LEXICAL borrowing

ByHallwest M.Xayat

Salahaddin UniversityCollege of Education- English Dep.

What is borrowing

Words might be taken over from

one language and are adopted

to the other, This process is

called borrowing.

Lexical borrowing is one of the

process of linguistic change , this

process visible especially in

phonetics ,morphology ,syntactic

• : is when a language takes over a term directly from another language.

Derived from proper names %4

Two ways of borrowings

directly, without any major phonological

and orthography change

For instance :-

Direct borrowing

takes place when a certain word is passed on from the source language to another (as a direct borrowing), and then from that language is handed over to another and from this one maybe even

to another.

This process may go hand in hand with the development that the word, each time it is passed on from one language to another, is adjusted phonologically/orthographically to make it fit to the

phonological/ orthographical system of the recipient language.

Indirect borrowing

Types of borrowing

“where the morphemes in the borrowed word are translated item by item”.

1- Loan words: “a word adopted from a

foreign language with little or no

modification.”

“ where the meaning is

borrowed, but only part of the form”

“ loan words where the

meaning is borrowed, but the structure

is native”.

2- Loan blends:

3- Loan shifts :

• The reason for borrowing a suitable word

from another language is the need to find

a term for an unfamiliar thing, animal, or cultural device.

Reasons for borrowing

• they serve to improve the quality of the

language

Religion• In Christianity borrowing word ‘Ameen’

between European countries.

For instance :- Alhamdulillah

( خوداؤ سوپاس و ستایش ب )

(praise to God)

In Islam, Kurdish language influenced with Arabic language. Some of the most important words had been borrowed from Arabic because as we know it is the main language of Holy Quran

Culture

• Cultural borrowing is when one country or culture borrows or copies elements of another country or culture. Contact between cultures leads to borrowing between languages, when cultural borrowings happening within this ''lexical (word) borrowings''

The Origin of English Words

Latin (%29)

French (%29)

English borrowing

Kurdish borrowing

In Kurdish language we borrowed

some words from other languages

but with a little bit change in

pronunciation.

Kurdish English German French Persian Greek

ʃtɛrn

trɔpfn

ʒ(ə)nu

tiz tease /tiz/