20). bajeTi me-19 saukuneSi, erebisa da nacionalizmis Camoyalibebis

epoqaSi cxovrobda, rodesac mxolod fexs ikidebda am problemebisadmi

mecnieruli interesi. dRes, me-20 saukuneSi (gansakuTrebiT mis miwuruls)

ganviTarebuli mravalferovani da tragikuli procesebis fonze,

romelTa ZiriTadi aqtorebi swored erebi da eTnikuri jgufebi iyvnen,

eris/naciis cnebis miRebuli da farTod gaziarebuli definiciis migneba

mniSvnelovnad garTulda.

miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, samecniero literaturaSi vxvdebiT erisa

da nacionalizmis cnebaTa klasifikaciis garkveul mcdelobebs.

naSromis Sesavalsa da Teoriul nawilSi SevecdebiT mimovixiloT

nacionalizmis kvlevis ZiriTadi tendenciebi, maTi dinamika da is

midgomebi, romlebic aprobirebulia akademiur sivrceSi. aseve

SemogTavazebT kvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli terminebis samuSao

gansazRvrebebs, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania definiciaTa siuxvis,

mravalferovnebisa da ambivalenturobis fonze.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebulma saerTaSoriso

sistemam msoflio or nawilad gahyo da ideologiuri dapirispirebis

reJimSi gadaiyvana. “socialistur banaksa” da “Tavisufal samyaros”

Soris winaaRmdegobam, TiTqos, Seasusta nacionalizmis roli da

mniSvneloba me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi. Tumca, internacionalisturi

ritorika moCvenebiT xasiaTs atarebda da mxolod niRbavda

sazogadoebebSi arsebul Zlier nacionalisturi ganwyobebs (Dieckhpff &

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Jaffrelot 2005: 1). aRniSnul mosazrebas adasturebs is faqti, rom civi omis

dasrulebasa da komunisturi ideologiis kraxSi mniSvnelovani roli

swored nacionalurma erTobebma iTamaSes. benediqt andersoni

nacionalizms “marqsizmis erozias” uwodebs da miiCnevs, rom es is

fenomenia, romelsac mZlavrma internacionalisturma ideologiamac ki

veraferi mouxerxa. bipolaruli msoflios mosalodnelze swrafma

rRvevam radikalurad Secvala saerTaSoriso sistema da naTlad aCvena

nacionalizmis orsaxovani buneba – erovnul erTobebze dafuZnebuli

damoukidebeli da suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebisa da

xaverdovani transformaciis paralelurad, msoflios sxvadasxva

wertilSi sisxlismRvreli eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi gaCaRda.

magaliTad, Tu, erTi mxriv, berlinis kedlis dangreva, germaneli eris

konsolidacia, baltiispireTis qveynebis liberalizacia Tavisuflebisa

da demokratiis namdvil zeimad iqca, meore mxriv, kavkasiasa da

balkaneTSi radikalurma nacionalurma moZraobebma uzarmazari

msxverpli, axlad warmoqmnil saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis

darRveva, eTnikuri wmenda da samoqalaqo dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia.

saqarTvelo im qveynebis ricxvSia, romlebsac damoukideblobis

gariJraJze radikalurma eTnikurma nacionalizmma mZime problemebi

Seuqmna da politikuri, socialuri da teritoriuli dezintegracia

ganapiroba. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania eris mSeneblobis kuTxiT saqarTvelos

postsabWoTa gamocdilebis Seswavla da kritikuli analizi.

nacionalizmis, rogorc akademiuri kvlevis obieqtisadmi,

ZiriTadad, ori saxis midgoma arsebobs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevarTa

interesis sagans warmoadgens misi roli damoukidebeli saxelmwifos

formirebaSi. nacionalizmis umTavresi mizani swored suverenuli

politikuri subieqtis Camoyalibebaa. klasikur samecniero

literaturaSi (benediqt andersoni, ernest gelneri, entoni smiTi da

sxvebi) erovnuli moZraobebi da eris formirebis procesebi swored am

konteqstSia ganxiluli. axali, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnam

meoce saukunis miwuruls gansxvavebuli kvleviTi midgomis Camoyalibeba

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gamoiwvia, romelic swavlobs, Tu rogoria nacionalizmis bedi mas

Semdeg, rac miiRweva misi ZiriTadi mizani – suverenuli qveynis Seqmna.

sakvlevi periodis saqarTvelos realobasTan mimarTebaSi orive es

midgoma validuria. me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dawyebulma erovnulma

moZraobam qveynis suverenizaciasa da damoukideblobis mopovebaSi

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, Tumca mogvianebiT, mopovebuli

damoukideblobis pirobebSi, man veRar Seuwyo xeli sazogadoebis

konsolidacias da stabiluri garemos Seqmnas, piriqiT, dezintegraciisa

da destabilizaciis ganmapirobebel erT-erT faqtorad mogvevlina.

Cveni kvleviTi hipoTeza zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs: 1980-iani

wlebis bolodan saqarTveloSi radikaluri eTnikuri nacionalizmi

Camoyalibda, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa damoukideblobis

mopovebaSi, Tumca 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saxelisuflebo elitis

radikalurma ritorikam daabrkola mravaleTnikuri eris mSeneblobis

procesi. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan Tavi iCina samoqalaqo

nacionalizmis formirebis tendenciebma, romlebic kidev ufro

gaZlierda 2000-iani wlebidan.

sakvlevi kiTxva Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: rogoria

qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamika postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi da

ra faqtorebma ganapiroba eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken

svlis procesi?

kvlevis mizania qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis Camoyalibebisa da

ganviTarebis procesis Seswavla, aseve im faqtorebis analizi, romlebmac

gansazRvra nacionaluri proeqtis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi. vfiqrobT,

saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi ganviTarebuli procesebis gaazreba

identobisa da nacionalizmis kvlevebis perspeqtividan xels Seuwyobs

qveynis uaxloesi warsulis ukeT gaazrebas, agreTve saqarTveloSi

mimdinare movlenebis regionuli da saerTaSoriso konteqstis mkafio

gansazRvras; kvlevis Sedegs, SesaZloa, garkveuli praqtikuli

mniSvnelobac hqondes, radgan 1990-ian wlebSi warmoqmnili problemebis

nawili dResac mwvaved dgas saqarTvelos sazogadoebis winaSe.

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nacionalizmis fenomeni interdisciplinuri kvlevis sagania, rasac

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs misi kompleqsuroba. istoria, sociologia,

literaturaTmcodneoba, politikuri mecnierebebi, kulturis kvlevebi,

fsiqologia, lingvistika da kidev araerTi disciplina cdilobs misi ama

Tu im aspeqtis gaazrebas. aseve mravalferovania empiriuli masala,

romlis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia nacinaluri proeqtis dinamikis

analizi. kvleviTi naSromebi, sagazeTo statiebi, mxatvruli literatura,

politikosTa da sazogado moRvaweTa gamosvlebi, interviuebi

pirovnebebTan, romlebic gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifos nacionalur

politikas da sxva masala aris is faqtobrivi baza, romelsac kvleva

unda daeyrdnos.

kvlevis meTodebi. ZiriTadi meTodi, romelsac mocemuli kvleva

eyrdnoba, aris diskursis analizi. ukanasknel wlebSi diskursi erT-erT

yvelaze modur terminad iqca rogorc samecniero literaturaSi, aseve

politikuri Tu inteleqtualuri debatebis dros, Tumca misi

mniSvneloba, xSirad, mkafiod ar aris gansazRvruli. zogadad, diskursi

SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc samyaros aRqmisa da gagebis

gansakuTrebuli ena an msoflmxedveloba, romelic SemosazRvravs

sazogadoebis cxovrebis ama Tu im sferos. magaliTad, samedicino

diskursi, politikuri diskursi da a.S. (Jorgensen & Phillips 2002: 12)

diskursis analizi aris interdisciplinuri kvleviTi midgoma, CarCo,

romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sxvadasxva akademiuri disciplinis

farglebSi. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia SeviswavloT eris nacionaluri

identoba da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi konkretuli periodis

saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT, anu nacionaluri identobis

diskursi, romelic saxelmZRvaneloebSia asaxuli.

Cven qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamikas vikvlevT

postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi oficialuri dokumentebis, politikuri da

inteleqtualuri elitis warmomadgenelTa sajaro gamosvlebis,

mimarTvebis, interviuebis, akademiuri Tu publicisturi naSromebis

analizis safuZvelze. postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti, iseve

rogorc, zogadad, Tanamedrove qarTuli nacionaluri diskursi,

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konstruirebuli fenomenia, romelic elitebis mier Camoyalibda da

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze araerTi transformacia ganicada.

swored am dinamikis Tvalis midevneba da misi analizi aris Cveni kvlevis

ZiriTadi amocana.

empiriuli masalis gaazrebisas viyenebT Sinaarsobrivi analizis

(kontent analizi) meTods. am meTodis gamoyenebisas, mkvlevars

ainteresebs Sesaswavli dokumentebis konkretuli aspeqti – masSi

asaxuli specifikuri socialuri urTierTobebi, avtoris damokidebuleba

ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT Tu sxva1. Cveni kvlevis SemTxvevaSi

gvainteresebs, Tu rogor aris asaxuli zemoT dasaxelebul teqstebSi

erovnuli sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba, postsabWoTa qarTuli

nacionalizmis eTnikuri da samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi, cvlilebebi

qarTul nacionalur proeqtSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, misi

ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi.

samuSao cnebebi da terminebi. kvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebulia

Semdegi ZiriTadi cnebebi: eri, nacionalizmi, eTnikuri jgufi,

nacionaluri proeqti. აm terminebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove

humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi mwvave diskusias da azrTa

sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. Tumca, cnebaTa ganmartebisas, mkvlevarTa nawili

mainc Tanxmdeba garkveul universalur maxasiaTeblebze. magaliTad,

louvel baringtonis (Lowell W. Barrington) mosazrebiT, nacionalizmis

garSemo arsebuli literatura aCvenebs, rom misi nebimieri variaciis

ganxilvisas, ori ram ar kargavs mniSvnelobas – eri da teritoria

(samSoblo) (Barrington W. Lowel 2006: 3). swored teritoriis kontrolTan

aris dakavSirebuli nacionalizmis cnobili diqotomia, romlis mixedviT

igi, erTi mxriv, gamaerTianebeli, xolo meore mxriv, dezintegraciuli

Zalis matarebelia. teritoria xSirad xdeba sxvadasxva eTnikur da

nacionalur erTobaTa dapirispirebis safuZveli. mkvlevarTa

umravlesobisTvis aseve eWvgarSea nacionalisturi ideebis

mobilizaciuri SesaZleblobebi. bolo ori saukunis istoria gvaCvenebs,

1 http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089/2385%3E#g3 (misawvdomia 19.04.2014).

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rom nacionaluri proeqtebi elitebis mier yalibdeba da aqtiurad

gamoiyeneba garkveuli ideebis garSemo sazogadoebaTa darazmvisTvis.

azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs eris cnebis Sinaarsi. aseve cxare

kamaTis sagania erebis warmoSobis dro. imisaTvis, rom gaviazroT am

cnebis arsi da samuSao definicia CamovayaliboT, aucilebelia eris

cneba sxva, masTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli terminebisgan ganvasxvavoT.

aqve davazustebT, rom warmodgenil kvlevaSi eri da nacia identuri

mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli.

rogorc louvel baringtoni aRniSnavs, eri ar unda gavaigivoT

eTnikur jgufTan an eTnikurobasTan. marTalia, erebi eTnosebis

safuZvelze yalibdebian, magram eri metia, vidre eTnikuri jgufi.

nacionalizmis modernistuli da eTnosimbolisturi Teoriis

warmomadgenlebi (benediqt andersoni, entoni smiTi, ernest gelneri,

miroslav hroSi da sxv.), romlebic ers Tanamedrove, modernuli epoqis

produqtad miiCneven, swored am Tvalsazriss iziareben. Tanamedrove

erebi Tvisebrivad gansxvavdebian maTi eTnikuri winaprebisgan. erTa

umravlesobaSi arsebobs ZiriTadi eTnosi, romelic umravlesobas

Seadgens da romlis safuZvelze yalibdeba nacia. swored am eTnosis

arsebobaa eris cnebis garSemo mimdinare debatebis erT-erTi sakvanZo

sakiTxi da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis safuZveli. mkvlevarTa nawili ers

konkretul eTnikur jgufTan aigivebs da mis wevrad gansxvavebuli

eTnosis warmomadgenlis ganxilva SeuZleblad miaCnia. sxvebi ers

moqalaqeobis ideasa da saerTo faseulobaTa sistemaze dafuZnebul

erTobad Tvlian, romelic inkluziuri fenomenia da misi wevroba

SeuZlia yvelas, vinc sazogadoebis ZiriTad faseulobebs gaiziarebs,

ganurCevlad eTnikuri Tu sxva saxis mikuTvnebulobisa. dRes, rodesac

qveynebis sruli umravlesoba mravaleTnikuria, eris gageba mWidrod

ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos da mis teritoriul mTlianobas, radgan

sakiTxisadmi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba xSir SemTxvevaSi

mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis qveynis stabilurobas.

suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmna erisa da nacionalizmis ZiriTadi

mizania, Tumca saxelmwifo ar aris eris arsebobis aucilebeli piroba

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da forma. metic, saxelmwifos uqonloba nacionalizmis ganviTarebisa da

eris Camoyalibebis erT-erTi winapirobaa. magaliTad, qarTveli eri da

qarTuli nacionalizmi, am cnebis modernistuli gagebiT, me-19 saukunis

60-iani wlebidan iwyebs Camoyalibebas. mis saTaveebTan ilia WavWavaZe da

sxva Tergdaleulebi idgnen. am periodSi ruseTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi Semaval saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda kidec naciis

formirebis procesi. Tu saqarTveloSi postsabWoTa periodSi

ganviTarebul movlenebs dinamikaSi ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom eris

orive gageba relevanturia saqarTvelos SemTxvevisTvis da TiToeuli

maTgani sxvadasxva etapze did gavlenas axdenda qveyanaSi arsebul

situaciaze.

rac Seexeba eris cnebis samuSao definicias, Cvens kvlevaSi

viyenebT eris/naciis modernistul gagebas, romlis centrSi dgas ara

eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis, aramed moqalaqeobis idea.

eris cnebis msgavsad, analitikosebi sirTuleebs awydebian

nacionalizmis ganmartebisas. zogierTi mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom SeiZleba

arsebobdes am terminis imdenma ganmarteba, ramdeni mkvlevaric swavlobs

nacionalizms da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. baringtoni aRniSnavs,

rom aucilebelia nacionalizmi ganvasxvavoT patriotizmisgan. pirvel

SemTxvevaSi vsaubrobT loialurobaze saxelmwifos mimarT, xolo

meoreSi _ eris, naciis mimarT. Tumca garkveuli teritoriis kontroli,

saxelmwifos Seqmna da misi gaZliereba nacionalizmis umTavresi mizania.

aseve azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris

nacionalizmi _ idea, koncefcia, rwmena, ideologia Tu politikuri

moZraoba. avtorTa nawili miiCnevs, rom nacionalizmi aris politikuri

idea teritoriuli TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb da kulturuli idea eris,

rogorc identobis umTavresi safuZvlis Taobaze, aseve moraluri idea,

romelic gulisxmobs sakuTari eris uflebebisa da faseulobebis

dacvas. am mimarTulebis momxre avtorTa Soris yvelaze cnobilia ernest

gelneris ganmarteba. misi azriT, nacionalizmi aris principi, romlis

mixedviT politikuri da erovnuli sazRvrebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes

(gelneri 2003: 119).

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meore midgomis mixedviT, nacionalizmi aris organizebuli procesi

an moZraoba, romlis mizani im teritoriaze kontrolis damyarebaa,

romelsac nacionaluri erToba sakuTar teritoriad miiCnevs. mocemuli

naSromis farglebSi, samuSao definicia orive aRniSnul komponents

aerTianebs, Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, smitis da hatCinsonis, xolo meore

mxriv, gelneris Sexedulebebs daveyrdnobiT da nacionalizms

ganvmartavT rogorc ideologias da moZraobas, romlis mizani

saxelmwifos Zliereba da erovnuli da politikuri sazRvrebis

urTierTdamTxvevaa.

nacionalizmis problemisadmi miZRvnil samecniero literaturaSi

mravlad vxvdebiT misi tipologizaciis mcdelobebs. magaliTad, entoni

smiTi Tavis wignSi „nacionalizmis Teoriebi“ erT SemTxvevaSi

nacionalizmis eqvs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Tormet tips gamoyofs.

yvelaze xSirad Semdegi saxis klasifikaciebs vxvdebiT:

voluntaristuli da organuli, subieqturi da obieqturi, politikuri

da kulturuli, liberaluri da araliberaluri da sxv. aseTi saxis

dayofaTa safuZvels da klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas

warmoadgens nacionalizmis eTnikuri (eqskluziuri) da samoqalaqo

(inkluziuri) gageba, romelzec qvemoT visaubrebT.

rac Seexeba nacionaluri proeqtis cnebas, es aris saxelmwifos

mowyobis da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gegma, romelsac politikuri da

inteleqtualuri elita sakuTar xalxs sTavazobs. nacionaluri

proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRweuli unda iqnas konkretuli

mizani, rac qveynis usafrTxoebas, keTildReobas da stabilurobas

ganapirobebs. proeqtis ganxorcielebis gzaze nabijebis gadasadgmelad

elitas sazogadoebis mxardaWera Wirdeba, rac ama Tu ideis garemo

nacionaluri konsolidaciis gziT miiRweva. konstruqtivistebi

nacionalizms politikuri elitis mier marTul fenomenad miiCneven,

romelic maT mier SeTavazebuli nacionaluri proeqtis mxardasaWerad

Rvivdeba da aqtiur ideologiur moZraobad gadaiqceva (nodia 2006: 56).

zogieTi avtori Tavad nacionalizmsac proeqtad moixseniebs. lia

grinfildis azriT, nacionalizmi aris ara obieqturad arsebuli

12

maxasiaTeblebis/elementebis erToblioba, aramed garkveuli

organizebuli principebi, romlebic ama Tu im elementis

prioritetulobas gansazRvravs (Greenfeld 1993: 7). magaliTad, Tu

sazogadoebis an saxelmwifos liderebis mizani eTnikuri nacionalizmis

gaRvivebaa, maSin ganmsazRvreli xdeba iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogorebicaa

saerTo warmomavlobis idea, avtoqtonoba, sisxlismieri naTesaoba,

jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobis bunebrivad arseboba da sxva. Tu

nacionalizmis ZiriTadi idea mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebis formireba

da samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebaa, SesaZloa, prioriteti iseT

elementebs mieniWos, rogorebicaa eris wevrobis arCevanis Tavisufleba,

moqalaqeoba, saxelmwifos mimarT loialuroba, da sxva.

uolker konoris SexedulebiT, eris mSenebloba nacionaluri

proeqtia, romelic saxelmwifos mier xorcieldeba. swored saxelmwifo

institutebia is ZiriTadi aqtorebi, romlebic gegmaven da axorcieleben

nacionalur proeqts im modelis mixedviT, romelic prioritetulia

arsebuli politikuri elitisTvis (Connor 1993: 40). aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare, naTelia, rom nacionaluri proeqti cvalebadi da dinamiuri

fenomenia, masze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas axdens politikuri koniunqtura

da igi xSirad icvleba arastabiluri politikuri konteqstis pirobebSi.

swored politikuri konteqstis cvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba

postsocialisturi tranziciis periodSi myofi qveynebi, maT Soris

saqarTvelo, rac, vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresos xdis qarTuli

nacionaluri proeqtis dinamikis gaazrebas.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, SeuZlebelia im obieqturi garemoebebisa

da faqtorebis ugulebelyofa, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

nacionalizmis formirebasa da eris mSeneblobis procesze. nacionaluri

proeqtis xasiaTze mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs obieqturi realobebi,

rogorc damoukidebeli cvladi, romelic elitasa Tu sazogadoebaSi

arsebul ganwyobebsa da damokidebulebebs ayalibebs. aseTad SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, magaliTad, didi politikuri trasformacia, rogoric iyo

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla, ramac axladSeqmnil damoukidebel

saxelmwifoebSi procesebis radikalizacia da eTnikuri nacionalizmis

13

aRmoceneba ganapiroba. ernest gelneris SexedulebiT, erebi da

nacionalizmi SemTxveviTobaa, romlebic Sesabamis drosa da viTarebaSi

yalibdeba (Gellner 1983: 6). qarTuli nacionalzmis formasa da dinamikaze

mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina im “SemTxveviTma”, obieqturma

garemoebebma, romlis winaSe qveyana postsabWoTa tranziciis sxvadasxva

etapze aRmoCda. Sesabamisad, qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti subieqturi

da obieqturi faqtorebis produqtia.

kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli. cnobili amerikeli mkvlevari

rojers brubeikeri aRniSnavs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

nacionalizmis gamococxlebam post-socialistur sivrceSi myisierad

ganapiroba am fenomenisadmi akademiuri interesis zrda. SemuSavda

mravali Teoriuli midgoma, romelic cdilobs axsnan nacionalizmis

warmoSobis mizezebi, ganviTareba, misi roli dRevandel msoflioSi da

samomavlo perspeqtivebi (Brubaker 1998: 233). am mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi

martivi eqsperimentis meSveobiT davrwmundebiT: Tuki google-is saZiebo

sistemaSi CavwerT sityvaTa kombinacias “theories of nationalism”

(nacionalizmis Teoriebi), Sedegad camet milionze met erTeul

informacias miviRebT. naTelia, rom am STambeWdavi moculobis

informaciaSi orientireba da kvlevisTvis sasurveli Teoriuli

safuZvlis moZieba arcTu martivia.

mkvlevarTa nawili cdilobs TeoriaTa klasifikacias da

sxvadasxva kriteriumis mixedviT dajgufebas. magaliTad, jozef lobera

naSromSi “nacionalizmis Tanamedrove Teoriebi” paradigmaTa sam jgufs

gamoyofs:

1. primordialisturi da sociobilogiuri Teoriebi. am midgomaTa

mixedviT, nacionaluri identoba imTaviTve gansazRvruli

mocemulobaa, Sesabamisad, erebi da nacionalizmi kacobriobis

gaCenis dRidan arsebobs. primordialuri identoba srulad

grZnobebze da emociebzea damyarebuli, romelic individs

dabadebidanve aqvs mocemuli. Tanamedrove akademiur sivrceSi

primordialisturi midgomebi naklebad aris gaziarebuli,

radgan miiCneva, rom ers da nacionalizms ar SeiZleboda earseba

14

kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze; maTi CamoyalibebisaTvis

aucilebelia garkveuli garemo-pirobebis arseboba.

2. instrumentalisturi Teoriebi. am midgomebis mixedviT, eTnikuri

da nacionaluri identobebi moqnili da cvalebadia, maTi

Sinaarsi droisa da garemos cvalebadobazea damokidebuli.

nacionalizmis instrumentalisturi Teoria damyarebulia

ideaze, rom erovnuloba da eTnikuroba politikuri,

ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebis Sedegia. individi ar aris

mijaWvuli konkretul erTobaze, mas SeuZlia Seicvalos

nacionaluri identoba, an iyos erTze meti erTobis wevri.

3. modernistuli Teoriebi. Sexeduleba nacionalizmis modernul

epoqaSi Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove samecniero sivrceSi

yvelaze metad aris gaziarebuli. ori popularuli Teoriuli

midgoma, nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoria da

eTnosimbolizmi, miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli sxvaobebisa,

erebsa da nacionalizms modernul fenomenebad miiCnevs.

modernistuli Teoriebis mixedviT, erebi da nacionalizmi

ganixileba rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis modernul

sazogadoebad gardaqmnis Sedegi. modernistul paradigmaSi

gamoiyofa Sida mimarTulebebi: mkvlevarTa nawilisTvis

mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, sxvaTaTvis _ politikuri

da kulturuli transformaciis procesebi da sxva.

nacionalizmis TeoriaTa SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciis msgavs

dayofas gvTavazobs cnobili britaneli mecnieri entoni smiTic:

primordializmi, perenializmi (romelic didad ar gansxvavdeba

primordialuri midgomisgan), eTnosimbolizmi, modernizmi.

nacionalizmis kvlevis instrumentalisturi, modernistuli da

eTnosimbolisturi midgomebi konstruqtivistul TeoriaTa ricxvs

ganekuTvneba, Cveni kvlevis erT-erTi amosavali swored

konstruqtivistuli midgomaa. am TeoriaTa avtorebi miiCneven, rom

nacionalizmi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis aRmocenebas sxva garemoebebic

unda uwyobdes xels, elitebis mier konstruirebuli fenomenia.

15

sazogadoebis politikuri da inteleqtualuri liderebi qmnian

nacionalur proeqtebs, romelTa ganxorcielebis Sedegad yalibdeba

nacionalizmis esa Tu is forma. zogjer nacionaluri proeqti mxolod

nawilobriv xorcieldeba an Sedegebi ar aris proeqtis avtorTa miznebis

Sesabamisi.

instrumentalisturi midgomis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

mimarTulebaa nacionalizmis klasifikacia eTnikuri da samoqalaqo

formis mixedviT. aseTi dayofa araxalia da misi sawyisebi jer kidev hans

konis (Hans Kohn) SexedulebebSi SegviZlia veZeboT. koni (1891-1971)

nacionalizmis kvlevis saTaveebTan idga da erT-erTma pirvelma

ganaviTara nacionalizmis eTnikuri da samoqalaqo gagebis idea. Tavis

erT-erT mTavar SromaSi „nacionalizmis idea: misi warmoSobisa da

safuZvlebis kvleva“, romelic 1944 wels gamovida, koni cdilobda epova

gansxvavebebi dasavleTSi arsebul nacionalizmis ufro “keTil” formasa

da mis aradasavlur saxesxvaobebs Soris. nacionalizmis dasavluri

formebi dafuZnebuli iyo ideaze, rom nacia warmoadgens moqalaqeTa

racionalur asociacias, gaerTianebuls saerTo kanonebiT da saziaro

teritoriiT, maSin rodesac misi aradasavluri saxesxvaobebi saerTo

kulturisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis rwmenas efuZneba da nacias

ganixilavs rogorc urRvev, erTian, organul, individualur wevrebze

maRla mdgom organizms, romelic dabadebidan dagyveba da nacionalur

daRs gasvams.

entoni smiTis SexedulebiT, msgavsi klasifikaciis wyaro

nacionalur moZraobaTa gansxvavebul klasobriv SemadgenlobaSi unda

veZeboT. misi azriT, aradasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, dasavleTSi Zlier

da Tavis TavSi darwmunebul burJuazias SeeZloa aeSenebina masobrivi

samoqalaqo suliskveTebis mqone moqalaqeTa nacia (smiTi 2004: 70). avtori

saubrobs aseTi dayofis pirobiTobaze. igi mimoixilavs frangul

nacionalizms, romelic, avtoris azriT, evropuli samoqalaqo

nacionalizmis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. safrangeTSi samoqalaqo

nacionalizmi gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa mier dominanturi (franguli) enis

Seswavlas, saqmis warmoebas am enaze, umravlesobis istoriisa da

16

literaturis Seswavlasa da deklamacias, franguli tradiciebis dacvas,

franguli simboloebisa da instituciebis aRiarebas da a.S. amis naTeli

gamoxatulebaa jer kidev 1790 wels safrangeTis asambleaze klermon-

tones mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi: „ebraels, rogorc individs, Cven

vaZlevT yvelafers, ebraels, rogorc ebraels – arafers“. smiTi miiCnevs,

rom daaxloebiT msgavsi politika tardeba liberalur-demokratiuli

saxelmwifoebis did nawilSi, samoqalaqo nacionalizmi Sorsaa iqidan,

rom gansxvavebuli kulturebis mqone jgufTa moTxovnilebani srulad

daakmayofilos. namdvili multikulturuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

tendenciebi mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SeimCneva XX saukunis

60-iani wlebis bolodan, sadnobi Rumelis ideologiaze uaris Tqmis

Semdeg. Tumca, faqtobrivad, SeerTebuli Statebi protestantuli

inglisuri „eTnies“ safuZvelze aSenda (smiTi 2004: 73).

dasavleT evropuli nacionalizmis calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad

nacionalizmis samoqalaqo formad warmodgenas aseve ewinaaRmdegeba

rojers brubeikeri. igi asaxelebs dasavleTevropul sivrceSi

aRmocenebuli nacionalizmis saxeebis ukiduresad „eqskluziur“

magaliTebs, romlebmac ganapirobes konfliqti CrdiloeT irlandiaSi,

mzardi eTnopolitikuri konfliqti belgiaSi, baskuri da kataloniuri

nacionalizmi da a.S. am kuTxiT aseve mniSvnelovania garkveul qveynebSi

qsenofobiuri ideebis matarebeli politikuri partiebis eleqtoraluri

warmateba. Sesabamisad, avtori Tvlis, rom SeuZlebelia kritikis gareSe

vaRiaroT dasavleT evropuli nacionalizmis „samoqalaqo“ xasiaTi

(Brubaker 2006: 134). brubeikeri gvTavazobs alternatiul klasifikacias –

saxelmwifo (state-framed) da kontr-saxelmwifoebrivi (counter-state)

nacionalizmi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, eri da saxelmwifo erTmaneTTan

SesabamisobaSia rogorc instituciuri, aseve teritoriuli

TvalsazrisiT. meore SemTxvevaSi ki eri eqskluziuri fenomenia, romlis

sazRvrebi ar emTxveva an, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos

instituciur da teritoriul sazRvrebs (Brubaker 2006: 144). brubeikeri

SedarebiT neitralur terminebs gvTavazobs da xazs usvams im faqts,

rom ar aris aucilebeli saxelmwifo nacionalizmi samoqalaqo formisa

17

iyos, antisaxelmwifoebrivi ki – eTnikuris. is aseve emijneba

nacionalizmis ama Tu im saxesxvaobis mkacr geografiul determinizms

da miiCnevs, rom geografiul arealze mniSvnelovani elitebis mier

Camoyalibebuli nacionaluri proeqtebia, romlebic, Tavis mxvriv,

nacionalizmis formas gansazRvravs.

miuxedavad eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis diqotomiis

kritikisa, igi mainc inarCunebs WeSmaritebis marcvals. naciis

„voluntaristul“ (samoqalaqo) koncefciaSi individebi floben

garkveul Tavisuflebas. marTalia, „naciaTa msoflioSi“ da nacionaluri

saxelmwifoebis arsebobis pirobebSi, isini ama Tu im nacias unda

ganekuTvnebodnen, magram, principSi, maT SeuZliaT Tavi miakuTvnon

sasurvel nacias. naciis „organul“ koncefciaSi amgvari arCevani

gamoricxulia. individebi naciaSi arian Sobilni da, sadac ar unda

wavidnen, mainc maTi dambadebeli naciis ganuyrel nawilad rCebian.

(smiTi 2004: 70).

Cveni kvlevisTvis mniSvnelovania rogorc eTnikuri da samoqalaqo

nacionalizmis gansxvaveba, aseve brubeikeris mier SemoTavazebuli

alternatiuli diqotomia. me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan

Camoyalibebuli qarTuli nacionalizmi, erTi mxriv, calsaxad eTnikuri

xasiaTis matarebeli iyo, xolo, meore mxriv, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda

damoukidebeli mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelos teritoriul da

instituciur sazRvrebTan. mogviano periodSi, eTnikuridan samoqalaqo

nacionalizmisken transformaciis procesSi, mniSvnelovani roli

saxelmwifo institutebis gaZlierebam iTamaSa.

SemoTavazebuli Teoriuli CarCo, isev rogorc cnebebisa da

terminebis mkafio gansazRvra xels uwyobs gamokvlevis erTgvar

“Semofargvlas”, rac konkretuli SemTxvevis kvlevis (case study) erT-erTi

aucilebeli pirobaa. naSromSi ganxiluli faqtobrivi masala, romlis

safuZvelze SevecadeT postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis

eTnikuri da samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi da maTi dinamika Segveswavla,

warmodgenili Teoriuli safuZvlis farglebSia SerCeuli da

gaanalizebuli.

18

literaturis mimoxilva

pirvel rigSi, SevexebiT nacionalizmis kvlevebis sferoSi arsebul

klasikur literaturas, konkretulad, benediqt andersonis, ernest

gelneris, entoni smiTis, erik hobsbaumis Sromebs. epoqis kvlevis

TvalsazrisiT, am avtorTa naSromebi CvenTvis nakleb sayuradReboa.

isini, ZiriTadad, me-18-19 saukuneebSi, erebisa da nacionalizmis

formirebis epoqaSi ganviTarebul procesebs asaxavs. CvenTvis

sainteresoa avtorTa mier SemoTavazebuli zogierTi Teoriuli

debuleba, romlebic adreuli nacionaluri proeqtebis Camoyalibebas da

nacionalizmis konstruirebulobas exeba.

benediqt andersonis (Benedict Anderson) cnobili naSromi

„warmosaxviTi sazogadoebani: mosazrebani nacionalizmis warmoSobisa da

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb“ (2003)2 erT-erTi klasikuri publikaciaa, romelic

safuZvlad daedo nacionalizmis modernistul Teorias. andersoni

erebsa da nacionalizms calsaxad axal movlenad miiCnevs, romelic

safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdeg evropul sivrceSi iwyebs

Camoyalibebas da did gavlenas axdens araevropul sivrceebSi mimdinare

procesebze. eri, avtoris azriT, aris warmosaxviTi politikuri

sazogadoeba. igi warmosaxviTia imitom, rom yvelaze mcire eris

SemTxvevaSic ki, SeuZlebelia pirovneba icnobdes sakuTari erTobis

warmomadgenelTa ramdenadme mniSvnelovan raodenobas, Tumca maT

sakuTari eris wevrebad miiCnevs (andersoni 2003: 3). nacionalizmi ki,

andersonis SexedulebiT, kulturuli sistemaa, romelic qmnis safuZvels

Semdgomi politikuri miznebisa da moZraobebisaTvis (andersoni 2003: 4).

avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriuli debulebebidan CvenTvis

sayuradReboa mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, nacionalizmis formirebis

erT-erT umTavres winapirobad nacionalisturad ganwyobili elitis

arseboba miiCneva. aseTi elitebi sazogadoebis axalgazrda

liderebisagan, e. w. „piligrimebisgan“ Sedgeba, romlebmac ganaTleba

2 klasikuri literaturis nawili arsebobs qarTul enaze, Sesabamisad, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, vuTiTebT qarTuli gamocemis wels.

19

sazRvargareT miiRes da, sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunebulebma, modernuli

nacionaluri proeqtebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes. swored aseTi

proeqtebis ganxorcielebis Sedegia imperiul sivrceebSi nacionalizmis

gaRviveba. saqarTvelos realobaSi, SeiZleba, me-19 saukunis 60-iani

wlebidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli qarTveli „Tergdaleulebi“

andersoniseul „piligrimebs“ SevadaroT, maT mier Camoyalibebuli

„erovnuli programa“ ki adreul qarTul nacionalur proeqtad

miviCnioT (am sakiTxs qvemoT kvlav davubrundebiT).

aRniSnuli naSromis analizis safuZvelze naTelia politikuri da

inteleqtualuri elitebis gansakuTrebuli roli nacionalizmis

formirebis procesSi, rac mniSvnelovania Cveni gamokvlevis Teoriuli

safuZvlis moZiebisTvis.

cnobili Teoretikosi ernest gelneri (Ernest Gellner) naSromSi

„erebi da nacionalizmi“ (2003), andersonis msgavsad, nacionalizmis

formirebaSi ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas kulturas aniWebs. igi

aanalizebs agraruli sazogadoebebis industriul sazogadoebebad

gardaqmnis xangrZliv process da nacionalizmis gaCenis xanad swored

industriul periods miiCnevs, rodesac, kulturuli tranformaciis

Sedegad, erebi da nacionalizmi iwyebs Camoyalibebas. gelneriseuli

gansazRvrebis mixedviT, nacionalizmi aris principi, romlis Tanaxmad

erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes erovnuli da politikuri sazRvrebi.

nacionalizmis mizanic suverenuli politikuri erTeulis Seqmnaa

(gelneri 2003: 4).

britaneli mecnieri entoni smiTi (Antony D. Smith) naSromSi

„nacionalizmi: Teoria, ideologia, istoria“ (2004) kvleviT sferoSi

arsebul Teoriul konceptebs da midgomebs ajamebs da maT safuZvelze

sakuTar xedvas aviTarebs. wigni kargi saxelmZRvaneloa nacionalizmis

TeoriebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. paradigmebis, cnebebisa da

terminebis analizis Semdeg, naSromSi ganxilulia nacionalizmis

momavali Tanamedrove msoflioSi, eri-saxelmwifoebis roli da

perspeqtivebi. publikacia CvenTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac smiTi

nacionalizms, upirveles yovlisa, ideologiad da socialur moZraobad

20

miiCnevs, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli simboluri ena

da ritorika (smiTi 2004: 21). empiriuli masalis ganxilvisas davinaxavT,

rom somboloebs da elitebis ritorikas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi.

cnobil britaneli mkvlevari erik hobsbaumi (Eric Hobsbawm)

naSromSi „erebi da nacionalizmi 1780 wlidan: programa, miTi, realoba“

iziarebs nacionalizmis Sesaxeb gelneris Sexedulebas da, Tavis mxriv,

amatebs, rom naciis wevroba adamians akisrebs valdebulebas im erTobis

winaSe, romlis wevric aris. es valdebuleba, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT,

aRemateba yvela sxva valdebulebas. swored es garemoeba ganasxvavebs

Tanamedrove nacionalizms jgufuri identobis yvela sxva formisgan

(hobsbaumi 2012: 17).

CvenTvis aseve sayuradReboa hobsbaumis da reinjeris

redaqtorobiT 1983 wels gamocemuli wigni „tradiciebis gamogoneba“.

naSromis Sesaval nawilSi hobsbaumi aRniSnavs, rom nacionalizmis

gaRvivebisa da sazogadoebis mobilizaciisaTvis saWiroa tradiciis

Seqmna, an ukve arsebuli ama Tu movlenisTvis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobis miniWeba. avtoris azriT, zogierTi, TiTqosda xangrZlivi

istoriis mqone tradicia sruliad axali an, sulac, gamogonebulia

(Hobsbawm & Ranger (eds) 1983: 1). es Teoriuli debuleba kargad miesadageba

postsabWoTa nacionalizmebs, kerZod, qarTul nacionalizms, razec

qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

bolo wlebSi gamocemuli kvlevebidan unda aRiniSnos oqsfordis

nacionalizmis istoriis saxelmZRvanelo (Oxford Handbook of the Hostory of

Nationalism, 2013), romelic nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis kvlevis

sferoSi Seqmnili erT-erTi yvelaze kompleqsuri da masStaburi

naSromia. masSi, Teoriuli sakiTxebis analizTan erTad, warmodgenilia

mdidari empiriuli masala, araerTi konkretuli SemTxvevis kvleva

msoflios sxvadasxva regionidan. aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelodan CvenTvis

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa jon hatCinsonis (John Hutchinson) statia

„kulturuli nacionalizmi“ („Cultural Nationalism“) (Hutchinson 2013: 75-94),

21

romelSi asaxuli Teoriuli debulebebi sainteresod esadageba

saqarTvelos magaliTs.

literaturidan, romelic Cveni kvlevis uSualo Teoriul

safuZvels warmoadgens, upirveles yovlisa, unda SevexoT rojers

brubeikeris (Rogers Brubaker) naSromebs3. 2006 wels gamocemul

gamokvlevaSi „eTnikuroba jgufebis gareSe“ („Ethnicity Without Groups“)

avtori eTnikurobas, erebs, sxvadasxva saxis jgufur identobebs

konstruirebul fenomenebad miiCnevs. brubeikeris azriT, erebisa da

eTnikuri jgufebis kvlevisas yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT praqtikul

kategoriebze, situaciebze, kulturul idiomebze, diskursze, politikur

proeqtebze, jgufurobis cvalebadobaze (Brubaker 2006: 27). misi

SexedulebiT, iseTi fenomenebi, rogorebicaa eTnosi, eri, rasa,

Tanamedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri da politikuri

procesebis Sedegia (Brubaker 2006: 87). naSromSi calke Tavi eTmoba

eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis diqotomias. brubeikeri

aRniSnavs, rom msgavsi klasifikaciis dros xSirad vxvdebiT analitikur

da normatiul orazrovnebas, geografiul determinizms, rac, udaod,

kritikas imsaxurebs. miuxedavad amisa, igi iziarebs eTnikuri da

samoqalaqo nacionalizmis gansazRvrebaTa ZiriTad postulatebs da

SedarebiT neitralur alternativas gvTavazobs, razec Sesaval nawilSi

ukve gvqonda saubari.

sayuradReboa brubeikeris meore naSromi „xelaxla gaazrebuli

nacionalizmi: eri da erovnuli sakiTxi axal evropaSi“ („Nationalism

Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe“, 1996). avtoris

SexedulebiT, meoce saukunis bolos nacionalizmis gaRviveba da didi,

mravalerovani saxelmwifoebis daSla Tavad am saxelmwifoebis mier

eTnikurobis institucionalizaciam ganapiroba. brubeikeri did

yuradRebas uTmobs postsabWoTa nacionalizmebs da miiCnevs, rom

„perestroikamde“ didi xniT adre ganxorcielda naciebisa da eTnikuri

jgufebis institucionalizacia, ramac imTaviTve Seuqmna safuZveli me-20

3 aRniSnuli gamokvlevebi, samwuxarod, ar aris Targmnili qarTul enaze, amitom, vamjobineT, maTi dasaxelebebi originalis (inglisur) enazec SemogveTavazebina.

22

saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ganviTarebul politikur procesebs (Brubaker

1996: 18). sabWoTa reJimi krZalavda nacionalizmis yovelgvar politikur

gamovlinebas, magram, amave dros, qmnida teritoriuli da kulturuli

institucionalizaciis formebs. msgavsma midgomam eTnikuroba

fundamentur socialur kategoriad aqcia da postsabWoTa periodSi

eTnikuri nacionalizmis „afeTqeba“ gamoiwvia.

Tanamedrove nacionalizmis formebis, Teoriuli midgomebis,

cnebebisa da terminebis analizis TvasazrisiT, didi daxmareba gagviwia

alan dikhofis (Alain Dieckhoff) da kristof jefrelotis (Christophe Jaffrelot)

redaqciiT gamocemulma naSromma „nacionalizmis xelaxali gaazreba“

(„Revisiting Nationalism: Theories and Processes“, 2005). publikaciis avtorebi

farTod ganixilaven nacionalizmis, multikulturalizmis, demokratiis,

religiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs. didi yuradReba eTmoba

eTnopolitikur konfliqtebs da nacionalizmis rols maT aRmocenebaSi.

mniSvnelovan naSromebs moicavs louel baringtonis (Lowell

Barrington) redaqtorobiT gamocemuli krebuli „damoukideblobis Semdeg:

eris Seqmna da dacva postkoloniur da postkomunistur sazogadoebebSi“

(„After Independence: Making and Protection the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist

states“, 2006). aq ganxilulia sxvadasxva postsocialisturi saxelmwifos,

maT Soris, saqarTvelos SemTxveva. Sesaval nawilSi, romlis

saxelmwodebaa „Nationalism & Independence“, redaqtori ayalibebs

nacionalizmis kvlevis axal, postsocialisturi epoqisTvis

mniSvnelovan amocanas – Seswavlil iqnas nacionalizmis roli da

funqcia mas Semdeg, rac is miaRwevs umTavres mizans – suverenuli

saxelmwifos Seqmnas. avtori aseve vrclad mimoixilavs erisa da

nacionalizmis cnebaTa garSemo mimdinare Tanamedrove debatebs.

yuradRebas iqcevs amave krebulSi gamoqveynebuli ian bremeris (Ian

Bremmer) statia „postsabWoTa erebi damoukideblobis Semdeg“ („The Post-

Soviet Nations After Independence“). avtori miuTiTebs, rom damoukideblobis

ZiebaSi nacionalurma elitebma masebis mobilizacia moaxdines eris,

samSoblos, istoriuli identobis, suverenulobis ideebis garSemo,

Tumca damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg axlad aRmocenebuli eri-

23

saxelmwifoebi sruliad axali gamowvevebis, miznebis, TamaSis wesebis

winaSe aRmoCndnen, rac elitebis mxridan gansxvavebuli midgomebis

SemuSavebas moiTxovda (Bremmer 2006: 141). axal pirobebSi masebis

mobilizacia sakmarisi aRar iyo warmatebis misaRwevad, radgan

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba da gaZliereba bevri sxvadasxva

saxis problemis gadawyvetas moiTxovda.

aRniSnuli krebulidan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

kavkasiis regionis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevris, stiven jonsis (Stephen

Jones) statia „saqarTvelo: nacionalizmi nangrevebidan“ („Georgia:

Nationalism from Under the Rubble“). avtori postsabWoTa qarTuli

nacionalizmis ganviTarebis tendenciebs aanalizebs. statiis arss

mokled SevexebiT, radgan stiven jonsma postsabWoTa saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb sakuTari naSromebi Seajama axlad gamoqveynebul monografiaSi

„saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis Semdeg“ (2013),

romelsac qvemoT mimovixilavT. rac Seexeba aRniSnul statias, avtori

1990-ian wlebSi qarTuli nacionalizmis marcxze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

am periodSi saqarTvelom gamoiara samoqalaqo omi, xelisuflebis

SeiaraRebuli gziT damxoba, ori eTnopolitikuri konfliqti, dakarga

teritoriebi. qveyana postsabWoTa transformacias usisxlod ver

gadaurCa, rac, avtoris azriT, damoukidebeli qveynis pirobebSi qarTuli

nacionalizmis (igive nacionaluri proeqtis) warumateblobaze miuTiTebs

(Jones 2006: 249).

rac Seexeba stiven jonsis zemoxsenebul monografias, wignSi

gaazrebulia saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli politikuri procesebi 1985-

2011 wlebSi; gaanalizebulia erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodi,

damoukideblobis mopoveba, Semdgomi destabilizacia da dezintegracia,

SevardnaZis epoqa da bolos, „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgomi periodi.

naSromi kompleqsuri gamokvlevaa da bevr problemur sakiTxs exeba, maT

Soris, qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis formirebas da nacionalizmis

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. wignSi calke qveTavia gamoyofili,

saxelwodebiT „qarTuli nacionalizmis miTi“, sadac saubaria dasavlur

politikur da akademiur wreebSi arsebuli miTis Sesaxeb, romelic

24

gadaWarbebiT negatiur Sefasebas aZlevs qarTul nacionalizms da mas

postsabWoTa saqarTvelos yvela ubedurebis saTaved miiCnevs (jonsi 2013:

303).

natalia sabanaZis inglisur enaze Sesrulebuli monografia

„globalizacia da nacionalizmi: saqarTvelosa da baskeTis SemTxvevebi“

(„Globalization and Nationalism: the Cases of Georgia and the Basque Country“, 2010)

sainteresoa rogorc meTodologiis, aseve empiriuli masalis kvlevis

TvalsazrisiT. sabanaZe postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis sam fazas

gamoyofs: 1. nacionaluri fundamentalizmi – gamsaxurdias epoqa,

rodesac radikaluri eTnikuri nacionalizmi aRmocenda. 2. nacionaluri

apaTia – SevardnaZis periodi, deradikalizaciis procesi da

stabilurobisaken swrafva. 3. nacionalizmis konkurentuli variaciebi –

1990-iani wlebis miwuruli da „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgomi periodi,

rodesac, Zlieri samoqalaqo diskursis paralelurad, sazogadoebis

garkveul nawilSi radikaluri ganwyobebi iwyebs Camoyalibebas (Sabanadze

2010: 48).

natalia sabanaZes ekuTvnis kidev erTi naSromi – „saqarTvelos

eTnikuri mravalferovneba: gamowveva saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaTvis“

(„Georgia’s Ethnic Diversity: A Challenge to State-building“), romelic gamoqveynda 2012

wels gamocemul krebulSi „Tanamedrove saqarTvelos Seqmna: 1918-2012“

(„The Making of Modern Georgia: 1918-2012“). avtori eTnikuri mravalferovnebis

marTvas saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis umTavres gamowvevad

miiCnevs. igi mimoixilavs sabWoTa memkvidreobas da postsabWoTa

saqarTvelos nacionalur politikas, romelzec, sabanaZis azriT, did

gavlenas axdens sabWoTa periodSi ganxorcielebuli eTnikurobis

institucionalizacia. multikulturalizmis miTis Seqmnis

paralelurad, Rvivdeboda eTnikuri nacionalizmi da akademiur sivrceSi

primordialuri midgomebi dominirebda (Sabanadze 2014: 120).

mcirea postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis Tematikaze qarTul

enaze Sesrulebuli naSromebis ricxvi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT

calkeul statiebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs fundamenturi

gamokvleva. amis mizezi, albaT, isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi, mkacri

25

ideologiuri reJimis pirobebSi, erebisa da nacionalizmis formirebis

kvleva ukiduresad SezRuduli gaxldaT. msgavs sakiTxebTan Sexeba

mxolod marqsistul-leninuri midgomebis farglebSi iyo SesaZlebeli.

postsabWoTa epoqaSi, miuxedavad ideologiuri wnexis ararsebobisa,

mainc SenarCunda akademiuri kvlevis Zveli midgomebi. rCeba

STabeWdielba, rom qarTveli mkvlevrebi eridebian nacionalizmis

Tematikis ganxilvas, an, kvleviTi tradiciis arqonis gamo, jer ar aris

dagrovili Sesabamisi Teoriuli codna. 2000-iani wlebidan SeiniSneba

garkveuli Zvrebi am mimarTulebiT, Tumca qarTvel avtorTa naSromebi,

ZiriTadad, me-19 saukuneSi da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi qarTveli eris

firmirebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs exeba.

2008 wels gamoica dimitri SveliZis monografia „politikuri

dapirispirebebi da erovnuli xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-

1992). avtori gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis da erovnul

moZraobaSi ganxeTqilebis mizezebs ikvlevs da, garkveulewilad,

mimoixilavs nacionalizmTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. naSromi,

ZiriTadad, politikur process aanalizebs da samoqalaqo omis mizezebis

Sesaxeb obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenas cdilobs. misi mizania

mecnierulad Seiswavlos „1987-1992 wlebSi mimdinare dapirispirebebi jer

erovnul moZraobaSi, Semdeg damoukidebel saqarTveloSi arsebul

politikur partiebs, Semdeg ki opoziciasa da xelisuflebas Soris“

(SveliZe 2008: 2), gaarkvios, Tu ra iyo permanentuli konfrontaciis

mizezebi, winapirobebi da ratom ganviTarda movlenebi aseTi dramatuli

scenariT.

mokled exeba Tanamedrove qarTul nacionalizms da mis istoriul

wanamZRvarebs zurab daviTaSvili 2003 wels gamocemul monografiaSi

„nacionalizmi da globalizacia“. misi SexedulebiT, radikalurma

eTnikurma nacionalizmma negatiuri roli Seasrula da mniSvnelovnad

ganapiroba 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos marcxi

(daviTaSvili 2003: 388). aRniSnuli naSromidan CvenTvis sainteresoa

meTormete Tavis pirveli qveTavi „Tanamedrove qarTuli nacionalizmi da

misi istoriuli wanamZRvrebi“, sadac avtori mokled mimoixilavs

26

qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istorias. zurab

daviTaSvilis SexedulebiT, erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri frTis mier

gatarebuli politikis da eTnikuri nacionalizmis marcxma bunebrivad

Seuwyo xeli samoqalaqo nacionalizmze gadasvlis process. avtori

ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebs damoukideblobis mopovebas, rodesac

miRweuli iqna nacionalizmis umTavresi mizani – suverenuli

saxelmwifos Seqmna. arsebuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba da ganmtkiceba

eTnikuri nacionalizmis saxelmwifo nacionalizmad transformirebas

moiTxovs da aqcents ara eTnikurobaze, aramed saxelmwifoebriobaze

akeTebs (daviTaSvili 2003: 404)E

Cveni kvlevisTvis sayuradReboa gia nodias statia „saqarTvelo:

mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi“, romelic dabeWdilia 2006 wels gamocemul

krebulSi „saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba: saqarTvelo „vardebis

revoluciis“ Semdeg“. avtors gamoyofili aqvs calke qveTavi

saxelwodebiT „saqarTvelos erovnuli proeqti“, sadac nodia cdilobs

gansazRvros erovnuli proeqtis cneba da gaanalizos Tanamedrove

saqarTvelos nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. avtori

aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi rogorc politikuri da inteleqtualuri

elitisTvis, aseve mosaxleobisTvis erovnuli proeqti „normalur“

evropul qveynad qcevas da aRiarebas gulisxmobs. am mxriv,

saqarTvelosTvis misabaZi magaliTi, SesaZloa, baltiis saxelmwifoebi,

poloneTi an, Tundac, serbeTi iyvnen (nodia 2006: 58-59). gia nodias azriT,

ar arsebobs konkretuli kulturulad axlobeli qveyana, romelic aseT

modelad gamodgeba da saqarTvelosTvis misabaZi zogadad evropaa. es

naSromi saqarTvelos realobaSi Seqmnili is erT-erTi iSviaTi

gamonaklisia, sadac Semotanilia erovnuli (nacionaluri) proeqtis

cneba da gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos SemTxveva. Tumca, aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom igi ar emyareba mniSnelovan empiriul masalas da avtori

mxolod zogadi Teoriuli msjelobiT Semoifargleba.

unda SevexoT ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis mier 2009

wels gamocemul krebuls „qarTveli eris dabadeba“, sadac 2007 wels

ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis masalebia dabeWdili. am

27

krebulidan sayuradReboa daviT afrasiZis statia „saxelmwifosa da eris

formireba Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi: dausrulebeli proeqti?“ avtoris

azriT, 1990-iani wlebidan dRemde saqarTveloSi pasuxgaucemelia

saxelmwifosa da eris mSeneblobis sakvanZo kiTxvebi – sad, ra

geografiul sivrceSi iqmneba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da vin Seadgens

qarTvel ers? (afrasiZe 2009: 93). avtoris mizania, gaanalizos da

gamokveTos mTavari gamowvevebi qarTveli politikuri eris formirebis

gzaze, sadac umTavresi gamowveva qarTveli xalxis (saqarTvelos

teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamianTa erTobis) homogenurobis miRwevaa. am

miznis ganxorcieleba ki mxolod saxelmwifos formirebis proeqtis

warmatebis probebSia SesaZlebeli.

aRniSnul krebulSi dabeWdilia gia nodias kidev erTi statia

„qarTuli erovnuli ideis komponentebi: zogadi monaxazi“. naSromis

mizania „zogadad moxazos qarTveli eris Tanamedrove ideis evoluciis

traeqtoria“ (nodia 2009: 116). mocemul naSromSi avtori kvlav aviTarebs

zemoaRniSnul Teziss da Tvlis, rom qarTvelebisTvis nacionalizmi da

evropaSi integrirebis wyurvili organulad erwymis erTmaneTs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi inteleqtualis SexedulebiT, evropa

„postnacionalur“ xanaSia da nacionalizms iq ukve yavli gauvida,

qarTvelebma ar unda „daimorcxvon“ imis gamo, rom maTi nacionalizmi

arasakmarisad postmodernulia da ar unda Secvalon erovnuli proeqtis

saxe. gia nodia Tvlis, rom evropuli postmodernizmi mxolod

inteleqtualebis gonebaSi arsebobs da realoba misgan gansxvavebulia.

saqarTvelos warmateba mxolod arsebuli nacionaluri proeqtis

ganxorcielebazea damokidebuli.

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg gaCarebul samoqalaqo omTan da

xelisuflebis damxobasTan dakavSirebiT 1990-ian wlebSi gamocemuli

naSromebi ukiduresad subieqturi xasiaTisaa da cota aqvs saerTo

akademiur kvlevasTan. Avtorebi, ZiriTadad, konkretul politikur

pozicias gamoxataven da mowinaaRmdegeTa kritikiT arian dakavebuli. am

naSromebis nawils empiriuli masalis ganxilvisas SevexebiT.

28

Cveni kvlevis empiriul bazas Seadgens agreTve memuaruli

literatura, kerZod, eduard SevardnaZis, jumber patiaSvilis, jaba

ioselianis da sxvaTa mogonebebi, Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom avtorebi

gverds uvlian qarTul nacionalizmTan, mis rolsa da funqciasTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. naSromebSi, romelTa moculoba asobiT

furcelia, iSviaTad gvxvdeba sakvlevi sakiTxisTvis saWiro informacia.

ukanasknel wlebSi SesamCnevia sakvlevi sakiTxisadmi mzardi

interesi. magaliTad, 2009 wlidan ilias universiteti gamoscems

akademiur Jurnals „identobis kvlevebi“. statiebis garkveuli nawili

postsabWoTa periodSi ganviTarebul procesebs exeba, Tumca SeiniSneba

empiriuli kvlevis simwire, avtorebi mxolod zogadi Teoriuli

debulebebiT Semoifarglebian.

29

Tavi I. damoukideblobis gariJraJze – postsabWoTa

qarTuli nacionalizmis saTaveebTan

1.1. qarTuli nacionalizmis safuZvlebi: “Tergdaleulebi” da pirveli

nacionaluri proeqti

akademiur wreebSi xSiria debatebi qarTveli erisa da qarTuli

nacionalizmis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. mkvlevarTa mniSvnelovan nawilSi

dominirebs primordialisturi Sexedulebebi, romlis mixedviT, qarTveli

eri yovelTvis arsebobda, qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela

etapze.4 ukve 2000-iani wlebidan, erisa da nacionalizmis sakiTxebisadmi

interesis zrdis paralelurad, gaCnda da damkvidrda gansxvavebuli

Tvalsazrisic: mkvlevarTa meore, SedarebiT mcire nawili Tvlis, rom

qarTveli eri, modernuli gagebiT, me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebidan iwyebs

Camoyalibebas.5 Cven vemxrobiT meore Tvals azriss – vfiqrobT, rom

qarTveli eris Tanamedrove saxiT formirebis safuZvlebi ilia

WavWavaZis da „TergdaleulTa“ saxels ukavSirdeba. swored isini qmnian

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pirvel nacionalur proeqts, igive „erovnul

programas“ da gegmazomierad cdiloben mis ganxorcielebas.

arsebuli debatebi, ZiriTadad, Semdegi mizeziT aris

ganpirobebuli: warsulis kvlevis sabWoTa periodSi arsebuli tradicia

calsaxad primordialisturia, Sesabamisad, am skolis aRzrdil

mkvlevarTa nawils uWirs Tanamedrove midgomebTan Segueba. ZiriTadi

argumenti qarTveli xalxis dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg xangrZlivi

brZolaa, romelic nacionalizmis gamovlinebad miiCneva da me-19 saukunis

60-70-ian wlebze gacilebiT adre iRebs saTaves.

marTalia, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba nacionalizmis

mniSvnelovani komponentia, Tumca, vfiqrobT, ar aris marTebuli maT

4 mag. ix. Tamaz beraZis statia “qarTuli identobis ZiriTadi etapebi”. eTnologiuri krebuli, 2008. 5 mag. ix. mariam CxartiSvilis da qeTevan manias naSromi “qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi”, Tb. 2011; zurab daviTaSvilis monografia “nacionalizmi da globalizacia”, Tb. 2003; natalia sabanaZis inglisur enaze Sesrulebuli naSromi “Globalization and Nationalism: The Cases of Georgia and Basque Country”

CEU Press, 2011.

30

Soris tolobis niSnis dasma. bevri mecnieri nacionalizms imperiis

winaaRmdeg kolonizebuli xalxis saprotesto gamosvlebs uwodebs da,

rogorc ronald grigor suni miiCnevs, naklebad cdilobs am fenomenis

safuZvlian analizs (Suny 1994: 113).

nacionalizmis warmoSobas garkveuli winapirobebi sWirdeba,

romlebic saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebSi yalibdeba, swored

im periodSi, rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze “Tergdaleulebad”

wodebuli inteleqtualTa Taoba gamodis. sunis sityviT, am periodidan

iwyeba saqarTveloSi politikuri sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. ruseTis

imperator aleqsandre II-is mier liberaluri reformebis gatareba da

“TergdaleulTa” Taobis asparezze gamosvla droSi Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs.

reformebma Seqmna obieqturi winapirobebi nacionalizmis

Camosayalibeblad. amas daemata zogadad imperiul sivrceSi mimdinare

procesebi da “TergdaleulTa” mier SemoTavazebuli, sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis sruliad axleburi koncefcia, romlis mixedviT,

nacionaluri identoba unda gamxdariyo loialurobis umTavresi wyaro,

religiur, regionul Tu sxva saxis identobebTan SedarebiT.

modernuli qarTuli nacionaluri cnobiereba mravalferovani

politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli dinebebis produqtia.

nacionalizmis formireba ufro metia, vidre danawevrebuli politikuri

organizmis xelaxali SekavSireba, rac saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi, rusuli imperiuli mmarTvelobis damkvidrebis dros

moxda. procesis dasawyebad aucilebeli iyo liderebis mxridan

mizanmimarTuli inteleqtualuri muSaoba sazogadoebis

mobilizaciisTvis. moZraobis pirveli etapze kulturuli nacionalizmi

yalibdeba, xolo SemdgomSi wina planze saxelmwifoebriobis

safuZvlebisa da politikuri avtonomiis Seqmnisken swrafva iwevs.

me-19 saukuneSi qarTuli nacionalizmi ara mxolod obieqturi

mocemuloba, aramed gaazrebuli qmedebis, nacionaluri proeqtis

realizebis Sedegia. TeregdaleulTa praqtikulma muSaobam, uSualo

monawileobam ganaTlebis, kulturisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi

safuZveli Cauyara politikur da ekonomikur erTianobas. miuxedavad

31

gansxvavebuli aqcentebisa, TergdaleulTa umravlesoba moiTxovda

erovnul Tanxmobas da realurad muSaobda imisTvis, rom qarTvel

xalxSi samoqalaqo da nacionaluri TviTSegneba gaeRrmavebina (jonsi

2007: 58-59).

miroslav hroSis modelis mixedviT, nacionalizmi, imperiul

sivrceSi Camoyalibebis procesSi, Semdeg etapebs gadis: pirveli (A) –

kulturuli identobis Camoyalibebisken swrafva, rac moicavs enis

reformas, erovnuli istoriis aqtivacias da misi rolis gaZlierebas;

meore (B) – “patriotebis” jgufis mier Camoyalibebuli erovnuli ideis

xalxamde mitana saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis (skolebis) da presis

saSualebiT; da mesame (C) – sazogadoebis sayovelTao mobilizacia (Hroch

2000: 22-23). me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli moZraoba, SesaZloa,

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, magram mainc mkafiod Tavsdeba warmodgenil

modelSi. “Tergdaleulebis” nacionaluri proeqti swored am

mimarTulebiT ganviTarda.

1881 wels Jurnal „iveriaSi“ gamoqveynebul “Sinaur mimoxilvaSi”

ilia WavWavaZem warmoadgina sazogadoebrivi moZraobis ZiriTadi

prioritetebi: “dacemulis vinaobis aRdgena, fexzed dayeneba da dacva

yovlis mosalodnelis faTerakisagan,6 anu nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva

da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. ilias azriT, nebismieri saxis

saqmianoba – bankis Seqmna, Teatris Tu skolis daarseba da a.S. – am

miznis miRwevisken unda yofiliyo mimarTuli. werilSi aseve

xazgasmulia literaturis mniSvneloba, misi daniSnulebis cvla,

romelic ilia WavWavaZis da akaki wereTlis saxelebs ukavSirdeba. maT

pirvelebma daamkvidres kritikuli realizmi. literaturis orientiris

mkafiod gamokveTa da misi “eris samsaxurSi” Cayeneba nacionaluri

proeqtis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.

imperiuli konteqstisa da rusifikatoruli politikisgan

momdinare gamowvevebis gamo, adreuli qarTuli nacionalizmi eTnikuri

formiT Camoyalibda. miuxedvad imisa, rom inteleqtualTa mier

SemoTavazebuli nacionaluri proeqti qarTvelebis eTnikur

6 “Sinauri mimoxilva”. Jurnali “iveria”, 1881. # 12.

32

mobilizacias gulisxmobda, igi ar atarebda mkveTrad eqskluziur

xasiaTs. “TergdaleulTa” liderebis publicistur werilebSi xSirad

vxvdebiT samoqalaqo nacionalizmis niSnebs da sxva religiuri Tu

eTnikuri jgufebis mimarT გამოხატულ pozitiur ganwyobebs.

me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan postsabWoTa epoqamde qarTulma

nacionalizmma rTuli gza gamoiara da araerTi transformacia ganicada.

1980-iani wlebis miwurulis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti ukve

gamokveTilad eqskluziuri da sxva jgufebis mimarT nakleb

tolerantulia. amis mizezi, vfiqrobT, sabWoTa warsulSi unda veZeboT,

Tumca sakiTxi cdeba Cveni kvlevis farglebs da masze aRar SevCerdebiT.

gadavideT uSualod sakvlevi problemis ganxilvaze da Tvali

mivadevnoT postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamikas,

romelmac, miuxedavad damoukideblobis arcTu ise xangrZlivi periodisa,

araerTi transformacia ganicada.

33

1.2. disidenturi moZraobidan erovnul moZraobamde – saqarTvelo

1970-1980-ian wlebSi

erovnuli moZraobis morigi etapi saqarTveloSi 1980-iani wlebis

bolodan, mixeil gorbaCovis mier sabWoTa kavSirSi gardaqmnisa da

sajaroobis politikis gamocxadebis Semdeg iRebs saTaves. 1988 wlidan

qveyanaSi masobrivi aqciebis talRa agorda da dafiqsirda Ria protesti

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT. Tumca erovnul moZraobas da reJimis

winaaRmdeg brZolas safuZveli ufro adre, 1970-ian wlebSi Caeyara.

1975 wels helsinkSi (fineTi) gaformda fundamenturi dokumenti,

romelsac evropis 35 qveyana, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da

sabWoTa kavSiric SeuerTda. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirs

nedleulis da navTobproduqtebis dasavleTis bazarze gatanis ufleba

eZleoda, Tumca, amave dros, igi iRebda saxelmwifoSi adamianis

uflebebis dacvis valdebulebas. helsinkis SeTanxmebis gaformebas

saqarTveloSi da sxva sabWoTa respublikebSi disidenturi moZraobis

gaaqtiureba da araformaluri gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba mohyva.

“saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufs”, romelsac 1989 wlidan “helsinkis

kavSiri” ewoda, saTaveSi Caudgnen zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava,

viqtor rcxilaZe da sxva disidentebi. gamsaxurdia da kostava

aralegalur saqmianobas jer kidev 1954 wlidan eweodnen, rodesac

Seqmnes iatakqveSa patriotuli organizacia “gorgasliani”, romelic

sabWoTa ideologiis sawinaaRmdego, erovnuli Sinaarsis proklamaciebs

avrcelebda. “gorgaslianis” liderebi maleve, 1956 wels daapatimres. 1975

wlidan gaaqtiurebuli disidenturi moZraoba ar iyo mravalricxovani

da imdenad mZlavri, rom seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna jer kidev

didebis zenitSi myofi sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis. miuxedavad amisa,

moZraobis wevrebi cdilobdnen, xelisuflebisTvis usiamovno

siurprizebi moewyoT. daarsda aralegaluri gamocemebi; literaturuli

Jurnali “oqros sawmisi”, politikuri Sinaarsis gamocema “saqarTvelos

moambe”, romelTa gavrceleba aralegaluri gzebiT xorcieldeboda.

“samocdaaTianelebis” saxeliT cnobili qarTveli araformalebi,

helsinkis SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, ZiriTad yuradRebas adamianis

34

uflebebis dacvas uTmobdnen, Tumca disidenturi moZraobis erT-erTi

wevris, levan berZeniSvilis SexedulebiT, erovnuli aqcenti

dasawyisidanve naTeli iyo. moZraobis wevrebi fiqrobdnen politikur

damoukideblobaze da avrcelebdnen politikuri Sinaarsis

proklamaciebs.7 es kidev ufro naTeli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac daapatimres

moZraobis liderebi – gamsaxurdia, kostava da rcxilaZe. ukve 1977-1978

wlidan arsdeba aralegaluri politikuri organizaciebi, romelTa

mizani naTlad Cans maTi dasaxelebebidan: “respublikuri partia”,

“saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis kavSiri”, “saqarTvelos

erovnuli ganTavisuflebis organizacia”. araformalur gaerTianebaTa

wevrebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen disonansi SeetanaT xalxTa Zmobisa da

sayovelTao bednierebis sabWoTa modelSi, romlis demonstrirebac,

xSirad, sayovelTao zeimebisa da aRlumebis gziT xdeboda. qarTveli

disidentebi cdilobdnen, rom swored aseTi masStaburi zeimebis dros

SeeqmnaT problemebi sabWoTa xelisuflebisTvis. magaliTad, 1977 wlis 7

noembers, didi oqtombris revoluciis me-60 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT

gamarTuli saxalxo zeimis dros, disidentebma antisabWoTa

proklamaciebi gaavrceles, romlis Sinaarsi saqarTvelos momaval

damoukideblobas exeboda. aseve unda aRiniSnos 1983 wels, georgievskis

traqtatis 200 wlis iubilis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protesti, ris gamoc

daapatimres disidenti irakli wereTeli8.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1970-ian wlebSi aqtiurad moqmedi disidentebis

nawili mogviano periodSi aRorZinebuli erovnuli moZraobis saTaveSi

aRmoCnda, Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom 1988 wlidan ganviTarebuli

procesebis saTaveebi helsinkis SeTanxmebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi

gaaqtiurebul araformalur moZraobaSi unda veZeboT.

amerikeli mkvlevari ronald grigor suni (Suny) 1970-iani wlebis

saqarTveloSi dawyebul am moZrobas disidentur/”araorTodoqsul”

nacionalizms uwodebs. misi SexedulebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom

disidenturi nacionalizmi farTod ar gavrcelebula da xelisufleba

7 interviu levan berZeniSvilTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis filmSi “samocdaaTianelebi”.

8 iqve

35

advilad axerxebda qarTveli disidentebis izolacias, maTi aqtivobebi

naTlad aCvenebda qarTuli sazogadoebis nawilSi ganviTarebul

tendenciebs (Suny 1994: 314)

sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi 1970-iani wlebis bolo da 80-iani

wlebis dasawyisi uZraobis (“zastoi”) xanad moixsenieba. miuxedavad amisa,

Tu Tvals mivadevnebT am dros saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul procesebs,

naTlad davinaxavT, rom es periodi qarTuli kulturis da sportis

gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobis xanaa. xelovnebis esa Tu is sfero (Teatri,

kino), qarTuli mwerloba, sportis saxeobebi (fexburTi, Widaoba da sxva.)

did warmatebebs aRwevs. ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi, rodesac

nacionalizmis yovelgvari politikuri gamovlineba mkacrad iyo

SezRuduli, qarTveli xalxis nacionaluri ganwyobebi swored aRniSnul

sferoebSi vlindeboda. magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT 1981 wlis 13 maisi,

rodesac safexburTo klubma Tbilisis “dinamom” evropis Tasebis

mflobelTa Tasi moipova. es gamarjveba saqarTveloSi namdvil erovnul

dResaswaulad iqca. sportul komentator kote maxaraZes, romelic

matCis reportaJs gadmoscemda, swored erovnuli grZobebis gaRvivebaSi

dasdes brali da germaniidan saqarTvelosken momavali, garkveuli

periodis ganmavlobaSi moskovSi, dakiTxvaze SeaCeres.

fexburTi sportis masobrivi saxeobaa. tribunebze xSiria

nacionaluri ganwyobebis afeTqeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu qveyana

kolonizebulia, dakarguli aqvs damoukidebloba da nacionalizmis

gamovlenisTvis sajaro sivrce SezRudulia. amis kargia magaliTia 1970-

1980-iani wlebis Tbilisis “dinamo”, romelic, erovnuli nakrebi gundis

ararsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelo mosaxlebis erovnul siamayed iqca.

sabWoTa kavSirisa Tu evropis wamyvan klubebTan warmatebulad

Catarebuli matCebi saerTo erovnuli masStabis movlenebad iqceoda

xolme. marTalia, es safexburTo gundi oficialurad ar iwodeboda

“erovnulad”, magram ufro metad erovnuli iyo, vidre romelime

dRevandeli evropuli safexburTo klubi (jonsi 2013: 11).

fexburTis da nacionalizmis mWidro kavSirs is faqtic adasturebs,

rom jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos

36

fexburTis federacia iyo erT-erTi pirveli institucia, romelic

sakavSiro federacias gamoeyo da damoukidebloba gamoacxada. 1990 wlis

30 marts, erovnuli Cempionatis gaxsnis dRes, boris paiWaZis saxelobis

stadionze Sekrebil mosaxleobas erovnuli moZraobis liderma, zviad

gamsaxurdiam mimarTa. man mWidrod daakavSira erTmaneTTan erovnuli

moZraoba da qarTuli fexburTi. gamsaxurdias sityviT, sakavSiro

federaciisgan damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT qarTuli fexburTi

SemouerTda saqarTvelos erovnul moZraobas da masTan erTad ibrZvis

saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisTvis. “imperiuli

Zalebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, Cven gavimarjveT da mivaRwieT

saqarTvelos fexburTis damoukidebeli federaciis gamoyofas imperiuli

federaciisgan. gamoumarjos damoukidebel qarTul fexburTs, gaumarjos

damoukidebel saqarTvelos!” – ganacxada zviad gamsaxurdiam.9

xelovnebis, literaturis, sportis Tu sxva sferoebSi mniSvnelovani

warmatebebi ganixileboda, rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis erovnuli

miRwevebi, rasac xels Tavad saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisufleba

uwyobda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom,am periodSi saxelmwifos mier

institucionalizebuli “oficialuri” nacionalizmi da radikaluri

disidenturi moZraoba erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebobda da zogjer

harmoniuladac moqmedebda.

aRniSnulis sailustraciod SevexoT 1978 wels qarTul enasTan

dakavSirebul movlenebs, rodesac, Tu ronald sunis davesesxebiT,

naTlad gamoCnda qarTuli nacionalizmis potenciali. saqarTvelos

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis axali konstituciis proeqtidan

amoiRes muxli, romelic qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statuss

gansazRvravda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis da inteleqtualuri elitis

didma nawilma CaTvala, rom es faqti qarTuli enis rusulTan da sxva

enebTan gaTanabrebas gulisxmobda. 1978 wlis 14 aprils moewyo sabWoTa

realobisTvis uCveulo masobrivi demonstracia, romelSic aTiaTasobiT

adamiani monawileobda. demonstrantTa mniSvnelovan nawils

universitetis studentebi da profesor-maswavleblebi Seadgendnen.

9 zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG4ZNR5hgLI

37

sabWoTa kavSiris xelisufleba daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis

proeqtSi sakamaTo muxli aRadgina. aseTi daTmoba qarTuli

sazogadoebis did gamarjvebad moinaTla, 14 aprili ki “dedaenis” dRed

gamocxadda. 14 aprilis saprotesto manifestaciaSi aqtiurad

monawileobnen qarTveli disidentebi, romelTa gverdiT aRmoCnda

qarTuli sazogadoebis didi nawili.10

amave periodSi adgili hqonda universitetSi swavlebis enad rusuli

enis danergvis mcdelobas, ramac aseve didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia da

am ideis ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda. SevardnaZisa da breJnevisadmi

gagzavnil peticiaSi, romelsac xels inteligenciis 365 warmomadgeneli

awerda (Suny 1994: 313) aRniSnuli iyo, rom msgavsi iniciativa amcirebs

qarTuli enis rolsa da mniSvnelobas da arRvevs xalxTa Tanasworobis

sabWoTa ideas. unda aRiniSnos, rom am iniciativis winaaRmdeg

erTsulovnad gamodiodnen rogorc radikaluri, disidenturi jgufebi,

aseve sabWoTa ideologiisadmi loialurad ganwyobili inteleqtualuri

elitis didi nawili, rac naTlad miuTiTebs, rom nacionalisturi

ganwyobebi TandaTan da safuZvlianad ikidebda fexs qarTul

sazogadoebaSi.

sabWoTa saqarTvelos hqonda Tavisi himni, droSa, gerbi. stiven

jonsis SexedulebiT, es nacionaluri simbolizmi sulac ar iyo

fasaduri. saqarTvelos poltikur institutebs standartuli sabWouri

wesebiTac rom emuSavaT, qarTuli politikuri elita, gansakuTrebiT,

Tbiliss gareT, mainc axerxebda, rom sakuTari samsaxuri naxevrad

damoukideblad emarTa. is sargeblobda eTnofederaluri institutebiT,

romelmac xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevas. 1970-iani wlebisTvis

moskovi mamuls gareT mcxovreb memamules hgavda. saqarTvelos

politikuri institutebi ki formiT sabWoTa, magram SinaarsiT qarTuli

iyო (jonsi 2013: 11). jonsis sityviT, postsabWoTa saqarTvelos ZiriTadi

problemebi da misi uunaroba, moexdina erovnuli umciresobebis

integracia, swored sabWoTa warsuls ukavSirdeba. msgavs mosazrebas

10

informacia 1978 wlis 14 aprilis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “samocdaaTianelebi”

38

aviTarebs ronald suni, romelic Tvlis, rom sabWoTa kavSiris

arsebobis bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos eTnikurad monoliTuri

politikuri elita xels uSlida sakavSiro xelisuflebis Ria Carevas

respublikis Sida saqmeebSi. elitis eTnikuri Seferiloba da

solidaruloba karg safuZvels qmnida eTnosTaSorisi

dapirispirebisTvis. saxelmwifos “oficialuri” nacionalizmi xazs

usvamda eTnikuri qarTvelebis upiratesobas sxva eTnikur jgufebTan

SedarebiT. xalxTa Zmobis da Tanasworobis sabWoTa models TandaTan

safuZveli ecleboda da erovnuli diskursi mkafio antikomunistur

elfers iZenda (Suny 1994: 318-319).

1960-iani wlebis meore naxevridan qarTveli inteligenciis

SemoqmedebaSi sul ufro ikveTeboda erovnul-patriotuli Tematika.

qarTul literaturaSi, Teatralur da kinoxelovnebaSi gaZlierda

erovnuli motivi (janeliZe 2009: 192). “uZraobis” xanaSi qveyndeboda da

didi popularobiT sargeblobda istoriul-patriotuli xasiaTis

literatura: magaliTad, xelidan xelSi gadadioda muxran maWavarianis

leqsebis krebuli “1832 weli”. aseve, am periodSi ekranebze gamoCnda

rezo TabukaSvilis dokumenturi filmebi, romlebic ucxoeTSi moRvawe

qarTvelebs da maT damsaxurebas exeba. qarTuli saxelmwifo wignebSi,

filmebsa da Sua saukuneebis warsulSi cxovrobda da ara politikur

struqturebSi. sabWoTa saqarTveloSi me-12 saukunis mefe daviT

aRmaSenebeli da me-19 saukunis ganmanaTlebeli ilia WavWavaZe

warmoadgendnen eris damakavSireblebs diad warsulTan (jonsi 2013: 21).

ronald suni qarTul sazogadoebaSi nacionalizmis gaRvivebis

ramdenime mizezs asaxelebs, rac, vfiqrobT, sainteresoa imis

gasaazreblad, Tu ratom Camoyalibda 1980-iani wlebis bolos

saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraoba radikaluri formiT.

stalinuri teroris Semdeg sistemis Serbilebam da “daTbobis”

epoqis dadgomam didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miZinebuli erovnuli grZnobebi

gaaRviZa da mas mcire gasaqani misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom

nacionalizmis politikuri gamovlineba mkacrad iyo SezRuduli,

39

saxelmwifo inteleqtualur, kulturul da ekonomikur sferoebSi

garkveul daTmobebze wavida.

saqarTvelos nacionalur elitas adgilobrivi Zalauflebis

eTnizaciisa da konsolidaciis SesaZlebloba mieca, rasac is kargad

iyenebda sazogadoebis (gansakuTrebiT e.w. inteligenciis) mxardaWeris

uzrunvelsayofad. eTnikuroba warmatebis miRwevis mniSvnelovan

kriteriumad iqca. 1970 wlisTvis partiuli nomenklaturis srul

umravlesobas (76%) eTnikuri qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. rogorc

mosaxleobis, aseve mmarTveli institutebis eTnikuri konsolidacia

mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels nacionaluri identifikaciis procesis

gaZlierebas.

nacionalisturi ganwyobebis gaZliereba aseve gamoiwvia mcire eris

sindromma, romelsac, gansakuTrebiT sxva did erTan daqvemdebarebul

mdgomareobaSi yofnisas, sakuTari enis, kulturuli memkvidreobis,

tradiciebis, cxovrebis wesis dakargvis eSinia. am tendenciis

gaZlierebam sabWoTa identobis alternatiuli da misi sawinaaRmdego

modeli Seqmna.

da bolos, nacionalisturi ganwyobebis gaZlierebis erT-erTi

safuZvelia marqsistuli ideologiis erozia, romelic gansakuTrebiT

naTlad sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo aTwleulebSi gamoCnda.

internacionalisturi ideologiisadmi nihilizmma erovnuli ganwyobebis

gaRviveba da marqsizmis nacionalizmiT Canacvleba gamoiwvia (Suny 1994:

314). nacionalizms marqsizmis erozias uwodebs benediqts andersonic,

romelic Tvlis, rom swored nacionalizmi iyo is fenomeni, romelmac

mTavari wvlili Seitana marqsistuli ideologiis marcxsa da

socialisturi sistemis kraxSi.

nacionalizmi Tanamedrove mkvlevari jon haTCinsoni erTmaneTisgan

mijnavs politikur da kulturul nacionalizmebs. misi SexedulebiT,

politikuri nacionalizmis umTavresi mizani damoukidebeli saxelmwifos

formirebaa, maSin rodesac kulturuli nacionalizmi erovnuli

sazogadoebebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. haTCinsoni Tvlis, rom

kulturuli nacionalizmi, romelic eTnoistoriuli gamoRviZebiT,

40

mSobliur enaze zrunviT, literaturuli, sportuli Tu sxva saxis

aqtivobebiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc wesi, win uswrebs politikur

nacionalizms. kulturuli nacionalizmis mizani, umTavresad, ara

politikuri, aramed moraluri sazogadoebis (moral community) formirebaa.

haTCinsonis msgavsad, stiven jonsic Tvlis, rom 1991 wels qarTveli

xalxi kulturul fenomens warmoadgenda da ara samoqalaqo an

politikur erTobas, Tumca, avtoris azriT, upiratesobis SegrZnebasTan

da folkloruli tradiciebis gafetiSebasTan mibmuli kulturuli

nacionalizmi abrkolebda institutebis asagebad saWiro

SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas. istorikosebis, dramaturgebis,

reJisorebis, filosofosebis rolma, umravlesobis uflebebisa da

eTnikuri privilegiebis gauazrebelma interpretaciam 1980-iani wlebis

saqarTveloSi “moralis politikis” periodi moitana. emociam, dramam da

Teatralurma simbolizmma gamodevna pragmatizmi, dialogi da

TanamSromloba (jonsi 2013: 36).

1970-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi da, zogadad, sabWoTa kavSirSi

aRmocenebuli disidenturi moZraobis umTavresi mizani swored

moraluri sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba iyo. disidentebs, maT mierve

gacxadebuli poziciis mixedviT, sicruesTan, usamarTlobasTan,

ZalmomreobasTan da, upirveles yovlisa, adamianis uflebaTa dacva-

aRiarebisTvis brZola akavSirebdaT. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi

disidenturi moZraobas mainc hqonda garkveuli erovnuli elferi.

vfiqrobT, istorikosi oTar janeliZe marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom

ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebebs erovnuli

uflebebic emateboda. qarTvelma disidentebma wina planze erovnuli

idealebi, rusifikaciasTan brZolis, kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis,

ekologiuri usafrTxoebis da sxva sakiTxebi wamoswies. SemTxveviTi ar

yofila, rom “perestroikis” wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac

akademikosma saxarovma saqarTvelos “mcire imperia” uwoda, rusi da

qarTveli disidentebis gzebi sabolood gaiyara (janeliZe 2009: 197).

miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturul nacionalizms ar aqvs mkafiod

gamoxatuli politikuri mizani, misi formirebisas yalibdeba

41

politikuri nacionalizmis gaRvivebisTvis saWiro safuZveli, isaxeba

damoukideblobis miRwevis gzebi da iqmneba politikuri moTxovnebis

legitimaciisTvis aucilebeli argumentebi.

1970-iani wlebidan 1980-iani wlebis miwurulamde saqarTveloSi

ganviTarebuli procesebi adasturebs haTCinsonis modelis

marTebulobas. sabWoTa saxelmwifos dasustebis da gardaqmnis

(“perestroika”) procesis dawyebis Semdeg, kulturuli nacionalizmis

gaRvivebas damoukideblobis moTxovnebis gaCena moyva da qarTulma

nacionalizmma mkafio politikuri forma SeiZina.

42

Tavi 2. qarTuli nacionalizmis axali etapi:

saqarTvelo 1988-1992 wlebSi

2.1. araformaluri moZraobidan xelisuflebamde (1988-1990)

1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebaSi mixeil gorbaCovi

movida, romelmac saxelmwifos marTvis gansxvavebuli politika airCia.

1987 wlis ianvarSi, skkp centraluri komitetis plenumze, gorbaCovma

“gardaqmnisa” (“perestroika”) da “sajaroobis” (“glastnosti”) kursi

gamoacxada, rac sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis sruliad axali movlena iyo.

pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi, partiisa da qveynis lideri

mouwodebda mosaxleobas, sajarod eTqvaT simarTle da gamoexataT

sakuTari azri yvela mtkivneul sakiTxze, Tundac is absoluturad

sawinaaRmdego yofiliyo komunisturi ideologiisa (daviTaSvili 2003:

391). dasawyisSi “perestroika” xmaurian da droebiT kampaniad iqna

miCneuli. mokavSire respublikebSi axal politikur kurss skeptikurad

uyurebdnen da pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaferi Zveleburad

darCa. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom procesi Seuqcevad

xasiaTs iRebda. jini boTlidan amouSves da misi ukan Cabruneba

SeuZlebeli gaxda.

qarTuli disidenturi moZraoba, romelic nel-nela aralegaluri

mdgomareobidan gamodioda, 1987 wlidan viwro wres gascda da

komunisturi reJimis sawinaaRmdego propaganda mosaxleobis farTo

fenebSi daiwyo. amave wels pirveli mitingi gaimarTa Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetTan, sadac, erovnuli moZraobis liderTa

mxardaWeriT, studentebma transkavkasiuri magistralis mSenebloba da

daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis siaxloves samxedro poligonis

arseboba gaaprotestes. “saukunis mSeneblobad” monaTlul kavkasiis

samTo rkinigzas saqarTvelo moskovTan pirdapiri gziT unda

daekavSirebina. rkinigzas unda gadaevlo kavkasionis qedi 11 gvirabiT, 15

derefniT da 85 xidiT. ramdenime Tvianma kampaniam, romelsac qarTveli

inteleqtualebi awarmoebdnen, aiZula komunisturi xelisufleba,

43

gadaedo mSenebloba. rkinigza, romelic gamiznuli iyo samxreT kavkasiis

respublikebis ekonomikis gansaviTareblad da regionSi ruseTis

samxedro Zalebis SeRwevis gasaioleblad, opoziciis gancxadebiT,

gamousworebel zians miayenebda saqarTvelos mTianeTs, gamoiwvevda

mTaSi mcxovrebi Temebis depopulacias da Secvlida eTnikur suraTs.

amave periodSi mZafri kritikis saganis gaxda svaneTSi xudonis

hidroeleqtrosadgurisa da aragvis xeobaSi gazsadenis mSenebloba

(jonsi 2013: 41).

qarTvelebisTvis hesebis, kaSxlebis, poligonebisa da wyalsacavebis

dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli garemosdacviTi kampaniebi iseve iyo

dakavSirebuli istoriasTan, demografiul situaciasTan da ucxo

jarebis maT teritoriaze yofnasTan, rogorc sufTa haerTan da

xeluxlebel tyeebTan (jonsi 2013: 42). amave periodSi Camoyalibda

saqarTvelos mwvaneTa partia. garemosa da kulturuli memkvidreobis

dacvisken mimarTulma RonisZiebebma imTaviTve gansazRvra qarTuli

nacionalizmis, rogorc kulturuli nacionalizmis forma. amave dros,

warmatebulma quCis saprotesto aqciebma qarTul sazogadoebaSi

gamarjvebulis sindromis gaCena gamoiwvia. erovnuli moZraobis sadaveebi

mTlianad aRmoCnda radikalurad ganwyobuli liderebis xelSi,

romelTaTvis politikuri miznis miRwevis umTavresi saSualeba

Seurigebloba, manifestaciebi, SimSilobebi da msgavsi saxis aqtivobebi

gaxda. 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls qarTul erovnuli moZraoba emociur

fenomenad iqca, romelic quCidan imarTeboda. radikali liderebis

ritorikas, midgomebsa da gadawyvetilebebs didwilad gansazRvravda ara

racionalizmi, aramed quCebSi da mitingebze arsebuli emociuri foni.

1987 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi dafuZnda pirveli araformaluri

organizacia “ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba”, sadac gaerTiandnen merab

kostava, Tamar CxeiZe, irakli wereTeli da sxva disidentebi. amave

periodSi Seiqmna “rusTavelis sazogadoeba”, romelsac saTaveSi akaki

baqraZe Caudga da masSi bevri cnobili pirovneba gaerTianda. zurab

daviTaSvilis azriT, am sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas komunisturma

xelisuflebam Seuwyo xeli, romelsac surda, TviTon ekontrolebina

44

erovnuli moZraobis procesi (daviTaSvili 2003: 391). “rusTavelis

sazogadoebis” saxiT saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam xalxs

radikaluri erovnuli moZraobis erTgvari alternativa SesTavaza,

Tumca mizani ver ganxorcielda da wamyvani poziciebi radikalebs

darCaT.

1980-iani wlebis bolodan qarTuli nacionalizmis gaZlierebam da

erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobam, sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare gardaqmnisa

da demokratizaciis procesis fonze, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra swrafi

nabijebiT svla saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken. komunisturi

xelisufleba TandaTan kargavda realur Zalauflebas da

gadawyvetilebebs erovnuli moZraobis karnaxiT iRebda. nacionalizmis

mkveTrma aRmasvlam da nacionalisturi ritorikis gabatonebam

saqarTvelos mmarTvel politikur elitas moqmedebis areali didwilad

SeuzRuda. 1988 wlis martSi saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma

dauSva SezRuduli sazogadoebrivi demonstraciebi, xolo seqtemberSi

Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWom dauSva sazogadoebrivi mitingebi ipodromis

teritoriaze (jonsi 2013: 42).

sayuradReboa saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos mier 1990 wlis 9

marts miRebuli dadgenileba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos suverenitetis

dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dadgenilebiT

saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWo daupirispirda sabWoTa kavSiris

xelisuflebas, rodesac gaakritika kanonproeqti ssr kavSiris

prezidentis postis dawesebisa da konstituciaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebis

Setanis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebis mixedviT, ssr kavSiris konstitituciis

Sesabamisi muxlebis Tanaxmad, “mokavSire respublikebi suverenuli

saxelmwifoebi arian. maSasadame, prezidentis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi

saqarTvelos, rogorc suverenul saxelmwifos, Tavisi prezidenti unda

hyavdes... ssr kavSiris prezidenti ar unda iyos sabWoTa moqalaqeebis

uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis garanti, radganac am movaleobas

unda asrulebdes Sesabamisi suverenuli saxelmwifos – mokavSire

respublikis meTauri” (saluaSvili 1996: 14).

45

aRniSnuli da sxva mizezebidan gamomdinare, romlebic, ZiriTadad,

saqarTvelos suverenitetis SezRudviT iyo ganpirobebuli, saqarTvelos

ssr uzenaes sabWos miuReblad miaCnda misi monawileoba am

kanonproeqtis miRebaSi. ssr uzenaesma sabWom aRiara, rom 1921 wels

saqarTveloSi ruseTis jarebis SemoWra samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT

warmoadgenda samxedro Carevas da okupacias arsebuli politikuri

wyobis damxobs mizniT, xolo politikuri TvalsazrisiT – faqtobriv

aneqsias. uzenaesi sabWo ukanonod gamoacxada da baTilad scno 1921 wlis

21 maisis da 1922 wlis 12 martis samokavSireo xelSekrulebebi da

mizanSewonilad miiCnia molaparakebebis dawyeba saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebas xels

awerdnen saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavjdomare g.

gumbariZe da mdivani v. kvaracxelia (saluaSvili 1996: 15). rogorc

vxedavT, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos

mmarTveli komunisturi xelisufleba mkacrad akritikebda centrs da

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis

dawyebis survils gamoTqvamda.

1988 weli saqarTveloSi mitingebisa da demonstraciebis wlad iqca,

romelTa didi nawili arasanqcirebuli iyo. am wels 35 saprotesto

demonstracia Catarda da maTgan mxolod oTxi iyo oficialurad

daSvebuli (mWedliZe 1999: 148). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani manifestacia

gaimarTa 26 maiss, 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis Seqmnis aRsaniSnavad. am dRes pirvelad gaiSala

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samferovani droSa da gaisma

damoukideblobis mowodebebi. damoukideblobis dRis aRniSvnamde

ramdenime dRiT adre erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTma liderma merab

kostavam damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSa sakuTari saxlis saxuravze

aRmarTa. am faqtma dedaqalaqSi didi rezonansi gamoiwvia.11

1988 wels naTlad gamoCnda qarTuli nacionalizmis eqskluziuri

buneba da, garkveulwilad, konfrontaciuli xasiaTi, rac, vfiqrobT,

gasagebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa memkvidreobas da,

11gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego

46

meore mxriv, erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobisas arsebul emociur fons.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo, am TvalsazrisiT, gamonaklisi ar

iyo da, ganviTarebis adreul safexurze, eqskluziuri nacionalizmi

damaxasiaTebeli gaxldaT TiTqmis yvela mravaleTnikuri qveynisaTvis

evropaSi da postsabWoTa sivrceSi (ix. rojers brubeikeris, toni

klarkis, ian bremeris da sxvaTa Sromebi). maisSi studentebma

gaaprotestes gardabnisa da Telavis raionebSi azerbajanelebis mier

miwis SeZena, rasac “ukanono” aqtad afasebdnen. amave periodSi

“araformalebma” mwvaved gaaprotestes azerbaijanelis mier qarTveli

gogonas savaraudo gaupatiurebis faqti (jonsi 2013: 43).

gansakuTrebiT mRelvare iyo Semodgoma, rodesac, sakavSiro

xelisuflebis mier SemoTavazebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis

sapasuxod, TbilisSi masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis talRa agorda.

aRniSnuli cvlilebebi maqsimalurad zRudavda mokavSire respublikebis

mier sabWoTa kavSiris datovebis uflebas. gardaqmnisa da

demokratizaciis procesis paralelurad dawyebuli saxalxo

mRelvarebisa da moukideblobisken swrafvis SezRudvas sabWoTa kavSiris

xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT gegmavda. 12 noembers

ipodromze gaimarTa didi mitingi, romlis mTavar simbolos

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samferovani droSa warmoadgenda. 22

noembers erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevrebma umaRlesi sabWos

Senobis kibeebze erTkviriani SimSiloba gamoacxades. ramdenime dReSi

moSimSileTa raodenobam 500 adamians gadaaWarba, 23 noembers umaRlesma

sabWom, romlis sxdoma masStaburi mitingis fonze mimdinareobda, uaryo

centris mier SemoTavazebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebi.12 1 dekembers

sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos sesiam sakonstitucio cvlilebebi

miiRo. is muxli, romelic yvelaze metad aRelvebda qarTul

sazogadoebas, kremlSi marTlac Secvales da mokavSire respublikebs

sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba SeunarCunes.13 erTi mxriv,

saprotesto moZraobis gaZliereba da, meore mxriv, sakavSiro da

12

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, #11, 1988. gv. 11-13. 13

http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego (gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi)

47

adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis damTmobi politika naTel signals

iZleoda, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba male iqceoda erovnuli

moZraobis ZiriTad moTxovnad.

imave periodSi, saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisuflebis

iniciativiT, SemuSavda qarTuli enis saxelmwifo programis proeqti,

romelSic CarTuli iyvnen enaTmecnierebis institutis TanamSromlebi.

programis mizani iyo saxelmwifo da kulturuli dawesebulebebis

gaqarTuleba, araqarTvelTaTvis qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebis

gaxsna da zogi sxva nabijis gadadgma. programa 1988 wlis 3 noembers

gamoqveynda gazeT “komunistSi”.

miuxedavad nacionalisturi diskursis gabatonebisa, romelmac,

rogorc davinaxeT, saqarTvelos komunistur xelisuflebaSic moikida

fexi, komunisturi partia mainc axerxebda situaciis kontrols. Tumca

male procesebi tragikuli scenariT ganviTarda, ramac sabolood

daukarga legitimuroba saqarTvelos komunistur xelisuflebas.

eTnosTaSorisi dapirispirebis gaRviveba. 1989 wlis 9 aprili.

erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobisa da quCis aqciebis gaaqtiurebis

paralelurad, safrTxis qveS dadga saqarTvelos, rogorc

mravaleTnikuri qveynis mSvidobiani arseboba. erovnuli umciresobebis

separatistulad ganwyobili warmomadgenlebi qarTuli eTnikuri

nacionalizmis aRzevebas uaryofiTad Sexvdnen da mas aseve radikaluri

separatistuli moZraobebi daupirispires. am periodSi Camoyalibda

afxazuri „aidgilara“, osuri „adamon nixasi“. somxuri „krunqi“ da

„javaxqi“, azerbaijanuli „geiraTi“ da a.S. isini miuTiTebdnen qarTvelTa

mier eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis SezRudvaze da maT Seviwrovebaze.

1988 wlis noembris aqciebis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT daiZaba viTareba

afxazeTSi. separatistebi, tradiciulad, moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris

viTarebis garTulebis kvaldakval amoqmeddnen da sakuTari moTxovnebi

wamoayenes.

erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri nawilis liderTa ritorikaSic ar

iyo erTgvarovneba eTnikur umciresobebTan, gansakuTrebiT, afxazebTan

mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, zviad gamsaxurdias da misi mxardamWerebisgan

48

gansxvavebiT, “ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” liderTa pozicia

SedarebiT zomieri iyo. 1988 wlis 3 dekembers soxumSi, “ilia WavWavaZis

sazogadoebis” iniciativiT, gaimarTa masStaburi demonstracia. mitingis

monawileebs qarTul da afxazur enebze mimarTa da erTianobisken

mouwoda sazogadoebis erT-erTma liderma zurab WavWavaZem. man

garTulebul urTierTobebze pasuxismgebloba mTlianad moskovs

daakisra da qarTuli da afxazuri sazogadoebebis dialogis

aucileblobaze isaubra. misi sityviT, dialogs alternativa ar hqonda

da problemebi mxolod erTmaneTis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da

molaparakebebiT mogvardeboda.14 erT-erT interviuSi zurab WavWavaZe

acxadebda, rom man SesTavaza daxmareba afxazebs afxazuri saSualo

skolis daarsebaSi da aRuTqva, rom moiTxovda xelisuflebisgan

saxsrebs V-XI klasebisTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis afxazur enaze

gamosacemad. amis mizani is iyo, rom afxaz bavSvebs hqonodaT mSobliur

enaze srulfasovani saSualo ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. amave

interviuSi zurab WavWavaZe ambobda, rom afxazuri sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlebma am SeTavazebaze uari Tqves da ganacxades, rom maT

urCevniaT ganaTleba rusul enaze miiRon. WavWavaZis azriT, am

faqtidanac naTlad Canda, rom antiqarTul moZraobas afxazeTSi ar

SeiZleba darqmeoda afxazuri erovnuli moZraoba da igi, faqtobrivad,

antiafxazuric iyo. zurab WavWavaZis SexedulebiT, 1988 wlis 3 dekembris

mitingi soxumSi, albaT, xalxTa Zmobisa da erTobisadmi miZRvnili

pirveli mitingi iyo istoriaSi, romelic xelisuflebam akrZala da

arasanqcirebulad Catarda.15

zurab WavWavaZisgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTTan da afxazebTan

dakavSirebiT gacilebiT radikaluri iyo zviad gasaxurdias pozicia. am

periodSi gamarTul erT-erT saprotesto aqciaze gamaxurdiam ganacxada,

rom “afxazi eri istoriulad ar arsebobda. afxazeTi iyo saxelwodeba

dasavleT saqarTvelosi da afxazebi iyvnen dasavleT qarTvelebi. ase

14

zurab WavWavaZis gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLkaCNjennI 15

vrceli amonaridi interviudan ix. bmulze: http://geoindependence.net/2014/11/22/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E

1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-

%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3/

49

rom, afxazi eri iyo igive qarTveli eri, dasavleT qarTveli eri. xolo,

is Zveli, qristiani afxazebi, qarTveli afxazebi dRes aRar arseboben.

saxelwodeba afxazi dRes arasworad ixmareba am absuas tomTan

dakavSirebiT, absua, anu absarni, es aris CrdiloeT kavkasiuri, adiReuri

modgmis tomi. Cven arc erTi tomis, jgufis TviTgamorkvevis winaaRmdegni

ar varT, Tu is erad qcevas lamobs. miTumetes, Tu mas aqvs eris

garkveuli niSnebi dRes, oRond, mis istoriul teritoriaze, CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi. Tu es tomi Tu tomebi amas Seigneben, Cven maT amovudgebiT

mxarSi, oRond im pirobiT, rom maT unda aRadginon istoriuli

samarTlianoba, dagviTmon Cveni miwa-wyali da damkvidrdnen iq, saidanac

mobrZandnen.”16

miuxedavad sxvaobebisa, romelic aRniSnuli liderebis poziciasa

Tu damokidebulebebSi SeiniSneba, politikuri Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis

(protesti, dialogisken mowodeba an raime sxva) ZiriTad asparezad mainc

quCa rCeboda. procesebi, erovnuli Tu separatistuli moZraobebis

liderTa mxridan, mTlianad quCaSi iyo gadatanili. es faqti xels

uwyobda emociuri fonis ukidures daZabvas da xelsayrel sivrces qmnida

konfrontaciisTvis.

qarTul-afxazuri dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1989 wlis

gazafxulze. 18 marts, gudauTis raionis sofel lixnSi afxazTa

saxalxo kreba gaimarTa. lixns afxazeTis istoriul centrs uwodeben,

sadac, tradiciulad, ikribeboda afxazuri sazogadoeba da wyvetda

umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs. amjerad sofel lixnSi aTasobiT afxazma

(sxvadasxva monacemis mixedviT, 50-60 aTasi adamiani) moiyara Tavi da

Seadgina peticia sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebis saxelze. peticiis

xelmomwerebi kremlisgan afxazeTis saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi

respublikidan gamoyofas moiTxovdnen.17 afxaz separatistTa moTxovnam

TbilisSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. 2 aprils “ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis”

organizebiT soxumSi gaimarTa didi manifestacia, romelSic Tbilisidan

Casuli erovnuli moZraobis liderebi, maT Soris, merab kostava da

16

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wq_LTL9CcxM 17

informacia lixnis Sekrebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://experti.ge/kartuli7.htm

50

zurab WavWavaZe monawileobdnen. avtonomiur respublikaSi mdgomareoba

ukiduresad daiZaba. leseliZidan soxumis mimarTulebiT mimavali

qarTveli momitingeebis avtobusebi gudauTaSi afxazebma SeaCeres da

mgzavrebs fizikuri Seuracxyofa miayenes. 4 aprilidan aqciebi TbilisSi,

mTavrobis saxlis win gagrZelda. studentebma daikaves mTavrobis saxlis

farTo kibe, moamzades saZile tomrebi da SimSiloba gamoacxades.

mitings maleve SeuerTdnen erovnuli moZraobis liderebi zviad

gamsaxurdia, gia Wanturia, irakli wereTeli da sxvebi. Tavdapirvelad,

aqciis ZiriTadi moTxovna afxazeTis xelisuflebis im warmomadgenelTa

dasja iyo, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves lixnis krebis organizebas, Tumca,

sul oriode dReSi, afxazeTis sakiTxma ukana planze gadaiwia da

demontrantebma saqarTvelos sruli damoukidebloba moiTxoves.18

momitingeebi nakadebad Camodiodnen saqarTvelos regionebidan, mitingebma

mTeli dedaqalaqi moicva. 7 aprils saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis

centraluri komitetis pirvelma mdivanma jumber patiaSvilma moskovSi

gagzavna depeSa, romelSic brals sdebda eqstremistul jgufebs qaosis

SeqmnaSi, partiisa da saxelmwifo insitutebis SeuracxyofaSi da

moiTxovda sagangebo RonisZiebaTa gatarebas (jonsi 2013: 46). 8 aprils

moskovSi Catarda politbiuros sxdoma, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba

TbilisSi, momitingeTa daSlisa da viTarebis stabilizaciis mizniT,

samxedro SenaerTebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb. 8 aprilsve TbilisSi Catarda

partiuli aqtivis kreba, sadac partiulma xelmZRvanelobam radikalebTan

dialogi gamoricxa. amave dRes TbilisSi Sedga saqarTvelos Tavdacvis

sabWos sxdoma, romelsac eswrebodnen amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis

meTauri, generali igor rodionovi da ssrk Tavdacvis ministris

moadgile konstantin koCetovi. am pirebs uSualod evalebodaT,

zedamxedveloba gaewiaT mitingis daSlisTvis. yvelaferi

sisxlisRvrisken midioda, Tumca, SesaZloa, saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba

msgavs sisastikes ar eloda. stiven jonsi wers, rom darbevamde naxevari

saaTiT adre patiaSvilma daureka rodionovs da igi daarwmunes, rom

msxverpli ar iqneboda. iyo mowodebebi demonstrantebis mimarT, rom

18

http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego (gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi)

51

daSliliyvnen. 9 aprils, Ramis 3 saaTze, aqciaze saqarTvelos kaTalikos-

patriarqi ilia meore mivida da erovnuli moZraobis liderebi

gaafrTxila mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb, aseve mouwoda maT, rom

momitingeebs qaSueTis taZris ezoSi gadaenacvlebinaT, Tumca misi Txovna

ar gaiTvaliswines.

9 aprils, dilis 4 saaTze sabWoTa jarebma mitingis darbeva daiwyes.

demonstrantebis dasaSlelad jariskacebma orlesuli niCbebi,

momwavleli airi da xelketebi gamoiyenes. daiRupa 21 adamiani, sxeulis

sxvadasxva dazianeba aTobiT moqalaqem miiRo. TiTqmis yvela momitinge

mowamluli iyo. 9 aprilis dilas daapatimres merab kostava, zviad

gamsaxurdia, giorgi Wanturia, vano xuxunaiSvili, irina sariSvili da

irakli wereTeli. erovnuli moZraobis liderebi cixidan maisSi

gaaTavisufles.19

1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebma sabolood gautexa saxeli sabWoTa

xelisuflebas qarTuli sazogadoebis TvalSi. am faqtis Semdeg

komunisturi mTavroba mxolod formalurad arsebobda saqarTveloSi.

naTeli gaxda, rom “perestroikisa” da “glastnostis” mimzidveli ideebis

qveS kvlav arsebobda namdvili, policiuri sabWoTa saxelmwifo,

romelic sastikad gausworda mSvidobian demonstrantebs. am dRis Semdeg

damoukideblobis moTxovna saerTo saxalxo moTxovnad iqca. umaRlesi

sabWos sagamoZiebo komisiam Zalis gamoyeneba ukanonod cno da masze

pasuxismgebloba sabWoTa xelisuflebasa da saqarTvelos partiul

xelmZRvanelobas daakisra. komisiis daskvniT, operacias sadamsjelo

xasiaTi hqonda, maSin, rodesac arsebobda alternatiuli zomebis

gatarebis SesaZlebloba.

moqalaqeebis sastikma daxocvam saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

sayovelTao aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. mTeli qveyana quCaSi iyo gamosuli da

daRupulebs glovobda. radioSi samgloviaro musika JRerda, qarxnebma

Sewyvites muSaoba, 15 aprils Catarda tragediis msxverplTa masobrivi

19

detaluri informaciisTvis 9 aprilis Sesaxeb ix.: statiebis krebuli “9 aprili”, Semdg. g. gverdwiTeli, Tb., “merani”, 1990; sonRulaSvili avTandil. “9 aprilis sisxliani tragedia”. Tb., “mecniereba”, 1999; agreTve Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “9 aprilis saidumlo”.

52

dakrZalva, romelic televiziiT gadaicemoda. mTavrobis saxlis kibeebi

pativis migebis adgilad iqca, sadac daRupulTa fotoebi iyo

gamofenili (jonsi 2013: 47-48). 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediam imdenad

didi mniSvneloba SeiZina, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, 2 wlis

Semdeg, swored am dRes gamocxadda.

am movlenebis Semdeg politikuri procesebi srulad gadavida

erovnuli moZraobis radikali liderebis xelSi, qarTuli nacionalizmi

ki sabolood Camoyalibda radikaluri formiT, romlis umTavresi

iaraRs quCis aqciebi da manifestaciebi warmoadgenda. 9 aprilis

tragediam, erTi mxriv, gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mobilizeba

damoukideblobis ideis garSemo, xolo meore mxriv, am dRis Semdeg

erovnuli moZraoba sabolood gaixliCa. mis liderebs ar hqondaT

Camoyalibebuli da gaziarebuli pozicia, Tu ra gziT unda ebrZolaT

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis. dapirispirebaSi didi roli iTamaSa

emociurma fonma da liderTa Soris pirovnulma gaugebrobebma, ris

safuZveli erovnuli moZraobis Camoyalibebis adreul etapze unda

veZeboT.

gaxleCili erovnuli moZraoba. 1988 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac

saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraoba aqtiur fazaSi gadavida, naTeli gaxda

winaaRmdegobebi Tavad moZraobis SigniT. liderebs Soris gaugebrobebi

da, xSirad, mwvave dapirispireba arTulebda konsesusze damyarebuli

nacionaluri proeqtisa da qveynis ganviTarebis saerTo xedvis

Camoyalibebas. erovnuli moZraobis winaaRmdegobrivi safuZvlebis

gasaanalizeblad saintereso faqtia e.w. “Rirsebis sasamarTlo”,

videomasala, romelic araformali liderebis mwvave dapirispirebas

asaxavs.20 erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebs Soris Sexvedra, romelic

zviad gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, “ilia WavWavaZis

sazogadoebis” erT-erTi damfuZneblis, zurab WavWavaZis moTxovniT

gaimarTa erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTi wevris saxlSi. es video, romlis

gavrcelebis mizani erovnuli moZraobis liderTa diskreditacia iyo,

saqarTvelos televiziiT gadaica 1989 wlis 26 Tebervals, wina dRes

20

videos sruli versia ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7v6zHKQ3bc

53

araformalebis mier Catarebuli saprotesto mitingis sapasuxod. zviad

gamsaxurdiam kategoriulad mosTxova zurab WavWavaZes, warmoedgina

sabuTi, romelic mis mimarT wayenebul braldebas daasabuTebda da Tavad

WavWavaZes dasdo brali “kagebes” agentobaSi. gamsaxurdias pozicias

iziarebdnen irakli wereTeli, giorgi Wanturia, irina sariSvili da sxva

liderebi, zurab WavWavaZis gverdiT ki disidenturi moZraobis kidev

erTi wevri Tamar CxeiZe idga. Sexvedras eswrebian neitraluri mxaris

warmomadgenlebi – gasamxedroebuli gaerTianeba “mxedrionis” lideri

jaba ioseliani da literatori akaki baqraZe. sainteresoa, rom “Rirsebis

sasamarTlos” neitraluri monawileebi gmobdnen siZulvilis enas da

dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris arsebul mwvave antagonizms.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa akaki baqraZis sityvebi: “me davrwmundi

imaSi, rom Cvens urTierTobas siZulvili marTavs da es aris yovlad

Tavzardamcemi ambavi. Cemze aman damTrgunveli STabeWdileba moaxdina. me

gamanadgura im siZulvilma, romelic davinaxe, Tundac, sxvadasxva

Sexedulebebs, sxvadasxva jgufs, sxvadasxva sazogadoebasa Tu partias

Soris.” misi azriT, urTierTbraldebebi emociuri fonis brali iyo da

maTi seriozulad ganxilva ar SeiZleboda. baqraZis SexedulebiT, orive

mxare Sexvedraze ukiduresad moumzadebeli movida da erTmaneTs didi

Seuracxyofa miayena. aseTi Seurigeblobis pirobebSi, SeuZlebeli iyo

saerTo miznisTvis SeTanxmebuli da gaazrebuli brZola. baqraZe ambobda,

rom dadgeboda dro, rodesac “Cven erTmaneTs davWirdebiT da am

droisTvis siZulviliT ar unda viyoT ise dabrmavebuli, rom erTmaneTs

xeli ver gavuwodoT.” aqve aRvniSnavT, rom winaaRmdegobrioba,

emociuroba da moumzadebloba 1980-1990-iani wlebis qarTuli

nacionalizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo, rasac, xSirad,

sazogadoeba gauazrebel Sedegebamde mihyavda.

Sexvedridan, romelic ukiduresad daZabul reJimSi mimdinareobs,

naTlad Cans qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologebs Soris momavali

Seurigeblobis konturebi. erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri frTis

warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTsac radikalurad upirispirdebian, uapelaciod

sdeben brals RalatSi da specsamsaxurebTan TanamSromlobaSi.

54

vfiqrobT, viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad, yvelaze metad, irina sariSvilis

sityvebi gamodgeba, romelic man, Sexvedris dasasruls, zurab WavWavaZis

misamarTiT warmoTqva: “nervebis siwynare patiosnebas ar niSnavs. piriqiT,

Cvens droSi, nervebis siwynare upatiosnobas niSnavs.”

“Rirsebis sasamarTlo” dasturia imisa, rom sabWoTa memkvidreobam

gavlena saqarTveloSi komunisturi ideologiis mTavar

mowinaaRmdegeebzec moaxdina. naTelia, rom sazogadoebis polarizaciis,

“mtrebad” da “megobrebad” dayofis, Seurigeblobis sabWoTa tradicias

qarTvel disidentebSic Rrmad hqonda fexi mokidebuli. “Rirsebis

samarTlo” 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli

procesebis erTgvari modelirebuli suraTia.

erovnul moZraobaSi konsesusis miRwevas is faqtic arTulebda, rom

1989 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi ormocdaaTamde politikuri organizacia

Tu araformaluri dajgufeba arsebobda (SveliZe 2008: 19). erTpartiul,

totalitarul sistemaSi cxovrebis xangrZlivi gamocdilebis Semdeg,

aseTi mravalferovani politikuri sivrcis Seqmnam TavisTavad Seuwyo

xeli sazogadoebis daqsaqsvas da SeuZlebeli gaxada SeTanxmebuli

moqmedebis strategiis SemuSaveba.

qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebul dapirispirebebze saubrisas, unda

gavixsenoT “saxalxo frontis” yriloba, romelic 1989 wlis ivnisSi

gaimarTa. saxalxo frontis Seqmnis idea filolog nodar naTaZes

ekuTvnoda da saqarTveloSi baltiispireTidan Semovida. iq amgvari

organizaciebi farTo, masobriv moZraobebs warmoadgendnen, romlebSic

gaerTianebuli iyvnen sxvadasxva politikuri partiebi, jgufebi,

sazogadoebebi (SveliZe 2008: 46). saqarTvelos “saxalxo frontic”

gaxleCili erovnuli moZraobis gaerTianebis mizniT Seiqmna, Tumca misi

damfuZnebeli yriloba Tavad iqca dapirispirebis asparezad da kidev

ufro naTlad warmoaCina qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebi.

“saxalxo frontis” yriloba TbilisSi, filarmoniis did

sakoncerto darbazSi 1989 wlis 21-25 ivniss mimdinareobda. yrilobaze

ganviTarebuli movlenebis gasaanalizeblad mniSvnelovani wyaroa

istorikos dimitri SveliZis mogonebebi, romelic Sexvedras delegatis

55

statusiT eswreboda. aseve SemorCenilia fragmentuli xasiaTis

videomasala, romelic calkeuli monawileebis, magaliTad, zviad

gamsaxurdias gamosvlas asaxavs. yrilobas oriaTasamde monawile

eswreboda, romelTa umravlesoba masSi aqtiur monawileobas cdilobda.

bevri maTgani scenaze asvlas da mikrofonTan miaxlovebas ver axerxebda

da adgilidan, xSirad yviriliT, cdilobda sakuTari poziciis

gamoxatvas. sxdomebis Tavmjdomareebi yoveldRiurad icvlebodnen, Tumca

verc erTi maTgani axerxebda auditoriis dawynarebas, ris gamoc

yrilobis muSaoba ganuwyvetel xmaurSi mimdinareobda. TiTqmis yvela

sakiTxi, romelic sxdomaze irCeoda – xmis damTvleli Tu samandato

komisiis arCeva, saTaTbirosa Tu gamgeobis Camoyalibeba, wesdebis miReba

da sxva – mZafri polemikisa da dapirispirebis fonze mimdinareobda

(SveliZe 2008: 47-48). saxalxo frontis yrilobis monawileebi, ZiriTadad,

or – radikalur da SedarebiT zomier nawilebad gaiyvnen. erovnuli

moZraobis radikalurad ganwyobili liderebi, zviad gamsaxurdias

meTaurobiT, ukompromiso poziciaze idgnen, maSin rodesac Sexvedris

sxva monawileebi, magaliTad, merab mamardaSvili, zomier, racionalur

midgomebs emxrobodnen. am Sexvedris monawileTa or nawilad gayofam

kargad aCvena qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebi, polarizacia

da, miuxedavad mravalricxovani politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi

organizaciebis arsebobisa, ori dapirispirebuli banakis arseboba.

sazogadoebis didi nawili erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri

mimarTulebis mxares iyo. es naTlad gamoCnda yrilobaze, romelic

radikalebis karnaxiT mimdinareobda. SemdgomSi dapirispireba kidev

ufro gaRrmavda, ramac didi wvlili Seitana samoqalaqo omSi.

CvenTvis saintereso epoqis qarTuli nacionalizmis

gasaanalizeblad sainteresoa yrilobaze zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla,21

romelic “saxalxo frontis” mesveurTa mier SemuSavebul programas imis

gamo iwunebda, rom masSi saTanadod ar iyo daculi eTnikuri

qarTvelebis uflebebi. gamsaxurdia yuradRebas amaxvilebda saqarTvelos

avtonomiur erTeulebze da maT “ukanono warmonaqmnebs” uwodebda,

21

gamosvlis sruli teqsti ix. linkze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFrs6iBDmlA

56

romlebic aucileblad unda gauqmebuliyo. igi ewinaaRmdegeboda

programis im punqts, sadac saubari iyo iseTi konstituciis SemuSavebaze,

romelic srulad gamoxatavda qarTveli erisa da respublikaSi

mcxovrebi sxva erebis warmomadgenelTa interesebs: “kvlav gaTanabrebaa,

megobrebo. saqarTvelo aris qarTvelebis qveyana, es aqsioma unda iyos

warmodgenili da areklili am programaSi, konstitucia unda

gamoxatavdes qarTveli eris interesebs da, amave dros, yvela pirovnebis

interesebs, ra erovnebisac ar unda iyos is da ara sxva erebis

interesebs, Cven aq azerbaijanis interesebisTvis ar vibrZviT, megobrebo,

da Tu vinme ibrZvis, is damarcxdeba...” naTelia, rom zviad

gamsaxurdiasTvis eri konkretul eTnikur jgufs niSnavda da igi

qarTvel erSi mxolod eTnikur qarTvelebs gulisxmobda. Tumca, amave

dros, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebs erebad ar

moixseniebda da maTi, am SemTxvevaSi, azerbaijanelebis uflebebis dacvas

azerbaijanis interesebisTvis brZolad Tvlida. gamsaxurdia Seexo

agreTve afxazebis da osebis sakiTxs. igi aRniSnavda, rom saxalxo

frontis programaSi Canda afxazebisa da osebis privilegirebis

kremliseul politika da, rom saxalxo fronti ibrZoda am eTnikuri

jgufebis interesebis dacvisTvis. misi SexedulebiT, afxazebs da osebs

kargi damcveli hyavdaT kremlis saxiT da qarTvelebisTvis mTavari

sakuTari interesebis dacva unda yofiliyo. msgavsi winaaRmdegobrioba,

bundovaneba da radikalizmi 1980-iani wlebis qarTuli nacionaluri

proeqtis eqskluziurobasa da Caketilobaze miuTiTebs. gamsaxurdia

akritikebda programis im nawils, sadac miwaTsargeblobaze iyo saubari

da Tvlida, rom iq naTlad ar Canda qarTveli eris erovnuli interesebi

miwasTan dakavSirebiT, rac qarTvelebs sxva jgufebTan Tanabar

mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. saqarTvelos erovnul moZraobaSi arsebuli

tradiciidan gamomdinare, gamsaxurdia yuradRebas amaxvilebda

ekologiur safrTxeebze, giganturi hesebis mSeneblobaze, saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg kremlis “demografiuli eqspansiis” politikaze, rac, misi

azriT, calsaxad unda yofiliyo dafiqsirebuli programaSi. aqve

aRvniSnavT, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg gamsaxurdias

57

damokidebuleba rigi sakiTxebisadmi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala, meti

inkluziuroba da samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina, Tumca

winaaRmdegobrioba da ekleqturoba mas mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde

axasiaTebda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodis qarTuli nacionalizmi calsaxad

eTnikuri xasiaTisaa, igi mainc ufro qarTvelebis interesebis dacvisken

aris mimarTuli, vidre sxva jgufebis winaaRmdeg. Sexeduleba qarTuli

nacionalizmis damangreveli Zalis Sesaxeb, Tu stiven jonss

davesesxebiT, ufro miTia, vidre realoba (jonsi 2013: 303). dimitri

SveliZis azriT, gamsaxurdias nacionalizmisgan ise ar wvimda, rogorc

quxda. mis mTavar mizans erovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgena

warmoadgenda da am mizans yvela sxva “kulturuli, socialuri da

demokratiuli” mizandasaxulobebi unda daqvemdebareboda. man gamoTqva

survili, rom saxalxo fronts erovnuli fronti darqmeoda. am nabijiT

kidev ufro gamoikveTeboda frontis erovnuli prioriteti (SveliZe 2008:

50).

saqarTvelos saxalxo frontma ver Seasrula is misia, romelic

daekisra. man ver SesZlo erovnuli moZraobis erT Zalad gaerTianeba,

aseve ver uzrunvelyo damoukideblobis ideis garSemo saqarTvelos

mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobis mobilizeba. saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis

yrilobis pirveli dRis Semdeg, TbilisSi stumrad myofma latviis

saxalxo frontis erT-erTma damaarsebelma inc caletisma naklad

Seafasa is, rom qarTvelebma saxalxo frontis programa rusulad ar

Targmnes da araqarTvel mosaxleobas ar miawodes. rusulad programisa

da wesdebis Targnma erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba iyo latviaSi, raTa

saxalxo frontis idea mosaxleobis im nawilamde misuliyo, romelic ar

flobda latviur enas (SveliZe 2008: 51). gamsaxurdia ki piriqiT,

akritikebda saxalxo frontis gazeTs, romelic orenovani iyo da

qarTul da rusul enebze gamodioda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, darbazSi

polemika gaimarTa massa da jansuR Carkvians Soris.

saxalxo frontis oTxdRianma yrilobam Sedegi ver gamoiRo.

saqarTvelos sazogadoebis daqsaqsuloba da misi liderebis

58

Seurigebloba kidev ufro naTlad gamoCnda. am Sexvedram aseve aCvena,

rom 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls qarTuli sazogadoebis did nawils

emociuroba, impulsuroba, ukompromisoba da radikalizmi ufro

xiblavda, vidre racionalizmi, zomiereba da inteleqtualuri brZola.

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla darbazma mravalgzis Seawyvetina mquxare

aplodismentebiT, maSin rodesac filosofosi merab mamardaSvili, mas

Semdeg, rac warmoTqva cnobili fraza – WeSmariteba samSobloze maRla

dgas – auditoriis protestis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda scenidan

Camosuliyo.

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi represirebulma da CarCoebSi moqceulma

qarTulma nacionalizmma 1980-ian wlebSi mTeli ZaliT ifeTqa. identobis

krizisis, damoukideblobisken swrafvisa da sakuTari Tavis Ziebi epoqaSi

procesebis radikalizacia, garkveulwilad, obieqturi realobaa,

romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, araerT postsocialistur qveyanaSi

arsebobda. radikalizmi da Seurigebloba srulad asaxavda sazogadoebis

did nawilSi arsebul ganwyobebs. qarTuli sazogadoeba nacionalizmis

ZiriTad mizans, damoukideblobas uaxlovdeboda da srul mxardaWeras

ucxadebda am ideis mTavar da yvelaze ukompromiso mxardamWerebs. es

sul male dadasturda 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris pirveli mravalpartiuli

arCevnebiT, rodesac saqarTveloSi komunisturi partiis 70 wliani

mmarTveloba dasrulda da xelisuflebaSi zviad gamsaxurdias

politikuri gundi movida.

59

2.2 erovnuli moZraoba xelisuflebis saTaveSi – winaaRmdegobrivi

nacionaluri proeqtis maxasiaTeblebi (1990-1992)

1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediis Semdeg saqarTvelo,

damoukideblobisTvis mebrZol socialistur respublikebs Soris,

baltiispireTis qveynebTan erTad, mowinave poziciaze aRmoCnda. amave

wlis maisSi cixidan gaTavisuflebuli erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri

frTis liderebi popularobis zenitSi aRmoCndnen. sabWoTa kavSiris

xelmZRvanelobam, viTarebis stabilizaciis mizniT, saqarTveloSi

saxelisuflebo cvlilebebi ganaxorciela – diskreditebuli jumber

patiaSvilis nacvlad, saqarTvelos pirveli piri uSiSroebis komitetis

Tavmjdomare givi gumbariZe gaxda.

uSiSroebis kadris dawinaurebiT, xelisuflebam situaciaze

kontrolis aRdgena tradiciulad mkacri meTodebiT da “Zlieri xelis”

saSualebiT scada, Tumca komunistur partias sazogadoebis TvalSi

legitimuroba ukve TiTqmis srulad hqonda dakarguli. Tavis mxriv, givi

gumbariZec iZulebuli gaxda, damorCileboda qyveynaSi gabatonebul

nacionalistur ganwyobebs da erovnuli moZraobis mimarT loiluri

pozicia daekavebina. mravalaTasiani mitingebis mowyoba, sabWoTa

ideologiis, vladimer leninis, sakavSiro Tu adgilobrivi

xelisuflebebis lanZRa yoveldRiur movlenad iqca. 9 aprilis Semdeg

gamarTul erT-erT saprotesto aqciaze sityviT gamosvlisas zviad

gamsaxurdiam Riad gamoacxada sabWoTa reJimi danaSaulebrivad:

“sisxlismsmeli jalaTi, sisxlismsmeli imperiis Semqmneli, gulagis

pirveli Semqmneli, wiTeli teororis fuZemdebeli, bavSvebis damxvreti,

mefi ojaxis amomwyveti, samRvdeloebis gamanadgurebeli, eklesiebis

damqcevi antiprogresuli Zala, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zala

aris aRmarTuli Cvens centralur moedanze (saubaria Tavisuflebis

(yofili leninis) moedanze aRmarTul leninis monumentze i. C.) da

gveubnebian – midiT, iloceTo...”22

22

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvlis sruli teqsti ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.

60

sabWoTa ideologiasTan Riad dapirispirebisa da misi amoralurad

gamocxadebis paralelurad, Tavad erovnuli moZraoba gaexvia

romantikis, maRali moraluri da zneobrivi idealebis saburvelSi.

politikur ritorikaSi Rrmad Semovida qristianuli Tematika. 1989 wlis

26 maiss gamarTul masStabur mitingze zviad gamsaxurdiam warmoTqva

sityvebi – “gaumarjos damoukidebel, Tavisufal, qristianul, uZlevel

saqarTvelos!”.23 Tavad fraza – gaumarjos qristianul saqarTvelos –

rodesac saqme gvaqvs mravalreligiur qveyanasTan, qarTuli nacionaluri

proeqtis eqskluziurobaze miuTiTebs. es faqti, albaT, samocdaaTwliani

aTeizmis Semdeg religiuri grZnobebis gamoRviZebiTa da eklesiisaken

masobrivi mibrunebiT aixsneba, rodesac religiuri ritorika politikis

nawili gaxda. postsabWoTa periodis gariJraJze, qarTuli nacionalizmis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo erTgvari sakraluroba,

mistiuroba, rac xels uwyobda procesebis radikalizacias. es

gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi 9 aprilis tragediis Semgom periodSi

gaxda. am movlenam damoukideblobisTvis ukompromiso brZola qarTuli

sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis wmindaTawminda movaleobad aqcia.

giorgi Wanturias sityviT, 9 aprili ganwmendis da ganbanis dRe iyo.24 am

dRis Semdeg sabWoTa reJimTan nebismieri kompromisi qveynis Ralats

niSnavda.

damoukideblobisTvis brZolis sakralizacias xels uwyobda Tavad

zviad gamsaxurdias figura da misi piradi damokidebuleba saqarTvelos

momaval funqciasa da rolTan. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa mis mier

TbilisSi, “idriatis” festivalze 1990 wlis 2 maiss Catarebuli leqcia

“saqarTvelos sulieri misia”, romelic imave wels daibeWda. zviad

gamsaxurdias Sexedulebebi mkveTrad primordialisturia. misi azriT,

Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom Turme qarTveli eri erad me-19 saukuneSi

Camoyalibda da manamde ar arsebobda, marqsizm-leninizmis klasikosebma

Seqmnes, raTa qarTveli xalxisTvis arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi

CaenergaT. qarTveli eris eTnogenezze da “genetikur Zirebze” saubrisas,

23

iqve. 24

iqve.

61

gamsaxurdia eyrdnoba niko maris iafetur Teorias, aseve vilheml

humboldtis Sexedulebebs da ambobs, rom samxreT evropis avtoqtoni

mosaxleoba iyo iberiuli mosaxleoba, protoiberebi, romelTagan

momdinareoben gviandeli evropelebi. mcire aziis mosaxleobis didi

nawili – mesxebi anu mosxebi, kabadokielebi, kolxebi, taoxebi da sxvani

am modgmas miekuTvnebodnen. “rogorc vxedavT, es aris sxvadasxva

ganStoebebi erTi da imave modgmisa, romelsac mecnierebaSi qarTveluri

anu protoiberuli modgma ewodeba,” – ambobda gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia

1990: 8-9). igi miiCnevda, rom iberiuls aqvs mravali ganStoeba da

dResdReobiT SemorCenilia mxolod ori – pireneul-iberiuli anu

baskuri da kavkasiur-iberiuli anu qarTuli. danarCeni ukve

asimilirebulia indoevropuli samyaros mier. am modgmis daknineba da

mosuli indoevropelebis mier asimilireba daiwyo Zv.w. mesame

aTaswleulSi da mxolod amis Semdeg wamovida wina planze xeTuri da

elinuri samyaroebi (gamsaxurdia 1990: 10). zviad gamsaxurdia

saqarTvelos sulier misias misi istoriuli funqciis aRorZinebaSi

xedavda, rac dasavluri da aRmosavluri samyaroebis dakavSirebas, maT

sinTezirebas gulisxmobs. igi aRniSnavda, rom “vefxistyaosani” iseve

SegviZlia miviCnioT dasavluri kulturis kuTvnilebad, rogorc

aRmosavluris. aq gayofa da gaTiSva SeuZlebelia” (gamsaxurdia 1990: 28)

saqarTvelos sulier misiaze saubrisas, gamsaxurdia gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas uTmobda religiis sakiTxs. misi SexedulebiT, qristianobis

ganviTarebaSi qarTveluri modgmis xalxebi ZiriTad rols TamaSobdnen.

“sakuTriv qristianobaSi, qristianobis ganviTarebaSi qarTveluri da

indoevropuli modgmis xalxebi asrulebdnen ZiriTad rols”

(gamsaxurdia 1990: 31).

zviad gasaxurdia ufro Sorsac midioda da Tvlida, rom me-10

saukuneSi moRvawe qarTveli himnografis ioane-zosimes Txzuleba “qebai

da didebai qarTulisa enisai” exeba ara mxolod qarTul enas, rogorc

aseTs, aramed “qarTvel ers, qarTul eTnoss, mis kulturul-istoriul

misias” (gamsaxurdia 1990: 43). “lazares aRdgineba ioane zosimesTan

niSnavs aRdginebas qarTveli erisas, qarTveluri modgmisas, marto

62

qarTveli erisas ki ara, mTeli qarTveluri modgmisas im ganfenilobiT,

rogorc is iyo warmodgenili preistoriul xanaSi, anu lazares

daZinebamde, anu mesame aTaswleulamde. mesame aTaswleulSi es modgma

Semcirda, ganadgurda indoevropelebis mier da darCa mxolod

pireneebze, mcire aziaSi, kavkasiaSi. xolo aRdgoma iqneba isev aRorZineba

am modgmisa, isev imave pozicias daibrunebs es modgma da es eri,

romelic mas gaaCnda preistoriul xanaSi, e.i. wamyvani modgmis pozicias,

kacobriobis sulieri moZRvris pozicias. ai, es igulisxmeba swored

imaSi, rom meored mosvlis dros RmerTman unda amxilos yvela ena amiT

eniTao, rogorc ambobs ioane-zosime. es ki imas niSnavs, rom es modgma

iqneba mTavari matarebeli sulierebisa, qristianobisa da is amxels

danarCen codvil kacobriobas” (gamsaxurdia 1990: 33).

1980-iani wlebis bolos zviad gamsaxurdia saqarTvelos erovnuli

moZraobis yvelaze popularuli lideri iyo da seriozuli mxardaWeriT

sargeblobda. Sesabamisad, mis mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi did

gavlenas axdenda sazogadoebaSi arsebul molodinebsa da ganwyobebze.

gamsaxurdias mosazrebebi, romlis magaliTi zemoT vnaxeT, namdvilad

iwvevda saqarTveloSi politikis iracionalizacias da qarTul

sazogadoebas damoukideblobasTan dakavSirebiT gadaWarbebul

molodinebs uCenda. postsabWoTa periodis qarTulma nacionalurma

proeqtma, Camoyalibebis sawyis stadiaze, erTgvari sakraluri aspeqti

SeiZina. am miTologizebuli, didebuli warsulis dabrunebis survili

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom gaCenili sirTuleebis garkveul

winapirobad iqca. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos momavali

politikuri elita, ZiriTadad, qarTveli eTnosis gandidebiT iyo

dakavebuli da naklebad upirispirdeboda sxva eTnikur jgufebs, naTlad

Cans nacionaluri proeqtis Caketiloba da eqskluziuroba. es tendencia

safrTxes uqmnida mravaleTnikuri qveynis stabilur arsebobas. 1990 wlis

2 maiss, rodesac aRniSnuli leqcia waikiTxa, gamsaxurdia ukve

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare iyo. moqmedi politikuri

lideris mxridan saqarTvelos funqciisa da rolis gansasazRvrad me-10

saukuneSi dawerili Txzulebis gamoyeneba da saubari imaze, rom

63

qarTveli eri imave pozicias daibrunebs, romelic mas preistoriul

xanaSi hqonda, bundovans xdida qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis

ganxorcielebis gzebsa da SesaZleblobebs.

erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTi wevri, ekonomisti roman gociriZe

ambobs, rom “am periodSi iyo sruli deficiti im jansaRi azrisa,

romelsac saerTaSoriso normebiT damkvidrebuli politikis keTeba qvia.

maSin Zalian seriozulad msjelobdnen imis Sesaxeb, rom xval Tu zeg

saingilos SemovierTebT. TurqeTs rom teritoriebs wavarTmevT da

yofili qarTuli teritoriebi Cveni gaxdeba, amaze sakamaTo politikur

wreebSi ar iyo, Tumca zogi amas xmamaRla ambobda, radikaluri

moZraobis zogierTi warmomadgeneli, zogi ki Cumad vambobdiT,

kuluarebSi, rom ki, es viciT, ase moxdeba, magram jer damoukidebloba

gvaqvs misaRwevi, jer TurqeTi ar unda gavaRizianoT da mtrebi ar unda

gaviCinoT. zogs undoda, rom saqarTvelos teritoria soWamde yofiliyo

da aseTi sakiTxebi ixileboda sakmaod seriozul doneze, uamravi

disputebi gamarTula saqarTvelos momavali teritoriuli mowyobis

Sesaxeb.”25

roman gociriZis am sityvebidan, vfiqrobT, naTlad Cans qarTuli

nacionaluri proeqtis ararealuri, utopiuri ganzomileba. sainteresoa,

rom Tavad gociriZe sakuTar Tavs erovnuli moZraobis e.w. zomier,

araradikalur wres miakuTvnebs. rogorc vxedavT, es zomiereba

namdvilad pirobiTi iyo da imaSi gamoixateboda, rom, radikalebisgan

gansxvavebiT, xmamaRla ar ambobdnen imas, rasac fiqrobdnen.

1989 wlis Semodgomidan saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam

ganaxleba gadawyvita da TviTonac, garkveulwilad, erovnuli moZraobis

gverdiT aRmoCnda. irakli wereTlis sityviT, erovnuli moZraobis winaSe

iyo ori amocana – damoukideblobis mopoveba da saqarTvelos

mTlianobis SenarCuneba. saqarTvelos kompartiis ck pirvelma mdivanma

givi gumbariZem, wereTlis azriT, “orive am amocanas, Tavis mxriv, Tavi

kargad gaarTva – xeli ar SeuSala saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken

mimaval procesebs da xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos mTlianobis 25

interviu roman gociriZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.

64

SenarCunebas. mas hqonda Zalian loialuri, demokratiuli

damokidebuleba opoziciis mimarT da, sxvaTa Soris, igi politikis

adamianur, araagresiul urTierTobebze agebis klasikuri nimuSia.”26

1989 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesma sabWom

konstituciaSi Seitana cvlilebebi, respublikis mTeli qoneba

“gaaqarTula” da Camoayaliba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis uzenaesoba

sakavSiro kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebaSi. cvlilebebi ganamtkicebda

saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiridan gamosvlis uflebas, xels uwyobda

damoukidebeli sasamarTlos arsebobas da saqarTvelos umaRles sabWos

aniWebda srul uflebas, gaekontrolebina sakuTari sazRvrebi da

administraciuli erTeulebi. axali saarCevno kanoni uzrunvelyofda

konkurentul pirdapir arCevnebs. 1990 wlis martSi umaRlesma sabWom

Tavis deklaraciSi saTauriT “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suverenitetis

dacvis garantiebi” moiTxova yvela im SemoTavazebuli sabWoTa

saprezidento uflebamosilebis gauqmeba, romelic arRvevda respublikis

suverenitets. saqarTveloSi sabWoTa armiis SemoWra 1921 wlis

TebervalSi gamocxadda “de faqto aneqsiad” da “saerTaSoriso

danaSaulad”. umaRlesma sabWom 1921 wlis 21 maisis samokavSireo

xelSekruleba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul

socialistur respublikas Soris gamoacxada Zaladakargulad da

moiTxova molaparakebebis dawyeba damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos aRsadgenad. 1990 wlis ivnisSi Tavis sagangebo sxdomaze

daamtkica kanonebis Semdgomi paketi ekonomikuri suverenitetis,

alternatiuli samxedro samsaxurisa da damoukidebeli politikuri

partiebis formirebis uflebis Sesaxeb. Camoyalibda komisia, romlis

mizani saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad sasamarTlo meqanizmis

SemuSaveba iyo. saqarTvelos kompartiam dagmo sabWoTa kavSiris mier

litvis blokada damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg (jonsi 2013: 50-51).

miuxedavad uprecedento gadawyvetilebebisa, es sazogadoebis

ganwyobebze arsebiT gavlenas ver axdenda. saqarTvelos komunisturi

26

interviu irakli wereTelTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.

65

partia xelisuflebaSi yofnis ukanasknel Tveebs iTvlida. stiven jonsi

Tvlis, rom, miuxedavad reformebisa, gumbariZem ver SeZlo daemala

Tavisi kavSirebi sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partiasTan. 1990 wels igi

airCies sabWoTa politbiuros wevrad. sabWoTa kavSirisadmi misma

Sefarulma erTgulebam Ziri gamouTxara gancxadebebs moskovisgan

damoukidebolobis Sesaxeb.

dimitri SveliZis SexedulebiT, komunisturi xelisuflebis mier

gamoqveynebuli “saqarTvelos ssr erovnuli ganviTarebis koncefcia”

ormagi standartis maCvenebeli tipuri dokumenti iyo. “gamoucdeli

mkiTxvelisTvis, SesaZloa, Tval-yuris momWrelic ki yofiliyo

koncefciis “didmniSvnelovani” pasuxebi, sadac saubari gaxldaT “sruli

suverenitetis miRwevis” aucileblobaze; “samarTlebriv saxelmwifod

gardaqmnaze”. marTlac, ra unda yofiliyo imaze momajadoebeli

qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis, roca komunisturi partiis koncefcia mas

hpirdeboda erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobisken swrafvas, rom misi mizani iyo respublikis sruli

suverenitetis mopoveba”. d. SveliZe Tvlis, rom koncefcia, “ugvano

sicruesTan erTad, sasacilo Tezisebsac Seicavda”, rodesac xazs

usvamda saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi gareSe Zalis Caurevlobis

aucileblobas da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiuri

erTeulebis interesebis dacvas. “ra Tqma unda, givi gumbariZis

xelisuflebas erTi wuTiTac ar gauvlia fiqrad saqarTvelos sabWoTa

kavSiridan, ufro sworad, ruseTis sabWoTa imperiidan gamosvla-

gamoyofis SesaZlebloba”. koncefcia kvlavindeburad saqarTvelos

warmoidgenda sakavSiro saxelmwifoSi. sruli suverenitetis mopoveba

unda gamoxatuliyo realuri federalizmidan saxelmwifoebriobis ufro

maRal, srulyofil formebze etapobrivad gadasvlaSi. maSin ukve

mimdinareobda rRvevadi imperiis axali formiT SeniRbva-aRorZinebis

procesi” (SveliZe 2008: 68-69).

vfiqrobT, rTulia imis gansazRvra, ra gaivlo fiqrad da ra ara

saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam. faqtia, rom miRebuli

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobas garkveul

66

iuridiul safuZvels uqmnida. miT umetes, rom am dros ukve daniSnuli

iyo saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos 1990 wlis 25 martis arCevnebi.

savaraudoa, rom saqarTvelos komunisturi partia, msgavsi nabijebiT,

Tundac sakavSiro xelisuflebasTan winaaRmdegobis xarjze,

Zalauflebis SenarCunebas cdilobda.

1990 wlis gazafxulze, erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri frTis mier

dafuZnda “erovnuli forumi”. misi mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo opoziciuri

partiebis koordinirebuli moqmedebisTvis, moemzadebina saqarTvelos

momavali damoukidebloba, aerCia gardamavali, alternatiuli

parlamenti da mTavroba. “umaRlesi sabWo ar aris gamomxatveli

qarTveli eris nebisa, ar aris arCeuli qarTveli xalxis mier. amitom

Cven mas unda davupirispiroT qarTveli eris mier arCeuli

alternatiuli parlamenti. Cven sxva gamosavali ar gvaqvs,” – ganacxada

zviad gamsaxurdiam erovnuli forumis damfuZnebel krebaze.27 erovnul

forums unda moemzadebiba sayovelTao arCevnebi, romelic airCevda

erovnul kongress, “qarTvel eris nebis gamomxatvel warmomadgenlobiT

organos, romelsac unda daemtkicebina gardamavali periodis erovnuli

mTavroba, romelic saqarTvelos miiyvanda damoukideblobamde.”28

erovnuli forumi iyo ara marto saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis

opozicia, aramed misi warmomadgelebi sakuTar Tavs erovnuli moZraobis

e. w. zomieri frTis alternativadac ganixilavdnen. imave periodSi,

“rusTavelis sazogadoebam” gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis koncefcia, romelic aqcents ekonomikuri damoukideblobis

mniSvnelobaze akeTebda da mas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis

saqmeSi ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebda. roman gociriZe ambobs, rom

“saxalxo fronti” da “rusTavelis sazogadoeba” is organizaciebi iyo,

sadac ekonomikur sakiTxebsac ganixilavdnen da iqmneboda ekonomikuri

xasiaTis dokumentebi. rac Seexeba radikalur organizaciebs, isini,

zomier mimarTulebasTan konkurenciis pirobebSi, ekonomikur sakiTxebs

sruliad ugulebelyofdnen. “ekonomikuri Tema zomierebasTan

27

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 28

interviu irakli wereTelTan ix. iqve.

67

asocirdeboda.”29 radikalebi am gziT xazs usvamdnen sakuTar

ukompromisobas, Seurigeblobas da maRal idealebs, sadac iseTi

praqtikuli sakiTxisTvis, rogoricaa ekonomika, adgili ar iyo.

1990 wlis 25 marts daniSnul umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebSi

monawileobaze Tanxmoba ganacxada “saxalxo frontma” da araradikaluri

mimarTulebis bevrma organizaciam. am faqtma saqarTvelos erovnul

moZraobaSi arsebuli dapirispirebis kidev ufro gaRrmaveba gamoiwvia.

erovnuli forumis warmomadgenlebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier

daniSnul arCevnebs kategoriulad emijnebodnen da sazogadoebasac

amisken mouwodebnen: “saWiroa ara marto erovnuli yrilobis mowveva,

aramed, paralelurad, saWiroa Cven daviwyoT sabWoTa struqturebis

ngreva. aq ukve yovelgvari dasma sakiTxisa – miviRoT Tu ara arCevnebSi

monawileoba – unda moixsnas. ar unda miviRoT, ra Tqma unda, arCevnebSi

monawileoba,” – ganacxada gia Wanturiam.30

imave periodSi, 1990 wlis 13-15 marts, saqarTvelos erovnul-

gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sagangebo konferenciaze miiRes

dadgenileba, romlis mixedviT, erovnuli moZraoba “kanonieri

mosaxleobis” saxeliT srul boikots ucxadebda saqarTvelos ssr

erovnuli sabWos 1990 wlis 25 martis arCevnebs da iwyebda mzadebas

gardamavali opoziciuri xelisuflebis arCevisTvis, romelic iqneboda

oficialuri iuridiuli piri da saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleobis

nebis gamomxatveli (saluaSvili 1996: 14). erovnuli moZraobis did

gavlenas is faqtic adasturebs, rom boikotis Semdeg saqarTvelos

xelisuflebam uari Tqva gazafxulze gaemarTa arCevnebi da igi

SemodgomisTvis gadado. aRniSnul dadgenilebaSi araerTxel aris

gamoyenebuli fraza “saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleoba”, rac

migvaniSnebs, rom erovnuli moZraobis wamomadgenlebi mosaxleobis

garkveul nawils ukanonod miiCnevdnen da arCevnebSi misi monawileoba-

armonawileobis sakiTxi mniSvnelovnad ar miaCdaT. es faqti naTlad

miuTiTebs qarTuli nacionalizmisa da erovnuli moZraobis wiaRSi

29

interviu roman gociriZesTan ix. iqve. 30

gia Wanturias gamosvla erovnuli forumis krebaze ix. iqve.

68

formirebuli nacionaluri proeqtis eqskluziur xasiaTze. sainteresoa,

Tu ra kriteriumebis safuZvelze xdeboda mosaxleobis ama Tu im

nawilis saqarTvelos teritoriaze cxovrebis kanonierebis Tu

ukanonobis gansazRvra. am sakiTxs exeba zviad gamsaxurdia ukve uzenaesi

sabWos Tavmjdomaris rangSi mis mier micemul erT-erT interviuSi,

romelzec ufro vrclad SemdgomSi visaubrebT.

saxalxo frontis lideris, nodar naTaZis azriT, “meboikoteebi

imetebdnen saqarTvelos momavali oTxi wlis komunisturi

batonobisaTvis, Tanac, kanonieri formis mqone batonobisaTvis. ra sjobs:

mteri, romelic batonobs kanonieri formiT, Tu mteri, romelic

batonobs xuntis formiT? ra Tqma unda, sjobs mteri, romelic batonobs

xuntis formiT, imitom, rom mas susti iuridiuli pozicia aqvs...”31

erovnuli moZraobis radikalur mimarTulebas imdenad didi gavlena

hqonda rogorc sazogadoebaze, ise saqarTvelos komunistur

xelisuflebaze, rom 1990 wlis 25 martis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi maTi

boikotis Sedegad CaiSala. roman gociriZis SexedulebiT, “am arCevnebis

CaSliT, saqarTvelom uari Tqva im gzaze, romelic SemdgomSi aRmoCnda

warmatebuli da romelsac baltiis gzas uwodeben xolme. anu baltiis

respublikebSi, faqtiurad, Catarebulma arCevnebma xelisuflebaSi

moiyvana is adamianebi, romlebmac uzrunvelyves am qveynebis gamoyofa

sabWoTa kavSiridan. maT Cven gagvaswres ara marto droSi, aramed maT

Cven gagvaswres xarisxSic”.32 Tavad radikaluri moZraobis liderebi

baltiispireTis respublikebis mier arCeul gzas araswors uwodebdnen.

1990 wlis 8 aprils gamarTul mitingze gia Wanturiam ganacxada, rom

“Cveni brZolis gza erTaderTia da WeSmariti, romelic nimuSad unda

daisaxon. litvam gamoacxada damoukidebloba, deklarireba advilia

Tavisuflebis, Cvenc SegviZlia gamovacxadoT, magram sanam saokupacio

jarebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze imyofebian, faqtobrivad, es

Tavisufleba ar iqneba, amitom saqarTvelo iqneba Tavisufali, magram es

31

interviu nodar naTaZesTan ix. iqve. 32

interviu roman gociriZesTan ix. iqve.

69

iqneba ara uzenaesi viTom sabWos monapovari, Tqveni, mTeli qarTveli

eris monapovari. ai, es aris erovnuli moZraobis namdvili gza.”33

is faqti, rom Wanturia brZolis erTaderT, WeSmarit da sanimuSo

gzad radikalebis mier arCeul mimarTulebas asaxelebda, niSandoblivia

saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobisTvis. gansxvavebuli azrisadmi

Seurigebloba da sakuTari damokidebulebebis ualternativoba, rac

radikalebs axasiaTebdaT, laitmotivad gasdevda saqarTveloSi 1980-1990-

iani wlebis mijnaze ganviTarebul procesebs, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad

ganapiroba qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis marcxi.

sabolood, erovnuli moZraoba saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi swored

arCevnebis gziT movida, rac gvaZlevs imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom

saqarTveloSi mainc, e. w. “baltiispireTis gzam” gaamarTla. Tumca

erovnuli moZraobis gaTiSulobam SeuZlebeli gaxada gardamavali

periodis mSvidobiani daZleva.

erovnuli forumis Camoyalibebidan maleve, 1990 wlis gazafxulze,

masSi Semaval organizaciebs Soris ganxeTqileba moxda. forumi datova

yvelaze popularulma liderma zviad gamsaxurdiam da axali

politikuri organizacia “mrgvali magida” Camoayaliba. ganxeTqilebis

mizezebTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. sainteresoa

jaba ioselianis Tvalsazrisi. misi sityviT, 1990 wlis 9 aprils

cxvinvalis regionSi mcxovrebi osebis garkveul jgufs surda TbilisSi

Camosvla erTi wliT adre daRupuli adamianebisTvis pativis misagebad,

rasac Tavad ioseliani didi sixaruliT Sexvda. osebis TbilisSi

vizitze kategoriuli uari ganacxada zviad gamsaxurdiam, romelmac

cxinvalidan gamogzavnili delegacia arc ki miiRo. im Ramesve

gamsaxurdiam dareka cxinvalSi da mouwoda regionis qarTul

mosaxleobas, daetovebinaT sacxovrebelia adgili, radgan, TiTqos, osebi

maT darbevas apirebdnen. jaba ioseliani ambobs, rom man es faqti

gaaprotesta, ramac gamsaxurdias gaRizianeba da mis mier forumis

33

giorgi Wanturias gamosvla mitingze ix. iqve.

70

datoveba gamoiwvia. erovnuli forumis Sekrebazeve moxda dapirispireba

jaba ioselianisa da zviad gamsaxurdias dacvis wevrebs Soris.34

irakli wereTlis SexedulebiT, dapirispirebis mizezi iyo erovnul

forumSi gaCenili azri imis Sesaxeb, rom mTavaria erovnuli moZraobis

xelisuflebaSi mosvla da mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tu ra gziT, romeli

kanonis safuZvelze da vis mier daniSnuli arCevnebis Sedegad moxdeba

es. wereTeli ambobs, rom aseve iyo pirovnuli gaugebrobebi massa da

zviad gamsaxurdias Soris, ramac xeli Seuwyo konfliqtis gaRrmavebas.

zviad gamsaxurdias “mrgvalma magidam”, romelSic Sevidnen “merab

kostavas sazogadoeba”, “monarqistuli partia”, “wm. ilia marTlis

sazogadoeba”, “helsinkis kavSiri”, “TeTri giorgis kavSiri” da “erovnul-

qristianuli kavSiri”, Tanxmoba ganacxada uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebSi

monawileobaze. “erovnulma forumma” ki, romlis SemadgenlobaSic

“erovnul-demokratiuli partia”, “erovnuli damoukideblobis partia” da

“mxedrioni” Sediodnen, alternatiuli, erovnuli kongresis arCevnebis

propaganda daiwyo. am periodSi ukve naTelia zviad gamsaxurdias

poziciis garkveuli cvlileba: igi ufro Semrigebluria da mis

damokidebulebas garkveuli racionalizmi axasiaTebs: “Cveni kursi

gulisxmobs erTaderTi arCevnebis ideas. paraleluri arCevnebis ideas

uaryofs da moiTxovs arCevas iseTi organosi, romelic iqneba qarTveli

eris neba-survilis gamomxatveli da, amave dros, samarTlebrivi subieqti,

romelsac aRiarebs saerTaSoriso samarTali. amisTvis, vimeoreb,

aucilebelia igi iyos erTaderTi, iyos oficialuri da iyos mTeli

qarTveli eris ndobis mandatis mqone.”35

1990 wlis 12 maiss mrgvalma magidam miiRo mniSvnelovani dokumenti

– “mrgvali magidis politikuri koncefcia”.36 es dokumenti, rogorc

34interviu jaba ioselianTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. am sakiTxze aseve ix. jaba ioselianis memuaruli naSromi “sami ganzomileba”. Tb. 2013, gv. 17 da interviu “mxedrionis” wevr giga arvelaZesTan sofo mosiZis saavtori gadacemaSi “mowyvite wami” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVvTq4Cq84o 35

interviu zviad gamsaxurdiasTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 36

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis politikur partiaTa da organizaciaTa mrgvali magidis politikuri koncefcia. gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. 15 maisi. 1990. #52.

71

maSindel saqarTveloSi yvelaze popularuli politikuri gaerTianebis

faqtobrivad winasaarCevno ganacxadi, sayuradReboa, erTi mxriv, qarTuli

nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad, xolo meore

mxriv, imis gasaanalizeblad, Tu ra cvlileba ganicada zviad

gamsaxurdias da misi politikuri gundis damokidebulebebma mcire

droSi. dokumentidan naTlad Cans qarTuli nacionalizmis eTnikuri

xasiaTi da eqskluziuroba, Tumca, amave dros, qarTul nacionalur

proeqts ukve aqvs SeZenili garkveuli samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi.

“mrgvali magida” “qarTvel ers, saqarTvelos kanonier mosaxleobas”

mouwodebda, aerCia is gza, romelic saqarTvelos miiyvanda

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde. “dRes saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis erTaderTi kanonieri

memkvidre aris qarTveli eri, saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleoba. amitom

aucilebelia swored qarTvelma erma, saqarTvelos kanonierma

mosaxleobam gaakeTos arCevani im gzisa, romliTac saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda aRdges.” am dokumentSi, msgavsad

“erovnuli forumis” mier martSi miRebuli wesdebisa, kvlav aris

naxsenebi “saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleoba”, rac TavisTavad

gulisxmobs mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis ukanonobas. aseve naTelia,

rom qarTveli eris cnebas calsaxad eTnikuri Sinaarsi aqvs da masSi

mxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebi igulisxmebian.

“mrgval magidaSi” Semavali politikuri organizaciebi

damoukideblobis mopovebis or SesaZleblobas asaxelebdnen: 1.

sayovelTao erovnuli daumorCilebloba (erovnuli forumis mier

arCeuli gza). 2. okupaciisa da aneqsiis pirobebSi, SeZlebisdagvarad,

maqsimalurad eris nebis gamomxatveli droebiTi umaRlesi

xelisuflebis sayovelTao arCevnebi. koncefciis avtorebi iwunebdnen

daumorCileblobis ideas. sainteresoa am gzis uaryofis erT-erTi

mizezi, saidanac Cans, rom am periodSi qarTul nacionalur proeqts ukve

axasiaTebs garkveuli inkluziuroba. koncefciis avtorTa azriT,

daumorCileblobis idea ganuxorcielebeli iyo saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis mravaleTnikuri Semadgenlobis gamo – mas mxars ar

72

dauWerda qveynis araqarTveli mosaxleoba. koncefciis avtorebi

araqarTul mosaxleobas “damoukideblobis aramosurnes” uwodebdnen.

racionaluri Cans sxva mizezebic – qarTuli sazogadoebis mZime

moraluri mdgomareoba, rac daumorCileblobis ideis masobriv

gatarebas gaarTulebda, jer kidev Zlieri sabWoTa saxelmwifo da

saokupacio jarebis saqarTveloSi yofna, rac aseve gaaZnelebda

oficialur struqturebTan Ria dapirispirebas. “sayovelTao erovnuli

daumorCilebloba, im masStabiTa da vadiT, romelic ukiduresi

gaWirvebis, didi riskisa da, iqneb, sisxlis fasadac ers saxelmwifoebriv

damoukideblobamde miiyvans, mxolod ukiduresad eqstremaluri

situaciisas aris SesaZlebeli.” koncefciis avtorebi Tvlidnen, rom

mocemul momentSi ar arsebobda msgavsi estremaluri viTareba, amitom

sayovelTao daumorCilebloba SeuZlebeli iyo. “mrgvali magidis” wevr

organizaciebs erTaderT gamosavlad arCevnebi miaCniaT. “imisaTvis, rom

saqarTveloSi arCeul iqnas WeSmaritad eris nebis gamomxatveli da misi

interesebis damcveli organo, romelic mxolod arsebuli obieqturi

realobis gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedebs da ara centraluri saokupacio

xelisuflebis diqtatiTa da misadmi kompromisebiT, aucilebelia

arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRos saqarTvelos erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis radikalurma opoziciam.” es imisTvis iyo saWiro, rom umaRles

arCeviT organoSi moskovisadmi daqvemdebarebuli politkuri Zalebi

umciresobaSi aRmoCeniliyvnen da gardamavali periodis simZime axal

politikur Zalas etvirTa. “saqarTvelos ukiduresad mZime

geopolitikuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri, demografiuli, ekologiuri

mdgomareobis gamo, yovlad dauSvebelia saocrad dinamiur gardamaval

periodSi iseTi moqmedebebi, romelic erisa da qveynis interesebidan ar

gamomdinareobs.”

dokumentidan aSkaraa, rom am droisTvis erovnuli moZraobis

warmmarTvel ZalaSi emociuri foni da iracionalizmi met-naklebad

ganeitralebulia, yuradReba ufro pragmatul, iuridiul sakiTxebs

eqceva. dokumentSi naxsenebia 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris,

73

rogorc umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebriv-politikuri saerTaSoriso aqti.

am aqtiT sabWoTa ruseTma aRiara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da

Semdeg es SeTanxmeba Tavadve daarRvia 1921 wels, rodesac ganaxorciela

saqarTvelos okupacia. koncefciis avtorTa SexedulebiT, 1921 wlis 17

martis (am dRes saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebelma

krebam droebiT SeaCera saqarTvelos konstitucia) Semdeg ar miRebula

arc erTi kanonieri saxelmwifoebrivi aqti, rasac Tavad saqarTvelos

imJamindeli komunisturi xelisuflebac aRiarebda,

sainteresoa, rom koncefciis avtorebi imowmeben da eyrdnobian

saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs.

es faqti adasturebs Cvens mosazrebas, rom am periodSi Tavad

komunisturi xelisuflebac “nacionalistur relsebze” iyo damdgari da

iRebda gadawyvetilebebs, romliTac saqarTvelos momaval

damoukideblobas mniSvnelovan iuridiul safuZvels uqmnida. “mrgvali

magidis” wevrebi da qarTveli komunistebi, am SemTxvevaSi, erTgvar

Tanamoazreebad gvevlinebian.

dokumentSi xazgasmulia gardamavali periodis kanonierad dawyebis

da damoukideblobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT miRwevis aucilebloba.

“kanonierebidan yovelgvari gadaxveva gardamavali periodis sawyis

etapze mxolod gaarTulebs Cvens isedac ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobas,

rac saboloo jamSi kargs arafers mogvitans,” – naTqvamia koncefciaSi.

amitom, avtorTa SexedulebiT, aucilebelia amosaval wertilad iqces

1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba da 1921 wlis 27 ianvris erTa ligis

gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saerTaSoriso

suverenad cnobis Sesaxeb, da ara sakavSiro da respublikuri

konstituciebis “kargi” da “cudi” muxlebi.

koncefciaSi naxsenebia “litvuri precendentis” dadebiTi mxareebi,

romelic, marTalia, “naCqarevad” Seiqmna, magram sayuradRebo iyo imitom,

rom metropoliasTan molaparakebas ara sabWour konstituciaTa, aramed

saerTaSoriso samarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT gulisxmobda.

qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawilSi gavrcelebulia azri, rom

saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis baltiispirulma gzam kraxi ganicada.

74

warmodgenili dokumentis da Semdgom ganviTarebuli procesebis

analizis safuZvelze, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba mainc konstituciuri meqanizmebiT, racionaluri

damokidebulebebiT da komunistur xelisuflebasTan samarTlebrivi

brZoliT gaxda SesaZlebeli. es faqti gvaCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos

saboloo warmateba mainc baltiispirulma gzam moutana, Tumca,

erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobaSi da politikur sivrceSi mis srul

gabatonebaSi, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, didi roli radikaluri frTis

ukompromisobam da Seurigebelma damokidebulebebma iTamaSa.

“mrgvali magidis” politikuri koncefciis avtorebs miaCndaT, rom

“msoflio politikaSi xalxis nebis gamomxatveli samarTlebrivi

subieqtis Seqmnis yvelaze misaRebi forma sayovelTao demokratiuli

arCevnebia, romlis drosac xdeba garkveuli vadiT ndobis mandatis

gadacema kanonier umaRles xelisuflebaze. saqarTveloSi umokles

vadaSi unda Catardes sayovelTao, mravalpartiuli, SeuzRudavi,

demokratiuli arCevnebi...” msgavsi arCevnebis Catarebis ori gza

arsebobda – oficialuri da araoficialuri. mrgvali magidis

warmomadgenelTa azriT, marTalia, araoficialuri arCvnebi imTaviTve

moixsnida sabWouris iarliys, magram waawydeboda mniSvnelovan

problemas _ arCevnebis sayovelTaoobas da masSi saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis umravlesobis monawileobas. araoficialuri arCevnebi ar

iqneboda erTaderTi da qveynis araqarTveli (da ara mxolod)

macxovreblebi oficialur, sabWoTa arCevnebs daelodebodnen.

mosalodneli iyo iseTi kuriozuli SemTxvevac, rom amomrCevlis

garkveul nawils orive arCevnebSi mieRo monawileoba. problemebi

Seiqmneboda araoficialuri arCevnebis organizebasTan dakavSirebiTac.

komunisturi xelisufleba yvelanairad Seecdeboda, xeli SeeSala misi

CatarebisTvis. aseve problema iyo araoficialuri arCevnebis

sarTaSoriso aRiareba, radgan im periodisTvis jer kidev arsebobda

sabWoTa kavSiri. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos ss respublikaSi Catarebul

araoficialur arCevnebs saerTaSoriso asparezze aravin aRiarebda.

75

aRniSnuli mizezebidan gamomdinare, mrgvali magidis politikuri

koncefcia emxroboda oficialur arCevvnebSi erovnuli moZraobis

monawileobas, Tumca, amisTvis garkveul pirobebs ayenebda:

1. saqarTvelos unda SeeiZina Tavisi realuri politikuri

mdgomareobis Sesabamisi politikuri statusi. amisTvis

saqarTvelos unda Secvloda SeiaraRebuli agresiisa da aneqsiis

Sedegad Tavsmoxveuli ukanono saxeli – saqarTvelos sabWoTa

socialisturi respublika.

2. unda SeCerebuliyo sabWoTa kavSiris antihumanuri,

arademokratiuli konstituciis moqmedeba saqarTvelos mTel

teritoriaze.

3. saqarTvelos sabWoTa konstituciis moqmedebis SeCereba,

droebiTi konstituciis SemuSaveba, 1921 wlis konstituciis

dabruneba Tu sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT qveynis marTva, gardamavali

periodis droebiTi mTavrobis prerogativad unda CaTvliliyo.

“mrgvali magidis” mesveurebi miiCnevdnen, rom arsebuli

xelisuflebisgan am pirobebis Sesruleba realisturi iyo, radgan isini

logikurad ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen xelisuflebis mierve miRebul

gadawyvetilebebs. koncefcias xels awerdnen “saqarTvelos helsinkis

kavSiris”, “wm. ilia marTlis sazogadoebis”, “saqarTvelos monarqistuli

partiis”, “merab kostavas sazogadoebis”, “mrCevelTa jgufebis

sakoordinacio kolegiis” warmomadgenlebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli moTxovnebi ar dakmayofilda,

politikurma gaerTianeba “mrgvalma magidam” mainc miiRo monawileoba

1990 wlis 28 oqtombers saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier

daniSnul uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebSi. “erovnulma forumma” kvlav

ukompromiso pozicia daikava, kategoriulad uaryo arCevnebis idea da

scada mieRo sazogadoebis mxardaWera, Tumca sazogadoebri azri aSkarad

“mrgvali magidis” mxares ixreboda.

1990 wlis 26 maiss dainiSna ori paraleluri Sekreba. “mrgvalma

magidam” mitingi lokomotivis, xolo “erovnulma forumma” erovnul

stadionze daniSna. “mrgvali magidis” mitingze gacilebiT meti adamiani

76

mivida, ramac naTeli gaxada, rom mosaxleobis simpaTia aSkarad zviad

gamsaxurdias mxares iyo. am mitingze zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvlas aqvs

garkveuli religiuri Seferiloba. igi im gzas, romelsac misi

politikuri gaerTianeba emxroba, “qristes gzas” uwodebs, xolo, misi

mowinaaRmdegeebis mier arCeul kurss – “barabas gzas”37. gamsaxurdias

sityvaSi, amave periodSi micemuli interviuebisagan gansxvavebiT, kvlav

igrZnoba radikalizmi da gansxvavebuli poziciebisadmi sruli

Seurigebloba. es, albaT, ganpirobebulia mitingze arsebuli emociuri

atmosferoTi da im faqtiT, rom man TvalnaTliv dainaxa misadmi

sazogadoebis didi nawilis simpaTia.

gamsaxurdias reitingis mkveTrma zrdam mis mowinaaRmdegeebSi

misadmi Seurigeblobis gazrdac gamoiwvia. gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg

koaliciis Seqmna iseTma, TiTqos, erTmaneTTan radikalurad

dapirispirebulma jgufebmac ki gadawyvites, rogorebic iyvnen “erovnuli

forumi” da saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisufleba. jaba ioselianis

sityviT, isini apirebdnen eTanamSromlaT zomieri mimarTulebis

warmomadgenlebTanac. am gaerTianebis mTavari mizani givi gumbariZis

xelisuflebidan Camocileba iyo, romelic, ioselianis azriT, xels

uwyobda gamsaxurdias aRzevebas. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavisi

arakompetenturobiT, avtoritaruli miswrafebebiT, avantiuruli

politikiT da Sovinisturi kursiT saqarTvelos daRupvis piramde

miiyvanda. jaba ioselianma gadawyvita ganexorcielebina gegma, romelic

iTvaliswinebda “sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis pirobebSi damoukideblobis

gzaze saqarTvelos TandaTanobiT gamoyvanas”. ioselians am gegmis

ganxorcieleba SesaZleblad miaCnda “rusTavelis sazogadoebasTan”,

“saxalxo frontTan” da zogierT “erovnuli suliskveTebiT gamorCeul”

komunistTan TanamSromlobiT. misi ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli iyo

zviad gamsaxurdias neitralizeba, magram amisTvis, pirvel rigSi, givi

gumbariZe unda gadaeyenebinaT. Tavdapirvelad am mizniT sabWoTa kavSiris

sagareo saqmeTa ministr eduard SevardnaZis gamoyeneba scades, Tumca

misgan uari miiRes, radgan gumbariZe misi rekomendaciiT iyo daniSnuli 37

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla 1990 wlis 26 maisis mitingze ix.: Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”

77

ck pirveli mdivnis postze. amis Semdeg jaba ioselianis saxlSi

Seikribnen ck biuros wevri guram mgelaZe, respublikis generaluri

prokurori vaxtang razmaZe, edp lideri gia Wanturia da erovnuli

damoukideblobis partiis lideri irakli wereTeli. miRebul iqna

gadawyvetileba, rom biuris sxdomaze wevrebs gumbariZisTvis undobloba

unda gamoecxadebinaT da am gziT CamoecilebinaT xelisuflebidan.

miuxedavad SeTanxmebisa, biuros wevrebma gumbariZisTvis undoblobis

gamocxadeba ver gabedes (ioseliani 2013: 21-22).

rogorc vxedavT, zviad gamsaxurdias imTaviTve, xelisuflebaSi

mosvlamde hyavda radikaluri opozicia sxvadasxva jgufis saxiT,

romlebic, miuxedavad erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli poziciebisa,

gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg gaerTianebas ar eridebodnen.

givi gumbariZisa da zviad gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gegmis

CaSlis Semdeg, “erovnulma forumma” erovnuli kongresis arCevnebi

daniSna 1990 wlis 30 seqtembrisTvis. arCvenebi Catarda, Tumca masze

misuli adamianebis raodenoba ar iyo STambeWdavi. gaugebari iyo, Tu ra

funqcia ekisreboda erovnul kongress. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom “erovnuli

forumis” erTaderT mizans gamsaxurdiasTan dapirispireba warmoadgenda.

mis wevrebs ar hqondaT Camoyalibebuli gegma, Tu ra gziT unda

ganviTarebuliyo saqarTvelos momavali. nodar naTaZe, romelic xSirad

eswreboda “erovnuli forumis” Sekrebebs, ambobs, rom “iq ar iyo

aranairi konstruqciuli garemo. Tu adamiani galanZRavda zviads

(gamsaxurdias), ukravdnen taSs, Tu ar galanZRavda, ar ukravdnen.”38

xalxi 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebs eloda, romelsac umaRlesi

sabWo unda daekompleqtebina. saqarTvelos ssr Sinagan saqmeTa yofili

ministri SoTa gorgoZe acxadebs, rom komunisturma partiam,

faqtobrivad, winaswari kapitulacia gamoacxada da winasaarCevno

procesi TviTdinebaze miuSva. komunistebis indiferentuli

damokidebulisgan gansxvavebiT, aqtiurobda “mrgvali magida”, romlis

warmomadgenlebic dadiodnen mosaxleobaSi da erovnuli ideebis

propagandas eweodnen. mosaxleobaSi arsebuli nacionalisturi

38

interviu nodar naTaZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.

78

ganwyobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTeli iyo, rom erovnul Zalebs

gamarjvebis didi Sansi hqondaT. “komunisturi partia absoluturad

arafers ar akeTebda da me ukve vxedavdi, rom arCevnebi wagebuli iyo”, –

ambobs SoTa gorgoZe.39

winasaarCevno kampaniis dros zviad gamsaxurdia da “mrgvali

magidis” sxva mesveurebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen. maT saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva qalaqSi aTeulobiT mitingi Caatares. sayuradReboa

gamsaxurdias gamosvla winasaarCevno procesis dasasruls TbilisSi

organizebul erT-erT mitingze, romelic mosaxleobaSi arsebul

ganwyobebs exeba: “namdvilad saqarTvelos arCevnebia, namdvilad

qarTveli eris arCevnebia... gansakuTrebiT grandiozuli mitingi iyo

soxumSi, sadac mTeli soxumis qarTveloba movida stadionze. yvelgan

xalxi amJRavnebs “mrgvali magidis” arnaxul mxardaWeras. samaCabloSi

osebi imuqrebian CaSliT, kerZod cxinvalSi. azerbaijanelebi gvTxoven,

depeSebs gvigzavnian, CagvitareT demokratiuli arCevnebi. ZiriTadi, 90%

qarTuli mosaxleobisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, gviWers mxars. araqarTuli

mosaxleobis nawilic, albaT. bogdanovka-axalqalaqSi, albaT, somxuri

mosaxleoba Cvensken gadmoixreba. vinc somxeTis patriotia, dRes unda

ifiqros momavalze. sxvaTa Soris, somxeTs didi imedi aqvs CvenTan kargi

urTierTobisa da unda Segviwyos xeli.”40 rogorc vxedavT, “mrgvali

magida” gamarjvebas, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebis eTnikuri mobilizaciis

xarjze gegmavda, Tumca zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvlidan Cans, rom mas

araqarTveli mosaxleobis mxardaWeris imedic aqvs da tolerantulia im

araqarTvelebis mimarT, romlebic “demokratul arCevnebSi” erovnul

Zalas da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos damoukideblobas dauWeren mxars.

sabolood, arCevnebSi “mrgvalma magidam” damajerebeli gamarjveba

moipova. mas amomrCevelTa 53%-ma dauWira mxari. komunistebi opoziciaSi

aRmoCndnen. uzenaes sabWoSi aseve moxvda zomieri opoziciis ramdenime

39

interviu SoTa gorgoZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 40

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. Toma CageliSvilis filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.

79

warmomadgeneli.41 aseT Sedegs TviTon “mrgvali magidis”

warmomadgenlebic ar elodnen. miuxedavad sazogadoebis ganwyobisa,

komunisturi partiis samocdaaTwliani mmarTvelobis pirobebSi aseTi

gamarjveba daujerebeli Canda. zviad gamsaxurdias TanamebrZoli Temur

qoriZe ambobs: “zviad gamsaxurdia fiqrobda, rom brZola gadaetana

parlamentis SenobaSi. igi varaudobda, Tavis droze, rom “saxalxo

frontTan” da sxva arCevnebSi monawile opoziciur ZalebTan erTad

miiRebda xmebis daaxloebiT ocdaaT procents da viqnebodiT

saparlamento opozicia.”42 “mrgvali magidis” aseT warmatebas ar eloda

arc sabWoTa kavSiris xelisufleba. momdevno periodSi, ukve uzenaesi

sabWos Tavmjdomaris modgilis rangSi moskovSi Casulma “mrgvali

magidis” wevrma akaki asaTianma naxa, rom kremlis mxridan mowveva givi

gumbariZis saxelze iyo gamowerili.43

1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebiT saqarTveloSi komunisturi

partiis 70 wliani mmarTveloba dasrulda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa ideologiis erT-erTi yvelaze didi

mowinaaRmdege, yofili disidenti zviad gamsaxurdia da misi politikuri

gaerTianeba movida. gamsaxurdia erTxmad airCies uzenaesi sabWos

Tavmjdomared. viTareba rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo – jer kidev

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelos marTvas erovnuli

xelisufleba iwyebda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis brZola axal

etapze gadavida. axlad arCeul uzenaes sabWos unda Seeqmna saqarTvelos

sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gamosvlis konstituciuri safuZveli.

erTi mxriv, centrTan, xolo meore mxriv, erovnuli moZraobis

opoziciur nawilTan dapirispirebul xelisuflebas win mZime

gardamavali periodi eloda, rac xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis

mxridan erovnuli moZraobis liderTa rolidan gamosvlas, nakleb

radikalizms da met racionalizms saWiroebda. saqarTveloSi procesebi

dramatulad ganviTarda da sabolood samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda.

41

arCevnebis Sedegebi ix. saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb-gverdze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf 42

interviu Temur qoriZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 43

interviu akaki asaTianTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”

80

erovnuli moZraoba xelisuflebis saTaveSi. politikuri gaerTianeba

“mrgvali magidis” saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi yofna xanmokle, Tumca

movlenebiT datvirTuli aRmoCnda. am periodSi gamocxadda saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba, qveyanam airCia pirveli prezidenti, gamwvavda da

SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda konfliqti cxinvalis

regionSi, dapirispireba Tbilisis centrSi e. w. “Tbilisis omsa” da,

Semdeg, samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda, romelsac Sedegad erovnuli

xelisuflebis damxoba da prezidentis qveynidan gaqceva mohyva.

“mrgvalis magidis” xelisuflebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias

prezidentobis dros SeiniSneba garkveuli cvlilebebi qarTul

nacionalur proeqtSi, romelmac samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina da

metad inkluziuri gaxda. es zemoT ganxiluli “mrgvali magidis”

politikuri koncefciidanc Cans, romelic jer kidev 1990 wlis maisSi

miiRes. miuxedavad amisa, zviad gamsaxurdias gauWirda erovnuli

moZraobis lideris rolidan gamosvla, rasac aucilebad gulisxmobda

damoukidebeli qveynis politikuri lideroba. xelisuflebaSi yofnis

dros mas kvlav axasiaTebda impulsuroba, mudmivad mtrebis Zieba da

gansxvavebul azrTan Seurigebloba. es tendencia, isedac ukiduresad

daZabul politikur viTarebaSi, safrTxes uqmnida qveynis stabilur

ganviTarebas. am epoqis saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda damoukidebeli

qveynis marTvis gamocdileba. amas emateboda is, rom saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT, misi lideri wlebis

ganmavlobaSi oficialur struqturebTan mwvave dapirispirebaSi

imyofebodnen. amis Semdeg, faqtobrivad moumzadeblad, es adamianebi

xelisuflebis saTaveSi aRmoCndnen da Tavad mouxdaT saxelmwifo

struqturebis marTva/Seneba. vfiqrobT, rom damoukideblobis gariJraJze

saqarTveloSi arsebuli sirTuleebi didwilad obieqturi realobis

Sedegia, Tumca am periodis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis marcxs da

samoqalaqo dapirispirebas subieqturma faqtorebmac mniSvnelovnad

Seuwyo xeli. qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis winaaRmdegobrioba

obieqturi da subieqturi garemoebebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia.

81

1990 wlis 8 noembers, arCevnebis Catarebidan sul mcire xanSi,

gamoqveynda zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva aWaris mosaxleobisadmi.44

aWaraSi mrgvali magida damarcxda da arCevnebSi xmaTa umravlesoba (56

procenti) komunisturma partiam miiRo. aseT Sedegs gamsaxurdia

abralebda “provokatorebs”, romlebic dadiodnen aWaris mosaxleobaSi,

avrcelebdnen erovnuli moZraobis makomprometirebel Worebs da

“mrgval magidas” saxels utexdnen. xelisuflebaSi mosuli zviad

gamsaxurdia loialuri iyo mowinaaRmdegeebis mimarT, mouwodebda maT

warsulis daviwyebisa da momavali TanamSromlobisken: “daviviwyoT

warsuli codvebi, am wuTisofelSi erTmaneTs nuRar vawyeninebT, nuRar

gavwiravT...” msgavsi Semwynarebloba da Semrigebluri toni, ukve

xelisuflebaSi mosuli erovnuli Zalis mxridan, mis erTgvar

gaxsnilobasa da loialurobaze miuTiTebs, Tumca am werilSi

gamsaxurdia kvlav saubrobda qarTveli eris gansakuTrebul misiaze,

romelic mas kacobriobis winaSe akisria. arCevnebSi gamarjvebas igi ara

obieqtur realobas da racionalur faqtorebs, aramed gangebas miawerda,

radgan “imperiis mier danawevrebul, damonebul” saqarTvelos am misiis

Sesruleba ar SeeZlo. gamsaxurdia xazs usvamda aWaris mkvidrTa

gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi, Tumca erTxelac ar

uxsenebia aWaris mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli religiuri mikuTvnebuloba.

piriqiT, igi aqcents imaze akeTebda, rom “aWara iyo is pirveli kuTxe,

romelmac pirvelma, jer kidev pirvel saukuneebSi, miiRo qristianoba da

safuZveli daudo qarTul xalxur qristianobas – giorgobasTan

Serwymul qristianobas.”

zviad gamsaxurdia avtonomiis sakiTxsac Seexo da aRniSna, rom

saqarTveloSi avtonomia SeiZleba hqondes mxolod araqarTul

mosaxleobas; qarTvelTa avtonomia saqarTveloSi didi Seusabamobaa da

gasauqmebelia. Tu erovnuli moZraobis liderobis periodSi

gamsaxurdias dauSveblad miaCnda saqarTveloSi avtonomiebis arseboba

da maT saswrafod gauqmebas moiTxovda, am SemTxvevaSi igi araqarTuli

44

gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. 1990, # 123.

82

mosaxleobisTvis avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis arsebobas dasaSvebad

Tvlida, Tumca aWarasTan mimarTebaSi misi toni Seuvali iyo.

imave dReebSi, 13 noembers, gamoqveynda interviu zviad

gamsaxurdiasTan, romelic arCevnebis Sedegebs exeba.45 am interviuSi

“mrgvali magidis” lideri kvlav daubrunda araqarTuli mosaxleobis

sakiTxs da aRniSna, rom arCevnebamde es mosaxleoba dezinformaciis

msxverpli iyo. maT eubnebodnen, rom, TiTqos, xelisuflebaSi mosvlis

SemTxvevaSi “mrgvali magida” maT qveynidan gaasaxlebda, mouwyobda

genocids da a. S. es, ra Tqma unda, simarTles ar Seesabameboda.

1990 wlis 14 noembris uzenaesi sabWos sxdomaze miRebul iqna

“kanoni saqarTvelos respublikaSi gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis

Sesaxeb”.46 gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis mizani saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis safuZvlebis momzadeba iyo.

saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom ukanonod gamoacxada

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos yofnis mTeli periodi. am

kanonis mixedviT, saqarTvelos respublika 1918-1921 wlebis demokratiuli

respublikis samarTalmemkvidred iqna aRiarebuli: “saqarTvelos

respublika aris suverenuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

memkvidre saxelmwifo. igi ZaladobiT aris Seyvanili ssr kavSiris

SemadgenlobaSi.” miuxedavad amisa, uzenaesma sabWom, axali konstituciis

SemuSavebamde, saTanado cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT, ZalaSi datova

saqarTvelos ssr konstitucia. konstituciis dasaxelebasa da teqstSi

sityvebi “saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika”,

“saqarTvelos ss respublika”, “saqarTvelos ssr” Seicvala sityvebiT

“saqarTvelos respublika”. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo

iTvaliswinebda im garemoebas, rom saqarTvelo jer kidev sabWoTa

kavSiris SemadgelobaSi iyo da cnobda sakavSiro kanonmdeblobas, Tumca

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos

respublikis kanonebs. saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze

upiratesoba eniWeboda adgilobriv kanonmdeblobas. aqvea cvlilebebi

45

gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. 1990. # 125. 46

gaz. “axali saqarTvelo”. 1990. # 2-3.

83

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gerbis, droSisa da himnis Sesaxeb, romelic

amtkicebda axal saxelmwifo simbolikas.

imave dRes saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared

airCies zviad gamsaxurdia. sainteresoa sxdomaze wakiTxuli

gamsaxurdias mimarTva47 uzanaesi sabWos deputatebisa da

sazogadoebisadmi. igi sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdenadac gamsaxurdiam,

rogorc saqarTvelos axlad arCeulma xelisufalma, oficialurad

pirvelad mimarTa sazogadoebas. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare

saqarTveloSi Catarebul mravalpartiul arCevnebs erovnuli moZraobis

Zalisxmevis Sedegad miiCnevda, romelSic sazogadoebam mxardaWera

gamoucxada erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis avangards – blok

“mrgval magidas”. misi sityviT, es gamarjveba iyo ara erTi da ori wlis

muSaobis Sedegi, aramed dagvirgvineba im politikuri brZolisa,

romelsac erovnuli moZraoba jer kidev 1950-iani wlebidan awarmoebda.

Tumca, uzenaesi sabWo jerjerobiT Tavs ikavebda damoukideblobis

gamocxadebisgan, radgan iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi

arsebul politikur realiebs. “Cven gvsurs realuri damoukidebloba,

rasac sWirdeba safuZvliani Semzadeba iuridiul-samarTlebrivi,

politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT”. gamsaxurdias sityva Seicavs

racionalizmis niSnebs; uzenaesma sabWom, miuxedavad imisa, rom

saqarTvelos respublikas 1918-1921 wlebis respublikis memkvidred

acxadebda, uari Tqva 1921 wlis konstituciis moqmedebis aRdgenaze,

radgan gaWirdeboda misi SesabamisobaSi moyvana Tanamedrove

realobasTan. swored amitom, kanoni gardamavali periodis Sesaxeb

efuZneboda ukve arsebul saqarTvelos ssr konstitucias.

axlad arCeuli uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare acxadebda, rom

erovnuli xelisufleba ibrZolebda adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisTvis, romelic unda

damyareboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs.

am SemTxvevaSic, erovnuli moZraobis liderobis periodis msgavsad,

gamsaxurdia aqcents qarTvelebis Selaxul uflebebze akeTebs, romelic

47

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 3. 1990.

84

sabWoTa periodSi gansakuTrebiT uxeSad irRveoda. misi sityviT,

qarTvelTa Seviwroebam da diskriminaciam piks gansakuTrebiT iseT

raionebSi miaRwia, sadac komunisturma xelisuflebam araqarTuli

mosaxleobis eTnokratiebi daamyara. mimarTvaSi yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia qarTuli enis savalalo mdgomareobaze, romlis

sistematuri devna autanel pirobebSi ayenebda qarTulenovan

mosaxleobas. qarTuli enis daknineba da rusulis gabatoneba iwvevda

qarTvelTa diskriminacias da araqarTuli mosaxleobis privilegirebas.

gamsaxurdia acxadebda, rom sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelo oficialurad

iqca “erovnebaTa Serwymisa da difuziis Tvisebriv laboratoriad, rasac

hqonda erTaderTi mizani: qarTveli eris sruli asimilacia mezobeli

erebis xelovnurad daCqarebuli demografiuli eqspansiis gziT...

ukanasknel wlebSi, saqarTvelos mTel rig raionebSi araqarTveli

mosaxleobis xelSi aRmoCnda aTasobiT heqtari saukeTeso savargulebi.”

gamsaxurdia eyrdnoboda erTa Soris Tanasworuflebianobis

saerTaSorisod aRiarebul princips da acxadebda, rom qarTveli eris

amgvari Seviwroeba sakuTar miwa-wyalze iyo saerTaSoriso samarTlis

yvela aRiarebuli normis darRveva da saerTaSoriso danaSauli. “amis

gamo saqarTvelos parlamentma Tavis umTavres miznad unda daisaxos

saqarTveloSi qarTuli mosaxleobis uflebrivi garantiebis dakanoneba,

qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi statusis realuri da ara moCvenebiTi

ganxorcieleba, qarTul enaze unda gadavides saqmis warmoeba yvela

sawarmosa da dawesebulebaSi...”, – acxadebda gamsaxurdia. igi moiTxovda

saqarTvelos moqalaqis statusis SemoRebis daCqarebas, rac, misi azriT,

xels Seuwyobda qarTuli mosaxleobis uflebebis dacvas da zRvars

daudebda ucxoelebis demografiul eqspansias saqarTveloSi.

gamsaxurdia ambobda, rom qarTvelTa uflebebis dacvis paralelurad,

uzenaesi sabWo izrunebda erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvaze:

“Cven ar ugulebelvyofT erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebs, romelnic

kanonierad mkvidroben Cvens miwa-wyalze da xels uwyoben qarTveli eris

brZolas Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

ganzraxuli gvaqvs saqarTveloSi SevinarCunoT erovnul umciresobaTa

85

arsebuli avtonomiebi, cxadia, ufro myar konstituciur samarTlebriv

safuZvlebze, qarTuli mosaxleobis konstituciuri uflebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi referendumis gziT

unda gadawydes.” – ganacxada uzenaesi sabWos Tavjdomarem

rogorc vxedavT, gamsaxurdias ZiriTadi mizani eTnikuri

qarTvelebis uflebebis dacva iyo, rac, zogadad, jdeba mis

msoflmxedvelobaSi, romlis mixedviT, qarTvelebi saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi iCagrebodnen da axla dadga dro, rodesac maT sakuTari

uflebebi unda aRidginon da is misia ganaxorcielon, romelic istoriam

da gangebam daakisra. gamsaxurdias ritorika pirdapir ar aris

mimarTuli erovnul umciresobaTa Cagvrisken, Tumca qarTveli eTnosis

uflebebis darRvevaze da araqarTvelebis privilegirebaze xazgasmiT

saubari, vfiqrobT, qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis eTnikur Sinaarsze

miuTiTebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamsaxurdia aqcents erovnuli

umciresobebis uflebebis dacvazec akeTebs da arsebuli avtonomiebis

SenarCunebazec saubrobs, savarudoa, rom misi mimarTvis ZiriTadi

gzavnilebi saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebSi garkveul

SiSs da daucvelobis SegrZnebas dabadebda.

zviad gamsaxurdias sityvaSi Warbad aris religiuri ritorika, Cans

mWidro kavSiri am periodis qarTul nacionalizmsa da eklesias Soris:

“Cveni moZraoba, upirveles yovlisa, religiuri moZraobaa, rameTu

religiis gareSe ar arsebobs WeSmariti erovnuli aRorZineba. amitomac

aris dRes erTad Cveni eri da Cveni eklesia. Cven vebrZviT uRmerTobisa

da usamarTlobis ukuneT Rames, Cvens marTal saqmes gangeba mfarvelobs

da amitomac davamarcxeT mteri. qarTveli eri ar wava barabas gziT,

uRmerTobis, avazakobis, terorizmis gziT, qarTveli eris gza saTnoebis

gzaa, siqvelis gzaa, siyvarulis gzaa, qristes gzaa, aw da maradis

ukuniTi ukunisamde. kurTxeul iyos RvTismSoblis wilxvedri

saqarTvelo!”

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis DSemdeg, gamsaxurdias radikaluri

damokidebulebebi da eTnikuri qarTvelebis daCagrul mdgomareobaze

xazgasmiT saubari, erTgvarad, gazavda erovnuli umciresobebis

86

uflebebze zrunvis da Semwynareblobis ritorikiT. am tendenciam misi

Sexedulebebis winaaRmdegobrioba kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxada, aseve

gviCvena, rom drois mcire monakveTSi qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma

garkveuli transformacia ganicada.

aRniSnul winaaRmdegobriobaze miuTiTebs amerikeli Jurnalisti

edmund stivensi interviuSi, romelic man saqarTvelos respublikis

uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarisgan 1990 wlis 7 dekembers aiRo.48

Jurnalistis azriT, winaaRmdegobrivi iyo zviad gamsaxurdias nabijebi,

rodesac man jer boikoti gamoucxada 1990 wlis 25 marts daniSnul

uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebs da moiTxova, rom ar organos TviTlikvidacia

gamoecxadebina, xolo Semdeg, maleve, gamsaxurdias blokma araTu

monawileoba miiRo arCevnebSi, aramed Tavad gamsaxurdia im uzenaesi

sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda, romlis likvidaciasac sul ramdenime Tvis

win moiTxovda.

amerikeli Jurnalistis SexedulebiT, winaaRmdegobrivi iyo

erovnuli sakiTxisadmi gamsaxurdias damokidebulebac. 1988 wlis 1

noembers mweralTa kavSirSi gamarTul krebaze zviad gamsaxurdiam

ganacxada, rom man miiRo cnobebi, TiTqos, saqarTvelos mTavrobas

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos azerbaijanisTvis gadacema hqonda ganzraxuli

da daayena sakiTxi, azerbaijanelebi gasaxlebuliyvnen im miwa-wylidan,

romelic maT ukanonod hqondaT miTvisebuli. imave wlis 11 noembers

gamsaxurdiam mouwoda osebs, wasuliyvnen saqarTvelodan, Tu ar surdaT

qarTvelebTan mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba. aseve, 1989 wels zviad

gamsaxurdia saubrobda aWareli separatistebis alagmvaze da mesxeTeli

Turqebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis dauSveblobaze. misi gancxadebiT,

erovnuli moZraoba ar dauSvebda arc erTi Turqis an Turquli

erovnuli cnobierebis matarebeli adamianis saqarTveloSi Casaxlebas.

ufro metic, qarTveli xalxi ibrZolebda aseTebis TurqeTSi

repatriaciisTvis.

edmund stivensi miuTiTebda, rom axla, oficialuri presisTvis

gakeTebul gancxadebebSi, gamsaxurdia ambobda, rom qarTveli xalxisTvis

48

gaz. «saqarTvelos respublika” # 2. 1990.

87

ucxoa eTnikuri siZulvili da rom aucilebelia helsinkis

SeTanxmebisadmi erTguleba. Jurnalistma hkiTxa gamsaxurdias, Tu rogor

axsnida esoden polarul gamonaTqvamebs. pasuxad, uzenaesi sabWos

Tavmjdomarem ganacxada, rom misi damokidebulebebi aranair

winaaRmdegobebs ar Seicavda. Tumca gamsaxurdia kvlav radikaluri

formiT saubrobda, rom azerbaijanidan da oseTidan “CamosaxlebulTa

garkveuli nawili da sxva gadamTielebi agresiulad iqcevian da fexqveS

Telaven mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobis uflebebs, diskriminacias uweven

mas;” isini aseve cdiloben, xelyon saqarTvelos respublikis

teritoriuli mTlianoba da moqalaqeTa sicocxle. sakuTar miwa-wyalze

qarTvelebis Seviwroeba saerTaSoriso danaSaulia. rogorc vxedavT,

gamsaxurdia eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs kvlav

gadamTielebad moixseniebs da maT saqarTvelos mkvidr mosaxleobad ar

miiCnevs, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi eTnikuri problemebis

gaRvivebaSi damnaSave gare Zalebia da, rogorc ki maTi Careva Sewydeba,

problemebi TavisTavad mogvardeba. amis dasturad mas saqarTvelos

istoria mohyavs da acxadebs, rom “CvenSi odiTgan, mravali saukunis

manZilze tradiciulad damkvidrda sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis

warmomadgenelTa mSvidobiani, Tanasworuflebiani Tanacxovreba.”

marTalia, zviad gasaxurdias damokidebulebebi winaaRmdegobrivia,

magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom winaaRmdegobebi ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,

rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukideblad arsebobis pirvel nabijebs

dgamda. winaaRmdegobrivi iyo rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve mis garSemo

arsebuli viTarebac – qveynis xelisuflebaSi erovnuli Zala movida,

romelsac urTierToba uxdeboda centrTan, sabWoTa kavSiris

xelisuflebasTan, romlis SemadgenlobaSic jer kidev imyofeboda

saqarTvelo. es faqti xelsayrel fons qmnida im radikaluri

ritorikisTvis, romelic gamsaxurdiam wlebis ganmavlobaSi aTvisa da ar

eTmoboda. amave dros, igi iZulebuli iyo, nawilobriv mainc

damorCileboda koniunqturas, romelsac xelisuflebaSi yofna

gulisxmobda. qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma 1990 wlis 28 oqtobris

arCevnebis Semdeg namdvilad SeiZina samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca

88

ar daukargavs is eTnikuri sawyisebi, romelsac 1980-ian wlebSi daefuZna.

Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos momavali

ganviTarebis modeli ekleqturi, bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo.

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg Seicvala gamsaxurdias

damokidebulebebi saqarTvelos moqalaqis statusis miniWebasTan

dakavSirebiT. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSic SeiniSneba garkveuli dinamika:

1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis win, rodesac wydeboda saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadeba/argamocxadebis bedi, gamsaxurdiam

ganacxada, rom moqalaqeobas miiRebdnen saqarTvelos mxolod is

mcxovreblebi, romlebic mxars qveynis damoukideblobas dauWerdnen.

intervius mimdinareobisas, Jurnalistma scada gaerkvia, Tu ra kavSiri

iyo referendumSi xmis micemasa da saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas Soris,

ramdenad iyo garantia, rom xmis micema iqneboda saidumlo da misi

Sedegebi ar imoqmedebda pirovnebis Semdgom cxovrebaze. uzenaesi sabWos

Tavmjdomaris pasuxi kategoriuli iyo: misi SexedulebiT, arc erT

qveyanaSi ar aZleven moqalaqeobas im pirebs, romlebic mtrulad arian

ganwyobilni saxelmwifosadmi, erisadmi, cud miznebs isaxaven da pativs

ar scemen enas, suverenitets, “ase rom, nuravis ukvirs, Tu Cven aseT

gadawyvetilebas miviRebT.”49 rTulia imaze saubari, ra meqanizmebiT

apirebda saqarTvelos xelisufleba imis garkvevas, Tu vin dauWira mxari

qveynis damoukideblobad da vin – ara.

momdevno periodSi gamsaxurdias gancxadebebi gacilebiT

loialuria, igi emxroba saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa umravlesobisTvis

moqalaqeobis miniWebas. 1991 wlis 28 ivniss micemul interviuSi

gamsaxurdiam ganacxada, rom saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi yvela

piri, erovnebis miuxedavad, miiRebda saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas,

momavalSi ki SemoRebuli iqneboda garkveuli vada, daaxloebiT 5 weli,

romlis saqarTveloSi gatarebis Semdeg pirs mieniWeboda qveynis

moqalaqeoba. am SemTxvevaSi, gamsaxurdia, savsebiT marTebulad,

xelmZRvanelobda demokratiul qveynebSi miRebuli standartiT.50 imave

49

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 62-63. 1991. 50

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 124-125. 1991.

89

wlis zafxulSi zviad gamsaxurdiam kidev erTxel ganacxada, rom

“respublikis yoveli mudmivi mcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqalaqe iqneba.”51

sabolood, 1991 wlis ivlisSi mTavrobam miiRo kanoni moqalaqeobis

Sesaxeb, romelic, saqarTveloSi cxovrebis xangrZlivobis miuxedavad,

moqalaqeobas aniWebda respublikis yvela macxovrebels. stiven jonsis

sityviT, es kanoni, Tavisi loalurobiT, aRemateboda latviasa da

estoneTSi miRebuli kanonebs. saqarTvelos teritoriaze dabadebul,

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Svilebs aseve eniWebodaT

saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba (jonsi 2013: 92).

1991 wlis 31 martis referendumi da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aRdgena. qveyanaSi mimdinare winaaRmdegobrivi procesebis paralelurad,

xelisufleba amzadebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas.

damoukideblobisTvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Seqmna xelisuflebam

saerTo-saxalxo referendumiT gadawyvita, romelzec xalxs mxari unda

daeWira qveynis damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTvis. referendumis

Catarebis win mTavrobis ritorika, romelsac Wirdeboda erovnuli

umcirebebis mxardaWera, kidev ufro inkluziuri da samoqalaqo

maxasiaTebelTa matarebeli gaxda. amis dasturia zviad gamsaxurdias

mimarTva samcxe-javaxeTis somexi mosaxleobisadmi, romelic 1991 wlis 30

marts, referendumis wina dRes gamoqveynda.52

mimarTvis dasawyisSi gamsaxurdia xotbas asxams saqarTveloSi

mcxovreb somxebs da maT mTel qveyanaSi unikaluri SromismoyvareobiT

ganTqmul Tanamoqalaqeebs uwodebs, romlebic umZimes pirobebSi

Tavdadebuli SromiT amravlebdnen qveynis simdidres. gamsaxurdias

sityviT, referendumSi sityva “diax” niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelom

moipovos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, aqedan gamomdinare yvela

SedegiTurT. ““diax” – niSnavs mivceT xma yvela moqalaqis Tanaswor

moqalaqeobriv uflebebs, erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis miuxedavad.”

gamsaxurdia umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs hpirdeba, rom,

totalitaruli saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, maTTvis garantirebuli

51

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 130. 1991. 52


90

iqneba gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba politikur da

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. igi mouwodebs somex mosaxleobas, rom

gamoiCinos moTmineba da gadadgas gonivruli nabijebi saerTo miznisken

mimaval gzaze. “mxolod Cven, erTad Tu gamovavlenT solidarobas,

survils, gavugoT erTmaneTs dialogis gziT, SevZlebT avaSenoT Cveni

demokratiuli, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo.”

mimarTvaSi zviad gamsaxurdia exeba mis mier adre gamoTqmul

mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miReba

dakavSirebulia referdumSi monawileobasa da qveynis damoukideblobis

mxardaWerasTan. igi ar uaryofs sakuTar naTqvams da am mosazrebis

saintereso axsnas gvTavazobs, romelic, vfiqrobT, Seesabameba

samoqalaqo nacionalizmis principebs: “civilizebul msoflioSi

moqalaqeobas iReben maSin, rodesac aris urTierTvaldebulebebisadmi

mzadyofna: potenciuri moqalaqisa – saxelmwifos winaSe da

saxelmwifosi – moqalaqis winaSe. yvela demokratiul qveyanaSi

moqalaqeobis miReba gulisxmobs qveynis enisa da suverenitetisadmi

pativiscemas. es is balansia, romelic saWiroa imisTvis, rom moqalaqeoba

formaluri ar iyos. Tanasworoba uflebebSi SeuZlebelia movaleobebSi

Tanasworobis gareSe.” es midgoma namdvilad pasuxobs pirovnebasa da

saxelmwifos Soris urTierdamokidebulebis Tanamedrove princips,

romelic dasavluri samoqalaqo nacionalizmis erT-erT fundamentur

maxasiaTeblad miiCneva.

saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare, am

SemTxvevaSi, somxebs “Cven” jgufis wevrebad ganixilavs da maTze,

rogorc ucxoelebze saubari kategoriulad miuReblad miaCnia.

zviad gamsaxurdia exeba prefeqtebis (adgilobrivis xelisuflebis

xelmZRvanelebi) sakiTxs. erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul

regionebSi prefeqtebad eTnikurad qarTvelebi iniSnebodnen, rac

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. gamsaxurdias

SexedulebiT, es ar unda iyos ukmayofilebis safuZveli. sakuTari

mosazrebis dasadastureblad, igi saqarTvelos istorias iSveliebs,

rodesac saqarTveloSi romelime qalaqis meTaurad, sadac umravlesobas

91

qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, eTnikurad somexi iniSneboda, es ar iyo

qarTuli mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis safuZveli. “mTavaria, rom es

xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen kompetenturi, wminda, patiosani adamianebi.”

gaamsaxurdia Tvlis, rom yvelaferi ise gadaiWreba, rogorc xalxs surs

– urTierTgagebisa da dialogis gziT.

“Tu iqneba damoukidebeli, demokratiuli saqarTvelo, socialurad

daculi iqneba Cveni mravalerovani ojaxis TiToeuli wevri”, –

acxadebda gamsaxurdia. igi mouwodebda saqarTvelos somex

macxovreblebs, erTxmad miecaT xma saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis.

“rogorc Cveni mravalsaukunovani istoriidan aris cnobili,

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi, gaWirvebis Jams, mudam iaraRiT xelSi

qarTvelebTan erTad icavdnen Cvens qveyanas. axla Tqveni mxardaWera

gvWirdeba. darwmunebulebi varT, rom mxars dagviWerT”.

imave periodSi gamoqveynda gamsaxurdias mimarTva afxazi

xalxisadmi, romelic, adrindeli damokidebulebebisagan gansxvavebiT,

gacilebiT tolerantulia.53 gamsaxurdia aRiarebs afxazi xalxis

“erovnul da kulturul uflebebs, saxelmwifoebriobas, enas, kulturas,

afxazur skolas, Teatrs” da yvela gaugebrobas afxazeTis

separatistulad ganwyobil xelisuflebas abralebs, romelsac ar surs

TbilisTan arsebuli problemebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyveta. aqve,

radgan afxazeTTan dakavSirebiT vsaubrobT, mcirediT gavuswroT

movlenebs da SevexoT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos xelSewyobiT 1991

wlis 9 ivliss miRebul kanons “afxazeTis assr konstituciaSi

cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb”54. am kanonis mixedviT,

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sabWoSi eTnikurad

afxazebs daeTmoT 28 adgili, xolo qarTvelebs – 26, maSin, rodesac

qarTvelebi mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 46%, afxazebi ki 17%

Seadgendnen. es faqti, SeiZleba iTqvas, samoqalaqo midgomis ukiduresi

gamovlinebaa, romelmac gamsaxurdiasadmi damokidebulebebis

paradoqsulobac ganapiroba. magaliTad, Tu jaba ioseliani, erTi mxriv,

53

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #48, 1991. 54

kanonSi miRebuli Sesworebebi ix. bmulze: http://abkhaziajustice.gov.ge/wp-

content/uploads/2015/10/47.pdf

92

gamsaxurdias primitiul nacionalizmsa da faSizmSi adanaSaulebs, meore

mxriv, aRniSnul kanons “aparteiduls” uwodebs da zviad gamsaxurdias

brals sdebs eTnikuri qarTvelebis uflebaTa ugulebelyofaSi

(ioseliani 2013: 19, 129).

1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos masStabiT moewyo saerTo-saxalxo

referendumi, romlis monawileebs unda epasuxaT kiTxvaze: “Tanaxma xarT

Tu ara, aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba 1918

wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze?” referdumSi

monawileoba sami milion samasiaTasze metma amomrCevelma miiRo.

gamokiTxulTa 98 procentma SekiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gasca.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mxari dauWira respublis araqarTveli

mosaxleobis umravlesobam (janeliZe 2009: 20). rogorc Cans, gamsaxurdias

Semwynareblurma ritorikam da mowodebebma, romelsac damoukideblobis

moaxloebiT gamowveuli eiforia emateboda, gavlena erovnul

umciresobebzec moaxdina. referndumis Sedegebis gamocxadebis Semdeg

gadawyda, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxadebuliyo 1991 wlis

9 aprils. xelisuflebam es gadawyvetileba ori wliT adre, mitingis

darbevis Sedegad daRupuli adamianebis xsovnis pativsacemad miiRo.

referendumis warmatebiT Catarebidan ramdenime dReSi, savaraudod,

maRali emociuri fonis da gamarjvebiT gamowveuli eiforiis gavleniT,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ukiduresad araracionaluri gadawyvetileba

miiRo – ekonomikuri blokada gamoucxada sabWoTa kavSirs. uzenaesi

sabWos Tavmjdomare imuqreboda, rom am nabijiT ruseTs daaCoqebda. misi

ganmartebiT, es sabWoTa kavSiris mier osuri separatizmis mxardaWeris

sawinaaRmdego nabiji iyo. roman gociriZis sityviT, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebas ar hqonda gaazrebuli, Tu ra ekonomikuri potenciali

hqonda maSindel saqarTvelos – ra gahqonda ruseTsa da sxva mokavSire

respublikebSi da ra Semohqonda sapasuxod, ra Sedegs gamoiRebda

ekonomikuri blokada, Cven davzaraldebodiT ufro Tu sabWoTa kavSiri.

“aseTi gadawyvetilebebi, ZiriTadad, nakarnaxevi iyo politikuri

mizanSewonilobiT. im dros politika gansazRvravda Cvens ekonomikur

cxovrebas, magram im dros saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda politika.”

93

daaxloebiT 25 dReSi, romlis ganmavlobaSic es blokada grZeldeboda,

saqarTvelom oTxasi milioni maneTis zarali naxa, ramac qveyana umZimes

ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobaSi Caayena.55

amrigad, saqarTvelo damoukideblobas ukiduresad mZime viTarebaSi

Sexvda, Tumca amas ar umoqmedia im sazeimo ganwyobaze, romelic

qveyanaSi sufevda. 1991 wlis 9 aprils, uzenaesi sabWos sagangebo sesiaze,

zviad gamsaxurdiam saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRdgenilad

gamoacxada. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo daeyrdno 1991 wlis 31 marts

referendumiT gamoxatul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis uzenaes nebas da

aRadgina saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis

damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze.

zviad gamsaxurdiam, sakuTari gamosvlis dros, saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadeba uSualod daakavSira 1989 wlis 9 aprils

ganviTarebul movlenebTan: “simboluria saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aRdgenis gamocxadeba 9 aprils, vinaidan am dRes gadawyda saqarTvelos

bedi. 9 aprils wamebulTa sulebi dagvcqerian Cven da xaroben zeciur

naTelSi, rameTu aRsrulda neba maTi, aRsrulda neba qarTveli erisa.

gaumarjos damoukidebel saqarTvelos!”

damoukideblobis aqtSi calke abzaci eTmoba umciresobaTa

uflebebs: “saqarTvelos respublika, iswrafvis ra daikavos Rirseuli

adgili msoflios xalxTa TanamegobrobaSi, aRiarebs da Tanabrad

uzrunvelyofs saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul adamianis,

erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi jgufebis yvela ZiriTad

uflebasa da Tavisuflebas, rogorc amas moiTxovs gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciis wesdeba, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia,

saerTaSoriso paqtebi da konvenciebi.”56

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, damoukideblobis aqtis

praqtikuli ganxorcielebis mizniT, xelisuflebam gadawyvita

saqarTvelos prezidentis postis SemoReba. 1991 wlis 14 aprils uzenaesi

sabWos sesiam zviad gamsaxurdia saqarTvelos prezidentad airCia,

55

masalebi ekonomikuri blokadis Sesaxeb ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 56

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #70, 1991.

94

uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomareoba ki akaki asaTians daekisra. imave sesiis

gadawyvetilebiT, 1991 wlis 26 maiss dainiSna saqarTvelos prezidentis

arCevnebi miuxedavad sxva kandidatebis arsebobisa, naTeli iyo, rom

saxelisuflebo kandidati zviad gamsaxurdia ualternativo gaxldaT.

1991 wlis 22 maiss gamoqveynda prezidentobis kandidat zviad

gamsaxurdias saarCevno programa, sadac mocemulia is ZiriTadi

prioritetebi, romelic mas eqneboda prezidentad arCevis SemTxvevaSi.57

programis Sesaval nawilSi kvlav aris saubari imaze, rom saqarTvelo

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dakninebul, daCagrul mdgomareobaSi iyo da

dRes unda aRidginos sakuTari istoriuli misia, romelic gamoixateba

“dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis zogadsakacobrio integraciuli

procesebisaTvis xelis Sewyobasa da regionSi stabiluri viTarebis

uzrunvelyofaSi.” saqarTvelos unda ganaxorcielos am ori samyaros

sinTezi da aseve ikisros kavkasiis xalxTa gamaerTianeblis roli,

romelic mas aseve istoriulad ჰქოnda.

zviad gamsaxurdia politikuri reformis erT-erT ZiriTad

mimarTulebad “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da erovnul umciresobaTa

erovnul-kulturuli uflebebis dacvas” acxadebda. aqve saubari iyo

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonze, romelic, kandidatis azriT,

saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis safuZvelze unda SemuSavebuliyo (es asec

moxda, rogorc zemoT ukve visaubreT).

saarCevno programaSi calke qveTavi aqvs daTmobili saqarTvelos

moqalaqeTa erovnul-kulturuli uflebebis dacvas, sadac vkiTxulobT:

“saprezidento xelisuflebam urTierTpativiscemis safuZvelze unda

uzrunvelyos respublikis teritoriaze mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa

ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. miiReba kanoni erovnul umciresobaTa

Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis

garantirebuli iqneba: mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis, erovnuli

kulturis ganviTarebis, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo mizniT

saTvistomoebisa da sxva sazogadoebriv organizaciebad gaerTianebis,

mSobliur enaze beWdvisa da sainformacio saSualebebis gamoyenebis

57

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #99-100. 1991.

95

uflebebi. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa ufleba - miiRon monawileoba qveynis

politikur, ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi - ar SeizRudeba

maTi erovnuli kuTvnilebis gamo. amasTan, yoveli moqalaqe da, maT

Soris erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgeneli, valdebuli iqneba, pativi

sces da daicvas saqarTvelos respublikis kanonebi da interesebi.”

aseT winasaarCevno gzavnils wuns ver dadebdnen yvelaze

ganviTarebuli dasavluri demokratiebis warmomadgenlebic. rogorc

vxedavT, saprezidento mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi zviad gamsaxurdiam

mkveTri transformacia ganicada da misi ritorika (yovel SemTxvevaSi,

oficialuri) ukve gamoxatulad samoqalaqo xasiaTs atarebda. amave

dros, gamsaxurdia kvlav mWidrod akavSirebda erovnul moZraobas da

religias. qveTavSi “saxelmwifo da eklesia” saubaria, rom erovnuli

moZraoba, Tavisi sawyisebiT, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli religiur

cnobierebasTan da eklesiis wiaRTan. “Tavisi Sinagani arsiT, es

religiur-erovnuli moZraobaa, ramdenadac igi gulisxmobs ara marto

gankerZoebuli erovnul-politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas, aramed

iTvaliswinebs zneobriv aRorZinebas religiur rwmenasa da cnobierebaze

damyarebiT... erovnuli xelisuflebis avtoriteti, misi Zalaufleba unda

daemyaros ara mxolod xelisuflebis socialur-politikur

gansazRvrulobas, aramed, umeteswilad, religiur-zneobriv sawyisebs.”

zviad gamsaxurdia miznad isaxavda erisa da sazogadoebis

konsolidacias, Tumca amas safuZvlad unda dadeboda ara politikuri,

aramed erovnuli da sulieri motivebi. programis es pasaJi calsaxad

miuTiTebs qarTuli nacionalizmis eTnikur xasiaTze, radgan igi

uaryofs samoqalaqo nacionalizmis erT-erT ZiriTad postulats –

politikuri eris cnebas da eris konsolidaciis politikur safuZvels

srulad emijneba.

amave dros, saarCevno programaSi aRniSnulia, rom es prioriteti ar

xelyofs sxva religiebis aRmsarebelTa, agreTve aTeistTa moqalaqeobriv

uflebebs. saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli unda yofiliyo sindisis

Tavisufleba da TiToeul pirovnebas miscemoda SesaZlebloba, yofiliyo

aRmsarebeli im sarwmunoebisa, romelsac Tavad aRiarebda. “moqalaqeTa

96

politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri uflebebi ar SeizRudeba

religiuri niSniT. qarTuli saxelmwifo kvlavac erTguli darCeba

tradiciuli religiuri Semwynareblobisa.”

1991 wlis 26 maiss gaimarTa saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi,

romelSic zviad gamsaxurdiam xmaTa absoluturi umravlesoba moipova.

mas amomrCevelTa 87 procentma dauWira mxari. 7 ivniss gaimarTa

saqarTvelos prezidentis inauguracia. saintereso gzavnilebs Seicavda

gamsaxurdias mier inauguraciaze warmoTqmuli sityva.

sityviT gamosvlisas saqarTvelos axlad arCeulma prezidentma

aRiara, rom 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris Semdeg ganvlili periodi urTulesi

iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebisTvis da qveynis marTva

gacilebiT rTulia, vidre erovnuli moZraobis lideroba. “unda

vaRiaroT, rom ocneba Tavisuflebaze, stiqiuri moqmedeba misi saxeliT,

Seudareblad ufro advili iyo, vidre saxelmwifo politikis rangSi

ayvanili, realur samuSaod qceuli erovnuli aRorZineba” (saqarTvelos

prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 15)

zviad gamsaxurdias sainauguracio sityva, erTi mxriv, Warbad

Seicavs religiur motivebs, mimarTulia eTnikuri qarTvelebis

gandidebisken, xolo meore mxriv, prezidenti saubrobs erovnuli

umciresobebis uflebebis dacvaze da maT rolze saxelmwifos Senebis

procesSi. stiven jonsis sityviT, mgznebare revolucioneridan Tvalis

daxamxamebaSi prezidentad gardaqmnili gamsaxurdia araqarTvelebs

srul kulturul dacvas hpirdeboda (jonsi 2013: 92).

gamsaxurdia, nawilobriv, kvlav Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis

erTgulia, ambobs ra, rom mniSvnelovania ara amqveyniuri, fizikuri

keTildReoba, aramed “sulismieri erovnuli aRorZineba”, rac “sakuTari

WeSmariti meobisken mibrunebas niSnavs.” rogorc winasaarCvno

programaSi, am SemTxvevaSic, zviad gamsaxurdia mWidrod akavSirebs

religias da qarTul nacionalizms. misTvis erovnuli moZraoba

religiuri moZraobacaa (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio

sityvebi 2007: 22). prezidentis sityviT, saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad, marTlmadidebloba saxelmwifo

97

religiad unda iqces. am pricipebidan gamomdinare, qarTulma

saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos eklesiis ufleba, iyos saero cxovrebis

aqtiuri monawile. amave dros, gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, rom

marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba ar xelyofs sxva

religiebis aRmsarebelTa, agreTve aTeistebis uflebebs. TiToeul

pirovnebas miecema ufleba, iyos aRmsarebeli im religiisa, romelsac

Tavad aRiarebs. moqalaqeTa uflebebi ar SeizRudeba religiuri niSniT

(saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 23).

prezidentisTvis qarTvel ers isev mxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebi

warmoadgenen, Tumca igi kmayofilia saprezidento arCevnebSi

araqarTveli mosaxleobis uprecedento mxardaWeriT. “antiqarTuli

propagandis pirobebSi Catarebulma arCevnebma msoflios winaSe

daamtkica, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela erovnebis warmomadgenels

aqvs ara mxolod saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli yvela ufleba,

aramed arsebobisTvis esoden aucilebeli kulturuli sivrcec, romlis

gareSec verc erTi erovnuli umciresoba ver iarsebebs da romlis

garantirebac ar SeuZlia arc erT daweril kanons.” prezidentis sityviT,

arCevnebma gamoxata “qarTveli eris, saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis

nebisa da erovnuli xelisuflebis politikuri gezis WeSmariti

erTianoba” (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 16).

sainauguracio sityvidan mkafiod Cans gamsaxurdias Secvlili

damokidebuleba afxazebis mimarT. igi afxazebis, rogorc saqarTvelos

mkvidri eris poltikuri uflebebis aRiarebas erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi

mowyobis erT-erT aucilebel safuZvlad miiCnevs. “saqarTvelos

respublikis mier konstituciiT garantirebuli iqneba afxazeTis

politikuri avtonomia da afxazTa erovnuli uflebebis xelSeuxebloba.”

prezidenti aseve saubrobs aWaris avtonomiaze da Tvlis, rom

avtonomiuri statusis bedi Tavad aWaris mosaxleobam unda gadawyvitos


sainauguracio sityvis dasasruls, gamsaxurdia, ukve tradiciulad,

saqarTvelos gzas sarwmunoebis da TavisuflebisTvis brZolis

mowameobriv gzas uwodebs, qristes gzas. igi gamoTqvams mzadyofnas,

98

daubrunos saqarTvelos Tavisi kuTvnili adgili msoflios erTa

TanamegobrobaSi (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi

2007: 28).

rogorc aRvniSneT, am periodSi gamsaxurdias Sexedulebebi ukve

Seicavs samoqalaqo nacionalizmis mniSvnelovan elementebs, Tumca maTi

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi kvlav aSkaraa. saprezidento mmarTvelobis

dasawyisSi, romelic, amave dros, misi xelisuflebis dasasrulis

dasawyisic iyo, saqme ukve saxeSecvlil liderTan gvaqvs.

qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis garegnuli transformaciisa da

zviad gamsaxurdias samoqalaqo ritorikis zrdis proporciulad,

izrdeboda qveyanaSi samoqalaqo dapirispirebis safrTxe. opozicia

prezident zviad gamsaxurdias brals sdebda gansxvavebuli azris

SeuwynareblobaSi, demokratiis ugulebelyofasa da diqtatorul

miswrafebebSi, mcdar sakadro politikaSi, rac maRal, sapasuxismgeblo

Tanamdebobebze pirovnebaTa piradi erTgulebis da ara

profesionalizmis niSniT daniSvnaSi gamoixateboda. xelisuflebis

mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi, politikuri organizaciebis garda, Tavs

iyridnen yofili biurokratiis warmomadgenlebi, gasamxedroebuli

gaerTianebebi (magaliTad, “mxedrioni”), inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi

da sxvani. xelisuflebasTan Ria konfrontaciaSi iyvnen misi yofili

mokavSireebi erovnuli kongresidan. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen

erovnul-demokratiuli partia da erovnuli damoukideblobis partia

(janeliZe 2009: 207).

1991 wels ganxeTqileba moxda Tavad umaRles sabWoSi. daSla daiwyo

mmarTvelma umravlesobam – blokma “mrgvali magida – Tavisufali

saqarTvelo”. gaerTianebas gamoeyo “merab kostavas sazogadoeba”.

opoziciur fraqciad Camoyalibda deputatTa jgufi, romelsac “qartia

91” ewoda.

mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT 1991 wlis zafxulSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi

mimdinare rTuli procesebis fonze daiZaba. 1991 wlis 19 agvistos

sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebaSi ganxeTqileba moxda, romelic

“agvistos putCis” saxeliTaa cnobili. 22 agvistos sabWoTa kavSiris

99

prezidenti mixeil gorbaCovi apirebda mokavSire respublikebTan axali

samokavSireo xelSekrulebis gaformebas, romelic mniSvnelovnad

zRudavda centris uflebamosilebas. kavSiris Zveli saxiT SenarCunebis

momxre konservatulma Zalebma gadatrialebis mowyoba scades, gorbaCovs

Zalaufleba CamoarTves da Seqmnes sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo

komiteti (gkCp). komitetma respublikebisgan morCileba moiTxova da maT

garkveuli moTxovnebi wauyena. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam angariSi

gauwia sagangebo komitetis moTxovnas da ramdenime kompromisuli

gadawyvetileba miiRo, magaliTad, erovnul gvardias statusi Seucvala

da is Sinagan saqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebaSi gadaiyvana. aman

erovnuli gvardiis sardali Tengiz kitovani gaanawyena. man uari

ganacxada prezidentis brZanebis Sesrulebaze, Tavis momxre nawilebTan

erTad rkonis xeobaSi dabanakda da daumorCilebloba gamoacxada.

Tanamdebobidan gadadga da opozicias SeuerTda premier-ministri Tengiz

sigua. sabolood, moskovis “agvistos putCi” damarcxda, saqarTveloSi ki

konfrontaciulma procesebma Seuqcevadi saxe miiRo. zviad gamsaxurdias

nabijebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi kidev erTxel maSin gamoCnda,

rodesac man jer angariSi gauwia putCis organizatorebs, misi

damarcxebis Semdeg ki, ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebis mxardaWeris motiviT,

sarTod akrZala saqarTvelos komunisturi partia da kompartiis siiT

umaRles sabWoSi arCeul deputatebs uflebamosileba SeuCera (janeliZe

2009: 208).

procesebis eskalacia 1991 wlis seqtembridan daiwyo. 2 seqtembers

kinos saxlTan gamarTuli erovnul-demokratiuli partiis saprotesto

mitingi xelisuflebam Zalis gamoyenebiT daSala, rasac masobrivi

sapotesto talRis agoreba mohyva. opozicia gamsaxurdias gadadgomas da

prezidentis institutis gauqmebas moiTxovda. daiwyo rusTavelis

gamzirze barikadebis ageba, rasac gamsaxurdiam da misma momxreebma

nacadi xerxiT, sawinaaRmdego saprotesto mitingebiT upasuxes.

Tengiz kitovanma misi erTguli erovnuli gvardiis nawilebi

qalaqSi Semoiyvana da opoziciis dacva ikisra. prezidentma ki Tavis

mxardamWerebs mTel saqarTveloSi mouwoda, TbilisSi moeyaraT Tavi.

100

orive mxare gamalebiT iaraRdeboda da yvelaferi sisxlisRvrisken

midioda. xelisufleba mTavrobis sasaxleSi gamagrda, xolo

opoziciurma Zalebma bina sastumro “TbilisSi” (dRevandeli “Tbilisi

merioti”) daides. 1991 wlis 22 dekembers daiwyo “Tbilisis omi”,

romelic 1991 wlis 6 ianvars gamsaxurdias da misi momxreebis mier

Tbilisis datovebiT dasrulda. saomar dapirispirebaSi gadamwyveti

roli cixidan gaTavisuflebulma “mxdrionis” liderma jaba ioselianma

da misi gaerTianebis wevrebma iTamaSes. daiRupa 100-ze meti da daiWra

600-mde adamiani (janeliZe 2009: 209). bedis ironiiT, TbilisSi

SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas droSi daemTxva sabWoTa kavSiris daSla –

1991 wlis 8 dekembers ruseTis, ukrainisa da belorusis liderebma

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa

Tanamegobrobis (dsT) Seqmnis Sesaxem gamoacxades. am SeTanxmebas ukve 21

dekembers kidev 8 yofili sabWoTa respublika SeuerTda. sabWoTa

kavSirma arseboba oficialurad Sewyvita.

pozitiuri da tragikuli movlenebiT, winaaRdegobebiTa da dinamikiT

savse gamsaxurdias epoqa samoqalaqo omiT dasrulda, rac safuZvels

gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom damoukideblobis gariJraJze arsebulma qarTulma

nacionalurma proeqtma marcxi ganicada. saqarTvelos erovnulma

moZraobam, politikurma da inteleqtualurma elitam ver SeZlo rTuli

gardamavali periodis mSvidobianad, sisxlisRvris gareSe dasruleba da

qveynis ganviTarebis axal etapze gadasvla.

zviad gamsaxurdia da qarTuli nacionalizmi. “saqarTvelo

qarTvelebisTvis?” 1992 wlis ianvarSi Sunday Times-is redaqtori meTiu

kempbeli baqoSi daukavSirda Jurnalist Tomas golcs da zviad

gamsaxurdiasTan eqskluziuri intervius Casawerad saqarTveloSi,

kerZod, zugdidSi Casvla daavala. Jurnalists prezidentisTvis unda

ekiTxa, Tu ras grZnobda postidan gadayenebis Semdeg. redaqtorsa da

korespondents Soris dialogs Tomas golci ase ixsenebs:

- “unda waxvide da is kaci moZebno... ra qvia? – ikiTxa savarZelSi

mokalaTebulma meTium londonidan.

- vis? – kiTxva Sevubrune odnav dabneulma.

101

- faSisti rom hyavdaT... axlaxan rom moiSores, – amixsna man, – Sen

ar Tqvi, azerbaijanSi iyo Camosulio? BBC-ze gismendiT” (golci

2014: 3).

Tomas golcs BBC-dan im moaruli xmebis gadasamowmeblad daurekes,

romelic zviad gamsaxurdias Camogdebas exeboda. am xmebis Tanaxmad,

Tbilisidan gaqceuli gamsaxurdia azerbaijanSi gadasula da Tan wauRia

saxelmwifo xazinidan gatacebuli didZali oqro. mogvianebiT gairkva,

rom xmebi oqros gatacebis Sesaxeb dezinformacia yofila da

mizanmimarTulad vrceldeboda gamsaxurdias diskreditaciis mizniT

(golci 2014: 3). zviad gamsaxurdia marTlac gadavida azerbaijanSi da

ramdenime saaTis Semdeg gezi somxeTisken aiRo. Tomas golcma

saqarTvelos prezidentis Sesaxeb mxolod es icoda, Tumca dasavlur

mediaSi imdenad mwiri iyo informacia saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT,

rom, rogorc Tavad ironiulad aRniSnavs, umal moipova “msoflio

aRiareba”, rogorc saqarTvelos Sesaxeb yvelaze informirebulma

adamianma. BBC-Tan intervius dasrulebis Semdeg gadacemis wamyvanma

golci ase moixsenia: “es iyo Tomas golci baqodan, eqsperti

saqarTvelos sakiTxebSi” (golci 2014: 4). is, rac gadmoica popularuli

britanuli sainformacio saagentos saSualebiT, umal aitaca msofliom.

es faqti aris klasikuri magaliTi imisa, Tu rogori zedapiruli da

stereotipuli iyo im periodis dasavleTSi informacia saqarTveloSi

mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb.

1991 wlis Semodgomaze gamsaxurdia yuradRebis centrSi moeqca,

Tumca es iyo metwilad negatiuri informaciebi. “avtoritari”,

“diqtatori”, “SeSlili” – es is terminebia, romliTac maSin

gamsaxurdias dasavleTSi moixseniebdnen. es Sefasebebi radikalurad

gansxvavdeboda mis mimarT sabWoTa periodSi arsebuli

damokidebulebebisgan: im periodSi gamsaxurdias, rogorc Tavdadebul

disidents, lamis vaclav havelis gverdiT ayenebdnen (golci 2014: 6).

Sexedulebam “faSist” gamsaxurdiasa da damangrevel qarTul

nacionalizmze dasavlur politikur, Jurnalistur da akademiur wreebSi

fexi Rrmad moikida. amas xels uwyobda kremli, Tavisi propagandistuli

102

manqaniT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli prezidentis opozicia da Tavad

saqarTvelos lideric, Tavisi winaaRmdegobrivi ritorikiT.

stiven jonss motanili aqvs amerikis yofili saxelmwifo mdivnis

stroub talbotis Sexeduleba kavkasiis da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

romelic man 1998 wels buqarestSi sityviT gamosvlisas warmoTqva.

talbotis mosazrebiT, bevr postkomunistur qveyanaSi adgili aqvs

Suasaukuneobriv brZolebs warmoSobisa da kulturisTvis. jonsi ar

eTanxmeba am Sexedulebas da Tvlis, rom es sakiTxis gamartivebuli da

stereoripuli xedvaa. veTanxmebiT ra amerikel mkvlevars, migvaCnia, rom

gamsaxurdias calsaxad radikal nacionalistad, miT umetes, faSistad

da diqtatorad monaTvla nakleb akademiuria da mTlianad

ugulebelyofs im uaRresad rTul da winaaRmdegobriv procesebs,

romlebic gamsaxurdias epoqis saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda. msgavsi

Sexedulebebis gavlenas saqarTveloSic ganicdis sazogadoebisa da

akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenelTa nawili. magaliTad, zviad

gamsaxurdias miewereba lozungi “saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis”, Tumca

ar arsebobs faqti, Tu sad da rodis Tqva man es fraza.

1991 wels qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobasTan Sexvedrisas, romelTa

umravlesobas eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi Seadgendnen, zviad gamsaxurdiam

Tavad uaryo lozungi “saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis” da Tqva, rom

msgavsi araferi uTqvams. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi prezidentma sakuTar

damokidebulebebs swori axsna mouZebna: “is, rom miyvars Cemi xalxi, ar

niSnavs imas, rom me mZuls sxva xalxebi.”58

zemoT Cven ganvixileT 1989 wlis ivnisSi gamarTuli “saxalxo

frontis” yriloba. am yrolobaze sityviT gamosvlisas gamsaxurdiam

warmoTqva fraza “saqarTvelo aris qarTvelebis qveyana”, Tumca am

frazis konteqstidan amoglejiT ganxilva da misi lozungad –

“saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis” – gasaReba aramarTebulia. es iyo

radikaluri erovnuli moZraobis kulminacia, sul oriode Tve iyo

gasuli 9 aprilis sisxliani movlenebidan, sazogadoeba da misi

ukompromiso liderebi ganicdidnen damoukideblobasTan miaxloebiT

58

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72KuwEHRF7s

103

gamowveul Zlier emocias. amas emateboda zviad gamsaxurdias

gansakuTrebuli zrunva qarTvelebis uflebebze, romlebic, misi azriT,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iCagrebodnen. misTvis prioritetuli iyo

qarTvel eri, am terminis eTnikuri gagebiT. marTalia, es damokidebuleba

calsaxad eTnikuri nacinalizmis maxasiaTebelia, magram, rogorc

davinaxeT, mogviano periodSi misi Sexedulebebi Seicvala, meti

loialuroba da inkluziuroba SeiZina. rodesac vswavlobT periods,

romelic ukiduresi cvalebadobiT gamoirCeoda, aucilebelia procesebis

dinamikaSi gaanalizeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi epoqis srulyofili suraTis

aRdgena SeuZlebeli iqneba.

zviad gamsaxurdias gadaWarbebulad negatiur Sefasebebs ar

eTanxmeba misi zogierTi mowinaaRmdege. magaliTad, profesori revaz

gaCeCilaZe, romelic, rogorc Tavad ambobs, gamsaxurdias

mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebSi iyo, 2011 wels gamocemul naSromSi cdilobs

droiTi distanciidan, civi gonebiT Seafasos ganvlili epoqa. misi

SexedulebiT, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis diqtatorad da

faSistad monaTvla namdvilad gazviadebulia (gaCeCilaZe 2011: 330-332).

104

Tavi 3. samoqalaqo nacionalizmis konturebi (1992-2003)

3.1. radikalizmidan stabilurobisken – saqarTvelo 1992-1995 wlebSi

zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg qveynis marTvis

sadaveebi xelSi aiRo samxedro sabWom, romlis SemadgenlobaSi sami

adamiani Sedioda – ~mxedrionis~ lideri jaba ioseliani, erovnuli

gvardiis sardali Tengiz kitovani da yofili premier-ministri Tengiz

sigua. samxedro sabWom daiTxova parlamenti da SeaCera konstituciis

moqmedeba. e. w. “triumviratis~ mmarTvelobis dros, romelic 1992 wlis

martis dasawyisamde gagrZelda, saqarTveloSi gaRrmavda qaosi da

samoqalaqo dapirispireba. zviad gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

mTavari braldeba iyo is, rom man qveyanaSi diqtatura daamyara. samxedro

sabWom saxelmwifo gadatrialeba demokratiis lozungiT moaxdina.

samoqalaqo omisa da mis Semdgom periodSi Catarebuli adgilobrivi Tu

saerTaSoriso preskonferenciebis dros samxedro sabWos wevrebi

ambobdnen, rom maT gaaTavisufles presa da televizia, gaauqmes cenzura.

maTi formula iyo “yvelas minus erTi” – anu yvelas minus prezidenti

gamsaxurdia. revolucionerebis gacxadebuli mizani mosaxleobis

konsolidacia da polarizebuli sazogadoebis gaerTianeba iyo

(ioseliani 2013: 51). miuxedavad aseTi miznebisa, samxedro sabWos

mmarTvelobis periodi gansakuTrebuli daZabulobiT aRiniSna. qveyanaSi,

faqtobrivad, grZeldeboda samoqalaqo omi da SeiaraRebul formirebebs

Soris Setakebebi. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili qveynidan gaqceul

prezidents uWerda mxars. gamsaxurdias mxardamWerebi, ZiriTadad,

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, samegreloSi iyvnen koncentrirebuli,

Tumca dedaqalaqSic awyobdnen mravalricxovan saprotesto

demonstraciebs. maT jer “daumorCileblobis komiteti” Camoayalibes,

xolo Semdeg – “saqarTvelos erovnuli xsnis moZraoba – winaaRmdegobis

fronti” (janeliZe 2009: 209).

demokratiis lozungiT mosulma axalma xelisuflebam

demokratiuli wyobilebis damyareba mkacri meTodebiT da “Zlieri

xeliT” gadawyvita. jaba ioselianma saqarTvelos televiziiT amcno

105

sazogadoebas, rom “demokratias simagre Wirdeba da is lobiooba ar

aris”, rom yvelanairi mitingi ikrZaleba da adgilze daixvriteba yvela,

vinc axal wesebs ar daemorCileba. “Cven vanaxebT, ra aris demokratia” –

ganacxada ioselianma.59 mdgomareoba ukiduresad daiZaba Tebervlis

dasawyisSi, rodesac TbilisSi daarbies gamsaxurdias momxreTa mitingi

da daiRupnen adamianebi. viTarebis stabilizaciis mizniT, samxedro

sabWom dasavleT saqarTveloSi “mxedrionis” razmebi gagzavna,

romlebsac aqtiurad daupirispirdnen eqsprezidentis momxre jgufebi

(janeliZe 2009: 210).

Tbilissa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare brZolebis

paralelurad, situacia airia afxazeTSi, sadac gaaqtiurdnen afxazi

separatistebi. samxedro sabWom Zalis demonstrireba gadawyvita da

avtonomiur respublikaSi samxedro SenaerTebi Seiyvana. qarTulma jarma,

general gia yaryaraSvilis meTaurobiT, demonstraciulad gaiara mTeli

afxazeTis teritoria. mas separatistebis mxridan aranairi winaaRmdegoba

ar Sexvedria. Tavad yaryaraSvilma saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federaciis

administraciul sazRvarTan mdinare fsous wyali dalia, riTac

simbolurad aCvena, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba situacias srulad

akontrolebda.60 Tumca, es kontroli ufro moCvenebiTi iyo, vidre

realuri. qveyanaSi ar arsebobda saxelmwifo institutebi. samxedro

sabWos viTarebis kontroli araTu afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi,

aramed saqarTvelos danarCen teritotoriazec uWirda.

axali xelisuflebis winaSe gadauWrel problemad rCeboda

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso izolacia. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba ar

apirebda Zaladobrivi gziT mosuli, saeWvo warsulis mqone pirebiT

dakompleqtebuli xelisuflebis da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos cnobas. am viTarebaSi, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba

qveyanaSi daebrunebinaT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis ck yofili

pirveli mdivani da sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri

eduard SevardnaZe. SevardnaZis dabrunebis gacxadebuli mizani

59

jaba ioselianis gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4jk7RuGOkc 60

aRniSnulis Sesaxeb informacia da interviu general yaryaraSvilTan ix. dokumentur filmSi “afxazeTis omi”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkBNQu11UH0

106

saerTaSoriso izolaciis garRveva iyo. mas, sakuTari saerTaSoriso

avtoritetiT da kavSirebiT, unda daeCqarebina saqarTvelos aRiareba da

urTierTobebi daemyarebina dasavlur saxelmwifoebTan. arsebuli

informaciiT, SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis iniciativa jaba

ioselians ekuTvnoda. amas adasturebs rogorc eduard SevardnaZe,61 aseve

Tavad jaba ioseliani (ioseliani 2013: 105). SevardnaZis dabrunebamde

saqarTvelos droebiTma xelisuflebam aRadgina 1921 wlis konstitucia.

konstituciis aRdgenis Sesaxeb miRebul dokumentSi Caiwera fraza _

“Tanamedrove realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT”, rac, jaba ioselianis sityviT,

xelisuflebas Tavidan aacilebda dRevandel epoqasTan SeusabamobiT

gamowveul anaqronizms (ioseliani 2013: 106). aseve, samxedro sabWos

mmarTvelobis mokle periodSi miRebuli iqna amnistiis uprecedento

gadawyvetileba – cixeebidan gaaTavisufles patimrebis 95 procenti. am

faqtma kidev ufro daZaba isedac ukontrolo viTareba (ioseliani 2013:

108).

aseT situaciaSi, 1992 wlis 7 marts, qveyanaSi dabrunda eduard

SevardnaZe. man aeroportSive mimarTa sazogadoebas, gansakuTrebiT ki

inteligencias, romelmac, “roca saWiro gaxda, iaraRi daiWira xelSi

imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelosTvis ebrZola, romelic adre gamofxizlda

da adre gamoafxizla qarTveli xalxi.”62 am sityviT SevardnaZem,

faqtobrivad, mxardaWera gamoucxada demokratiis lozungiT mosul

gadatrialebis organizatorebs da scada legitimuri safuZveli Seeqmna

qveyanaSi Tavisi dabrunebisTvis. am sakiTxs SevardnaZe 1992 wlis 9

oqtombers, mecnierebaTa akademiaSi gamosvlis drosac Seexo. misi

sityviT, gamsaxurdias reJimis damxoba iyo “qarTveli xalxis

istoriulad mniSvnelovani arCevani”, romelic qveynis demokratiuli

gziT ganviTarebisTvis gadaidga. SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom am saerTo-

saxalxo moZraobaSi, progresul ZalebTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli roli

61

interviu eduard SevardnaZesTan ix. sofo mosiZis saavtoro gadacemaSi “amxedrebul meamboxeTa saga”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3q77MWL0HU 62

eduard SevardnaZis gamosvla ix. linkze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9z5OJ7mVJ

107

Seasrula saqarTvelos inteligenciam.63 SevardnaZem ikisra, saTaveSi

Cadgomoda ganadgurebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis process.

SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg samxedro sabWo

gardaiqmna saxelmwifo sabWod, romelsac igi Caudga saTaveSi.

samoqalaqo omSi Caflul qveyanaSi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi dakveTa

stabiluroba da wesrigis aRdgena iyo. 1980-iani wlebis bolos

damoukideblobis ideisa da radikaluri erovnuli moZraobis garSemo

gaerTianebul mosaxleobis did nawils imedebi gaucruvda. saqarTvelos

istoriuli rolis aRdgenis, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris

mediatoris funqciis dabrunebisa da wamyvan saxelmwifod qcevis

nacvlad, qveyana saerTaSoriso izolaciam, qaosma da ganukiTxaobam

moicva. swored amgvarma viTarebam Seuqmna eduard SevardnaZes qveynis

xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas legitimuri safuZveli. adamiani, romelic

gamsaxurdias epoqaSi saqarTvelos mtrebis sias edga saTaveSi da

yvelaze saZulvel pirovnebad iTvleboda, qveyanas mxsnelis rangSi

daubrunda. stiven jonsi am faqts “istoriis ironias” uwodebs, Tumca

iqve dasZens, rom aseTi istoriis ironia yofili sabWoTa

respublikebisTvis Cveuli ram aris (jonsi 2013: 105).

eduard SevardnaZem zustad auRo alRo saqarTveloSi arsebul

ganwyobebs da axali qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTad mesijad

sityva “stabiluroba” aqcia. Tumca stabilurobamde da wesrigamde didi

dro iyo – qveyanas win afxazeTis omi eloda, mosaxleobis nawilSi jer

kidev didi gavleniT sargeblobda CeCneTSi gaqceuli eqprezidenti

gamsaxurdia, aseve did da ukontrolo Zalas warmoadgendnen jaba

ioselianis “mxedrioni”, romelic ukve Tbilisur “saZmoebad” iyo

dayofili, da Tengiz kitovanis erovnuli gvardia. saqarTvelos

faqtobrivi mmarTvelebi Zalauflebis martivad daTmobas ar apirebdnen.

SevardnaZis xelisufleba, misi dabrunebis dros, miuxedavad oficialuri

statusisa, mainc formalur xasiaTs atarebda. stabilurobis

damyarebamde misi umTavresi sazrunavi realuri Zalauflebis mopoveba

da xelisuflebis centralizacia iyo.

63

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #210-211. 1992.

108

eduard SevardnaZis erT-erTi pirveli nabiji samegreloSi stumroba

gaxldaT. saqarTvelos es regioni zviad gamsaxurdias mTavar

dasayrdenad iTvleboda. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba saqarTvelos axal

xelisufals mtrulad Sexvda. zugdidis 800-mde adgilobrivi mcxovrebi

qalaqis mTavar stadionze dawva da SevardnaZis vertmfrens daSvebis

saSualeba ar misca. amis Semdeg vertmfreni walenjixaSi daeSva. am faqts

Tavad SevardnaZe ixsenebs da ambobs, rom es yvelaferi samegreloSi

“mxedrionis” saqmianobiT iyo gamowveuli. samegrelos mosaxleoba mas am

dajgufebis regionidan gayvanas sTxovda.64

SevardnaZe kargad acnobierebda, Tu ra mtrul garemoSi mouwevda

stumroba. “Cven samegreloSi CamovediT, raTa ukeT gaverkveT aq,

saqarTvelos am istoriul, tradiciebiT mdidar regionSi Seqmnil

situaciaSi. me vici, rom Cveni Sexvedrebi da saubrebi soflebsa da

sawarmoebSi ar iqneba da ar SeiZleba iyos advili, radgan saqarTvelo

dRes gaiTiSa ramdenime banakad, Zma Zmas eomeba, dausjelad moqmedeben

damnaSaveTa jgufebi, xalxs ar aqvs xvalindeli dRis elementaruli

rwmena,” – ganacxada man. saxelmwifo sabWos meTauri ambobda, rom misi

mTavari mizani mSvidobisa da Tanxmobis miRweva iyo.65

samSvidobo nabijebi gadaidga cxinvalis regionSi mimdinare

eTnopolitikur konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT. 1992 wlis 24 ivniss soWSi,

dasaxleba dagomisSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomarem

eduard SevardnaZem da ruseTis federaciis prezidentma boris elcinma

xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas “qarTul-osuri konfliqtis daregulirebis

principebis Sesaxeb”. am SeTanxmebas xSirad “dagomisis xelSekrulebasac”

uwodeben. SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, imave wlis 14 ivliss, konfliqtis

zonaSi Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi Sevidnen, sadac wamyvan funqcias

ruseTis federaciis sajariso SenaerTebi asrulebdnen. cxinvalis

64

interviu eduard SevardnaZesTan ix. sofo mosiZis saavtoro gadacemaSi “amxedrebul meamboxeTa saga” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43mlsI3ZFPU 65

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” # 136. 1992.

109

regionSi cecxli Sewyda da konfliqti civ fazaSi gadavida, Tumca

regioni kvlav saqarTvelos xelisuflebis iurisdiqiciis miRma darCa.66

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso izolaciis garRveva 1992 wlis ivlisSi

moxerxda, rodesac qveyana gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevri

gaxda. am faqts saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWo sagangebo

manifestiT gamoexmaura.67 sazogadoebisadmi mimarTva saxelwodebiT

“samoqalaqo mSvidobisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis damkvidrebis mizniT!”

sayuradRebo gzavnilebs Seicavda. avtorTa sityviT, saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier misi aRiarebiT

dagvirgvinda, riTac ganxorcielda qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani

ocneba. izolacionizmis damRupveli politikis daZleviT, saqarTvelom

Seiqmna ara mxolod suverenuli uflebebis ganxorcielebis garantiebi,

aramed im principebis erTgulebis Sesaxeb ganacxada, romliTac

Tanamedrove kacobrioba suldgmulobs. “saqarTvelo Sevida axal

zneobriv, samarTlebriv, politikur, ekonomikur sivrceSi, sadac axali

wesi, axali normebi, sxva moTxovnebi da ganzomilebebia.” am mimarTvaSi

saxelmwifo sabWo wevrebi ambobdnen, rom saqarTvelo ver Sedgeba

rogorc eri da demokratiuli saxelmwifo, Tu igi ar iqneba

mowesrigebuli politikuri organizmi. Tanamedrove civilizaciasTan

ziarebis gasaRebi saqarTvelos mTlianobaSia. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis axal etapze, qveynis xelisufleba ZiriTad miznad qveyanaSi

samoqalaqo Tanxmobis damkvidrebas isaxavda. “axali wesrigi

SinaaSlilobis daZlevas, erovnuli Tanxmobis damkvidrebas gulisxmobs

usisxlod, umsxverplod, cecxlisa da maxvilis gareSe. amiT saqarTvelo

sabolood gaemijneba warsulis yavlgasul normebsa da cnobierebas da

Tanamedrove istoriis Rirseuli Semoqmedi gaxdeba.”

amave mimarTvaSi aRniSnulia, rom, xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT,

saqarTveloSi 31 ivlisi dawesda erovnuli Tanxmobis, samoqalaqo da

erTaSorisi Serigebis, mSvidobis dRed.

66

informacia dagomisis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://www.ghn.ge/print.php?print=111706 67


110

xelisuflebis keTili nebiT, sapatimroebidan gaTavisufldnen zviad

gamsaxurdias is momxreebi, romlebic 1992 wlis 6 ianvridan “Cadiodnen

kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, magram ar CaudeniT sisxlis samarTlis

danaSauli”. aseve patimrobidan gaTavisufldnen yofili xelisuflebis

is warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac, mimarTvis teqstis mixedviT, brali

edebodaT mZime danaSaulSi, Tumca es danaSauli ganpirobebuli iyo

gamsaxurdias “diqtatoruli reJimiT”.

manifestSi saubaria imaze, rom sruliad saqarTvelos interesebidan

gamomdinare, xelisufleba izrunebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis

Sesabamisad erovnuli umciresobebis uflebrivi mdgomareobis

ganmtkicebisTvis. aRniSnuli manifestis ritorika axalia im mxrivac, rom

masSi, marTlmadidebluri eklesiis rolTan erTad, moxseniebulia

qveynis aRmSeneblobisa da dialogis procesSi sxva religiuri

gaerTianebebis rolis mniSvneloba.

manifestis avtorebi dokuments mimteveblobisa da humanizmis aqtad

afasebdnen da sazogadoebas masSi gamoTqmuli principebis

mxardaWerisken mouwodebdnen. manifests xels awerda saxelmwifo sabWos

Tavjdomare eduard SevardnaZe.

es mimarTva naTeli dasturia imisa, rom saqarTvelos axali

xelisufali qveyanaSi axleburi politikis gatarebas apirebda. manifesti

Tavisufalia paTetikisgan, Warbi nacionalisturi da religiuri

ritorikisgan. aqcenti mSvidobaze, samoqalaqo Tanxmobaze,

stabilurobasa da wesrigze keTdeba. 1992 wlis zafxulSi gamoqveynebuli

es dokumenti, faqtobrivad, saprogramo xasiaTs atarebda. igi gviCvenebs

qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis transformacias. ukve TvalSisacemi

gaxda saxelmwifos oficialuri politikis samoqalaqo nacionalizmis

CarCoebSi moqceva.

gaeros mier saqarTvelos aRiarebas saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare

personaluri mimarTviTac gamoexmaura.68 SevardaZis sityviT, es faqti

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan dasavleTma ornaxevari

saukunis manZilze orjer aqcia zurgi saqarTvelos, ar daicva da orive

68

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” #144. 1992.

111

es SemTxveva qveynisTvis erovnuli katastrofiT dasrulda. amjerad

“msoflio Tanamegobrobam daijera, rom davicavT gaeros wesdebis

debulebebsa da principebs, rom veswrafviT CavataroT demokratiuli

arCevnebi, mSvidobianad movagvarebT qarTvelTa da osTa konfliqts,

mivaRwevT politikuri viTarebis stabilizacias, pativs vcemT adamianis,

eris, erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebs, davamkvidrebT samoqalaqo

TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebs.” eduard SevardnaZe acxadebda, rom gaeros

wevroba saqarTvelos aniWebda saerTaSoriso urTierTobis, ideebis,

Rirebulebebis msoflio gacvla-gamocvlaSi monawileobis, adamianis

gonisa da gamocdilebis yvelaze didi monagariT gamdidrebis farTo

SesaZleblobebs.

omi afxazeTSi. saerTaSoriso warmatebis paralelurad, viTareba

ukiduresad gamwvavda afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi. 1992 wlis 14

agvistos saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nawilebi, rkinigzisa da

sagzao magistralebis dacvis motiviT, afxazeTis teritoriaze Sevidnen.

qarTul sajariso SenaerTebs afxazma separatistebma cecxli gauxsnes,

rasac sapasuxo srola mohyva. daiwyo e. w. “afxazeTis omi”, romelic

weliwadze met xans gagrZelda. rTul socialur, politikur da

ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myofi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mZime da

xangrZliv SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi Caeba. afxaz separatistebs zurgs

ruseTis federacia umagrebda. ruseTi afxazebs exmareboda ara mxolod

politikurad da ekonomikurad, aramed samxedro TvalsazrisiTac –

SeiaraRebiT, cocxali ZaliT, samxedro specialistebiT (janeliZe 2009:

212).

omSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg kidev ramdenime faqtori moqmedebda:

“mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” mowodebiT, romlis Stab-bina soxumSi

mdebareobda, separatistTa mxardasaWerad afxazeTSi aseulobiT

Crdilokavkasieli moxalise “boeviki” Cavida, romlebmac ramdenime

batalioni Seadgines. mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgendnen afxazebis

mxares mebrZoli rusi kazakebi da adgilbrivi somexi erovnebis

mebrZolebisgan Camoyalibebuli marSal bagramianis saxelobis somxuri

batalioni (janeliZe 2009: 213).

112

omis sawyis etapze saqarTvelos samTavrobo Zalebma moipoves

upiratesoba. gagraSi gadaisxa desanti da kontroli damyarda mdinare

fsouze – saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federaciis administraciul

sazRvarze. centraluri xelisuflebis sajariso SenaerTebma daikaves

soxumi. afxazeTis separatistuli xelisufleba gudauTaSi gadavida.

arZinbam momxdari suverenuli afxazeTis okupaciad Seafasa, uari Tqva

Tbilisidan Casul oficialur delegaciasTan molaparakebaze da

samxedro mobilizacia gamoacxada. miuxedavad miRweuli samxedro

warmatebisa, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs mZime xarvezebi hqonda –

jari ar eqvemdebareboda erTian sardlobas, aSkara iyo

profesionalizmisa da kvalifikaciis nakleboba. saqarTvelos

xelisuflebam molaparakebebis gza airCia. 1992 wlis 3 seqtembers e.

SevardnaZem, b. elcinma da v. arZinbam xeli moaweres sammxriv SeTanxmebas,

romelic cecxlis Sewyvetasa da konfliqtis mSvidobian mowesrigebas

iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad SeTanxmebisa, afxazurma mxarem kontrieriSi

wamoiwyo da oqtombris damdegs gagras daeufla. separatistulma Zalebma

xelSi Caigdes sasazRvro zoli da ruseTTan uSualo komunikaciis

SesaZlebloba moipoves.

1993 wlis ianvar-martSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma

gamoaswores mdgomareoba da afxazebs soxumis aRebis SesaZlebloba ar

misces. omi gagrZelda da poziciuri brZolebis saxe miiRo.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba ar iyo mzad am masStabisa

da simZimis saomari operaciebisTvis. omSi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva regionebidan frontze stiqiurad Casuli axalgazrdoba

ibrZoda, romelsac brZolis aranairi gamocdileba ar gaaCnda.

samoqalaqo omgamovlili, qaosSi CarTuli, dezorganizebuli

sazogadoebis teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo darazmva da

sayovelTao mobilizacia ar moxerxda. amas xels uwyobda is faqtic, rom

CeCneTSi myofi saqarTvelos eqsprezidenti gamsaxurdia, Tavis

mimarTvebsa da gancxadebebSi, Riad adanaSaulebda SevardnaZis

xelisuflebas omis wamowyebasa da afxazi xalxis genocidis

mcdelobaSi. igi am oms “xuntis” da “ruseTis imperiuli Zalebis”

113

erTobliv avanturas uwodebda da saqarTvelos mosaxleobas mouwodebda,

ar mieRo masSi monawileoba.

1992 wlis 17 oqtombers gamoqveynda zviad gamsaxurdias gancxadeba,

romelSic man mwvaved gaakritika gaeros generaluri asambleis 25

seqtembris sesiaze eduard SevardnaZis gamosvla. sakuTar gancxadebaSi

zviad gamsaxurdia ambobda, rom SevardnaZis “kriminalurma xuntam”

gaauqma saqarTvelos konstitucia da, Sesabamisad, afxazeTis

avtonomiuri statusi. eqsprezidentis SexedulebiT, afxazeTis uzenaesi

sabWos da misi Tavmjdomaris, vladislav arZinbas mizani aris ara

saqarTvelodan gamoyofa, aramed saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCena

federaciul sawyisebze. “xunta, romelmac xelisuflebis SenarCunebis

mizniT moawyo saqarTvelos mosaxleobis genocidi, amJamad ibrZvis

afxazeTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis dasamyareblad, kanonieri

xelisuflebis momxreTa gasanadgureblad da totalitaruli diqtaturis

gansamtkiceblad.” gamsaxurdias gancxadebiT, amaSi SevardnaZis

xelisuflebas xels uSlida afxazeTis imJamindeli xelmZRvaneloba,

romlis damxobis SemTxvevaSi “xunta” iolad miaRwevda Tavis mizans.

gamsaxurdia mouwodebda afxazeTis mosaxleobas, gaeZevebina “xuntis

damsjeli razmebi” da problema mSvidobiani dialogis gziT

gadaewyvita.69

aseve sainteresoa gamsaxurdias 1992 wlis 2 seqtembris mimarTva70

qarTveli da afxazi xalxebisadmi. am mimarTvaSi eqsprezidentma

ganacxada, rom “SevardnaZis neokomunisturma kriminalurma xuntam”

moawyo sisxliani sadamsjelo eqspedicia afxazeTSi. “xuntis jarebis

SeWra afxazeTSi patriotuli grZnobebiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed

kanonieri xelisuflebis momxreTa ganadgurebis wyurviliT. e. w.

saxelmwifo sabWos surs afxazeTSic daamyaros totalitaruli

diqtatura, vinaidan iqauri xelisufleba ar mimarTavda represiebs da

terors kanonieri xelisuflebis momxreTa winaaRmdeg. soxumSi

gamodioda erTaderTi opoziciuri gazeTi mTels saqarTveloSi,

69

gaz. “aRdgoma”. #22. 1992. 70

gaz. “erovnuli fronti”. #3. 1992.

114

Tavisuflad moqmedebdnen xuntis mowinaaRmdege politikuri

organizaciebi.”

zviad gamsaxurdia acxadebda, rom SevardnaZis xuntis sadamsjelo

operaciebSi ruseTis jari da samxedro teqnika monawileobda, rac

miuTiTebda imaze, rom es iyo erToblivi operacia da yvelaferi

SeTanxmebuli iyo metropoliasTan. am yvelafers ki ruseTi SevardnaZis

xeliT axorcielebda. gamsaxurdia mouwodebda mosaxleobas, rom

“xuntisTvis” sayovelTao gaficva gamoecxadebina, daegmo da emxilebina

misi “kanibaluri politika”, rac safrTxes uqmnida mSvidobasa da

erovnul Tanxmobas rogorc kavkasiaSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi.

vfiqrobT, rom zviad gamsaxurdias aRniSnuli gancxadebebi,

romlebic namdvilad ar uwyobda xels erovnul Tanxmobas da

teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo mosaxleobis mobilizacias,

ganpirobebuli iyo ara saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebis winaaRmdeg

moqmedebiT, aramed eduard SevardnaZis siZulviliT. gamsaxurias

SevardnaZe misi xelisuflebis damxobis da qveyanaSi momxdari yvela

ubedurebis saTaved miaCnda. am or pirovnebas Soris mwvave dapirispireba

jer kidev erovnuli moZraobis periodidan iRebda saTaves. samoqalaqo

omis dros am konfrontaciam kulminacias miaRwia da mniSvnelovnad

Seuwyo xeli saqarTvelos sazogadoebis polarizacias. amas emateboda

sazogadoebis did nawilSi gaCenili nihilisturi ganwyobebi, romelic

mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT da damoukideblobis

mopovebis Semdgomi imedgacruebiT iyo gamowveuli.

afxazeTis omisdroindeli saqarTvelos absurduli mdgomareobis

aRsawerad, vfiqrobT, gamogvadgeba mxatvruli filmis “gaseirneba

yarabaRSi 2 – konfliqtis zona” (reJisori vano burduli) siuJeti:

afazeTSi mebrZoli qarTveli jariskaci samxedro davalebis

Sesasruleblad TbilisSi Camodis. igi gaocebulia qveynis dedaqalaqSi

arsebuli mdgomareobiT da sazogadoebis ganwyobiT. meomari erT-erT

Tbilisur wveulebaze aRmoCndeba, sadac ver ijereben, rom igi pirdapir

frontidan Camovida. gakvirvebuli jariskaci kiTxulobs – “Tqven aq

saerTod Tu iciT, omi rom aris.?”

115

1993 wlis 27 ivliss soWSi qarTul-rusul-afxazuri axali sammxrivi

SeTanxmeba gaformda cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze. qarTulma mxarem,

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, konfliqtis zonidan gamoitana mZime samxedro

teqnika da frontis xazze mxolod sameTvalyureo punqtebi datova.

separatistebma kvlav daarRvies SeTanxmeba da soxumze masirebuli

ieriSi miitanes (janeliZe 2009: 213). mZime teqnikis gareSe darCenili

qalaqis mcvelebi umZimes viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen.

saqarTvelos sazogadoebis polarizacia mTeli simZafriT 1992 wlis

seqtembris miwuruls gamoCnda. 24 seqtembers, rodesac saomari

moqmedebebi kritikul fazaSi Sevida, qveyanaSi dabrunda yofili

prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia. man bina q. zugdidSi daido, saqarTvelos

“kanonieri xelisufleba” aRdgenilad gamoacxada, mosaxleobas misi

mxardaWerisa da SevardnaZis “xuntis” winaaRmdeg brZolisken mouwoda.

man aseve ganacxada, rom yvela samxedro SenaerTi, maT Soris,

centraluri xelisuflebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi samxedro nawilebi

mis gankargulebaSi unda gadmosuliyvnen da misi xelmZRvanelobiT

ebrZolaT afxazi separatistebis winaaRmdeg. gamsaxurdias sityviT, vinc

maT am saqmeSi xels SeuSlida, gamocxaddeboda saqarTvelos moRalated.

gamsaxurdiam SevardnaZis xelisufleba ukanonod gamoacxada da daiwyo

brZola Zalauflebis xelaxla mosapoveblad.71 kritikul periodSi,

rodesac saqarTvelos sazogadoebas erTianoba yvelaze metad

sWirdeboda, brZola ara soxumis gadasarCenad, aramed xelisuflebis

xelSi Casagdebad daiwyo.

zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTveloSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT,

sayuradRebo mosazrebas gamoTqvams internet-Jurnal www.experti.ge-s

damfuZnebeli daviT gamcemliZe. misi SexedulebiT, rasakvirvelia, zviad

gamsaxurdias surda revanSi da xelisuflebaSi dabruneba. mas undoda

saqarTvelos prezidentoba da afxazeTs igi ganixilavda saqarTvelos

nawilad, es mas eWvqveS arasodes dauyenebia, magram misma dabrunebam im

momentSi, rodesac wydeboda soxumis bedi, obieqturad Seasrula

71

masala zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTveloSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT da zugdidSi misi sityviT gamosvla ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “soxumis ukanaskneli dRe” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3kBgJ1JNdc

116

madestabilizebeli faqtoris roli imitom, rom kvlav Seicvala

sazogadoebis ganwyoba – samamulo omis ganwyoba Seicvala samoqalaqo

omis ganwyobiT.72 afxazeTis frontze gamsaxurdias momxre samxedro

pirebma eqsprezidents gamoucxades mxardaWera. afxazeTis avtonomiuri

respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare Jiuli Sartava telefoniT

amaod sTxovda daxmarebas gamsaxurdias momxre general loTi

qobalias.73 misi mowodeba, rom im dros saqarTvelos bedi wydeboda da

erTad unda damdgariyvnen, amao gamodga.

sabolood, 1992 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumi daeca. afxazma

separatistebma daxvrites qalaqSi darCenili Jiuli Sartava da misi

garemocvis wevrebi. afxazebma Seteva ganagrZes da Tvis bolos mdinare

enguramde – zugdidisa da galis administraciul sazRvramde _ miaRwies.

afxazeTis konfliqts saqarTvelos aTasobiT moqalaqe Seewira. regioni

datova 300 aTasamde mcxovrebma (ZiriTadad, eTnikurma qarTvelebma).

regionSi radikalurad Seicvala eTnikuri suraTi (janeliZe 2009: 214).

aseve seriozuli ziani miadga afxazi eTnosis genofonds. afxazeTis

omSi saqarTvelos axalbeda damoukidebelma saxelmwifom kidev erTxel

ganicada mwvave marcxi.

xelisuflebisTvis brZola afxazeTSi konfliqtis dasrulebis

Semdeg kidev ufro mwvaved gagrZelda. TbilisSi dabrunebulma eduard

SevardnaZem marcxi Ralats daabrala, riTac warumatebloba pirdapir

daakavSira zviad gamsxurdias saqarTveloSi CamosvlasTan. Tavis mxriv,

eqprezidenti sakuTar poziciebs amagrebda da acxadebda, rom afxazeTis

dakargvas ar dauSvebda, rom regioni SevarnaZem Caabara mters da is aris

saqarTvelos moRalate. gamsaxurdiam piroba dado, rom soxums

daibrunebda, Tumca misi piroba pirobad darCa.74 afxazeTSi viTareba

aRar Secvlila.

zviad gamsaxurdias momxre samxedro nawilebma, afxazeTSi omis

nacvlad, gezi dedaqalaqisken aiRes. loTi qobalias razmebma 2

72

interviu daviT gamcemliZesTan ix. iqve. 73

Jiuli Sartavas satelefono saubari ix. iqve. 74

zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla oCamCiris samxedro StabSi ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “zviad gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli dReebi” http://rustavi2.com/ka/video/7954?v=2

117

oqtombers q. foTi daikaves. afxazeTis omSi marcxis Semdeg centraluri

xelisuflebis momxre sajariso SenaerTebi dezorganizebuli iyo.

SevarnaZis xelisuflebas raime gziT unda SeeCerebina zviad

gamsaxurdias Tbilisisken svla. saxelmwifos meTauri afxazeTis

dakargvis Semdeg xelisuflebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.

dedaqalaqSi gaaqtiurdnen zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi da permanentuli

aqciebis mowyoba daiwyes. jaba ioselianis sityviT, TbilisSi panika

daiwyo da SevardnaZem mas sTxova Zalauflebis xelSi aReba.75 Seiqmna

sagangebo komiteti, romelsac saTaveSi jaba ioseliani Caudga. 4

oqtombers pirveli Setakebebi gaimarTa eqsprezidentis momxre

jariskacebsa da Tbilisidan Casul razmebs Soris, Tumca loTi

qobalias SenaerTebma samtrediis aRebac moaxerxes. saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo orad gayofis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. eduard SevardnaZis

da jaba ioselianis sityviT, kremlSi arsebobda gegma, romlis mixedviT

dasavleTY saqarTveloSi (lixis qedamde) zviad gamsaxurdias

xelisufleba unda gavrcelebuliyo, xolo, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo

eduard SevardnaZes unda emarTa.76

am yvelafris fonze, SevarnaZis xelisuflebam miiRo boris elcinis

SemoTavazeba da saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa

TanamegobrobaSi (dsT) gawevrianda. SevardnaZis am naklebad

polularulma gadawyvetilebam samoqalaqo omis bedi mis sasargeblod

Seatriala. saqarTvelos generalur prokuraturaSi daiwyo gamoZieba

gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg, romelic samSoblos Ralatis muxliT

kvalificirdeboda. saqarTveloSi dislocirebuli ruseTis samxedro

bazebidan centraluri xelisuflebis Zalebma mZime SeiaraReba miiRes,

foTs moadga ruseTis samxedro floti admiral baltinis meTaurobiT.

zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi daifantnen, xolo Tavad eqsprezidentma

1993 wlis 31 dekembers sicocxle samegrelos erT-erT sofelSi

daasrula, oficialuri versiiT, man Tavi moikla.77

75

interviu jaba ioselianTan ix. iqve. 76

iqve. 77

iqve.

118

afxazeTSi SeiaraRebulma konfliqtma da Semdeg ganviTarebulma

movlenebma mTeli simwvaviT aCvena saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

problemebi. mosaxleobis teritoriuli mTlianobisTvis brZolis ideis

garSemo gaerTianeba politikuri elitis gaxleCilobis gamo ar

moxerxda. xelisuflebisTvis mimdinare samoqalaqo omma, romelic

SevardnaZis dabrunebis Semdeg mcire xniT pasiur fazaSi gadavida,

afxazeTis konfliqtis dros mTeli simZafriT ifeTqa da logikuri

gagrZeleba hpova. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodidan arsebuli

polarizacia jer kidev dauZlevel problemad da saqarTvelos axali

xelisuflebis umTavres gamowvevad rCeboda. amasTan erTad, unda iTqvas,

rom ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi gamarjveba eduard SevardnaZes

pragmatulma politikam moutana. britaneli mkvlevari jonaTan uiTli

(Jonathan Wheatley) aRniSnavs, rom, 1989-1991 wlebisgan ganxvavebiT, rodesac

procesebis mimdinareobas 9 aprilis tragediiT gamowveuli emociuri

foni gansazRvravda, 1992-1995 wlebis saqarTvelo saWadrako dafas

daemsgavsa. saWadrako partiaSi gamarjveba im moTamaSes darCeboda,

romelsac ukeTesi strategiis SemuSaveba SeeZlo. realuri TamaSis

msgavsad, am epoqis saqarTveloSic iyo momentebi, rodesac partiis

monawileebis svlebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda da maTi avtorebis

gamarjvebas Tu damarcxebas gansazRvravda. uiTlis SexedulebiT,

saboloo gamarjveba yvelaze did taqtikoss eduard SevardnaZes darCa

(Wheatley 2005: 67).

afxazeTis konfliqtis dasrulebiT da zviad gamsaxurdias

damarcxebiT saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omis xangrZlivi etapi damTavrda.

eqsprezidentis gardacvalebis Semdeg, arsebul xelisuflebas da mis

meTaurs aRar hyavda yvelaze didi mowinaaRmdege, romelic mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis kanonier xelisuflad iTvleboda da

SevardnaZis legitimurobas mudmiv safrTxes uqmnida. miuxedavad

afxazeTSi marcxis Sedegad Seryeuli poziciebisa, 1993 wlis bolodan

eduard SevarnaZes Tavisi nacionaluri proeqtis ganxorcielebisTvis,

romelic Zalauflebis centralizacias, stabilurobas, wesrigsa da

samoqalaqo konsolidacias gulisxmobda, ukeTesi pirobebi Seeqmna.

119

Zalauflebis centralizacia. qaosidan samoqalaqo

konsolidaciisken. jer kidev afxazeTis konfliqtis mimdinareobisas,

saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufleba, eduard SevardnaZis meTaurobiT,

cdilobda Zalauflebis institucionalizacias da formaluri

mmarTvelobis dawesebas. yvelaze mwvave problema mSvidobis damyareba

iyo. im pirobebSi, rodesac qveyanas, faqtobrivad, savele meTaurebi da

maTi SeiaraRebuli formirebebi marTavdnen, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani

nawili, eqsprezidentis momxreebis saxiT, xelisuflebas undoblobas

ucxadebda, Serigeba prioritetuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli gaxda.

saWiro iyo efeqturi sagareo da saSinao politikis gatareba, rac

stabilurobis erTgvar garantias Seqmnida.

afxazeTis omis gariJraJze, 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers, Catarda

saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi. arCevnebis Catarebis aucileblobas

da mTavrobis saswrafod formirebas SevardnaZe martivi mizeziT xsnida

– qveyanas ar hyavda legitimuri xelisufleba. axali parlamentisa da

mTavrobis formirebamde xalxis mier arCeuli xelisuflebis

legitimacia saqarTvelodan gaqceul zviad gamsaxurdias da misi

uzenaesi sabWos wevrebs hqondaT. es faqti eduard SevardnaZis mier

qveynis marTvis kanonierebas mudmiv safrTxes uqmnida. miT umetes, rom

groznoSi myofi saqarTvelos eqprezidenti, saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa

da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisadmi gagzavnil mravalricxovan

mimarTvebSi, mudmivad am sakiTxze apelirebda da sakuTar Tavs erTaderT

kanonier xelisufals uwodebda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo sabWos

meTaurs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisTvis oficialuri institutebi da

struqturebi sWirdeboda. parlamentisa da mTavrobis formirebamde misi

Zalaufleba ufro fiqtiuri iyo, vidre realuri, es ukanaskneli ki im

xalxis xelSi iyo, vinc gamsaxurdia Zalismieri meTodebiT daamxo da

sakuTar daqvemdebarebaSi hyavda mravalricxovani SeiaraRebuli razmebi.

1991 wlis 11 oqtombris arCevnebi, Tavisi mravalpartiulobiT,

uprecedento iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi. arCevnebSi monawileobda 36

politikuri gaerTianeba Tu saarCevno bloki, saidanac 2 %-iani saarCevno

120

barieri 24-ma partiam gadalaxa.78 qveyanam ukiduresad mravalpartiuli

sakanonmdeblo organo miiRo. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba yvelas

mieca, maT Soris, zviad gamsaxurdias momxre politikur gaerTianebebsac,

Tumca eqprezidentma sakuTar momxreebs da saqarTvelos mTel

mosaxleobas arCevnebis boikotisken mouwoda. 1992 wlis 7 seqtembers man

gancxadeba gaakeTa groznoSi, romlis mixedviT, “xuntis mier miRebul

gadawyvetilebas arCevnebis Catarebis Sesaxeb ar aqvs aranairi

iuridiuli Zala. arCevnebis Catareba SeuZlia mxolod saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis umaRles organos – saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes

sabWos, romelsac ar mouxsnia uflebamosileba da agrZelebs

funqcionirebas.”79

amomrCevelTa xmebis umravlesoba verc erTma politikurma

gaerTianebam ver daagrova. 225 adgilidan yvelaze meti – 29 mandati –

moipova eduard SevardnaZesTan asocirebulma blokma “mSvidoba”,

romelic 7 partiisgan Sedgeboda. vfiqrobT, Tavad am blokis

dasaxelebac migvaniSnebs im prioritetul mimarTulebaze, romelic

eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebam daisaxa. Tavad SevardnaZe kenWs

damoukideblad iyrida saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomaris postze.

ronald grigor suni ucnaurobad afasebs im faqts, rom eduard

SevardnaZes xalxma daaxloebiT iseTive mandati mianiWa, rogoric

weliwadnaxevriT adre _ zviad gamsaxurdias: SevardnaZes amomrCevelTa

89%-ma dauWira mxari (Suny 1994: 330). vfiqrobT, es faqti imaze miuTiTebs,

rom samoqalaqo dapirispirebebiT da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebiT

daRlili saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili SevardnaZeSi

mSvidobisa da wesrigis mTavar garantors xedavda.

parlamentSi mravlad moxvdnen yofili komunisturi elitis

warmomadgenlebi, magaliTad, mcxeTis maJoritari gaxda jumber

patiaSvili, romelic 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdeg erT-erT yvelaze

arasasurvel figurad iTvleboda. 1992 wlis 11 oqtombris arCevnebis

Sedegad qarTveli komunistebis nawili xelisuflebaSi dabrunda (Suny

78

informacia arCevnebis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT ix. centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb gverdze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf 79

gaz. “aRdgoma”. 1992. #17.

121

1994: 330). miuxedavad mravalpartiulobisa, arCevnebis Sedegebma

saTanadod ver asaxa saqarTvelos eTnikuri siWrele da umciresobebisa

da dominanti eTnikuri jgufis Tanafardoba. saqarTvelos parlamentSi

erovnuli umciresobebis mxolod 7 warmomadgeneli moxvda – ori afxazi,

ori somexi, ori ebraeli da erTi berZeni. stiven jonsi am faqts

partiuli siis sistemiT xsnis, romelic upiratesobas dominant eTnikur

jgufs aniWebda. umciresobebisTvis ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli specialuri

kvota. aseve, avtoris azriT, es ganapiroba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis

mxridan boikotma. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, afxazeTisa da aWaris

umaRlesi sabWoebis warmomadgenlebisTvis gamoiyo parlamentis

Tavmjdomaris moadgilis poziciebi. afxazuri ena ganisazRvra rogorc

oficialur saparlamento ena (jonsi 2013: 123).

arCevnebis Catarebas eduard SevardnaZe radiointerviuSi

gamoexmaura.80 man ganacxada, rom saparlamento arCevmebs udidesi

mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos momavlisTvis, radgan qveynis

xelisufleba legitimuri da instituciuri gaxda. misi SexedulebiT, rac

ufro meti dro gavidoda, am arCevnebis mniSvneloba miT ufro

gaizrdeboda. samoqalaqo omis Semdeg mokle droSi Camoyalibebulma

mravalpartiulma parlamentma sakanonmdeblo organoSi mwvave

dapirispirebis atmosfero Seqmna. SevarnaZe parlamentis wevrebs

mouwodebda, rom paeqroba SurisZiebaSi ar gadazrdiliyo. “Cven axla ara

varT mzad imisaTvis, rom vqeqoT erTmaneTis ganvlili gza... ar minda

wina parlamentis (igulisxmeba uzenaesi sabWo _ i. C.) msgavsi ram moxdes.

Cven axla swor gzas vadgavarT da am gzas ar unda gadavuxvioT,” –

ganacxada SevardnaZem.

amave interviuSi man xazi gausva saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva

erovnebis adamianTa pozitiuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas. SevardnaZis

gancxadebiT, erovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebSi yoveli dadebiTi da

pozitiuri faqti unda gamoviyenoT, raTa uzrunvelvyoT sxvadasxva

eTnikur jgufebs Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba.

80


122

dakompleqtebis Semdeg axalma sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo “kanoni

xelisuflebis Sesaxeb”. am kanonis miRebas SevardnaZe gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebda, radgan kanoni mas aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas aZlevda.81 parlaments mieniWa ufleba,

aerCia da gadaeyenebina saxelmwifos meTauri xmaTa ori mesamediT. mas

aseve mieca ufleba, daeTxova mTavroba, daeniSna axali arCevnebi. zviad

gamsaxurdias uzenaesi sabWos Semdeg es parlamenti, demokratiuli

mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT, win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo (jonsi 2013: 124).

saqarTvelos parlamentma eduard SevardnaZe saxelmwifos meTaurad

airCia, anu igi erTdroulad marTavda sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebas. SevardnaZes, rogorc qveynis meTaurs, eqskluziuri

uflebebi mieniWa – man Camoayaliba mTavroba, pasuxismgebeli gaxda

sagareo urTierTobebze, niSnavda umaRles samxedro personals,

saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs regionebSi (gubernatorebs). politikuri

xelisuflebis legitimaciisa da centralizaciis gzaze 1992 weli

umniSvnelovanesi iyo. saxelisuflebo reformebisa da sakanonmdeblo

aqtebis paralelurad, afxazeTis regionSi omi mimdinareobda. miuxedavad

urTulesi politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri viTarebisa,

saqarTvelos axali xelisufali Tanmimdevrulad da mizanmimarTulad

amcirebda naxevrad formaluri da naxevrad gasamxedroebuli

SenaerTebis (magaliTad, rogoric iyo “mxedrioni”) gavlenas da

Zalauflebas oficialuri struqturebis xelSi aqcevda.

am periodis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebeli, Zalauflebis centralizaciasTan erTad, samoqalaqo

nacionalizmis tendenciis gaZlierebaa. 1992 wlis 18 seqtembers Tbilisis

kinos saxlSi muSaoba daiwyo saqarTvelos saxalxo frontTan arsebulma

qurTuli kulturis centris pirvelma kongresma. am faqts gamoexmaura

saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare eduard

SevardnaZe da kongress misasalmebeli werili gaugzavna.82 SevardnaZis

gancxadebiT, kongresis Catarebis faqti zeimi iyo rogorc qarTveli da

81

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 221. 1992. 82

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #176. 1992.

123

qurTi xalxebisTvis, aseve saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobisTvis.

saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare miiCnevda, rom es faqti gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime politikuri viTarebisa

da eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis fonze. “saxelmwifo sabWom da

mTavrobam gadawyvites, erTi wuTiTac ar Seanelon kulturis

sicocxlisunarianoba... zrunva qarTul kulturaze imavdroulad

gulisxmobs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela xalxis kulturaze zrunvas.

me kmayofilebiT minda aRvniSno, rom qurTi xalxi saqarTveloSi Tavisi

mravalsaukunovani arsebobis manZilze Wirsa da lxinSi yovelTvis

qarTveli xalxis, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi xalxebis gverdiT idga.

yovelTvis gamoirCeoda Tavisi SromismoyvareobiTa da mSvidobiani

xasiaTiT.”

sayuradReboa eduard SevardnaZis sityva gaeros generaluri

asambleis 47-e sesiaze niu-iorkSi, 1992 wlis 25 seqtembers.83 saxelmwifo

sabWos Tavmjdomaris mimarTva msoflio Tanamegobrobisadmi

mniSvnelovan gzavnilebs Seicavs. erTi mxriv, aSkaraa yofili komunisti

lideris, eduard SevardnaZis ritorikis transformacia – misi

gzavnilebi mkveTrad antikomunisturi da, SeiZleba iTqvas,

nacionalisturi elferis matarebelia. meore mxriv, SevardnaZe xazs

usvams samoqalaqo nacionalizmis iseTi fundamenturi maxasiaTeblebis

mniSvnelobas, rogorebicaa Tanasworoba, tolerantoba, mSvidobiani

Tanacxovreba, eTnikuri da religiuri mravalferovneba, rogorc

simdidre da sxva.

saqarTvelos lideri qveyanaSi momxdar yvela ubedurebas sabWoTa

warsuls da imperiul memkvidreobas ukavSirebs: saqarTvelo gaxda

“yvela im ubedurebisa da winaaRmdegobis Sesafari, romlebic imperiam

Caimkvidra Tavis genetikur kodSi da romlebic axlac ki, misi daRupvis

Semdeg, gvazanzarebs”. SevardnaZem xazi gausva im faqts, rom saqarTvelo

Zalis gamoyenebiT iyo Seyvanili sabWoTa kavSirSi. “am Zalis

sulisCamdgmels ki warmoadgenda ideologia, romelic klasobriv

brZolas msxverplad swiravda sakacobrio Rirebulebebsa da erovnul

83


124

miznebs. am ideologiis suliskveTebiT gaufasurebuli iyo istoriulad

damkvidrebuli sazRvrebisa da teritoriebis mTlianoba, xdeboda maTi

gadakeTeba da gadanawileba “proletaruli internacionalizmis”

orientirebiT”. SevardnaZis sityviT, eTnopolitikuri dapirispirebebis

safuZveli sabWoTa kavSiris “saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri” da

“administraciul-teritoriuli” mowyobis struqturaSi iyo. misi

SexedulebiT, swored es struqtura ganapirobebda respublikebs Soris

ukmayofilebis, mtrobisa da potenciuri dapirispirebebis Canasaxs. “Cvens

momavals jer kidev rodis udebdnen dayovnebuli moqmedebis bombebs.

sanam ideologiisa da represiuli iZulebis Zalaufleba am nairgvar

erTobas aduRebda – bombebi sdumdnen. magram rogorc ki es Zalaufleba

aRikveTa – maT ifeTqes,” – ganacxada eduard SevardnaZem.

saxelmwifo sabWos xelmZRvanelis sityviT, saqarTvelom orjer

dakarga saxelmwifoebrioba: pirvelad – rodesac saqarTvelo ruseTis

imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili da meored – 1921 wels, rodesac

demokratiul respublikad gamocxadebul saqarTvelos “SeiaraRebuli

intervencia daatexa bolSevizmma da ZaliT amoayofina Tavi unitarul

saxelmwifoSi”.

gaeros asambleaze gamosvlisas SevardnaZe aqtiurad daupirispirda

im saxelmwifos da ideologias, romlis samsaxurSic Tavad iyo mTeli

Tavisi politikuri moRvaweobis manZilze. vfiqrobT, es transformacia im

pragmatuli politikis nawilad unda ganvixiloT, romlis

ganxorcielebac saqarTveloSi 1992 wlidan daiwyo. samoqalaqo omisa da

politikuri krizisis dros dasavluri saxelmwifoebis mxardaWeris

survili, demokrati mmarTvelis imijis ganmtkiceba da axali

geopolitikuri realoba mas Tundac sakuTar warsulTan

dapirispirebisken ubiZgebda. miT umetes, rom SevardnaZis avtoriteti

dasavleTSi pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli “perestroikis” Semdgom

periodSi sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul demokratiul gardaqmnebTan. am

xazis gagrZeleba da gaZliereba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels iseTi

saerTaSoriso garantiebis Seqmnas, romelic SevardnaZis Zalauflebas

legitimur safuZvels Seuqmnida.

125

saqarTvelos lideri Seecada saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis TvalSi

qveynis srulyofili portretis daxatvas. amisTvis man, mokle istoriuli

eqskursis Semdeg, sadac xazi gausva enasa da religias, rogorc

qarTvelebis identobis ZiriTad markerebs, aqcenti gaakeTa

mravalferovnebaze da kulturaTaSoris urTerTobebze. man es

mocemuloba warmoadgina, rogorc qarTuli kulturis ganuyofeli

nawili.

“xalxebis, ideebis, kulturebis moZraobaSi odiTgan CarTuli

saqarTvelo Tavisi yofierebis kanonad amkvidrebda rasobriv da

religiur Semwynareblobas. mZlavri gareSe Zalebis mosagerieblad

mebrZol saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia arc qsenofobia da arc

religiuri fanatizmi. mis dedaqalaq TbilisSi, erT kvadratul

kilometr farTobze, Tqven gverdigverd naxavT qarTul

marTlmadideblur eklesias, somxur grigorianul taZars, mahmadianur

meCeTs, ebraul sinagogasa da luTeranul kirxes. IV saukunidan

qristinulma saqarTvelom zogierT Tavis didmniSvnelovan istoriul

provinciaSi islami iwama da ar iyo maT Soris SuRli da mtroba, ar iyo

iseTi viTareba, vinmesTvis ar daenebebinaT, rom ecxovra sakuTari

warmodgenebiTa da tradiciebiT”.

SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom saqarTvelo mxars dauWerda axal

evropul institutebs, romlebic miznad isaxaven konfliqtebis aRkveTas

da erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvas, Tumca, amave dros, man xazi

gausva eTnikuri qarTvelebis uflebebis SezRudvas. es faqti, misi

sityviT, arRvevda Tanasworuflebianobis principebs. “Seuwynarebelia

erTi principis absolutizeba meoris sazianod. danaSaulebrivia, erTni

aRwevdnen TviTgamorkvevas da am dros ar imCnevdnen, rom maT gverdiT

saerTo teritoriaze saukuneTa manZilze cxovrobdnen xalxebi, romelTa

fizikuri gandevna SeuZlebelia”. SevardnaZis SexedulebiT, nebismieri

norma da kategoria unda ganizomebodes Tanasworuflebianobis

perspeqtividan, ganurCevlad ama Tu im eris, eTnikuri, enobrivi Tu

konfesiuri jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobisa. aseTi midgoma moiTxovs ara

marto erovnuli umciresobebis, aramed im moqalaqeebis uflebebis

126

dacvasac, romlebic umravlesobas warmoadgenen. “sxvagvarad SeiZleba

wavawydeT aparteidis modernizebul formas da eTnodiqtaturas”. am

ukanasknelis magaliTad SevardnaZem afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika

daasaxela da amiT daupirispirda gamsaxurdias periodSi miRebul

kanons, romelic afxazeTis uzenaes sabWoSi upiratesobas eTnikur

afxazebs aniWebda. “Cvens winaSea samarTlis angarebiT manipulirebis

klasikuri magaliTi. diskriminaciuli saarCevno kanonis mixedviT,

mosaxleobis 18%-is Semadgeneli erTi erovnebis amomrCevlebi afxazeTis

avtonomiuri respublikis parlamentSi gzavnian ufro met deputats,

vidre meore erovnebisa, romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobis naxevars

Seadgens. Selaxulia sxva erovnuli jgufebis uflebebic. erTi afxazi

deputatis asarCevad sakmarisia samjer naklebi xmebis raodenoba, vidre

erTi qarTveli deputatis asarCevad,” – ganacxada saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo sabWos Tavjdomarem. misi sityviT, swored aseTi

samarTlebrivi eqstremizmi iwvevda separatizmis gaRvivebas da

konfrontacias. SevadnaZis gancxadebiT, saqarTvelo mxars dauWerda

erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis deklaracias, magram, amasTan

erTad, moiTxovda, rom deklaraciis proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli

yofiliyo umciresobaTa pasuxismgeblobebis wilic, rac xels Seuwyobda

stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas.

aRniSnul mimarTvaSi SevardnaZe aseve xazs usvamda saqarTvelos

survils _ ganexorcielebina gawonasworebuli politika. es

gulisxmobda qveynis SigniT – demokratiul gardaqmnebs, erovnul

Serigebas, konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT daregulirebas, xolo qveynis

gareT – regionis yvela qveyanasTan mSvidobiani urTierTobebis

damyarebas, msoflio gaerTianebebTan TanamSromlobas. didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda regionis qveynebTan – TurqeTTan, iranTan, somxeTTan,

azerbaijanTan, aseve ukrainasTan – megobrul urTierTobebs. SevardnaZe

reveransebs ar iSurebda arc ruseTis mimarT, romelmac, misi sityviT,

xeli Seuwyo qarTul-osuri konfliqtis mSvidobian daregulirebas,

araerTgzis aRiara saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba, misi

sazRvrebis urRvevoba da Caeba meore konfliqtis – afxazeTis

127

konfliqtis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis saqmeSi. misi SexedulebiT,

saqarTvelosTvis safrTxes ruseTis revanSistuli Zalebi

warmoadgendnen, romlebic xels uSlidnen rogorc ruseTis

demokratiul transformacias, aseve saqarTvelos stabilur

ganviTarebas.

gaeros generalur asambleaze saqarTvelos lideris es gamosvla im

mxrivac aris saintereso, rom masSi mSvidobis, stabilurobis, Tanxmobis,

tolerantobis gamomxatvel ritorika erTgvarad gazavebulia mkacri da

principuli gzavnilebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, aqcenti sakanonmdeblo

doneze umravlesobis uflebebis darRvevaze. es faqti, ZiriTadad,

afxazeTis omiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac SevardnaZes meti

nacionalisturi ritorikisken ubiZgebda.

1992-1995 wlebis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis mniSvnelovani

elementia SevardnaZiseuli e. w. balansis politika, romelic am

periodSi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans. es mimarTuleba gulisxmobda,

erTi mxriv, dasavlur struqturebTan daaxloebas da, meore mxriv,

ruseTTan keTilmezoblur urTierTobas. sagareo asparezze aseTi

winaaRmdegobrivi politika SegviZlia avxsnaT qveynis SegniT arsebuli

viTarebiT. es iyo pragmatuli politikis nawili, romlis mizani

xelisuflebis centralizacia da Zalauflebis SenarCuneba/ganmtkiceba

iyo. rogorc davinaxeT, yvelaze mwvave krizisis dros – 1993 wlis

oqtomberSi – SevardnaZem saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa

TanamegobrobaSic ki Seiyvana, ramac misi xelisuflebis SenarCunebaSi

ganmsazRvreli roli Seasrula. aseve dasavlur politikur da

sakanonmdeblo sivrcesTan adaptacia aucileblad gulisxmobda.

samoqalaqo, zomieri nacionalizmis Camoyalibebas da inkluziur

nacionalur proeqts

1992 wlis 8 dekembris radiointerviuSi84 SevardnaZe ambobda, rom

saqarTvelos yvelaferi unda eRona afxazeTis omis Rirseulad

dasamTavreblad. “am daskvnamde misvla CemTvis Zalian Zneli iyo, radgan

yovelTvis kompromisis da Serigebis mkveTrad gamoxatul poziciaze

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128

videqi da vdgavar. magram axla, ZaliT Tavsmoxveul am omSi, Cveni

analiziT, amis yvela Sansi amowurulia. unda gavakeToT is, razec

saqarTveloSi amJamad yvela ojaxi, yvela moqalaqe ocnebobs da bolo

movuRoT aseT viTarebas umoklesi gziT, Tundac igi yvelaze ekliani

iyos.” SevardnaZis sityviT, saqarTvelos Tavad unda gadaewyvita

sakuTari bedi, daecva qveynis damoukidebloba da teritoriuli

mTlianoba. igi ambobda, rom es ar niSnavda afxazebis ganadgurebas,

piriqiT, afxazeTs namdvili da qmediTi avtonomia unda hqonoda, Tumca

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos xelisufleba am problemas efeqturad

gadawyvetda. am interviuSi SevardnaZe pasuxismgeblobasac iRebda

afxazeTSi qarTuli jaris Sesvlaze da am faqts legitimurs da

safuZvlians uwodebda. SevardnaZis aseTi gzavnilebi, garkveulwilad,

teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo sazogadoebis mobilizaciasac

emsaxureboda. nacionalisturi da erovnuli interesebis mkacri

dacvisken mimarTuli ritorikiT igi cdilobda, am omSi saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis mxardaWera moepovebina. SevardnaZe saubrobda imaze, rom

qveyanas sakmarisi samxedro potenciali hqonda konfliqtis efeqturad

gadasawyvetad. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, rogorc davinaxeT, igi mainc

wavida kompromisze da ruseTis SuamavlobiT cecxlis Sewyvetis

SeTanxmebebi gaaforma, ramac Tavisi wvlili Seitana afxazeTSi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos marcxSi.

samoqalaqo identobis formirebisa da umciresobaTa integraciis

mniSvnelobas esmeba xazi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos meTauris

moxsenebaSi, romelic man 1992 wlis 9 oqtombers, saparlamento arCevnebis

win, mecnierebaTa akademiaSi waikiTxa.85 eduard SevardnaZis sityviT, misi,

rogorc parlamentis Tavjdomareobis kandidatis ZiriTadi gzavnilebi

iyo Tavisufleba, demokratia, konstitucia, adamianis uflebebi,

pluralizmi, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri partiebisa da

organizaciebis Seqmnisa da moqmedebis Tavisufleba, is principebi, rasac

gaero da civilizebuli msoflios politikuri mrwamsi da kultura

aRiarebs. yovelive am sikeTes igi hpirdeboda mosaxleobis yvela jgufs,

85

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 210-211. 1992.

129

saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, maT Soris, erovnul umciresobebs. misi

sityviT, saSinao politikaSi umTavresi iyo demokratiuli gardaqmnebi,

erovnuli konsensusi da Serigeba, konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mowesrigeba,

pirovnebis Tavisufleba, erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT

evrosaTaTbiros farglebSi aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba. igi

elodeboda gaeros mudmivmoqmedi warmomadgenlobis gaxsnas

saqarTveloSi, romelic saimedo instrumenti iqneboda erovnul

umciresobaTa problemebis samarTliani mowesrigebis saqmeSi. SevardnaZe

aseve hpirdeboda mosaxleobas, rom umciresobaTa uflebebi momaval

parlamentSi konstituciurad iqneboda garantirebuli (am dapirebis

Sesruleba srulyofilad ar moxerxda). igi mouwodebda mecnierebaTa

akademias, rom daarsebuliyo erovnuli umciresobebis da avtonomiuri

erTeulebis problemaTa Semswavleli centri. “me mivmarTav

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela xalxs, movuwodeb maT TanamSromlobis,

Zmobisa da megobrobisken. arCevis SemTxvevaSi, parlamentic da misi

Tavmjdomarec iZlevian maTi uflebebis dacvis srul garantiebs,” –

ganacxada SevardnaZem. man aseve xazi gausva im faqts, rom gansacdelis

Jams eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi yovelTvis gverdiT edgnen

qarTvelebs da maTTan erTad iaraRiT xelSi icavdnen saqarTvelos

interesebs.

sazogadoebis erTianobisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis idea kidev

erTxel gaJRerda saqarTvelos parlamentis 1993 wlis 13 ianvris

sxdomaze.86 saxelmwifos meTaurma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa im

faqts, rom axal parlamentSi warmodgenili iyvnen rogorc yofili

disidentebi, erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi,

aseve yofili komunistebi da isini erTad Sromobdnen axali qveynis

aSenebisTvis. SevardnaZem aRniSna, rom totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaSe ngrevis amocana idga. misi

sityviT, es moZraoba dResac grZeldeba, Tumca axla mas aRmSeneblobis

misia akisria. “am urTules da uZneles pirobebSi yvelani unda

gaverTiandeT erTiani saqarTvelosTvis da Cveni platformebi xels ar

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130

unda gviSlidnen am miznis ganxorcielebaSi,” – ganacxada saxelmwifos

meTaurma.

qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis samoqalaqo nacionalizmis

mimarTulebiT transformacias, aseve xelisuflebis centralizacias

mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli 1993 wlis 21 noembers politikuri

gaerTianeba “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris” dafuZnebam.87 es

organizacia, romelic eduard SevardnaZis iniciativiT Camoyalibda,

dominant Zalad iqca, romelic TiTqmis mTeli Semdgomi aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravda saqarTveloSi politikur procesebs.

damfuZnebel krebaze xazi gaesva im faqts, rom “moqalaqeTa kavSiri”

saqarTvelos respublikis yvela regionis, erovnebis, fenis, konfesiis

warmomadgenels gaaerTianebda. organizaciis dafuZnebis iniciatorTa

gancxadebiT, mniSvnelovani iyo partiis Seqmna swored im periodSi,

rodesac arsebobda mwvave dapirispireba eqsprezidentis momxreebTan.

oficialuri gancxadebis mixedviT, “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” daarsda,

rogorc radikaluri, destruqciuli gaerTianebebis alternatiuli Zala.

misi mTeli Zalisxmeva Serigebisa da samoqalaqo konsolidaciisken unda

yofiliyo mimarTuli.

politikuri gaerTianebis Tavmjdomared airCies eduard SevardnaZe,

romelmac ganacxada, rom moqalaqeTa kavSiri partiul kuTvnilebaze

maRla idga. igi ar iyo partiuli gaerTianeba, am cnebis Cveulebrivi

mniSvnelobiT. “Cveni Tavi migvaCnia saqarTvelos erovnul-

gamaTavisuflebeli, demokratiuli moZraobis, qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis aRorZinebisTvis, Cveni samSoblos namdvili

Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisTvis brZolis mravalsaukunovani

tradiciis memkvidreebad.” saxelmwifos meTauris sityviT, organizacia

orientacias iRebda zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebze, Sesabamisad, mis

saqmianobas safuZvlad daedeboda pirovnebis uflebebis, saqarTvelos

teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela eTnikuri jgufis uflebebis dacvis

principi. xazi gaesva im faqts, rom “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” Seiqmna

erTaSoris mSvidobis sakeTildReod, rac xels Seuwyobda afxazebTan,

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131

osebTan, somxebTan, azerbaijanelebTan, rusebTan mSvidobian da

megobrul Tanacxovrebas.

“moqalaqeTa kavSiris” damfuZnebel yrilobaze saxelmwifos

meTauris sityvis kidev erTi sayuradRebo momentia aqcenti momavalze.

SevardnaZis gancxadebiT, es iyo momavlis kavSiri, romelsac asparezze

unda gamoeyvana politikosTa axali Taoba, visac Seswevda ngrevis

SeCerebisa da aRmSeneblobis Zala. misi sityviT, swored ngrevam

gamoiyvana politikur avanscenaze bevri destruqciuli da radikaluri

mimarTulebis organizacia. axali politikuri gaerTianebis damfuZnebel

krebaze gaJRerebuli ideebis nawili aisaxa saqarTvelos realobaSi –

samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg politikuri da sazogadoebrivi

asparezidan TandaTan gaqrnen radikaluri mimarTulebis gaerTianebebi,

wina wamoiwia politikuri elitis axalma Taobam, romlis birTvi ukve

2000-iani wlebis dasawyisidan SevardnaZis opoziciad iqca. Tumca manamde,

1990-ian wlebSi, isini SevardnaZis upirobo mxardamWerebad iTvlebodnen

da saqarTvelos imJamindeli lideri stabilurobisa da keTildReobis

mTavar garantad miaCndaT.

Tavad organizaciis dasaxeleba – “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” – miuTiTebda

saxelisuflebo elitis prioritetebze. politikur diskursSi sabazisod

iqca moqalaqeobis cneba, rac ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebda

samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebis process.

“saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri” 1993 wlis Semodgomaze dafuZnda

– sul mcire xnis dasrulebuli iyo afxazeTis omi, jer kidev

samegreloSi myofi eqsprezidenti gamsaxurdia sakuTari Zalauflebis

aRdgenas cdilobda. cecxlis alSi gaxveuli qveyana da misi

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili wesrigs da simSvides iTxovda.

SevardnaZe, sakuTar memuarebSi, Tavs mexanZres adarebs, romelic erTi

adgilidan meores awydeba da almodebul qalaqSi cecxlis Caqrobas

cdilobs. “moqalaqeTa kavSirma” Tavisi politikuri kursis umTavres

gzavnilad sityva “stabiluroba” aqcia, riTac, vfiqrobT, sworad upasuxa

maSindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyobebs.

132

1994 wlidan SegviZlia davinaxoT stabilizaciis garkveuli niSnebi,

rac, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso

kavSirebis gaRrmavebasTan. am periodidan TbilisSi da qveynis sxva

qalaqebSi ukve imarTeboda masStaburi saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebi.

magaliTad, 1994 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi gaimarTa gaeros bavSvTa

fond “iunisefis” didi konferencia, imave periodSi Catarda “bisekis”

(Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia) garemos dacvis

konferencia da am oranizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa

ministrebis Sexvedra.88 qveyana nela, magram mainc iZenda garkveul

saerTaSoriso funqcias, rac misi aRiarebis da xelisuflebis

formalizaciis Tanmxleb procesad unda miviCnioT.

miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, saqarTveloSi jer kidev “modaSi” iyo

radikaluri quCis aqciebi da SimSilobebi. msgavs faqtebs gamoexmaura

SevardnaZe 1994 wlis noemberSi micemul tradiciul radiointerviuSi.89

misi sityviT, yvela adamians aqvs ara marto Wamis, aramed SimSilobis

uflebac, Tumca SimSilobebma, mitingurma azrovnebam da moqmedebam im

masStabebiT, rogoriTac es wina periodSi iyo, qveyanas uamravi ubedureba

moutana. “quCuri fsiqologia, arastabilurobis kerebis gaCena da

gaCaReba (Cven amis didi specialistebi varT), Zalian Zvirad,

aunazRaureblad Zvirad daujda saqarTvelos. Zalian Zvirad dagvijda

Cven provinciuli faSizmi.” SevardnaZe ambobda, rom garkveuli Zalebi

kvlav cdilobdnen sazogadoebisTvis Tavs moexviaT quCis politika. es

is Zalebi iyvnen, romlebic ver gadaeCvivne “quCa-quCa wanwals”

politikuri miznebiT, Tumca, misi azriT, amas sazogadoeba gadaeCvia,

radgan axal realobaSi uwevda cxovreba. “saqarTvelos moqalaqeni is

aRar arian, rac ramdenime wlis winaT iyvnen. gavida is dro, gaviareT is

etapi da sul sxva xalxTan, sul sxva moqalaqeebTan gvaqvs saqme. yvelam

unda gaigos, rom adamianebi dRes mxars uWeren stabilurobas,

normaluri cxovrebis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, Tundac, sruliad

umniSvnelos,” – acxadebda saqarTvelos lideri.

88

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #172. 1994. 89


133

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos momavalTan, samoqalaqo

konsolidaciasTan dakavSirebiT, sayuradReboa “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa

kavSiris” I yriloba (1994 wlis 22 marti).90 yrilobaze partiis

Tavmjdomarem warmoadgina gegma, romelic saxelmwifos ganviTarebis

prioritetebs saxavda. am gegmis mixedviT, “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” miznad

isaxavda demokratiuli, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da damoukidebeli,

suverenuli, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas. SevardnaZis

prognoziT, amis miRweva 2000 wlisTvis iqneboda SesaZlebeli.

xelisufleba apirebda kardinaluri sakanonmdeblo reformebis

gatarebas, romelTagan umTavresi iyo saqarTvelos konstituciis

SemuSaveba. es konstitucia 1921 wlis konstitucias unda dafuZneboda,

Tumca administraciuli struqturebis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT

radikaluri cvlilebebi unda momxdariyo. saxelmwifos meTauris

SexedulebiT, did gardaqmnas ar saWiroebda 1921 wlis konstituciis

normaTa is nawili, romelic pirovnebis uflebriv statuss exeboda. misi

sityviT, es normebi srulad Seesabamebodnen Tanamedrove msoflio

standartebs da saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom termini “qarTveli eri”, gamsaxurdias epoqis

msgavsad, am periodSic eTnikur Sinaarss atarebda. momavali

konstituciis proeqtSi xazgasmulia, rom sakonstitucio reformam xeli

unda Seuwyos “qarTveli erisa da sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis”

konsolidacias, Tumca iqve aRniSnulia, rom erovnul umciresobebTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi unda gadawydes evropuli da msoflio

standartebis doneze.

warmodgenil gegmaSi xazi aqvs gasmuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebis mniSvnelobas, romelic aseve 2000 wlisTvis unda

dasrulebuliyo. xelisufleba miznad isaxavda pluralisturi

sazogadoebis, qmediTunariani, myari, mravalpartiuli sistemis Seqmnas,

politikuri kulturis “civilizebuli qveynebis donemde awevas”,

provincializmis, sazogadoebis avadmyofuri polarizaciis daZlevas,

partiuli daqucmacebulobis gadalaxvas. am miznis miRwevisa da qveynis

90


134

stabilurobis mTavari garanti Tavad “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri”

unda yofiliyo, romelic araerT politikur partiasa da sazogadoebriv

organizacias aerTianebda.

aRniSnul yrilobaze warmodgenili saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis proeqti sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdenadac droSi zustad

gaweril da momavalze mkafiod orientirebul erT-erT pirvel

dokuments warmoadgens. dasaxulia konkretuli vadac – es yvelaferi

2000 wlisTvis unda yofiliyo miRweuli. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad SeZlo

saqarTvelos maSindelma politikurma elitam am miznis ganxorcieleba,

Tumca Tavad gegma da misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi sayuradRebo

informacias iZleva im periodis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis

TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb.

1995 wlidan kidev ufro Zlierdeba ritorika samoqalaqo

integraciis mimarTulebiT. am mxriv sainteresoa eduard SevardnaZis

viziti marneulSi91, sadac igi Sexvda adgilobriv mosaxleobas da

yvavilebiT Seamko SoTa rusTavelisa da nizami ganjelis Zeglebi.

saxelmwifos meTaurma Seaxsena marneulel azerbaijanelebs, rom isini

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi arian da maTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi

konstituciuradaa dakanonebuli. “darwmunebuli var, rom iseve rogorc

dRemde, momavalSic mTel am mxareSi Zmurad da megobrulad icxovreben

qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi, yvela erisa da

erovnebis Svilebi, rom Cveni megobroba magaliTi iqneba mTeli

kavkasiisTvis, gansakuTrebiT Cveni regionisTvis,” – aRniSna eduard

SevardnaZem.

saxelmwifos meTaurma marneulelebs madloba gadauxada imisaTvis,

rom isini pativs scemdnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifos enas da aRuTqva,

rom xelisufleba Tavis Tavze aiRebda axalgazrda TaobebisaTvis

qarTuli enis swavlebis organizebas. man piroba misca Sekrebilebs, rom

saqarTvelos xelisufleba kvlavac pativiscemiT moepyroboda

azerbaijanul enas, kulturasa da tradiciebs, rom maTTvis

garantirebuli da uzrunvelyofili iqneboda swavleba mSobliur enaze,

91


135

Ria iqneboda umaRlesi saswavleblebis kari rogorc TbilisSi, aseve

respublikis sxva qalaqebSi. “davamyaroT mSvidoba Cvens saxelmwifoSi da

erTad mivaRwioT mSvidobasa da stabilurobas mTlianad amierkavkasiaSi,”

_ ganacxada SevardnaZem.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom azerbaijanul mosaxleobasTan Sexvedris

Semdeg SevardnaZe imave dRes gaemgzavra marneulis raionis sofel

SaumianSi, sadac somexi erovnebis saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi cxovroben.

saxelmwifos meTaurma somxebs mouwoda, CarTuliyvnen saqarTveloSi

dawyebul aRmSeneblobiT procesebSi da qveynis srulfasovan

moqalaqeebad egrZnoT Tavi.

1995 wlis martSi TbilisSi, moqalaqeTa kavSiris iniciativiT,

Catarda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTveli mosaxleobis pirveli

forumi. forums eswrebodnen saxelmwifos meTauri da xelisuflebis

sxva warmomadgenlebi. forumis mimdinareobisas xazis gaesva

saqarTvelos qarTveli da araqarTveli moqalaqeebis mSvidobiani

Tanacxovrebis da Tanasworuflebianobis mniSvnelobas. am faqts eduard

SevardnaZe interviuSic gamoexmaura da aRniSna, rom es forumi niSnavda

sxvadasxva erovnebis moqalaqeTa Soris axali urTierTobebis

mSeneblobis dawyebas. “Cven mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT bednieri da

demokratiuli qveynis aSenebas, Tu saqarTvelo aq mcxovrebi yvela erisa

da erovnebis moqalaqeTa samSoblo gaxdeba,” – ganacxada saxelmwifos

meTaurma. man xazi gausva qveynis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis, adamianTa

uflebebis dacvis, saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis, erTianobasa da

mTlianobaze zrunvis mniSvnelobas. mxolod am gziT iqneboda

SesaZlebeli im mankierebebis gadalaxva, romelic bolo wlebisTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli.92

imave periodSi, 1995 wlis 13 ivniss, TbilisSi gaimarTa forumi

“kulturaTa dialogi solidarobisTvis, agresiulobisa da

Seurigeblobis dasaZlevad”.93 forumze sityviT gamovida saxelmwifos

meTauri, romelmac xazi gausva tolerantobis swavlebis mniSvnelobas

92

gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #30. 1995. 93

gaz. saqarTvelos respublika”. #83. 1995.

136

mSvidobisa da stabilurobis damyarebaSi. man isaubra saqarTveloze, mis

warsulsa da awmyoze, qveyana warmoadgina rogorc xidi aRmosavleTsa da

dasavleTs Soris, adgili, sadac erTmaneTs erwymodnen kulturebi da

religiebi. sxvaTa Soris, am mxriv, SevardnaZe exmianeboda da agrZelebda

misi winamorbedis, zviad gamsaxurdias ideebs saqarTvelos istoriul

funqciasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, ritorika gacilebiT

dabalansebuli da racionaluri iyo. saxelmwifos meTauris

SexedulebiT, postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli destruqciuli

procesebi swored Semwynareblobisa da tolerantobis naklebobam

gamoiwvia. amis magaliTad mas Tbilisi da gadamwvari rusTavelis

prospeqti mohyavda. misi sityviT, eTnikuri mravalferovneba, romelic

saqarTvelos istoriul simdidres warmoadgenda, dRes konfliqtebis,

eTnowmendisa da genocidis wyarod iqca. 300 000-mde saqarTvelos

moqalaqe gamoaZeves sakuTari saxlebidan, aTasobiT daxvrites da awames.

SevardnaZe gamoTqvamda imeds, rom kulturebs Soris dialogi

konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan faqtorad

iqceoda.

1995 weli saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebis welia, Sesabamisad,

aqtiuri debatebi mimdinareobda konstituciis proeqtze, romelic

saqarTvelos parlaments agvistoSi unda mieRo. sainteresoa

sakonstitucio komisiis 1995 wlis 29 maisis sxdoma94, romlis

Canawerebidan irkveva, rom garkveuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba yofila

eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebTan da statusTan dakavSirebiT. komisiis

wevrebi eWvqveS ar ayenebdnen im faqts, rom umciresobaTa sakiTxebi

konstituciaSi saTanadod unda yofiliyo warmodgenili, Tumca

gansxvavebuli iyo damokidebuleba am sakiTxebis asaxvis gzebisadmi.

komisiis wevrebis nawili fiqrobda, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

Seqmnis procesSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela erovnebis adamiani,

upirvelesad, saqarTvelos moqalaqea, xolo Semdeg – qarTveli, osi,

afxazi, somexi da a. S. am poziciis momxreebi fiqrobdnen, rom

94

gaz “saqarTvelos respublika”. #60. 1995.

137

konstituciaSi umciresobebisTvis calke muxlis daTmoba, SeiZleboda,

maTi erTgvari Seuracxyofa yofiliyo.

arsebobda meore pozicia, romlis momxreebi Tvlidnen, rom unda

SenarCunebuliyo 1921 wlis konstituciis standarti da umciresobaTa

sakiTxi calke yofiliyo gatanili. eduard SevardnaZis sityviT,

erovnul umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi konstituciaSi

saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad unda asaxuliyo, Tumca

SesaZlebeli iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciis

gamoyenebac. saxelmwifos meTaurma sakuTari gamosvlisas kidev erTxel

daadastura, rom saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofda TiToeuli moqalaqis

Tanasworobas socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da politikur

cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi “erovnuli Tu eTnikuri, religiuri Tu

enobrivi kuTvnilebisa”. SevardnaZem xazi gausva, rom es keTdeboda ara

saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisTvis xarkis gadasaxdelad, aramed es

iyo qarTvelebis Tandayolili Tviseba, romelic “Cven sisxlSi gvizis da

Cveni mrwamsia”.

“saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos erovnul,

enobriv Tu religiur umciresobaTa ufleba – Tavisuflad, yovelgvari

diskriminaciis da Carevis gareSe ganaviTaron Tavisi kultura,

isargeblon deda-eniT pirad cxovrebaSi da sajarod, risTvisac

mravalerovan adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebSi kulturul da

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisaTvis gamoyofili saxsrebis nawili unda

moxmardes zemoaRniSnuli miznebis ganxorcielebas.” – ganacxada eduard

SevardnaZem.

miuxedavad umciresobaTa uflebebis ganuxreli mxardaWerisa,

xazgasmiT aRiniSna, rom umcirisobaTa uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda

ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, teritoriul mTlianobasa

da damoukideblobas. SevardnaZis sityviT, am principis dacva

aucilebelia im mware gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelic saqarTveloSi

arsebobda. igi gulisxmobda afxazeTis konfliqts, sadac, misi azriT,

umciresobisTvis miniWebulma gadaWarbebulma uflebebma umravlesoba

daazarala da saqarTvelos mTlianobis darRveva gamoiwvia.

138

samoqalaqo omis recidivebi. miuxedavad saxelmwifos oficialuri

politikis mkveTri cvlilebisa samoqalaqo konsolidaciisa da

xelisuflebis centralizaciis mimarTulebiT, mSvidobisa da

Serigebisken gadadgmuli nabijebisa, saqarTveloSi arsebuli realuri

viTareba kvlav konfrontaciuli da feTqebadsaSiSi iyo. afxazeTis omis

dasrulebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias gardacvalebis Semdeg,

dapirispirebis avanscenad Tbilisi iqca. mkvlelobebi, teraqtebi,

“saZmoebad” dayofil SeiaraRebul formirebebs Soris konfliqtebi

dedaqalaqis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili gaxda. eqsperti daviT

gamcemliZe 1993-1995 wlebis periods saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi

umniSvnelovaness uwodebs, radgan am dros sruldeba samoqalaqo omi da

iwyeba brZola xelisuflebis konsolidaciisa da saxelmwifo

institutebis CamoyalibebisTvis.95 am periodidan Zveli mokavSireebi

mtrebad iqcnen. xelisuflebas CamoSornen gamsaxurdias damxobis

organizatorebi, yofili samxedro sabWos wevrebi, Tavdacvis ministri

Tengiz kitovani da premier-ministri Tengiz sigua. dapirispireba

gaRrmavda eduard SevadnaZesa da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg mis

mTavar dasayrden jaba ioselians Soris. afxazeTSi xangrZlivi omis

Semdeg dedaqalaqSi dabrunebuli ioseliani da misi gadarCenili

TanamebrZolebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen, xelisuflebis

konsolidaciis gzaze damdgar SevardnaZes ZalauflebaSi mocile aRar

sWirdeboda. saxelmwifos meTaurs mowinaaRmdegeebi sakuTar mTavrobaSic

gauCda. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom 1993 wlidan, samoqalaqo omis

Semdeg, saqarTvelom TandaTan daiwyo prodasavluri kursis

ganxorcieleba. am tendencias daupirispirda xelisuflebis zogierTi

wevri, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc SevardnaZem ruseTis xelisuflebis

rekomendaciiT daniSna (magaliTad, aseTebi iyvnen Tavdacvis ministri

vardiko nadibaiZe da uSiSroebis ministri igor giorgaZe).

eduard SevardnaZe xelisuflebis konsolidaciisTvis brZolidan

sabolood gamarjvebuli gamovida. am wels saqarTveloSi dasrulda

95

interviu daviT gamcemliZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gangsteruli saqarTvelo” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioTmNY7ZTVk

139

naxevrad gasamxedroebuli, araformaluri gaerTianebebis Zalauflebis

periodi, romlebic procesebs jer kidev 1980-iani wlebis bolodan

akontrolebdnen. zogierTi imdroindeli politikosis SexedulebiT, es

ar iyo brZola mxolod ZalauflebisTvis, es iyo brZola saqarTvelos

arCevanisTvis, Tu ra gziT wavidoda igi – dasavlur politikur kurss

airCevda Tu rusuls. vaxtang rCeuliSvili ambobs, rom es iyo ruseTis

da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dapirispirebis konkretuli

gamoxatuleba TbilisSi, radgan eduard SevardnaZe am periodidan

mkveTrad irCevs prodasavlur, konkretulad, proamerikul kurss.96

3.1.1. fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi – kanoni moqalaqeobis

Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos konstitucia

1992-1995 wlebSi qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis samoqalaqo

transformacias xeli Seuwyo fundamenturma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma.

mTavari aqtebi, romlebmac, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebis centralizacia,

xolo, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo identobis diskursis gaZliereba

ganapirobes, aris kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da saqarTvelos

konstitucia.

zviad gamsaxurdias politikuri koaliciis “mrgvali magidia _

Tavisufali saqarTvelos” xelisuflebaSi mosvlis periodidan,

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba aqtiuri diskusiis sagani gaxda.

Tavdapirvelad gamsaxurdia radikalur poziciaze idga da saqarTvelos

moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebas iTxovda.

miuxedavad amisa, 1991 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo

kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelsac, rogorc davinaxeT, liberaluri

xasiaTi hqonda. es iyo zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobis periodi,

rodesac qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma ukve SeiZina garkveuli

samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi da es tendencia miRebul kanonSic aisaxa.

uzenaesma sabWom kanoni ki miiRo, magram imJamindeli xelisufleba

mmarTvelobis bolo Tveebs iTvlida da misi realuri amoqmedeba aRar

moxerxda.

96

interviu vaxtang rCeuliSvilTan ix. iqve.

140

saxelmwifo institutebis mSeneblobis gzaze damdgarma eduard

SevardnaZis xelisuflebam 1993 wlis 25 marts xelaxla miiRo kanoni

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.97 kanonis miRebisas, romelic calsaxad liberalur

xasiaTs atarebda, xelisuflebam mxedvelobaSi miiRo saqarTveloSi

arsebuli eTnopolitikuri viTareba da qveynis moqalaqeoba mianiWa

saqarTvelos yvela macxovrebels. kanoni ar iTvaliswinebda iseT

sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, saxelmwifo enisa

da qveynis istoriis codna. liberalizmis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos

kanonma moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb gauswro bevr evropul demokratul

saxelmwifos (Jones 2006: 260).

moqalaqeoba mieniWa saqarTvelos yvela mcxovrebs, romelic kanonis

miRebis droisTvis, anu 1993 wlis martisTvis, qveyanaSi cxovrobda.

kanonSi aseve xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeni

kanonis winaSe Tanasworni arian, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa,

sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli,

eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da

wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa. saqarTvelos

moqalaqeebs garantirebuli aqvT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da

saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli politikuri, socialur-

ekonomikuri, agreTve piradi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. saxelmwifom

ganacxada, rom daicavda Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebs rogorc qveynis

teritoriaze, aseve mis farglebs gareT.

es kanoni, dRevandeli perspeqtividanac, calsaxad inkluziuria,

Tundac im TvalsazrisiT, rom moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvelebs aranair

specialur moTxovnebs ar uyenebs. samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlSi myof

qveyanaSi msgavsi kanoni namdvilad SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc

sakvanZo xasiaTis dokumenti, romelmac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba

samoqalaqo qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis Semdgomi ganviTareba.

samoqalaqo nacionalizmis gansazRvrisas moqalaqeobis cnebas

fundamenturi mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored moqalaqis loialuroba

97

kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://mra.gov.ge/res/docs/2013110412031013274.pdf

141

saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi damkvirebuli faseulobebis mimarT aris

is fundamenti, romelsac samoqalaqo identoba unda daefuZnos.

meore umniSvnelvanesi aqti, romelmac sabolood gansazRvra

qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis inkluziuri, samoqalaqo buneba, aris

1995 wlis 24 agvistos miRebuli saqarTvelos konstitucia.98

konstituciis preambulaSi gamoxatulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa

neba, damkvidrdes demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba,

uzrunvelyofil iqnas adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da

Tavisuflebani, ganmtkicdes saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da sxva

xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia

1921 wlis konstitucias daefuZna, riTac xazi gaesva 1918-1921 wlebis

demokratiul respublikasTan memkvidreobiTobas da saxelmwifoebriobis

erTgvar uwyvetobas. aseve xazi gaesva 1991 wlis 31 martis referendums,

romelic saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris, afxazeTis

avtonomiur respublikasa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarda.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukidebloba, erTianoba da ganuyofloba

aseve dadasturda 1991 wlis 9 aprilis damoukideblobis aqtiT.

konstituciiT saxeli Seecvala saqarTvelos respublikas da ewoda

saqarTvelo. qveynis saxelmwifo enad ganisazRvra qarTuli, xolo

afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi – agreTve afxazuri.

zviad gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodidan mudmivad

mimdinareobda aqtiuri debatebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

marTlmadidebloba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo religiad unda

gamocxadebuliyo. zemoT ganvixileT gamsaxurdias araerTi sajarod

gamoTqmuli mosazreba Tu mimarTva, sadac igi Riad afiqsirebda

marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis survils. 1995

wlis konstituciam zRvari daudo am Temis saxelmwifo doneze

ganxilvas da oficialur qarTul nacionalur proeqts sabolood misca

sekularuli xasiaTi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom aRiara rwmenisa da

aRmsareblobis sruli Tavisufleba, Tumca, amave dros, aRiara

saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebluri religiis 98

saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia ix. bmulze: http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68

142

gansakuTrebuli roli qveynis istoriaSi, aRiarebul iqna agreTve

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis principi.

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis msgavsad, saqarTvelos konstituciac

aRiarebs, rom yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tanasworia, ganurCevlad

rasobrivi, enobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri, sqesobrivi Tu sxva saxis

mikuTvnebulobisa. konstituciis mixedviT, dauSvebelia adamianis devna

sityvis, azris, aRmsareblobis an rwmenis gamo, aseve misi iZuleba,

gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexeduleba maT Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

aRiarebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis uflebas, yovelgvari

diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe ganaviTaron sakuTari kultura,

isargeblon dedaeniT rogorc sajarod, aseve pirad cxovrebaSi. Tumca,

iqve aRniSnulia, rom umciresobaTa uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda

ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, saxelmwifo wyobilebas,

teritoriul mTlianobasa da politikur damoukideblobas.

adamianis uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo

saxalxo damcvelis institutis SemoReba, romelic 1995 wlis

konstituciiTaa garantirebuli. saxalxo damcvels mieniWa

uflebamosileba, zedamxedveloba gaewia saqarTvelos teritoriaze

adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvisTvis.

1995 wlis konstituciiT SemoRebuli iqna prezidentis posti da

qveyana ganisazRvra, rogorc saprezidento respublika. saqarTvelos

prezidentis mieniWa saxelmwifos meTauris uflebamosileba. igi gaxda

qveynis erTianobisa da erovnuli damoukideblobis garanti. prezidentis

postis SemoRebiT, SevardnaZis xelisuflebam daasrula Zalauflebis

centralizacia da konsolidacia.

zemoT Cven SevexeT azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, romelic sakontitucio

komisiis wevrebs Soris arsebobda erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis

calke Tavad arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxze. saboloo gadawyvetilebis

mixedviT, 1921 wlis konstituciisgan99 gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos 1995

wlis konstituciaSi specialuri muxli ar aqvs daTmobili umciresobaTa

ufleba-movaleobebs. calkeul TavebSi vxvdebiT debulebebs, rom 99

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstitucia ix. bmulze: http://constcommission.ge/1921

143

saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe Tanasworia, ganurCevlad sxvadasxva saxis

mikuTvnebulobebisa. es faqti calsaxad miuTiTebs Sesaswavli periodis

qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis samoqalaqo xasiaTze. am

gadawyvetilebiT saxelmwifom daadastura sakuTari moqalaqeebis

sayovelTao Tanasworoba da calke ar gamoyo ama Tu im eTnikuri Tu

religiuri jgufis gansakuTrebuli ufleba-movaleobani.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis Semdeg,

moqalaqeobis sakiTxma 1995 wlis konstituciaSic erT-erTi centraluri

adgili daikava. Sesabamisad, 1995 wlidan saqarTvelos saxelmwifos

oficialuri politika sabolood gadavida samoqalaqo nacionalizmis

relsebze. am orma fundamenturma sakanonmdeblo aqtma zRvari daudo

“oficialuri nacionalizmis” winaaRmdegobriobas. saqarTvelos

sazogadoeba ukve axal realobaSi ganagrZobda cxovrebas.

144

3.2. eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken – saqarTvelo 1995-2003

wlebSi

1995 wlis konstituciis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi dainiSna

saparlamento da saprezidento arCevnebi, romelic imave wlis 5 noembers

Catarda. mosaxleobam erTdroulad airCia qveynis prezidenti da

umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo.

1995 wlis 5 noembris saparlamento arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba

hqonda im partiasa da politikur gaerTianebas, romelic warmoadgenda

50 000 mxardamWeris xelmoweras, an romelsac saqarTvelos parlamentSi

hyavda warmomadgeneli konstituciis miRebis dRisTvis. proporciuli

sistemis mixedviT arCevnebi tardeboda erTiani partiuli siiT.

politikur gaerTianebas ufleba hqonda, maJoritarul olqSi waredgina

deputatobis is kandidatic, romelic mis partiul siaSi ar iyo.

afxazeTSi, separatistuli reJimis gamo, arCevnebi ar daniSnula, amitom

afxazeTis deputacias uflebamosileba gaugrZelda. afxazeTis

warmomadgenloba Sedgeboda 12 deputatisgan. konstituciisa da saarCevno

kanonis Tanaxmad, parlamentis Semadgenloba ganisazRvra 235 deputatiT.

arCevnebSi 53 politikuri gaerTianeba da partia monawileobda, Tumca

5%-iani barieri mxolod samma maTganma gadalaxa. yvelaze meti,

amomrCevelTa xmebis 23% moipova “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSirma”,

“erovnul-demokratiulma partiam” 8%, xolo aslan abaSiZis “aRorZinebis

kavSirma” 7%-mde miiRo.

SevardnaZis politikurma blokma “moqalaqeTa kavSirma”, marTalia,

xmaTa umravlesoba ver moipova, Tumca man saqarTvelos parlamentSi 90

sadeputato mandati miiRo, aseve am gaerTianebam SeZlo sakanonmdeblo

organoSi 18 maJoritaris gayvana.

eduard SevardnaZes saqarTvelos axal parlamentSi mniSvnelovani

dasayrdeni hyavda. man damajereblad gaimarjva saqarTvelos prezidentis

arCevnebSi, miiRo ra amomrCevlelTa xmebis 74%. mis garda, saprezidento

arCevnebSi kidev 5 kandidati monawileobda, romelTagan yvelaze meti –

xmebis 16% - yofil komunist funqcioners jumber patiaSvils ergo.

arCevnebSi aseve monawileobda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

145

wevri da “rusTavelis sazogadoebis” Tavmjdomare akaki baqraZe, Tumca

man mniSvnelovan warmatebas ver miaRwia.100 saparlamento da

saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad eduard SevardnaZem sabolood

ganimtkica Zalaufleba.

1995 wlis 26 noembers gaimarTa saqarTvelos axlad arCeuli

prezidentis inauguraciis ceremonia. sainauguracio sityvaSi eduard

SevardnaZem xazi gausva am dRis istoriulobas, misi sityviT, es iyo

saqarTvelos konstituciis amoqmedebis, Sesabamisad, qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis zeimi, saqarTvelos suverenitetis,

damoukideblobis, demokratiis, Tavisuflebis dResaswauli.

prezidentma aseve isaubra warsulTan kavSirsa da istoriis

uwyvetobaze – “es ara marto Tanamedrove saqarTvelos dResaswaulia, es

farnavazis, vaxtang gorgaslis, bagrat mesamis, daviT aRmaSeneblis,

Tamaris, giorgi brwyinvalis, erekle meoris saqarTvelos zeimic

gaxlavT.” SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom inauguraciaze misvlamde

mTawmindis panTeonSi imyofeboda, sadac pativi miago didi winaprebis

xsovnas. am aqtiT, romelic, misi sityviT, tradiciad unda qceuliyo,

SevardaZem simbolurad gamoxata, rom saqarTvelos prezidenti iyo

“istoriul droTa kavSiris” simbolo (saqarTvelos prezidentebis

sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 29).

eduard SevardnaZis sainauguracio sityva religiur ritorikasac

Seicavda. inauguraciis win prezidenti, kaTalikos-patriarqTan erTad,

sveticxovels estumra. SevardnaZis sityviT, es viziti datvirTuli iyo

“RvTaebrivi SinaarsiT”, es iyo prezidentis RmerTTan laparaki, Tu

rogor waruZRves ers. am SemTxvevaSi, prezidentma ilia WavWavaZis

citirebiT sakuTari Tavi “TergdaleulebTan” daakavSira, romlebic, misi

sityviT, qarTveli eris “mamamTavrebi” iyvnen. eduard SevardnaZem xazi

gausva saqarTvelos eklesiis mniSvnelobas, Tumca ganacxada, rom

eklesia saxelmwifosgan gamoyofilia da man saxelmwifos mxardamxar,

magram misgan damoukideblad unda izrunos qveynisa da sazogadoebis

ganviTarebaze. 100

informacia arCevnebisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf

146

SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom iqneboda saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garanti

da aRniSna, rom adamianuri ganzomileba saxelmwifo politikis umaRlesi

kriteriumia.

prezidentma misi mmarTvelobis erT-erT ZiriTad miznad,

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formirebasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba gamoacxada. SevardnaZis

SexedulebiT, am miznis miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo erovnul umciresobaTa

problemebis mogvarebis gareSe. konstituciis safuZvelze Seqmnil

prezidentis saxelmwifo programas unda uzrunveleyo yvela eTnikuri,

erovnuli, enobrivi umciresobis konstituciuri uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis realuri dacva. programa aseve iTvaliswinebda

politikur organizaciebTan konstruqciuli urTierTobebis,

pluralizmis, Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis principebis danergvas


prezidents sakuTar mimarTvaSi Riad ar gaukeTebia aqcenti qveynis

sagaremo politikur kursze. igi zogadi gzavnilebiT Semoifargla,

mouwoda msoflio Tanamegobrobas demokratiuli wesrigisa da

usafrTxoebis dacvisken, postsabWoTa ganviTarebadi qveynebis

daxmarebisken, saerTaSriso sivrceSi maTi Rirseuli integraciis mizniT,

agreTve terorizmis, agresiuli separatizmisa da eqstremistuli

nacionalizmis winaaRmdeg brZolisken. SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom

uaxloes wlebSi kidev ufro amaRldeboda saqarTvelos, rogorc

damoukidebeli, demokratiuli, suverenuli qveynis imiji saerTaSoriso

asparezze (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 37).

miuxedavad imisa, rom sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT,

SevardnaZis sityvaSi mkafio gancxadeba ar gakeTebula, saxelmwifos

mowyobis is modeli, romelzec prezidenti saubrobda, TavisTavad

gulisxmobda dasavlur orientacias da evropul sistemasTan adaptacias.

“samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Ria samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, socialurad

orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika, demokratia, suvereniteti,

Tavisufleba, konsitituciisa da kanonis uzenaesoba – ai, Cveni mTavari

147

miznebi da amocanebi,” – ganacxada SevardnaZem (saqarTvelos

prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 38).

3.2.1. adaptacia dasavlur samyarosTan

afxazeTis omis dros naTlad gamoCnda saqarTvelos sagareo

politikuri prioritetebis bundovani xasiaTi. saxelmwifos imJamindeli

meTauri, erTi mxriv, Riad uwodebda am oms saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris

dapirispirebas, xolo, meore mxriv, saqarTvelom ruseTTan dadebuli

xelSekrulebebiT daakanona ruseTis, rogorc Suamavlis roli qveyanaSi

arsebul eTnopolitikur kofliqtebSi. saxelmwifos teritoriaze

ruseTi sajariso SenaerTebis yofnas legaluri safuZveli Seeqmna

(kereseliZe 2012: 22). rogorc 1992-1995 wlebSi mimdinare procesebis

analizis dros davinaxeT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauri xSirad

saubrobda ruseTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebaze.

1994 wels gaformda CarCo-xelSekruleba ruseTis federaciasa da

saqarTvelos respublikas Soris megobrobis, keTilmezoblobisa da

TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. es dokumenti moiwona da daamtkica

saqarTvelos parlamentma. antirusuli ganwyobebis fonze, saqarTvelos

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebac am

politikis nawilad unda miviCnioT. maSin es faqti eduard SevardnaZem

afxazeTis dabrunebis realuri perspeqtivis SenarCunebiT axsna.

miuxedavad politikis winaaRmdegobriobisa da bundovanebisa, igi

savsebiT logikurad SegviZlia avxsnaT, Tu gavixsenebT 1992-1993 wlebSi

saqarTveloSi arsebul viTarebas. qveynis danawevrebisa da

xelisuflebis dakargvis safrTxis qveS myofi eduard SevardnaZe misTvis

Cveuli lavirebis pragmatul politikas atarebda. mas Semdeg, rac man

SeinarCuna da ganimtkica xelisufleba, TandaTan Secvala sagareo-

politikuri prioriteti dasavleTis sasargeblod. Zalauflebis

formalizaciisa da gamyarebis procesi 1995 wlis konstituciiTa da

arCevnebiT dasrulda. SevardnaZis kursis cvla, erTi mxriv, ruseTis,

xolo, meore mxriv, saqarTveloSi arsebuli prorusuli Zalebis

148

ukmayofilebas iwvevda. erT-erTi versiiT, 1995 wels SevardnaZis

likvidacia swored prodasavluri kursis gamo surdaT.

1996 wlidan prezident SevardnaZis xelisuflebis sagareo-

politikuri kursi ukve mkveTrad ixreba dasavleTisken. urTierTobebi

gaZlierda dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT, amerikis

SeerTebul StatebTan. 1996 wels daiwyo Crdiloatlantikuri

xelSekrulebis organizaciasTan (nato) kontaqtebis gaRrmaveba pirveli

individualuri partniorobis programis meSveobiT. 1999 wlidan, ruseTis

xelisuflebaSi vladimer putinis mosvlis Semdeg, ruseT-saqarTvelos

urTierTobebi gauaresda. saqarTvelo gamovida koleqtiuri

usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciidan. CeCneTis meore omis dros

saomar moqmedebebs gamoqceuli ltolvilebi pankisis xeobas moadgnen.

CeCeni mebrZolebis mfarvelobis sababiT, ruseTis samxedro aviaciam

ramdenjerme daarRvia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce (kereseliZe 2012: 23).

ruseTTan garTulebuli urTierTobebis fonze, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebam kidev ufro gaaRrmava TanamSromloba amerikis SeerTebul

StatebTan. 2002 wlidan aSS-m, saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosTan

erTad saqarTveloSi daiwyo wvrTnisa da aRWurvis erToblivi programis

ganxorcieleba. 1999 wlidan saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi CaerTnen

natos samSvidobo operaciebSi.

1999 wels euTos stambulis samitze miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba

ruseTis samxedro bazebis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gayvanis Sesaxeb,

romelic wlebis Semdeg, magram mainc Sesrulda.

saqarTvelo gawevrianda regionuli da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis

saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi – euToSi, Savi zRvis ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis organizaciaSi (biseki), msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi.

qveyanas regular finansur daxmarebas uwevdnen saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondi da evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki.

1993 wlidan dasavleTs mzardi interesi gauCnda kaspiis zRvis auzis

navTobis resursebisadmi. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mxridan daiwyo

gacnobiTi vizitebi; SemuSavda saerTaSoriso strategiuli mniSvnelobis

energoproeqtebi. magaliTad, 1993 wels mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebis

149

xelmoweriT evrokavSirma samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan SeimuSava evropa-

kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefnis (traseka) programa, romelsac

saqarTveloc SeuerTda. saqarTvelo aseve gaxda baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis

ZiriTadi milsadenisa da baqo-Tbilisi-erzerumis gazsadenis proeqtebis

nawili (kereseliZe 2012: 24).

dasavluri integraciis gzaze praqtikuli nabijebis paralelurad,

1996 wlidan gaZlierda prodasavluri ritorika. 1996 wlis aprilSi

saqarTvelom xeli moawera SeTanxmebas evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da

TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. prezident SevardnaZis mier luqsemburgSi

warmoTqmuli sityva sayuradRebo gzavnilebs Seicavda.101

prezidenti SeTanxmebaze xelmoweras istoriuls uwodebda, radgan

Cveni winaprebi gamudmebiT eZebdnen gzebs evropasTan dasaaxloeblad.

SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom maTi nafiqrali ukve realur konturebs

iZenda – gadaidga konkretuli nabijebi dasavluri integraciis

mimarTulebiT. SevardnaZis sityviT, evropasTan daaxloeba qarTveli

moRvaweebisTvis arasodes yofila ubralo axireba, isini naTlad

acnobierebdnen im aucilebel WeSmaritebas, rom swored evropaSi

Caisaxa da ganviTarda pirovnebis is paradigma, romlis mixedviT,

adamianTa modgma unda gaTavisuflebuliyo misive xeliT Semqnili

borkilebisgan. “dRevandeli evropis kavSiri civilizebuli integraciis

magaliTs warmoadgens da am TvalsazrisiT gzas ukvalavs danarCen

msoflios, maT Soris, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas”.

SevardnaZe Tvlida, rom evrointegracia ar ewinaaRmdegeboda dsT-s

interesebs, piriqiT, igi xels iwyobda am organizaciis Semdgom winsvlas.

SevardnaZe miiCnevda, rom evropuli struqturebis urTierTobas

axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoebTan sruliad gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda. Tuki rames SeeZlo, Seuqcevadi gaexada

demokratiuli gardaqmnebisa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesi,

xeli Seewyo teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisTvis, erovnul

umciresobaTa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvisTvis, es, pirvel rigSi,

evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT gafarToeba iyo.

101


150

prezidenti kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda evropis mzardi interesiT

kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis mimarT, rasac evrokavSiri saqmiT adasturebda.

man madloba gadauxada evropul saxelmwifoebs sakvebi produqtebiT

momaragebis programebisTvis, romelmac qarTveli xalxis fizikur

gadarCenaSi didi wvlili Seitana. SevardnaZe imedovnebda, rom

daiwyeboda evropa-amerika-aziis satransporto derefnis proeqti,

romelsac man saukunis proeqti uwoda. misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi,

kavkasia aRidgenda Tavis istoriul funqcias – gaxdeboda kontinentebisa

da civilizaciebis damakavSirebeli xidi.

saqarTvelos amosvla samoqalaqo omis Waobidan da

saxelmwifoebriobis gzaze dadgoma SevardnaZem pirdapir daukavSira

evrokavSiris Zalisxmevasa da daxmarebas. “saqarTvelom, am sityvis

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, gamoiara jojoxeTi. es iyo yvelas omi yvelas

winaaRmdeg, kriminaluri bandebis TareSi, romlebmac qveyana gavlenis

sferoebad dayves”. prezidentis sityviT, cotac _ da qveyana sabolood

iqceoda kriminalur saxelmwifod. swored maSin, 1992 wlis zafxulSi,

evrokavSirma miiRo saqarTvelos daxmarebis istoriuli gadawyvetileba,

ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada Tvisebrivi cvlilebebi qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesSi. ailagma ukanono

SeiaraRebuli formirebebi da damyarda wesrigi.

1999 wlis 12 ianvris radiointerviuSi102 saqarTvelos prezidentma

mWidrod daakavSira erTmaneTTan saqarTvelos dasavluri integracia,

misi saerTaSoriso funqcia da qveyanaSi eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis

mogvareba. “abreSumis gzis” proeqtze saubrisas man ganacxada, rom

konfliqtebis mogvarebiT ruseTic unda yofiliyo dainteresebuli,

radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi uSualod CaerTveboda proeqtis

ganxorcielebaSi da umoklesi gziT daukavSirdeboda samxreTis bazrebs.

“aRorZinebul “abreSumis gzas” me megobrobisa da stabilurobis xidsac

davarqmevdi,” – ganacxada saqarTvelos prezidentma.

man aseve isaubra afxazeTis konfliqtze da Tqva, rom evropuli

uSiSroebis principebi SeuTavsebelia iseT konfliqtebTan, rogoric

102


151

afxazeTSi ganviTarda, ramdenadac arsebobs misi ufro farTo arealze

gavrcelebis safrTxe. SevardnaZis sityviT, evropis uSiSroebisa da

TanamSromlobis principebTan aseve SeuTavsebelia eTnowmenda, es ki

afxazeTis realobaa, romelic aRiarebulia euTos budapeStisa da

lisabonis samitebze. “nuravis daaviwydeba soxumSic da TbilisSic, rom

Cven evropuli sivrcis nawili varT, rac did pasuximgeblobas gvakisrebs

zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa upirobo aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT,” –

ganacxada man.

1999 wels saqarTvelo evrosabWos wevri gaxda. es faqti SeiZleba

miviCnioT postsabWoTa periodSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erT-erT

yvelaze mniSvnelovan warmatebad, romelic man evrointegraciis

mimarTulebiT gadadga. evrosabWos sxdomaze saqarTvelos parlamentis

Tavmjdomarem, zurab Jvaniam warmoTqva istoriuli sityvebi – “me var

qarTveli, maSasadame, var evropeli”, romelic Semdgomi periodis

saqarTvelos erTgvar lozungad iqca dasavluri integraciis gzaze.

Jvaniam aRniSna, rom sagareo-politikuri kursi evropisken ar iyo

mxolod prezidentis axireba, “es aris TiToeuli qarTvelis miswrafeba,

radgan samSoblos momavals vukavSirebT dabrunebas Cvens erTaderT

navsayudelSi – evropis Tavisufal erTa erTian ojaxSi,” – ganacxada

saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomarem (sonRulaSvili 2014: 9).

dasavlur sakanonmdeblo sivrcesTan adaptaciis TvalsazrisiT, erT-

erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 1999 wlis 14 ianvars miRebuli kanoni,

romlis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos moqalaqis piradobis damadasturebeli

mowmobebidan amoiRes eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis aRmniSvneli grafa

(Reisner 2010: 158). am faqtma qveynis politikur da inteleqtualur wreebSi

didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. stiven jonsi aRniSnavs, rom, miuxedavad

mravaleTnikuri Seferilobisa, qarTvelTa umravlesobas mainc

eTnonacionaluri sazogadoebis swams, rac am kanonis miRebiT

gamowveuli protestiT dadasturda (jonsi 2013: 205).

gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda parlamentis saimigracio komitetis

Tavmjdomare guram SaraZe, romelmac ganacxada, rom erovnebis

aRmniSvneli grafis amoReba iqneboda qaris wisqvilebTan brZola,

152

romelic qarTvel ers axali safrTxis winaSe daayenebda: “gaivlis

ramdenime weliwadi da aRar gvecodineba, CvenTan mcxovreb 80 ersa da

erovnebas Soris qarTveloba kvlav umravlesoba aris Tu ara. aqedan

gamomdinare, Tu ar gvecodineba, rom umravlesobas warmovadgenT,

saxelmwifos saxelwodebis – saqarTvelo – datoveba, SesaZloa, kiTxvis

niSnis qveS dadges, gvetyvian – Tu ar xarT umravlesoba, ratom unda

erqvas am qveyanas saqarTvelo?”103 SaraZe erovnebis aRmniSvneli

rekvizitebis amoRebas adarebda saqarTvelos gasvlas “kosmopolitizmis

sacdel poligonze” (jonsi 2013: 31).

miuxedavad winaaRmdegobisa, kanoni mainc miiRes, rac, udaod,

wingadadmuli nabiji iyo evrointegraciisa da dasavlur sistemasTan

adaptaciis gzaze.

1999 da 2000 wlebSi saqarTveloSi kvlav gaimarTa saparlamento da

saprezidento arCevnebi. 1999 wlis 31 oqtombris saqarTvelos

parlamentis arCevnebSi “moqalaqeTa kavSirma” xmaTa 42% miiRo (85

mandati), amas daemata maJoritaruli arCevnebis wesiT gasuli 46

deputati; SevardnaZes kvlav hyavda saimedo dasayrdeni saqarTvelos

parlamentSi. sakanonmdeblo organoSi 51 adgili (25%) moipova blokma

“saqarTvelos aRorZineba”, aseve barieri gadalaxa politikurma

gaerTianebam “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” (7%).

2000 wlis 9 aprilis saprezidento arCevnebSi eduard SevardnaZem

kvlav damajereblad gaimarjva – oficialuri monacemebiT, mas

amomrCevelTa TiTqmis 80%-ma dauWira mxari.104

imave wlis 30 aprilis gaimarTa saqarTvelos prezidentis

inauguraciis ceremonia. SevardnaZem sakuTari sityva, 1995 wlis

sainauguracio sityvis msgavsad, kvlav religiuri ritorikiT daiwyo.

inauguraciis dRe, 30 aprili, daemTxva aRdgomis dResaswauls.

prezidentma es faqti “RvTis niSnad” miiCnia, romelmac migvaniSna, rom

“Cven yvelani SemovbrundiT RmerTisken, uzenaesis nebiT, Cveni

103

interviu guram SaraZesTan ix. bmulze: https://guramsharadze.wordpress.com/devnili/erovnebis-

rekviziti/ 104

informacia arCevnebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf

153

saxelmwifoc aRsdga da aRmavlobis gzas daadga”. SevardnaZis sityviT,

arCevnebs da xalxis winaSe ficis dadebas sakraluri mniSvneloba

hqonda, radgan im wels qristes dabadebidan 2000, xolo saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 weli Sesrulda. SevardnaZem ganvlil 5 wels

uwoda gansakuTrebuli etapi saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 wlovan istoriaSi


eduard SevardnaZem 1995 wels dasaxuli miznebis didi nawili

Sesrulebulad gamoacxada. misi sityviT, istoriulad umokles vadaSi –

4-5 weliwadSi – aSenda damoukidebeli da demokratiuli saxelmwifo. man

am faqts qarTveli xalxis istoriuli gamarjveba uwoda da ganacxada,

rom procesi Seuqcevadia da mas veRaraferi SeaCerebs. prezidentma xazi

gausva marTlwesrigis da kanonierebis damyarebas, ramac stabiluroba

moitana (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 41).

aseve miRweulad gamocxadda 1995 wels dasaxuli kidev erTi mizani

– samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmna, radgan, SevardnaZis sityviT, qveyanaSi

ukve Semqnili iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis safuZvlebi.

sakuTar gamosvlaSi prezidentma saqarTvelos warmateba

evrointegraciis gzaze ganvlili 5 wlis muSaobasTan daakavSira:

“demokratiuli mSeneblobis, politikuri civilizaciisa da kulturis,

adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sferoSi mopovebuli

warmatebebis Sedegad gavxdiT evrosabWos wevri,” – ganacxada man


SevardnaZem aseve xazi gausva erovnuli Serigebis mimarTulebiT

miRweul warmatebebs. prezidentis mier gamocemuli Sendobis

saprezidento aqtebi da dokumentebi, romlis Sedegad cixeebi datoves

“mxedrionelebma” da eqsprezident gamsaxurdias momxreebma, misi sityviT,

amaze miuTiTebda. “5 wlis win Cven saqme gvqonda erovnul

SeurigeblobasTan, gabzarul erovnul cnobierebasTan. minda mogaxsenoT,

rom didi samuSao Sesrulda erovnuli Serigebis, Tanxmobisa da

konsesusis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT,” – ganacxada saqarTvelos

prezidentma.

154

SevardnaZem aseve piroba dado, rom ganuxrelad daicavda erovnul

umciresobaTa interesebs. misi sityviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

eTnikuri speqtri mravalricxovani da mravalferovani iyo. Sesabamisad,

saWiro iyo erovnul umciresobaTa interesebis ukeT gaTvaliswineba

yoveldRiur politikaSi da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. prezidenti aseve

prioritetul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sxvadasxva konfesiis

warmomadgenlebTan konstruqciul urTierTobebs (saqarTvelos


SevardnaZem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo did saerTaSoriso

proeqtebs: baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-Tbilisi-sufsis navTobsadenebs,

transkaspiur gazsadenebs, romlebic axal perspeqtivebs uqmnida 21-e

saukunis saqarTvelos.

sainauguracio sityvaSi xazi gaesva saqarTvelos sagareo politikur

prioritetebs: evropasTan, pirvel rigSi, evrokavSirTan politikuri,

ekonimikuri da kulturuli TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas,

evroatlantikuri kavSiris saxelmwifoebTan da evroatlantikur

struqturebTan TanamSromlobis intensifikacias (saqarTvelos


SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 1995 wlidan dasavluri politikuri kursis

gaZlierebam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli samoqalaqo qarTuli

nacionaluri proeqtis Camoyalibebas. dasavlur organizaciebSi

gawevrianebisken swrafva da am mimarTulebiT miRweuli konkretuli

Sedegebi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da evropis saxelmwifoebTan

mWidro TanamSromloba TavisTavad moiTxovda saxelmwifos dasavluri

standartis Sesabamisad mowyobas da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis

mimarTulebis intensifikacias.

sagareo politikuri warmatebebis paralelurad, saqarTveloSi

kvlav rTuli socialuri da ekonomikuri procesebi mimdinarebda. kvlav

arsebobda samoqalaqo dapirispirebis recidivebi, romlebic

drogamoSvebiT iCenda Tavs. eqsprezident zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi

periodul saprotesto gamosvlebs awyobdnen da “kanonieri

155

xelisuflebis” aRdgenas moiTxovdnen. am mxriv unda aRiniSnos 1998 wels

momxdari ori gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis faqti.

9 Tebervals zviad gamsaxurdias momxre SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba,

romelsac gamsaxurdias gvardiis polkovniki goCa esebua da yofili

finansTa ministri guram absanZe xelmZRvanelobnen, Tavs daesxa eduard

SevardnaZis eskorts. SevardnaZes amjeradac gaumarTla da

saswaulebrivad gadaurCa sikvdils. Tavdamsxmelebma 5 Tviani sabrZolo

momzadeba CeCneTSi gaiares, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, am

TavdasxmaSic ruseTis kvali eria.105

meore SemTxveva imave wlis 19 oqtombers moxda. SuaRamisas senakis

samxedro brigadidan Tbilisisken tankebis kolona da ramdenime aseuli

jariskaci daiZra. amboxebulebs Tavdacvis saministros senakis brigadis

meTauris moadgile, polkovniki revaz asmava da specdaniSnulebis razm

“saturnis” Stabis ufrosi, polkovniki akaki eliava meTaurobdnen. orive

maTgani zviad gamsaxurdias erTguli samxedro piri iyo. dasavleT

saqarTveloSi mcire masStabis Setakebebic gaimarTa, Tumca centralurma

xelisuflebam SeZlo meamboxeebis drouli ganeitraleba.106

msgavsi faqtebi miuTiTebda, rom qveynis SigniT viTareba saxarbielo

ar iyo. amas emateboda rTuli ekonimikuri problemebi – 1990-iani wlebis

bolos da 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo korufciis da

Crdilovani ekonomikis WaobSi Caeflo. amas Tavad prezidenti

SevardnaZec acnobierebda. 2000 wlis aprilis sainauguracio sityvaSi man

Tqva, rom “Crdilovani ekonomika da korufcia angrevs saxelmwifos”, mis

winaaRmdeg brZola udidesi erovnuli da politikuri saqmea. “es

saqarTvelos yofna-aryofnis sakiTxia,” – ganacxada prezidentma da

gamoTqva iniciativa, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola specialuri

saprezidento programis safuZvelze gaZlierebuliyo. Tumca iniciativa

iniciativad darCa. rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis fonze

TandaTan gaizarda SevardnaZis xelisuflebis mimarT sazogadoebis

105

masalebi 1998 wlis 9 Tebervlis teraqtis Sesaxeb ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gamsaxurdias saxeliT” http://www.myvideo.ge/v/732288 106

masalebis 1998 wlis 19 oqtombris amboxebis Sesaxeb ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli meomrebi” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxSFpksMPvU

156

ukmayofileba. 2000-iani wlebidan misma xelisuflebam rRveva daiwyo.

opoziciaSi gadavidnen SevardnaZis xelisuflebis erT-erTi yvelaze

Zlieri frTis liderebi – yofili iusticiis ministri mixeil

saakaSvili, yofili da moqmedi parlamentis Tavmjdomareebi zurab Jvania

da nino burjanaZe.

2003 wlis 2 noembris saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad kvlav

SevardnaZis mxardamWerma blokma “axali saqarTvelosTvis” gaimarjva.

arCevnebis gayalbebis motiviT, opoziciam saprotesto aqciebi wamoiwyo

da SeZlo sazogadoebis masobrivi mxarWeris mopoveba. yvelaferi 2003

wlis 23 noembers “vardebis” usisxlo revoluciiT dasrulda. 75 wlis

eduard SevardnaZe Tanamdebobidan gadadga, saqarTvelo ki postsabWoTa

transformaciis axal etapze gadavida.

157

daskvna

nacionalizmis kvlevis tradicia, romelic am sferos klasikosma

avtorebma (benediqt andersoni, ernest gelneri da sxvebi) Seqmnes, am

fenomenis imperiul sivrceebSi Seswavlas gulisxmobs. dekolonizaciis

procesis dawyebis Semdeg, mkvlevrebma daiwyes imaze fiqri, Tu rogoria

erebisa da sazogadoebebis momavali mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven

nacionalizmis ZiriTad mizans – damoukidebels politikuri erTeulis

formirebas. am mimarTulebiT kvleviTi procesi gansakuTrebiT “civi

omis” dasrulebisa da komunizmis damarcxebis Semdeg gaiSala. 1990-iani

wlebidan, yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da e. w. “socialisturi blokis”

teritoriaze bevri axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifosa da

damoukideblobis mosurne politikuri subieqtis gaCenas Tan sdevda

sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebi, eTnowmenda, genocidi. am movlenebSi

“brali” nacionalizms daedo, ramac mis mimarT interesis mkveTri zrda

gamoiwvia. erebis, nacionalizmis, nacionaluri proeqtebis

Camoyalibebisadmi winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba 1990-ian wlebamdec

arsebobda, me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi sakiTxma kidev ufro meti

aqtualuroba SeiZina.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cveni sadisertacio gamokvlevis erT-erT

ZiriTad sirTules swored meTodologiur midgomaTa mravalferovneba

da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi warmoadgenda. kvlevis sawyis etapze Cveni

mizani iyo relevanturi Teoriuli safuZvlis gansazRvra, rac

mravalferovan empiriul masalaSi orientaciis, sxvadasxva tipis

wyaroebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgenisa da met-naklebad

srulyofili suraTis aRdgenis saSualebas mogvcemda. Cveni gamokvleva

emyareba oficialuri dokumentebis, interviuebis, sajaro gamosvlebis,

mimarTvebis, dokumenturi (da ara marto) filmebis, telegadacemebis,

memuaruli literaturis, samecniero gamocemebis analizs, ris

safuZvelze vcadeT postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis

dinamikis Seswavla.

gamokvlevis pirvel nawilSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba qarTuli

nacionalizmis formirebasa da ganviTarebas imperiul sivrceebSi –

158

rogorc ruseTis imperiis, ise sabWoTa kavSiris dros. Sesabamisad, am

SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis saintereso iyo is Teoriuli midgomebi, romlebic

koloniuri sazogadoebebis nacionalur proeqtebs swavlobs.

nacionalizmis kvlevebis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze gamoiyo sami

ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgoma – primordializmi, eTnosimbolizmi da

modernizmi. pirveli maTgani erebisa da nacionalizmis safuZvlebs

adreul istoriul periodebSi eZebs da miiCnevs, rom individebi

imTaviTve konkretuli nacionaluri mikuTvnebulobis matareblebi arian.

rac Seexeba eTnosimbolizmsa da modernizms, isini nacionalizmisa da

erebis formirebas modernul, bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinare procesad warmogvidgens.

aRniSnul Teoriul paradigmaTa kontrastuloba, gakveulwilad,

saqarTvelos akademiur wreebSic aris asaxuli. qarTvel mkvlevarTa

didi nawili primordialistia, Tumca Tavad primordializms, rogorc

Teoriul midgomas, ar iyenebs. arsebobs mkvlevarTa meore, SedarebiT

mcire jgufi, romelic qarTuli nacionalizmisa da qarTveli eris

saTaveebs, am terminTa modernuli gagebiT, me-19 saukuneSi eZebs.

vfiqrobT, erebisa da nacionalizmis warmoSobis, maTi ganviTarebis

Taviseburebebis, nacionaluri proeqtebis dinamikisa da transformaciis

kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi konkretuli Teoriuli midgomis

farglebSia Rirebuli, romelic sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis erTgvaer

CarCosa da garkveul pirobebs awesebs. Cveni SexedulebiT, qarTveli

erisa da qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibeba/ganviTarebis axsna

yvelaze ukeT modernistul da eTnosimbolistur TeoriaTa safuZvelze

SeiZleba. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa am midgomaTa erT-erTi

centraluri debuleba, romlic mixedviT nacionalizmi konstruirebuli

fenomenia – is elitebis mier Camoyalibebuli nacionaluri proeqtebis

realizebis Sedegia.

Cvens mier arCeuli Teoriis farglebSi, qarTuli nacionalizmi me-19

saukunis meore naxevridan Camoyalibebul fenomenad unda ganvixiloT.

pirveli qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis avtori “TergdaleulTa”

159

saxeliT cnobili qarTveli inteleqtualebis Taobaa, romelic

sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis asparezze 1860-iani wlebidan gamovida.

me-19 saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi Seiqmna is obieqturi

realoba, romelmac saTave daudo qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibebas.

modernuli qarTuli nacionaluri cnobierebis Seqmna mravalferovani

politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli procesebis erTobliobis

Sedegia. am realobam misca SesaZlebloba qarTvel inteleqtualebs,

SeeqmnaT pirveli qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti da gadaedgaT

konkretuli nabijebi mis gansaxorcieleblad. marTalia, Cveni kvlevis

obieqti ar yofila me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli

procesebi, magram qarTul nacionaluri proeqtis kvlevisas gverds ver

avuvlidiT misi Camoyalibebis saTaveebs.

Cveni aseve SevexeT 1970-ian wlebSi ganviTarebul procesebs. es

epoqa win uswrebs ZiriTad sakvlev periods da CvenTvis sainteresoa

imdenad, ramdenadac eTnikuri qarTuli nacionalizmi, romelmac Tavis

apogeas 1980-iani wlebis bolos miaRwia, saTaves 1970-ian wlebis

disidentur moZraobaSi iRebs.

saqarTveloSi araformaluri moZraoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda

1975 wlis Semdeg. am wels fineTis dedaqalaq helsinkSi gaformda

fundamenturi saerTaSoriso dokumenti, romlesac sabWoTa kavSiric

SeuerTda. sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebam, dasavleTTan ekonomikuri

kavSirebis sanacvlod, qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis valdebuleba

aiRo. SeTanxmebis gaformebas saqarTveloSi da sxva sabWoTa

respublikebSi araformaluri gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba mohyva.

saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli “helsinkis jgufs” (mogvianebiT “helsinkis

kavSiri”) saTaveSi Caudgnen erovnuli moZraobis momavali liderebi –

zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava da sxvebi. am periodis disidenturi

moZraoba ar iyo imdenad Zlieri, rom sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis

seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna, Tumca misi arseboba komunizmis

ideologebs mniSvnelovan diskomforts uqmnida. amis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani mizezi is iyo, rom qarTveli disidentebi, miuxedavad

imisa, rom “helsinkis jgufis” Seqmnis mizani adamianis uflebebis dacva

160

iyo, aqcents mainc erovnuli Tavisuflebis miRwevaze akeTebdnen. amaze

1977-1978 wlebSi daarsebuli politikuri organizaciebis dasaxelebebic

metyvelebs – “respublikuri partia”, “saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebisaTvis

brZolis kavSiri”, “saqarTvelos erovnuli gaTavisuflebis organizacia”

da sxv.

Tu ronald grigor sunis davesexebiT, disidenturi moZraobis

SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvqoda araorTodoqsul, araoficialur

nacionalizmTan, romelic ar iyo Zlieri da gavleniani, Tumca mainc

aCvenebda sazogadoebis mcire nawilSi mimdinare procesebs (Suny 1994: 314).

disidenturi moZraobis paralelurad, 1970-1980-ian wlebSi, sazogadoebis

ZiriTad nawilSi TandaTan gabatonda e. w. “oficialuri nacionalizmi”,

nacionalisturi ganwyobebi, romelTa gamovlena ar izRudeboda

totalitaruli reJimis mier. es periodi qarTuli kulturisa da

sportis gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobis xanaa. xelovnebis esa Tu is sfero

(Teatri, kino), qarTuli mwerloba, sportis saxeobebi (fexburTi, Widaoba

da sxv.) did warmatebebs aRwevs. ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi, rodesac

nacionalizmis yovelgvari politikuri gamovlineba mkacrad iyo

SezRuduli, qarTveli xalxis nacionalisturi miswrafebebi swored

aRniSnul sferoebSi vlindeboda. warmatebebi ganixileboda, rogorc

qarTuli sazogadoebis erovnuli miRwevebi. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am

epoqaSi radikaluri disidenturi moZraoba da saxelmwifos mier

institucionalizebuli “oficialuri” nacionalizmi harmoniulad

Tanaarsebobda. aRniSnulis sailustraciod gamogvadgeba 1978 wlis

aprilSi qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli

movlenebi, aseve qarTveli inteligenciis nawilis protesti, romelic

imave periodSi qarTul enaze swavlebis SezRudvis mcdelobam gamoiwvia.

1970-1980-ian wlebSi qarTuli nacionalizmi kulturuli

nacionalizmis formiT Camoyalibda. britaneli mkvlevris jon

haTCinsonis SexedulebiT, kulturuli nacionalizmi erovnuli

sazogadoebebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. igi Tvlis, rom kulturuli

nacionalizmi, romelic eTnoistoriuli gamoRviZebiT, mSobliur enaze

zrunviT, literaturuli, sportuli Tu sxva saxis aqtivobebiT

161

xasiaTdeba, rogorc wesi, win uswrebs politikur nacionalizms. misi

mizani moraluri sazogadoebis (moral community) formireba da

politikuri moZraobisTvis niadagis Semzadebaa (Hutchinson 2013: 75).

1970-1980-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli procesebi,

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, magram mainc naTlad Tavsdeba haTCinsonis

mier SemoTavazebul modelSi. am epoqis qarTuli nacionalizmi,

didwilad, kulturuli fenomenia, romelmac saTave daudo SemdgomSi

ganviTarebul politikur process.

1987 wlidan, sabWoTa kavSirSi “perestroikis” (gardaqmna) procesis

dawyebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraoba nel-nela gamovida

aralegaluri mdgomareobidan da antisabWoTa propaganda mosaxleobis

farTo fenebSi daiwyo. dasawyisSi erovnuli moZraoba ar atarebda

mkafiod politikur xasiaTs. qarTveli araformalebis protesti,

ZiriTadad, garemosa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisken iyo

mimarTuli. erovnuli moZraobis mesveurTa qmedebebi xSirad warmatebiT

mTavrdeboda, am faqtma xeli Seuwyo qarTuli nacionalizmis

radikaluri gziT ganviTarebas da mas quCis aqciebisa da

demonstraciebis forma misca. amave dros, warmatebulma quCis

saprotesto aqciebma qarTul sazogadoebaSi gamarjvebulis sindromis

gaCena gamoiwvia. erovnuli moZraobis sadaveebi mTlianad aRmoCnda

radikalurad ganwyobuli liderebis xelSi, romelTaTvis politikuri

miznis miRwevis umTavresi saSualeba Seurigebloba, manifestaciebi,

SimSilobebi da msgavsi saxis aqtivobebi gaxda. 1980-iani wlebis

miwuruls qarTul erovnuli moZraoba emociur fenomenad iqca, romelic

quCidan imarTeboda. radikali liderebis ritorikas, midgomebsa da

gadawyvetilebebs didwilad gansazRvravda ara racionalizmi, aramed

quCebSi da mitingebze arsebuli emociuri foni.

1988 wlis gazafxulidan saprotesto mitingebze ukve gaisma

mowodebebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovniT. 1989 wlis 9

aprils sabWoTa armiis mier mraval aTasiani mSvidobiani demontraciis

darbevam, romelsac msxverpli moyva, saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiridan

politikuri emansipaciis procesSi mowinave qveynad aqcia.

162

1980-iani wlebis bolodan qarTuli nacionalizmis gaZlierebam da

erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobam, sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare gardaqmnisa

da demokratizaciis procesis fonze, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra

saqarTvelos swrafi nabijebiT svla damoukideblobisken. komunisturi

xelisufleba TandaTan kargavda realur Zalauflebas da

gadawyvetilebebs erovnuli moZraobis karnaxiT iRebda. nacionalizmis

mkveTrma aRmasvlam da nacionalisturi ritorikis gabatonebam

saqarTvelos mmarTvel politikur elitas moqmedebis areali

mniSvnelovnad SeuzRuda da erovnuli moZraobis relsebze gadaiyvana.

sabolood, saqarTvelos gza damoukideblobisken 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris

mravalpartiul arCevnebSi komunisturi partiis damarcxebiT da 1991

wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgeniT dasrulda.

miuxedavad damoukideblobis gzaze miRweuli warmatebebisa,

mravaleTnikur saxelmwifoSi Sida stabilurobis SenarCuneba ar

moxerxda. qarTul eTnikur nacionalizms konfliqturad ganyobili

umciresobebis mxridan daupirispirda aseve radikaluri eTnikuri

nacionalizmi. zviad gamsaxurdias da misi politikuri gaerTianebis

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma

garkveuli transformacia ganicada da samoqalaqo moxasiaTeblebi

SeiZina. miuxedavad amisa, postsabWoTa epoqis dasawyisis qarTuli

nacionalizmi, bevri faqtoris zegavleniT, mainc eTnikuri formiT

ganviTarda. amas xels uwyobda Zlieri emociuri foni, xangrZlivi wyveta

saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciaSi, politikur liderTa gamoucdeloba;

mravalricxovan mitingebsa da demonstraciebze xSirad ismoda

mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis safrTxis Semcveli

mowodebebi. ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda gare Zala,

romelic saqarTveloSi mimdinare iracionalur process racionalurad

marTavda da xels uwyobda qveynis dezintegraciasa da samoqalaqo

dapirispirebas.

qarTuli nacionalizmi, romelmac damoukideblobis mopovebaSi

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, ukve suverenuli saxelmwifos pirobebSi,

ufro dezintegraciuli muxtis matarebeli aRmoCnda, vidre

163

gamaerTianebelis. qveyana qaosma, mZime politikurma da ekonomikurma

krizisma moicva. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi represirebulma da

CarCoebSi moqceulma qarTulma nacionalizmma mTeli ZaliT ifeTqa.

identobis krizisis, damoukideblobisken swrafvisa da sakuTari Tavis

Ziebis epoqaSi procesebis radikalizacia, garkveulwilad, obieqturi

realobaa. elitis radikalizmi da Seurigebloba srulad asaxavda

sazogadoebis did nawilSi arsebul ganwyobebs.

Cveni SexedulebiT, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom zviad gamsaxurdias

xelisuflebis dros saqarTveloSi siZulvilis ena da sxva eTnikuri

jgufebis mimarT Seuwynarebloba batonobda, mcdaria. gamsaxurdias

damokidebulebebi winaaRmdegobrivi iyo da naklebad hqonda

erTgvarovani xasiaTi. misi ritorika, erTi mxriv, mimarTuli iyo

qarTvelTa uflebebis dacvisken, xolo, meore mxriv, xazs usvamda sxva

jgufebTan pozitiuri urTierTobebis aucileblobas. es ukanaskneli

tendencia gansakuTrebiT 1991 wlidan gaZlierda. daCagruli qarTveli

eTnosis uflebebis aRdgenaze gadaWarbebuli saubari, arastabilur da

mowyvlad garemoSi, araqarTvelebSi SiSs da qarTuli nacionaluri

proeqtis mimarT undoblobas badebda. ra Tqma unda, am maxriv

gamsaxurdias nacionalizmi eTnikuri nacionalizmi iyo, Tumca ara

calsaxad mimarTuli sxvaTa uflebebis SezRudvisa da Cagvrisken.

sadisertacio naSromis meore nawilSi, romelic 1992-2003 wlebs

moicavs, SeviswavleT qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamika eduard

SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis epoqaSi.

1992 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sagareo

saqmeTa ministri da saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri

komitetis yofili pirveli mdivani eduard SevardnaZe dabrunda da

saxelmwifos saTaveSi Caudga. mwvave samoqalaqo dapirispirebis

pirobebSi, romliTac SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis sawyisi periodi aRiniSna

(afxazeTis omi, dapirispireba zviad gamsaxurdiasTan), saxelmwifos

meTauris umTavresi sazrunavi mSvidobis damyareba da Serigebis

politikis ganxorcieleba gaxda. „stabiluroba“ SevardnaZis mier

SemoTavazebuli nacionaluri proeqtis umTavresi gzavnili iyo. misi

164

xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo deradikalizaciis procesi da qarTuli

nacionalizmi aqtiuri ideologiuri moZraobidan erTgvar pasiur fazaSi

gadavida. nacionalisturad ganwyobili radikaluri gaerTianebebi

TandaTan gaqrnen politikuri scenidan. qaosiT, arastabilurobiT,

ekonomikuri krizisiT, socialuri dezintegraciiT, kriminalTa TareSiT

mocul qveyanaSi SevardnaZes aseTi politikis gansaxorcieleblad

xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna. adamiani, romelic gamsaxurdias epoqaSi

saqarTvelos mtrebis sias edga saTaveSi da yvelaze saZulvel

pirovnebad iTvleboda, qveyanas mxsnelis rangSi daubrunda.

am periodidan iwyeba saqarTvelos mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebis

arsebobisTvis legaluri da konstituciuri safuZvlebis Seqmna. 1993

wlis martSi miRebul iqna kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelic

saqarTvelos yvela mcxovrebisTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebas specifikuri

moTxovnebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, qarTuli enis codna) gareSe

iTvaliswinebda. amave periodSi miRebul iqna kanoni moqalaqeTa sajaro

gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb, kanoni dawyebiTi ganaTlebis mSobliur enaze

miRebis Sesaxeb, rac umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT gadadgmuli

mniSvnelovani nabijebi iyo. moqalaqeebs, romlebic qarTul enas ar

flobdnen, sasamarTloebSi Tarjimnis gamoyenebis ufleba miecaT.

Tumca, amasTan erTad, separatizmis gaRvivebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

aikrZala regionuli politikuri gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba. yvela

partias saerTo nacionaluri xasiaTi unda hqonoda. saqarTvelom yvela

formis rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb euTosa da gaeros

konvenciebis ratificireba moaxdina. amasTan erTad, ratificirda

adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb

evrosabWos konvencia.

afxazeTis omis mimdinareobisas, 1992-1993 wlebSi, saqarTvelos

lideris ritorika garkveul nacionalistur elfers atarebda.

samoqalaqo Tanxmobisa da Serigebisken mimarTul gzavnilebTan erTad,

eduard SevardnaZe, misi winamorbedis msgavsad, xSirad saubrobda

afxazeTSi qarTvelTa uflebebis SezRudvaze, eTnikuri afxazebis

arakanonier privilegiebze. igi cdilobda sazogadoebis mobilizebas

165

teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo. Tumca, mosaxleobis

polarizaciis gamo, es ar moxerxda.

afxazeTSi omis dasrulebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias gardacvalebis

Semdeg, qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma sabolood miiRo samoqalaqo

forma. moqalaqeoba, Serigeba, tolerantoba saxelisuflebo ritorikis

ZiriTadi gzavnilebi gaxda.

1993 wels SevardnaZis iniciativiT dafuZnda gaerTianeba

„saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri“, romelic Semdgomi aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi yvelaze Zlieri poltikuri partia gaxda. axali

gaerTianebis mier deklarirebuli iyo samoqalaqo Rirebulebi, rac misi

saxelwodebidanac Canda. mis yvela wevrs, miuxedavad eTnikuri,

religiuri Tu sxva saxis mikuTvnebulobisa, Tanabari uflebebiT unda

esargebla. 1995 wels saxelmwifom miiRo konstitucia, riTac kidev ufro

gaamyara samoqalaqo konsolidaciis safuZvlebi.

Cveni azriT, 1990-aini wlebis Sua xanebidan samoqalaqo qarTuli

nacionaluri proeqtis formirebze ramdenime faqtorma moaxdina gavlena.

nacionalizmis umTavresi miznis miRwevis Semdeg, rac damoukidebeli,

suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas gulisxmobda, saqarTvelo axali

realobis winaSe aRmoCnda. arsebuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba,

ganmtkiceba, misi erTianoba da SekavSireba eTnikurobis ukana planze

gadawevas da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis Camoyalibebas iwvevs. aRniSnulma

tendenciebma, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo eTnikur niadagze dapirispirebis

Semcirebas dominant eTnossa da nacionalur umciresobebs Soris, xolo,

meore mxriv, Seanela nacionaluri mobilizaciis procesi da qarTuli

nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologiuri moZraoba, erTgvar statikur fazaSi

gadaiyvana. saxelisuflebo elitis umTavresi gzavnili _ “stabiluroba“

_ naTlad migvaniSnebs dinamikis Senelebaze. amave periodSi, oficialur

doneze, SegviZlia visaubroT, qarTvelisTvis, rogorc qarTuli

nacionaluri identobis matareblisTvis, kategoriis „Cven“ gafarToebaze,

misi aRqma ufro masStaburad xdeba. am kuTxiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania

1999 wels saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni, romlis

166

mixedviT, saqarTvelos moqalaqis piradobis damadasturebeli

mowmobebidan amoiRes eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis damadasturebeli grafa.

samoqalaqo nacionalizmis formirebisa da deradikalizaciis

procesSi mniSvnelovani iyo saxelisuflebo elitis cvlileba. sabWoTa

warsulma da pragmatulma midgomam eduard SevardnaZes Zveli sabWoTa

nomenklaturis garkveuli formiT „gacocxlebisa“ da xelisuflebaSi

dabrunebisken ubiZga. sabWoTa partiuli moxeleebi axali xelisuflebis

pirobebSi sakvanZo postebze mogvevlinnen da mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves

xeli nacionalisturi ritorikis Senelebas. maTTan erTad, wamyvan

poziciaze aRmoCnda prodasavlurad ganwyobili axalgazrda

politikosTa jgufi (momavali „vardebis revolucionerebi“), romelic 90-

iani wlebis bolos SevardnaZis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dasayrdeni iyo.

sabolood, politikosTa am or jgufs Soris SeuTanxmeblobam qveyanaSi

revoluciuri procesebi ganapiroba.

rodesac samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebisken gadadgmul

nabijebze vsaubrobT, aucileblad unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba sagareo

politikuri kursis cvlilebaze. miuxedavad ruseTis negatiuri rolisa

postsabWoTa periodis dasawyisSi ganviTarebul procesebSi da

samoqalaqo dapirispirebis gaRvivebaSi, problemebisadmi racionalurma

damokidebulebam da xelisuflebis SenarCunebisTvis zrunvam eduard

SevardnaZes prorusuli politikis gatarebisken ubiZga. 1993 wlis bolos

saqarTvelo Sevida „damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi“ (dsT),

1994 wels gaformda CarCo xelSekruleba ruseTis federaciasa da

saqarTvelos Soris megobrobis, keTilmezoblobisa da TanamSromlobis

Sesaxeb. ruseTis rekomendaciiT iniSnebodnen umaRlesi Tanamdebobis

pirebi.

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias sabolood

damarcxebis Semdeg (raSic ruseTis federaciam mniSvnelovani roli

iTamaSa), SevardnaZem sagareo politikuri kursi TandaTan Secvala

dasavleTis sasargeblod. 1996 wlidan iwyeba natosTan kontaqtebis

gaRrmaveba individualuri partniorobis programis SemuSavebiT.

saqarTvelo CaerTo natos egidiT warmoebul samSvidobo operaciebSi.

167

qarTulma sajariso SenaerTebma 1999 wlidan monawileoba daiwyes

kosovos misiaSi. saerTaSoriso aRiarebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo gaxda

Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos wevri da maleve SeuerTda

programas „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis“. 1999 wels qveyana evropis

sabWoSi Sevida, sadac parlamentis imJamindelma Tavjdomarem zurab

Jvaniam warmoTqva cnobili sityvebi „me var qarTveli da, maSasadame, var

evropeli“.

prodasavlurma kursma, Crdilo atlantikur struqturebSi

integraciis procesma deradikalizaciasa da samoqalaqo identobis

formirebas Seuwyo xeli. evroatlantikuri integracia gulisxmobda

dasavluri faseulobebis aRiarebas rogorc ritorikis, aseve

sakanonmdeblo doneze, ramac, Tavis mxriv, samoqalaqo identobis

Camoyalibebas Seuqmna safuZveli. am TvalsazrisiT saintereso paraleli

ivleba baltiispireTSi, kerZod, litvaSi 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi

ganviTarebul movlenebTan. nacionalizmis mkvlevari teri klarki

aRniSnavs, rom dasavlurma politikurma veqtorma, natosa da

evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaken miswrafebam litva eTnopolitikur

dapirispirebebs aarida da iq samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTareba

ganapiroba (Clark 2006: 162).

deradikalizaciisa da stabilizaciis procesSi miRweuli warmatebis

miuxedavad, eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis ukanaskneli wlebi

saxelmwifo institutebis moSliT, stagnaciiT da mZime ekonomikuri

problemebiT aRiniSna. stabiluroba degradaciaSi gadaizarda,

saxelmwifo korufciis WaobSi aRmoCnda. mmarTvel gunds prodasavluri

axalgazrduli frTa gamoeyo, romelic Zlier opoziciur dajgufebad da

xelisuflebis ZiriTad alternativad iqca. eduard SevardnaZis

xelisufleba 2003 wlis noemberSi “vardebis revoluciis” gziT

mSvidobianad Seicvala.

sadisertacio naSromSi SevecadeT gveCvenebina nacionalizmisa da

eTnikurobis kvlevebSi arsebuli aqtualuri sakiTxebi, mimdinare

Teoriuli debatebi, am fonze gagveazrebina postsabWoTa qarTuli

nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi da misi dinamika. me-20

168

saukunis 80-iani wlebidan 2003 wlamde saqarTveloSi nacionalizmis

ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi gamoiyofa. saqarTvelos SemTxveva

nacionalizmis fenomenis winaaRmdegobriobis da misi araerTgvarovani

bunebis naTeli magaliTia. erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo

wlebSi nacionalizmma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana erovnuli

moZraobis aRmavlobaSi, sazogadoebis konsolidaciasa da

damoukideblobis mopovebaSi, meore mxriv ki, ukve damoukidebel qveyanaSi

socialuri da teritoriuli dezintegraciis erT-erT xelisSemwyob

faqtorad iqca.

mogviano periodSi, saxelisuflebo elitam inkluziuri

nacionaluri proeqtis Camoyalibebis gziT scada mSvidobisa da

Tanxmobis miRweva, saqarTvelos mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebis

stabiluri arsebobis uzrunvelyofa. vfiqrobT, rom eduard SevardnaZis

xelisuflebam SeZlo samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTarebisTvis

legaluri safuZvlis Seqmna da zogierTi mimarTulebiT xelSesaxeb

warmatebasac miaRwia. miuxedavad amisa, mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri

viTarebis pirobebSi, nacionaluri proeqtis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis

gzaze qmediTi nabijebis gadadgma ar moxerxda.

postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis kvlevisas naTlad

gamoCnda, rom mis formasa da tipze didwilad aris damokidebuli

qveynis bedi, stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba. nacionalizmi rTuli

fenomenia, romelic interdisciplinur Seswavlas moiTxovs, Sesabamisad,

naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi Semdgom kopleqsur kvlevasa da analizs

saWiroebs.

169

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24) janeliZe, o. saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria, Tbilisi,

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evropuli gza (1883-1917), Tbilisi, „ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo

universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007

26) jonsi, st. saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis

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27) heCteri, m. nacionalizmis SeCereba, Tbilisi, “socialur

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30) Barrington W. L. “Nationalism & Independence”, After Independence: Making and

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48) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 3. 1990.

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52) gaz. “aRdgoma”. # 17. 1992.

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57) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 62-63. 1991.



60) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #70, 1991.

61) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #99-100. 1991.


63) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” #144. 1992.







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74) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” # 43. 1994.


76) gaz “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 24. 1995.


78) gaz “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 60. 1995.

79) gaz. saqarTvelos respublika”. #83. 1995.

80) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #147. 1995.



dokumenturi filmebi

83) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “samocdaaTianelebi”:

http://www.myvideo.ge/v/2003210

84) Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KRiXsPfx0o

85) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “soxumis ukanaskneli dRe”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3kBgJ1JNdc

86) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “zviad gamsaxurdias

ukanaskneli dReebi” http://rustavi2.com/ka/video/7954?v=2

87) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “gamsaxurdias saxeliT”

http://www.myvideo.ge/v/732288

88) Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli

meomrebi” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxSFpksMPvU

89) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “gangsteruli saqarTvelo”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioTmNY7ZTVk

90) sofo mosiZis saavtori gadacema “mowyvite wami”:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVvTq4Cq84o

174

91) sofo mosiZis saavtoro gadacema “amxedrebul meamboxeTa saga”:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3q77MWL0HU

92) dokumenturი filmi “afxazeTis omi”.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkBNQu11UH0

eleqtronuli resursebi

93) zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG4ZNR5hgLI

94) zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wq_LTL9CcxM

95) zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla “saxalxo frontis” yrilobaze

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFrs6iBDmlA

96) zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72KuwEHRF7s

97) jaba ioselianis mimarTva https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4jk7RuGOkc

98) eduard SevardnaZis gamosvla https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9z5OJ7mVJ

99) videomasala “Rirsebis sasamarTlo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7v6zHKQ3bc

100) zurab WavWavaZis gamosvla

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLkaCNjennI

101) interviu zurab WavWavaZesTan

http://geoindependence.net/2014/11/22/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1

%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%

83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-

%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-

%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3/

102) gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi

http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego

103) informacia lixnis Tavyrilobis Sesaxeb

http://experti.ge/kartuli7.htm

104) centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb gverdi:

http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf

175

105) kanoni “afxazeTis assr konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da

damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb” ix.: http://abkhaziajustice.gov.ge/wp-

content/uploads/2015/10/47.pdf

106) informacia dagomisis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb:

http://www.ghn.ge/print.php?print=111706

107) kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb

http://mra.gov.ge/res/docs/2013110412031013274.pdf

108) saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia

http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68

109) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis

konstitucia http://constcommission.ge/1921

110) interviu guram SaraZesTan ix. bmulze:

https://guramsharadze.wordpress.com/devnili/erovnebis-rekviziti/

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