Kurukshetra - December

7/29/2019 Kurukshetra - December

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Kurukshetra December 201111

The Monthly Journal

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Vol. 60 No. 2 Pages 52

December 2011

CONTENTS

Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message o Rural Development to all people. It serves as a orum or ree, rank and serious discussion on the

problems o Rural Development with special ocus on Rural Uplit.The views expressed by the authors i the articles are their ow. They do ot ecessarily refect the views o the govermet or the orgaizatios they

work or.

The readers are requested to veriy the claims i the advertisemets regardig career guidace books/istitutios. Kurukshetra does ot ow

resposibility.

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Chenikuthi, Guwahati 781003 (Ph 2665090)

l IndIas agrIcultural growth and

stagnatIon: a revIew d. K. K. tip 3

lneed For raInbow revolutIon to d. h rj gm

Increase ProductIon In agrIculture e. ri Km 11

l IrrIgatIon: a necessary InPut to boost

agrIculture d. ai Mi 15

lagencIes For calculatIng d. M. Pm

agrIcultural ProductIvIty In IndIa P. sj 17

lan overvIew oF state InItIatIves

In agrIculture P Km tii 21

lPIne brIQuetts to reduce carbon

FootPrInts rjk P 26

lProvIsIonIng Pesa: stIll a long way to go apm hz 29

lJhumias of Tripura hills affecTs d. P. K. P

and ProsPects d. P. P. P 37

ltowards MIllennIuM develoPMent goals d.s.M. J ak

and the role oF Mgnrega n.P. a azz

M. M 40

lamla: anTiaging manTra ri si Mjm 45

CHIEF EDITORRINA SONOwAL KOULI

EDITORKAPIL KUMAR

JOInT DI RECTOR

VINOD KUMAR MEENA

COVER DESIGnRAJAT NAIK

EDITORIAL OFFICEROOM NO. 661, NIRMAN BHAVANA-WING (GATE NO.5),MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT,NEW DELHI-110011

TEL. : 23061014, 23061952FAX : 011-23061014E-MAIL : [email protected] SUBSCRIPTION ENQUIRIES,RENEWALS AND AGENCY INFORMATIONPLEASE CONTACT:

Business Manager

EAST BLOCK-IV, LEVEL-VII, R.K. PURAM,NEW DELHI-110066

TEL. : 26105590, 26100207FAX : 26175516E-MAIL : [email protected] : publicationsdivision.nic.in

SUBSCRIPTION :INLAND1 YEAR : RS. 1002 YEARS : RS. 1803 YEARS : RS. 250ABROAD (AIR MAIL)ONE YEARRS. 530 (NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES)RS. 730 (OTHER COUNTRIES)


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InsIde

t f i ppi, m m f

p. wi i piii f ii i p

ik f m i i pii

m ii m.

I i im i f 80 p f fi

qim m i i i i 20 p

fm xpi f . t i f i i ppi i ii,

i pii i kpi p i f i ppi

. If i i f i f i

i i i ii pi, i i i pii p.

I Ii i i f i i ppi ii,

izi i i, i i i f 2100-2150

kim p fm f 1700 kim p . t m

f fi i pj 280 mii 2020-21.

h, f i Ii i pii i m

i. w Ii f 21.6 p f p pi,

i p i f ii b Mm,

i f i ep. t i i i f mp ci.

w i i i i f i pii

i i.

e i i 20 p f g

dmi P, mp 52 p f k f

70 p f ppi i i i. a ii i f

i i ff f .

ti i m i mpizi ii i f

pi.

l i pii mi f fi Ii

i. If Ii i i mi im i - mi

, fm, ii i pii i .


4/50


dt 14.4 t tbt t d dt (gDp)

2010-11, i pi ii

t t bt tw-td id

mpm 60 p f

k f. Ii k i

t t t d t t v d

f f mi pi. Ii mi

IndIas agrIcultural growth and

stagnatIon: a revIew

Dr. K. K. Tripathy

d-dt ty bt tw dd dd. id t -y tk

t dd v t t d-

t t ty d dy.

t f Ii i i

vt dy t d-1960 wt

t td h Yd V (hYV)

p. t q mpi i

Indian agriculture, in spite of its declining share in the total Gross Domesc Products, has remained the backbone

of the countrys economy. The contours of Indian agriculture started showing improvement gradually aer the

mid 1960s with the introducon of High Yielding Variees, and the growing emphasis on the development

of agro- infrastructure like irrigaon, input supply, storage, markeng and distribuon of food-grains. The

revoluon, however, was biased towards irrigated regions and the benets from this were not shared equally

amongst all stakeholders across the country. Notwithstanding Indias journey of economic reforms since

July 1991, lack of availability of quality inputs coupled with less vibrant and decient instuonal reforms

have connued to plague the Indian Agriculture. The need of the hour is to map the exisng agricultural

infrastructure in the country and to nd out the issues and challenges for their speedy resoluon.


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pm f i if f pp

-t k , w, wt, d d

z, t d k

d v dqt d dtb

f-i.

Ii i i i

pi i pi im

i if, pm.

t g ri i f i

mi-1960 p i m i

i , pi i i

i iii -

if iz. p pp, fii, i,

pii. t p f g

ri f 1960 k i f

s iz. Pj h. di 1980,

imp p ii, i pi p f i-f, ,

i imp i

pii im i i. di

1990, i i i

i i i f

pii i i i

m p

i i fi. ti pp mk

mp xmi pfm f i f i

ff i i fi

i pm i Ii.

Agricultural Growth and Producvity

ait st 2010 mty

ai ii f 328.73 mii

f pi ,

pp

195.83 d 140.86 t, vy. T

t d 62.29 t wt ppi ii f 139 p . b 1950-

51 2007-08, pp

i 48.5 p ,

18.6 p t (Tb 1).Table 1: Indian Agriculture by Category of Land Use

(a: m ht; gwt: t)

Year Gross Cropped

Area

Net Area Sown Cropping

Intensity

Gross

Irrigated Area

Net Irrigated

Area

Area Growth Area Growth Area Growth Area Growth Area Growth

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1950-51 131.9 - 118.7 - 111.1 - 22.6 - 20.9 -

1960-61 152.8 15.8 133.2 12.2 114.7 3.2 28.0 23.9 24.7 18.2

1970-71 165.8 8.5 140.9 5.8 117.7 2.6 38.2 36.4 31.1 25.9

1980-81 172.6 4.1 140.3 -0.4 123.1 4.6 49.8 30.4 38.7 24.4

1990-91 185.7 7.6 143.0 1.9 129.9 5.5 63.2 26.9 48.0 24.0

2000-01 185.3 -0.2 141.4 -1.1 131.1 0.9 76.2 20.6 55.1 14.8

2007-08 195.8 5.7 140.9 -0.4 139.0 6.0 87.3 14.6 62.3 13.1

s: Mii f ai, 2010

t 1 ii f

i fm 12.2 p i

1950-51 1960-61 -0.4 p i 2000-01 2007-08. t f

ii 1960-61 1990-91

i i f 3 5.8 p pi,

vy w btw 1990-91 d 2007-

08, 12.3 10.9

p pi.

T b bvd

gdP

t at d ad st (Tb 2) d 7

fv Y p (1985-90) t 11 fv Y p (2007-

12). T x wt t d d

xpi i 8 Fi y P

(1992-97). a t t tt wt t

f 4 p i 10 p (2002-07), v

i 2.5 p .


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Table 2: Annual Average Growth Rate from 7th Five Year Plan to 11th Five Year Plan (in per cent)

Five Year Plans Overall GDP growth Rate Agriculture and Allied Sectors

7t p (1985-90) 6.0 3.2

a p (1990-92) 3.4 1.3

8t p (1992-97) 6.7 4.7

9t p (1997-2002) 5.5 2.1

10t p (2002-07) 7.78 2.56

11t p (2007-12)

2007-08 9.8 5.8

2008-09 4.9 -0.1

2009-10 9.1 0.4

2010-11* 8.6 5.4

nt: gwt t t 2004-05 t 1999-2000 d t t 2004-05

* adv et cso

s: cmpi fm emi s, 2010-11, Mii f ai, 2010

Tb 2 dt tt d t t t

f 11 fv Y p (2007-2012), t

i i

f 2.03 p i P f

4 t . i t t y t

(2007-08), t wt t d d

t w 5.8 t w b v

(-0.1 t) 2008-09 v t t y

i 234.4 mii f

d. T d t wt w d t

dd d vz. d, ,

jt, t d . T dt t- m i 2009-10 i i

wt t t y 0.4 t. rvy d

m if i 2010-11 pmp gm pj i

5.4 p .

t f i f-i

d d 1960-61, 1990-91 d 2009-10

dtd tt t d- d w t

i i 1990-91 i 2009-10 f

t d , (Tb 3).

T d d 2009-10 w 218.1

mii . ti ii 1.11

f fi p i f pp . t Ii f 21.6

t b ddy d, t yd

Table 3: Food-grains Production

(m T)

S.N Crop 1960-61 1990-91 2009-10 Per cent growth

1990-91

1960-61

2009-10

1990-91

1 ri 35.0 75.0 89.0 114.3 18.7

2 w 11.0 55.0 80.8 398.2 46.9

3 c c 23.0 32.0 33.6 39.13 5.0

4 t c

(1+2+3)

69.0 162.0 203.4 134.8 25.5

5 P 13.0 14.0 14.7 7.7 5.0

6 t F

(4+5)

82.0 176.0 218.1 114.6 23.9

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture, 2010 and Economic Survey, 2010-11


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i 2008 i ii

b Mm, i

f i ep, i i i

d 2008 (Tb 4).

Table 4: Yield of Selected Commodities in a few Countries during 2008

(K/ht)

Country Rice/Paddy Wheat Maize Sugarcane Tobacco

Leaves

Groundnut

b 3,995 2,175 na 38,475 1,374 na

ep 9,731 6,501 7,977 121,136 na na

Ii 3,370 2,802 2,324 68,877 1,405 1,071

Jp 6,488 na na na 2,105 2,262

Mm 3,720 na na na na 1,538

Pki 3,520 2,451 3,611 51,494 2,097 na

usa 7,672 3,018 9,658 73,765 2,567 3,829

w 4,309 3,086 5,109 71,510 1,861 1,554

na: n ai

s: Mii f ai, 2010

T w dvty d td wt

Ii i fi f:

Investment in Agriculture

t m-mi fm f J 1991

t tt w t ttd b

im i m ii

t. T td b vtt w t

i i . t 5 ii

p f p i f

pi pi im i i i

1999-00 2008-09.

Table 5: Share of Gross Public and Private Investment in

Agriculture

Year Share (per Cent)

Public Private

1999-00 17.8 82.2

2000-01 18.4 81.6

2001-02 18.2 81.8

2002-03 17.1 82.9

2003-04 26.8 73.2

2004-05 29.2 70.82008-09 18.0 82.0

s: e svy, 2010-11; mty at,

2008 2010

c 1 ii ii p

vt d b t

(gcf) t d d t d 1999-

00 2008-09. di 1999-00, pi

i r. 8,670 . pi i

r. 41,418 . b 2008-09, i pi

i r. 1,43,559 . f im, pi

p i r. 31,755 .

Protecon: Agriculture vs. Industries

t ii i Ii xpi i

d t d t 1970 d 1980

pi i f f Iiii. h, i m pi, Ii

i i -p im.

std t t dd t dty

d t, y d t t

v d, vd tt td

f i iimi i


8/50


i. t p f mi fm

td 1991 w xtd t b

pii i i i i

m f f m f

f i. opi p f Ii i

d Wd Td o (WTo) d txp i i m

ky t t t

f . t m i f m i

p fm i pi i m

t d d t t

i. h, f mi i

wt t b d by t

i. ti m m i

k t t vty t ty.

Agricultural Price Policy

T v y x t

pi f f-i i pm

dtb v t b ttd

ty t t- . T

m f pm pi f i f-

i imp f i i i

t tb x. lk d

k td t vt

-p s. wi i m

stt t w t

(k c mt), t d t

v d

k d . a b t

m i Ii i

x dd wt t

d- dt t b tk d

vt d- t b dtb

yt. T wd t dd d-

d t d d t

. t m k j

d d t kt t

p-fm f. If

i mi

f p fm, m k

dqt d t twd y

t td t kt,

dt/b e cd at

( xb vt d), tk

pii f .

Agricultural Inputs: Issues and Challenges

t ik f f , iii i

i, ., i i

v t tk t -xt

v d dqt d y v

qty t k , , dt, d,

p m mi fm. t

d t t dvty d t

ii i i ii i-

f . ti i if m

m pi-pi pip, mp

w t v vvt t,

tt t d t t

d v d ty v,

t d xd td -d

wtt ty d yt-ty

imi f . t f qi ip i pm f Ii i i mi

pi mpi. t fi

pp i mi i i f

-t d v b t v

mm.

Irrigaon

gw , tb d

, xtv dt,

m f -ii ii

t d t t t d f- mi i

f m - mi i. t

xt t k wt

dt b t dvty, d

i pi . si i i

k t t vt d ty t

, t td d d t

p i i ik Ii, qi

v t t vt t

t. s id d y t t

m m f J spmd y qt , t t

d vt t t

m f .

t Ii xpi 1,100 mm

y, qt d d dt

mm f f m .


9/50


i y , d dy wd

by vy dw t t dvty

vy. it td tt t t,

y 60 t tt tb w d t

m f p, k

dd d t t d wt, f qif. I s

ik Pj h , ,

i i 8 10 m . t, m

qt d tb

wt id v t

f i f iii i

t d.

et d b d t t t d

d d t - v vy

jt by d

t dt . ft, t d t gvt, -vt z

d b t y t t y t v d

t w wt v jt bt

t vv d td td

wt v tq wd tdy.

t i imi

i im i pp-

Td Wt hv p. T

w dtd, t dy, v d

mi i . t f i

w dd -w, d t t

d yt w d wy t bt

t t b b wt x

miim . t m, if

vvd d d td w ty t bt w

p i i i i,

f , i qif. si Mm

gd n r eyt gt

s (mgnregs) t stt t wt

v d v v, t

f i m i i i

v t t g pyt/bk yt

.

Credit

T w t d dt

wtd d t t d bk

z 1969. Btw 1971-72 d 2007-

08, i i i jmp f

220 y r 883 t r 1,94,953

(Tb 6).

t i- i i

ki m pp i

xpi f i i i

Table 6: Direct Institutional Credit to Agriculture and Allied Activities(st d l T; 1971-2 t 2007-8)

Year

Share in total credit (per cent)Total

(Rs crore)Cooperaves State

governments

SCBs RRBs

1971-2 87.1 11.2 1.7 - 883

1981-2 57.7 3.6 34.8 3.9 4296

1991-2 50.2 2.9 41.7 5.2 11,538

2001-2 56.4 0.8 34.4 8.4 54,195

2002-3 52.2 - 38.8 9.0 65,175

2003-4 48.0 - 43.4 8.6 83,4272004-5 42.7 - 45.9 11.3 105,303

2005-6 33.4 - 56.0 10.6 144,021

2006-7 28.5 - 60.8 10.7 189,513

2007-8 29.6 - 58.2 12.2 194,953

n: scb: mmi k, rrb: i k

s: r bk f Ii, 2010


10/50


p pimk i

mifi i ppm fm

ki i Ii.

Seeds

Qi , i ip f i,

f 25 30 p f im i

p-i. I Ii, 80 p f fm

fm- . t pm

t t w dvty. T b t

t y dt d d

dtb w-v -v d k

, p i , i

v t k vtb d t

v wtd vt t tv

id. T d y t gvt

f Ii f pi

pi . si i f

t WTo d y wt

p pi i

td, d t t t., t

t b vt t y

qty d d id bt

p i f fm p

by vtt dvt w

v. T d t vt y

i i k f

bd d d d xt d t

im fii iii f qi

Ii fm p Ii m

b qty d d.

Ferlisers

T nt (n),

p (p) d pt (K) t

i (Tb 8). hwv, t t

v t

stt. T t stt-w

t ,

i imp ik t d dvty . T w

t bdy yt t vt

t t vt , wt t a

2010, i i- i m

mi i p kim f i

td .

- dt. T t t

k i pii i

td w dt t t ty ,

m i i , m-

d dt, d y d y

wk ty. Tb 7 dt tt f pii i i

sdd c Bk (scB) wt

fm 14 p i 1969 42.9 p i 1987

d t bw t bd 40 t

t. i t t-bk d (t-1992) t

f pii i i i f scb

32.8 p i 1996 36.7

p i 2005.

Table 7: Share of Priority Sector Advances in Total

Credit of SCBs 1969-2010

Year Share (in per cent)1969 14.0

1972 21.0

1975 25.0

1978 28.6

1981 35.6

1984 38.1

1987 42.9

1990 40.7

1993 34.4

1996 32.81999 35.3

2002 34.8

2005 36.7

2008 34.9

2010 35.1*

* Pii

s: s t . 2007; rBi 2011.

tfmi i ki pii

pi impm i

f k i i p-k iizi pi

ifi qi ffii

i f i i. d

ii pi pi fmi i

i pi km

i f k fm fii,


11/50


Concluding Remarks

t i mi ii f

t dv t td

t bt tb t

t t gDp, w v d

dv t, w dvty, wk

kt-t d kt-k, v

d

i, p k f q

-if, i m,

bty t t , d dd

vy t t

t vd, t. ev v dd

v d bt tw dd

, t d d id t

v t y vd t vb.

Wt d d

-d, t xt vy j tmp pii i if i

i pm

i f ii i mii f

Ii p fm.

ai, , i i

vb vd d v jb

. F ii i i f

t , bt vy tt

- k

Ii. t i pm i

b ttd t b t d

m, m f i mm f

f-i ii , m f i

w t t t t .

Ty t v k dt-kd bdy

t d t d

-, i f i f fi

Table 8: Consumption of Major Fertilizers

(k t)

Category 2000-01 2002-03 2004-05 2006-07 2008-09 2010-11

(April-Sept. )

n 109.2 104.7 117.1 137.7 150.9 80.6

P 42.2 40.2 46.2 55.4 65.1 41.7

K 15.7 16.0 20.6 23.3 33.1 17.3

t 167.1 160.9 183.9 216.5 249.9 139.4

s: emi s 2007-08 2010-11

f p fm

t dvty d d ty t t

d t v . T wt

v ty ,

d dt , t wtd

k i ji f mm, i

v v, k v -dpm ik dpm f w r,

ai, r dpm . f

.

ft, t wk b, t

dt d d w v t y v

t ty t td. i t

td v dvt t

d x v td, id

m mj k i

mmi mk xp i im ik

t, , w, y-, d . it

tt id v t t by

d t td v

ii f xp f

d w id vy

v dvt. T bd td

t wd dty v t

t , vbty d dtb d

-p. t, i i qi

ky t b d dy dy

i i f mximii

bt t w t d by

wto.

(The author is an ocer of the Indian Economic

Service and presently working in Ministry of Rural

Development, Government of India. Views expressed

are personal. e-mail: [email protected] )


12/50


wd d t 7 b

d t t tt

f p i iii f

q f f . t i i

tb t d t t

i . I pi i, 80 p f

t y d wd

i i i ppi ii 20

p fm xpi f . b f i

f i i f mj

p i ii, i pp fm 3.2

p p i 1960 1.5 p i 2000. Ii

wt 1.2 b w t t t

17.64 p m

f f i i pj 280 mii

by 2020-21. T t d t t

k t 0.3 t

Ii, mp 11 p p i p i. d mpi ,

p pi iii f ,

w t d. T d t

v yd 2100-2150 k / t v

1700 k/.

Knowledge Decit

at d y b d

by d v kwd dt tt

i i i fm. K

dt b vd by tt

, pi ii pi f f

fm . Ii p i f

f m i. F xmp, Ii i

2600 k / w bw tt c (4100 k / )

d e (5000 k / ). sy, id yd

t 3000 k / w bw tt (6200

k / ), e (6400 k / ) d usa (7500 k / ).

id yb yd t 870 k / bw tt

Bz (2500 k/), e (2600 k / ) d us(2700 k/). pdvty y 6 t 7 mT

i Ii i mpi m 40 Mt p

need For raInbow revolutIon to Increase

ProductIon In agrIculture

Dr. Harender Raj Gautam and Er. Rohitashw Kumar

Agriculture production can only be increased by reducing prevailing knowledge deficit of latest

agricultural technologies with the farmers. Knowledge deficit can be improved by strengthening

human resource, capacity building and rapid transfer of the farm technology.


13/50


i i ik bim, dmk, n, n

Z usa.

I 2010-11, Ii qm jmp i

t d 232 t 2009-

10 241 mii ii if

p i i p i i f id tbz t d d. it

td tt by 2020, id w q 270 t 290

mii f f i. t f

t v t d,

yd t b v w t

tbd v t t v dd w t b

t t t d d. at vtt

r d Dvt t

t b t t dv vtt, wt

f 30 75 p, i

i m im i. c,

i r&d i pi i i mi

pi . Ii pi im

i qi i i f i pp

i i i i k

f m fm i i

.

Focus Areas

t Ii i f ix k

w , bt, p

v, t, t-vt ty d

. a id t ty

d, t d t

d t b d by wt vd by b t-k t v. T

t d bty

i. t ii

p i ii, p-i

d d tt v j d,

d d . gvt d w

t t d tbt t v tk by t

k p f i

t. pttd v

tt t t d vtb,

fi m p i . I p

v, tw t t yd vtb,fi m p iz i

t bt t t d t ty.

Ii i i 3000 p

v t t 60, 000

i spi. I n, 1 p f f

tt vtd d ttd vd 60

t t t d w t

t t ttd v t

t d. pttd v d

b tdd w dv wt vv

wt t t d t

f c m. sm

k h pd, ukd, mt d

Ktk v tdd i f im f p-

fm.

Horculture

ht t 30 t id

i gdP fm 8.5 p f pp . I

t wd bt d t

p i 11 p f

15 p f fi. ap fm

b v xt, t y

t v t vd t

pp. bi ii, i t dt d dt yt t.

ad t t, t t 200

f i Ii i

d v. T v, td, w

t ty b wy t tk t t .

ht dt vt,

pi mi. ai

t t, t t t d

i Ii i 46 130 i i

bw t 92 d 300

vy dd by t id c

md r, nw D d n itt

nt, hydbd.

Value Addion

V dd t d

k i i iii

f i i p r. 55, 000

i p- . I

i p f fi , 26 p

f mi, ix p f p i 60

70 p i p i. Ii p

vii 2015 i im ip iz f f

10 y by t v b 6 t 20 t, v dd

20 35 p , i fm 1.6 3

p . ti qi mki p f

db dy d v by. a

im f r. 1,10,000 i i

i x . F, i f p

d bd ky


14/50


p ik , i, miz, , p i

tt jty d bkt. T

t d b dd vy 5 y t

if i .

Raising Producvity

r c pdvty tt t

p i p i f i m p f .

i t 60 d 70 t t ty, id d t t

g rv. B t v,

i i 1,013 k i f i

851 k i i 2,150 k 2,830 k,

vy. it w y t j tb

fm i Pj, h, uP p

ad pd. T ft g rv w

t d t td bt w

d b t -d , w tt bt

60 t t vtd t ty. ot t tt d d t ty, xty

40 t t d d dy d

fmi i pp 40 p f

ty b t t

i.

a d d dt d

t t v t dvty wt,

, d d t id-g

d t id, y B, Jkd,

c, o, t u pd, Wt

b am. I m f ,

mm iii i mj

tt dvty vt. o f 266.2

k t id (up, B, Jkd,

Wt B, a, o d c),

ppxim 143.4 k i if p

dt b t k d, dt

ty/dty. axty 50 k d 87.8

k i i Ii fq

-d d dt, vy. axty 6

k td by t d 7.5 k by

d ty/dty. T b t

t tt yd t t id.r dvty t id t y w (1.1 t

2.5 t/) bt . f t t,

t w t vt t

t. T t vt ddd t

, ii i,

wt . T ntt

dwd wt t t -

i . t pp

t v t t d b wy

t t t d d t z

m, r. 350 pi i

dd t Wt B, B,

oi, Jk, n-e . t i

dt w tt t dvty k

b d 3 t 4 , b 1.4 t 2.3

d bj 1.8 t 2.3 t t v

dvty. sy, t dvty d

d b d 2.3 t 2.5 , t

t d, t, t t,

v d t-vt ty.

st bd wt v

i p i i f.

t, i i pi i i i

b w t bd y

dd d d by y x d tdt k b z d vd

yt. f x, t us, w

d t v dy dd d

vbty k z d . i id

, BT , y dd v

d td yd d dd

t d dy.

Agriculture Technology

t c gm k m f p

t t y tt d

i i . Kii vi

Kd (KVK) v b tbd dtt

f k f

ty d ty. T

589 KVK t ty wt t dt t

k f i

ii i i

t ty d t. T KVK d

k m i ii

k i i i s dpm f

at, ht d t t Dtt

t dtt v dvy t ty

d t v wy. Bt, t t d qip KvK i i

if. t m ix m

i i ip i

d tt v t

p pfm p f

x . hm i imp i

t tt d dvt dtt


15/50


i . s m

v d xt

stt at uv, d stt Dtt

at, ht d t d Dtt

wt b t tk t b

f mp . vi p

fm t wy t t t .

T wd wtd v

d t d t

dv t b btd t.

a mmi yt tt vd

bt t , kt

, i p i i i

imp. K iz

i fm k i

w py rj t y

. t Ii dpm

gtwy pt by t mty c di Ty d b d xtvy

d t v. v-

fm , m

vt t td d vd by

m. Mi p imp i

d t kwd dt, wt t v,

d t d. cty rd st

b v d t t d

pm i pm i

Pi Pi Pip m. cmmi i,

c M mi

wd d bt . VK c, i i

i. li

p f fm k

p i pi pi mi. Fm jim

pm i m f

d t d bt .

b k , i mp

, i xi k

t tt t v. mt t

t v d

t dt , t d xt

pmm. t c gm x dtv t t

z t , t d xt

. T d t t t d

b d kd wt bd bjv d wt

d-bd d t w.

T t vt d dv v

yt t-k t tt id c

at r d t tt d

i i i i

v t

x v bjv. K

i r dpm i

i m p i pi

ii m. Ii i it d d. W v t td

t d t d

t d t t vy by t

d y tt.

T wt w btd d

by 2050 t wd w 9.1 b,

34 p i . I f i

, d d t by 70 t.

a d w d t t bt 3

ii fm 2.1 ii m

d w d t by v 200 t

470 mii . t im i fm

2 p f i

d dt (gDp) w ty

0.5 t 0.6 t. a t tt

5.84 p i 2008-09, i

pi f f i i k f

ii i m. u im i

t kwd dt d d t t

i i i Ii i mpi

p . fd d at oz

(fao) v dtd tt t dv

i im f us $

30 ii i , w Fsmmi i 1996, f i m f

pp f 2015. h, Fao

i i m i f w F

Dy 2009 tt t wd t bty t d y

pm if pm i

imp. id d -d tt d

t g v, B v,

Wt v d t tt yw

v t v rbw v.

(The Dr. Harender Raj Gautam is Senior Scienst,

Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology,Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horculture

and Forestry, Nauni-173230, Solan, Himachal

Pradesh; and Er. Rohitashw Kumar is in Division of

Agricultural Engineering, Shere Kashmir University

of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir,

Shalimar, Srinagar-191121 (J&K)., e-mail : hrg_

[email protected])


16/50


ai i k f .

dpm, ppi ii

t dd t t

mm f i m. I

txt wt yt, -

d t t. T

t t y

fm f mj k f i

i i i i .

a , 65 p f i

i i i , 23 p i

ii mii 8 p i f

d d t . a, t d

xv wt t d t

p i qi i fm f

1000 t wt qd t d

t wt. T, d yt

t tt, yt,

d d t t.

Water More Valuable Than Land

I , 83 p f i

wt d t. it

td tt t dd wt t

w t . T

ty b

t t tt 58 t dd t d t td v t

vd. h t t ,

s c Tvy ty kd,

vyt id; wt v vb

t d. i t y t

i f p i ii

dvty d.

si ip, mpi p

t x d dvt

tt t bt t d. T

t t td 22.6

IrrIgatIon: a necessary InPut to boost

agrIculture

Dr. Anita Modi

In our country, about 83 percent of the available water is used for irrigation in agriculture. It is

estimated that the demand of water for irrigation will increase.


17/50


mii i 1950-51 102.8 mii

i 2006-07. a 42.4 mii f

t b td t j

mim pj 60.4 mii

t t jt. it td

tt bt 74 t t tt xtb

t ty b zd. T ty

tt t vb

td bt 139.9 t, w t

td j d d jt

58.3 mii 81.6 mii

t jt.

o m impm m pii

t wt t. n

w Pi p i 1987

xv xt wt d v t wt

pm f

i . I m , b

n Yj w td t d 2005-06

2008-09 f if pm f

. i t , dd

mi mp f i. t

d dw t t t 10

.

Irrigaon Potenal

Dt t vt t yt,

t w d b yzd.

ft , t d z x

yt . it td tt bt

85 t t td t tyb zd d t t y d. ad t

, t t z td

t bt 87.2 t y.

t mi f pi f i im pi f

d z t d

jt, k ty

k d dtb yt, wt t tt,

v d, d, dt, d k d

pp -i m. I i

iq m i i

t b wt wt, wt , d

ii.

it ty qd t t t -

yt d tv

dv t x bt

vtt yt. it d tt t

f ii i i p m.

I ni Fi y, p

t d t t z, cd

a Dvt p, t

d t

pj . p. I i i

w r Mii

ty wt t

t v d

t dt t kwd tt

iq fm. I e Fi y p,

t tt t by 25 k

i i p

f i m . F

z t, v

f r. 5000 i m ti Fi

cmmii f pi f 2011-12 2014-15.

at bt tt

i 1970, p

d d bd. Txv xt d wt

k f . t

iiz f ii, iii f

f i pp, pmp , k f k

bt t yt d t

b wt v td t

t b t d d wt.

abt 60 t t ty d

i .

it td tt 10 t t

y wt t dd 140 k

t d. T v t bjv, t tt y bt t wt

m pi fm mpm

t b d. T

f fm i mm mi f

yt d b d by

t ty -w t

m. t pi

t t t dvt t.

l, mpi mm p

d b td d vy td

t t. T k

t yt d t z wtwt; t db t t t k td

. a t i

mk i i i.

The author is Head, Dep. Of Economics, G.S.S.

Girls P.G. College, Chirawa. (Jhunjhunu), e-mail :

[email protected]


18/50


t t id d

d d

t t . at xt

d t dt

t. i id, t c st at

1953 td t tt t t

ii, mm. u

v t at, t td y

td t y dty dtf mmi ii i

, td t t. T at

tt t t t b td

k d, y d,

t v d d , wt,

agencIes For calculatIng

agrIcultural ProductIvIty In IndIa

Dr. M. Perumal and P. Soundararajan

t, dbtd, t dw ,

i, pi f

vdd b, bt d vdd

f , f k, m mp

mp, ii ip,

-. If p i f i f

vd y t w

v w t y q bt

y qd t b d dt at, b t t wt . T

at d t y v t v

. h, m f im ik pi f

(t) d, dbtd t. t

t t d t t.


19/50


c t d at

c, i i vy v y t t

dt y d b

i, i pi f

a, .

The Naonal Stascal Commission (NSC) i

px i f Ii. I m

12 J 2006. t p nsc i i

m mmii ii

f i mi . I i mp f p-

c d t- b. T

sty p c x-

mm f nsc. o f mm i fm

d t wt z d

xpi i, m i.

t nsc, p [email protected]. t e-mi f

cim i [email protected] f

b (at) [email protected].

Agricultural Stascs System i Ii i

dtzd bt zty d vy. py

t td by t stt vt

(v b-) d dtd t

di f emi &

st (Des), d t Dtt at

& c, u mty at. B

f iz -mki

d y t t, t

dt t dt . T

yt, w vvd v t ,

vd v t t, dt, d d

dt. at t td

t v vy d t

dtd by dt t d vt

pm. t des i f

, d d d t b

dt d t ky dt t t v.

The Directorate of Economics & Stascs

(DES) i i 1948 i

t e & st adv (esa). T esa

td by x adv, tw st

d d e d (wt

kwd t). T xt y

t t add st adv

d t add e adv. Ty

td by tw Dty st adv

dp emi ai. b i

i, dp di f

st d att e adv. it t b d tt dt (bdty)

t t t t

mii.

Des vy y t d

i f fi p, i p,

, b d tt

d t . Dt -d d

, (-w d -w)

td d d t t d

b- v b. Wky dt

w/t d vt fm i mk f

w dx t

d.

Des d b td

at st t g. T b

v dt t t

im i mi ii,

xdt, t , , d d

yd , t t, t

pi i, p pi iii,

d tk, t/ xt, t,

w dx, d t,

i ip, f i k,

vtk d d ty,

t-. T b bd t dt

i mpi di

e d st d v mt

dpm i gm f Ii.

at st t g vb t

i ://.. ://dt.

./d. t e-mi f

p i i.k@i. i. t e-mi ft tt d t m.

@i.i. t i f des i

://dt../d. t e-mi f

p esa i k p f

des i @i.i i dd t t Dtt

e d st t Dtt


20/50


ai, mj pm

(-id) v w t d

dt v t t t t

i , f:

(a) Central Stascal Organizaon (CSO)

t cso i i 1951. t

cso b d t

v t ty, d vv d t

t tdd. it v t n

i a, d t t t,

f a s f Ii, emi

c d w- vy,

idx idt pd, w c

Pi Ii f u n-M emp,

h Dvt st, gd st;

fv Y p t Dvt st t stt d u Tt;

t o st, d

t , wk t td,

y, t d vt t,

v n idt c, t.

t cso mpi f p

d, vtk, ty d, y

d d t d. it ,

i-i, f p, f ip,

v ddd, d d dt

i i . t p

d d by by t esa.

t cso i di-g

w td by 2 add Dt-g

4 dp di g, di & Ji

Dt d t t. Ty

t st d. T

i i .mpi.i.i

-mi i @i.i. t p,

p, i dp di g, i

t d . h e- dd [email protected]. it t b d tt dt t

bdty t cso t

t t t vb. it t

b d tt d t dt

d t p nt t d

fm i .pi.i.i.

(b) Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying

and Fisheries

ti dpm i i p fm m i

xt Jy 02, 1991. T z

tt t adv (st) t

v - bdy t,ii ik . I mpi,

t t, qtv dt vtk

d dt 2003 w d

, ty, w, t, d t dt.

ft, t d dt k, ,

w, & d. T wbt t Dtt

i ://dd.v.. I - m

f i s-i ii-i ik

i mi f

ty. Dt , d

ik p ip 2004-05. t f s

(b-) d u Tty gvt. at

t (-id) v, t

f kd by Jt sty t

d Dtt. it y b d tt dt

t bdty t st W

i.

(c) Naonal Sample Survey Organizaon (NSSO)

T Dtt n s svy w

i i 1950. h, nsso i i p

w tbd t y 1970. oz

f nsso i f di g

& c exv o, v dv,

y, svy D d r Dv (sDrD),

fd o Dv (foD), Dt p

Dv (DpD) d cd & pb

Dv (cpD). a Dty Dt g d

dv xt foD. a add Dt

g d foD. it d tt t foD,

t at st (as) W. a t

d by st d. it

t k vy d, dt dwk,

, pi p mii

d d t t. T W

97 t d 35 t t. it t

dt d bt d b

d. svy dtd t d

b- v t t dt


21/50


xpi f fm . I i f

t-w v qty d v

d t d b-

v. it t dt yt.

T dt

i. t -mi f p p i [email protected].

(d) Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence

and Stascs (DGCI&S)

t dgcI&s mpi, i i,

dt t qty d v xt d t

d d t t. Dt

td t dtv d.

t i i ://dk.v.

i. t dgcI&s i di g.

t p di g

di, e-mi f

p im i :

() @i..i

() [email protected]

() [email protected]

(v) @i..i

(v) [email protected]

it y b d tt dt t

bdty t Dgci&s t

t t t vb.

(e) Ministry of Rural Development

T n itt r Dvt

(nirD), t bdy, d t mty

r dpm f gm f Ii

d t t t t. T

nIrd i di g. I i i

.i..i. I e-mi i i@i..

i. T nirD b r Dvt st,

w t dt /b , vt

t, j, yt,

yt, ty d , w d

dbt, d vty, t d d

v, d t t t,

pm pmm, if

t. T tt b t y 2004-05.

t Mii f r dpm, gm f

Ii i i i ..i.i pi f

t t t id y. o t

, ://.. i m p.

(f) Oce of the Registrar General of India

it t dt t

ty by , x, , b , d

t t , wk by

vty tt d v v dt. it vd

v dt v t

d t wk,

b vt t. Dt vb t

Dt D W t . T wbt

i ://www.d.t/. t -mi

@d.t @

ii..i.

(g) Ministry of Environment and Forests

t dpm f eim ii 1980, i m Mii f eim

F i 1985. t a r i i

i ://d.t../x/w.

m. it vd ty d vt t

d t d t ty t t

d b- v. a t dt d

i i mpim f eim

st id 2003 bd my, 2005 by t

mty st & p it

i i i i: .mpi.i.i.

(h) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

T rBi t v t d

ai. t i fm i

i i url .i..i. a imp

b t rBi t hdbk

st id ey w v

t t, t , tt d

(d t), y d bk,

kt, b , td d b

yt, y d d -

ii.

(Dr. M. Perumal is Associate Professor & Research

Advisor, P.G. and Research Department of Economics,

Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Trichy 19, e-mail :

[email protected], and P. Soundararajan is

Assistant Professor, P.G. and Research Department of

Economics Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Trichy 19)


22/50


t fm i f i-

b zdy yt, Ty ,

c d d w, d

d (w w d d)d -v . T yd

tt b vy

i p fm pi f

pm. a

w. Wt t b Zdy yt

t 22 vt v dt

i . t fm p

t vt t q d w

t d. at t t t

dtb d v t t

p fm i i

i. M 50k f ii f p

an overvIew oF state InItIatIves

In agrIculture

Pawan Kumar Tiwari

Various posive changes have taken in the eld of agriculture since independence. The country which was

not self sucient in foodgrains has now achieved self suciency. A number of reforms have been iniated

inside the country in the agricultural sector which has brought both quantave and qualitave changes

in agriculture. The implementaon of various central schemes and programs has brought qualitave

improvement, as it has laid down the foundaon for modernizaon of agriculture in India, and in terms of

numbers, it has resulted in sharp increase in producvity of land and producon of food grains.

dtb wt d t t . lw

v b td t d

d w v vd t wy d

t d t dvty.ad t t, bt 55 t

i f.

Supply of Inputs:

m dtb d t t

w t t dvty; t

t x bkwd t

m i m p iii

t. ad t bdy y

pi i ip ik p ti, t,

z t t d

t bdzd . pvd bdy

fm p i i fm p m i i i.


23/50


Infrastructural Facilies: -

ext tt t w

tb t. itt

v b xdd t vd d d

t t t vd

i. a imp m xpi f

t dt t t -v

mmi k. 14 mmi k

zd 1969 w t 6 bk

1980. nzd bk v yd t

i pii i fm. t im

f gmi vik bk, ri r bk

n Bk at d r Dvt

(naBarD) ddd d t t ty

f i pm.

t pi f m f i

d k wt, pddy t. t c

at ct d p (cacp) w tbd

by t gvt. cacp tk v t t

i fi fm. Ii im

twd dz t t y

m i i i

i. t i i

dvty t itt w

tbd t ty. T itt

p hi ii i

i i . t i ii

i pmm m i

.

New Iniaves at a Glance

ai ci i i

i imp i a 1998 i

td K cdt cd s. Kcc w

tdd t vd dqt d y dt

pp fm fm ki m.

ad t t bt 895 k Kcc v

b d Db 2010.nw

i p p piip m f 3 k,

7% f i. a imp p

t t bt k 31

ii p ii i f a P,

Kk M. a m f r 16,953

b d d t k t

f 2009.

t gm f Ii p

n a py 2000, wt t bjv

v t t t. T y

imi i p i

.

Food Security Mission

i t t y w v v

p i

p p i i im. I

t v d ty by t d

, wt d t n fd sty

m w d b 2007-08. T n

F si Mii impm i 479

dd dtt 17 tt. it t

t d t w

wy. T d w

b d by dtb ybd , wtd , z, d d k

w t t. nfsm d t t

t , td d

f i .

T rty K Vk Yj (rKVY)

t ct vt w

i 2007 mk impm i

t d d t by w

i m f fm. t

m r 25000 f p pi

pi i . t xd tt v 4% wt t

i . a 40% f pp f

v b zd v t ttd t.

t M Mm f ai m

fm i 2000-01. it w t t

i 27 p m

v, d, z, d t.,

m. I i i

2008-09 t t t tt vt (d

u Tty) t t t d

by vd t.

at tt v t tt

f i, p, i pm miz

pm pm i c sp

I sm f oi, P, oi Pm

Miz i i i impm i15 mj

f i p, 15 f miz


24/50


8 f i pm. u IsoPoM oi Pm

dpm Pm i i impm i

f a P, Kk, tmi,

gj, g, oi, K, tip, am,

Mizm. t Miz dpm Pm

IsoPoM i i impm i 15 s. t d mz v 81.80 k wt

d 192.80 k t.

Increase in Producon & Aainment of Self Suciency

t f i p i i

t t wt. it b d tt

t v d d

i mp f

d . a t t td w

t t d t d

d tdy. T d Wt

i fm 10.4 mii i 1965-66 78.4 t 2007-08. T d

i fm 30.6 mii i 1965-66

96.4 t 2007-08 (Dt. o at &

c). T tt d d

d ty k id t d

. a id b wd d

p f i.

at vt w b t

t tt ty. T t

i fm 22.6 mii i 1950 94.7

t 1999-2000 (Dt. at &cv). id b t d ty

t wd t x .

Diversicaon of Agriculture

a p i i i

dv. T tt -

ik f im i

i p i i. t

b d td

t . T d w

i m mi p

imp .

ap fm mj i

ii i . t fm

mi f i p,

pd c k , d

c kd kb wt t

dt ().

I i i i

fm imp i m. t

b zdy yt d ty

yd t d t

d xt t by t zd.

n fm m i i

wt t gvt. a w t d t

d

imp. sm m f

t d d t y d t t .

(The author is Research Scholar, AssamUniversity, Assam, e-mail-pawankwari1982@

gmail.com )

FORTHCOMING

ISSUES

r Mii - F 2012

F si - M 2012

b 2012-13 - api 2012

r tim - M 2012


25/50



26/50



27/50


bk , i imi,

i p i f

mi, i i i

ii qi i pi i

ik f

him. t i pp

m, d smi mk

fm xi mi i f

z p, m i ii

xi mp. a p i

PIne brIquetts to reduce carbon

FootPrInts

Rajshekhar Pant

l J iii fif mii imp

i Ii f

pm m 17%.

a m iiii i f kp

m fm mii i m

mi i i uk. t f

ppi f r r uj si,

bij r, IIti i n yk

ii f pi fi lPg


28/50


i i i

i, -fi m ffii ifi

mmi iq f

pi .

K i f , fpi iq mmi

xpi . r i

xi f

pipii pii f f i

im iq , mpm

im pi.

r i p siz

i mp M cim, i

i i mk i ii p

ii i fpi. a mi mki i m

i i ik f i,

,

pk f i f ffii

ffi.

spp p k i

him f, pi

i fi i fm

M , pi i

m m pi f

i i i i pp

- i ff. I ii i

m i pj iii

i r - m

i ppizi iq f mki im

iq pj i gm. I i

i

i f i mi f , f

i f pi pi k f . i him

f kp i pp . t

f pm p p i

m i i i

fi i. M h K, if pj ffi f

gm pk f z f f p p

i m f i pj.

t pi f iq i i

mi f i pi m i

i . I i k i 10% i

f mix i fi p i

mi mi i mk iq.

I m f i 600m

f i m f 90 mi. c i

t td t b jt 1/3 t lpg. D Jc

P imi pi f

i k i i i i pii m

i i fpi

x.

u i pj mm f shg

pi i qipm f

ii i. a cmi i m ii r 25 p m

p ff iii f p

m i pi. I f-

ff g i f Km

b si ppm

i im ii 10,000

pi iq. I i

p i m f

mf pii m

f m i, i m pm.

I cmp ii i Kmi 20

m pi i ffii f

i. I am i rj P

rm b ipi qi f m

p f ppizi i i

mk. I p b

i i pi f 5 q f iq.

I gi i 32 mi 100

p fi.t pj i pi i 76 iifi

mi f 18 k i 11 ii f

uk.

(The author is a freelance writer based in

Nainital, e-mail: [email protected])

Pine needles in the

days to come are

all set to become

a potenal source

for the state to

earn carbon credits

besides enabling the

hill people to add-on

to their coers


29/50



30/50


Background of PESA:

tb, t d ty t

id, tt 8.2% (v 84 ) t tt . T

bk t tb v t f sd

six s a. t i i

ct id sdd a d Tb

a vy. T tb v

t w td d t. pdty

ii i i f i,

m p . t

dvd v t

i f

p f . ei, i i mm.

T td d k by t

ty ty d t. W

ProvIsIonIng Pesa: stIll a long way to go

Anupam Hazra

The Provision of the Panchayat Extension to the Schedule Areas (PESA) Act, 1996 is one of the mostprogressive legislaons for tribal regions for self-governance and recognizing the tradional rights of tribal

communies over their natural resources. The provisions of this Act are far reaching in their implicaons,

yet there are several problems with pung the provisions of the Act in place. All concerned States have

enacted their State legislaons in pursuance with this central Act. Eorts have been made by the Central

Government also to amend certain Act, Rules and policies to the tune of this Act. But sll, there is lot to be

done by State Governments for turning the ideal of tribal self-rule into reality

wd t td qty bd

. Bd t t, t

dd py rj yt w

t t wt t w t d td.

rizi f gm f Ii qi

k v t ct id byd

73d ct adt at, 1992.

Wt d t f sdd a, d

a 243m t ct id, pt

qd t xtd t

pii f P IX f . ai,

bd t d t D s

B c, T pv t pyt

ext t T sdd a (pesa) at w

d by t pt d t t

24 Db 1996 d t f

sd t ct id.


31/50


Main features of the Act:

T at d v dy

bt bt t p f m mpii mmi

t d wt td

m. e i i gm s,

i i mp f p

td d t t , t t

dty, ty d ty

d dt . pesa j t

stt t b t t tb

d t td tv vv t

t t v pyt d g

s i s v a i

, t b t d, ttd t dt g sb v wt

gm P .

pesa t tt v sdd

ti f f m f

f cip f P

f s

ti. I pi f s m

mi p i s

Tb w v t t pyt

imi ii P

x f - f m

P.


32/50


fm gm s f k m p

t. g sb dy

b vty v d t

d z

f P i f

pmm. P kpi mm f mi i.

(b) Mandatory consultaons:

t gm s P

pppi

b q d t sdd a

dvt jt d b

bttd td by jt.

(c) Mandatory recommendaons:

T d t g sb t

P pppi miqd t t

mii f mi mi. simi, pi

d qd t

t xt by .

Current Scenario of Indian States:

wi i s qii

by d t v

py rj at, t xt. ft,

m s m j

w d , t t y

i, f mi f p, mii

xi. t pii i

ii i i Pesa

vd Db 12, 1997, ty t b

wd by dtt d t

wt t d d. Vt

ip f mi f p,

a s i

gm s P

t v dwd y wt

w d tty t b t t

t -vt. T :

() pw t b;

(b) ow t d;

() pw t vt d;

(d) pw t v kt;

() pw t x t v y

d;

() pw t x t v t d

t; d

() pw t t d

p ii i -p.

t a pii P i

m p i f

P . I pi

pii f , i i ii i

i pii, i f xpi

f fm i a i

t t t pdt (24.12.1996).

u Pesa, gm s P

v wd , w d b

f:

(a) Mandatory execuve funcons and

responsibilies:

P i k

pp f p, pmm pj


33/50


pi mm f mi i

d v tb d, w

v b zd td t pesa,

yt t b vd t y v

. pw ttty dvvd t t g

s P ppm t d d t

-xt w. T dd

btw t t d v t

s m mmiz f:

1. ci f xii i

m i, f, xi, ., i

i i pii

pesa;

2. Imp f f ip f mi

f p pi mm

f mi i gm Pd g sb;

3. Iq i pi ii

f i iz i Pesa

ii i f i ii i

sdd a; d

4 a t wt py rj ,

p i p gm

s P i m

tt t d d ,

t -x w.

cq, f mpi i Pesa

mi imp pf. o ,

s p xpi

wt pesa d t b

dd t mty py

rj (mpr) d p rvw c,bt t v vd by v v

mmii f 2004 Mii f r

dpm.

Role of the Central Government:

fw t d

t tb bk t

wy t t t at. Dt

xpii pii i Pesa pii f

w t pyt w tt wt

t v wd t v t t

xpi f fm i i i

pd t, b w

t b . Dt t, b

m i i . u p k,

t wt t mty lw d J, t

z vt t wt t

pii f Pesa. am

t w:

() T ld aqii a, 1894

(b) m d m (Dvt d

rt) at, 1957

() T id ft at, 1927

(d) T ft cvt at, 1980

() T id rtt at, 1908.

at t d at, w

vy t wt t v

t pesa d q t -x

i :

() T n py rt d

rbt pjt atd p, 2003

(b) The National Water Policy, 2002

() T nt m py, 2003(d) T nt ft py, 1988

() T Wd l cvt stty, 2002

() T nt evt py, 2006.

a d t Wk g

D Dt z, fi p m

k c gm:


34/50


ci, gj, him P,

Jk, M P, M,

o d rjt) d b td

i .

() a t t x dtd by

t cbt sty tt mt /dpm i i

css t z t wt py rj,

m -i iv t y b

d t b css / d ct s

ii fmk f Pesa, si

i ii f m

f e P.

If c gm k

t t z t t

w t w wy

twd t d d t t

tt tb f sd a d

i mif i f

pm. a m imp i i

v by t ct gvt w

pppi i s m,

v t t t t v

Pesa i i f pp.

Role of the State Governments:

it dy b d tt

s i s a m i s a i

wt t d t t ct pesa. T

v y t pesa stt at d t

Pesa c a i f Pesa a

b dtd t by

, m f p f gm

sb v b v t t dtt dt,

Zi Pi. h, i pi ,

Pii i c a, i

i i s a

ii i i p pi gm

s i s i m k ii i , p

t dty, d w t t t td

i i f .

a d t Wk g

D Dtz, w t

immi k s:

() i d t stt

t pesa d t

i f g p s v

. mty py rj d vd

fm f g p fm s.

(b) it td

ti ri bi f

impmi f Pesa. ti i qi

i pi iii mim

f ii Mii f

Pi rj ti wf Mii.

() cdt t t

impmi f Pesa brgF

tk F Pi cmmii,

i Mii f Pi rj,

gm f Ii.

(d) pesa stt t v t t t

impmi pi pp

t, bdt (r 5 c

m p , i s f a P,


35/50


sty tt mt/Dtt t

i i css miz

t wt py rj

t t t

Pesa.

=t Mii f Pi rj k Ii l Ii

fm pppi mm i

s , i i i

s gm i i

xi i i i i pi

dpm f l.

= t mii imp impmi fPesa, Mii 14 J 2006

mi f s si f dpm

f Pi rj, ti dpm

cmmii f ti a dpm,

h f ti r Ii ti dpm cpi

pi f c Miii.

= mpr ttd t b-:() B.D.s b- md

gii gm s i p

vd pesa () rv cd b-

ld a, Dt,

rbt & rt d ()

a.K.s b- m ft

pd. a t b- d bd

t t d d d t f s.

= P p f b.d.sm-mmi, M gii

gm s nim smi f

f Pesa s ti

r Ii.

() stt w q t y d

z wt pesa

(b) a stt rt t b d by

s s v a,

t tt t.

() p t Brgf, w

m pi

t t pyt, d

b d t tyz t t

Pesa i s.

Recent iniaves taken by the Central Government:

= mty py rj zd t Tdrd Tb c p y rjMii i spm, 2004 i rip. t s

Mii f pii f

pesa d t dtk wd t

i m pm

miz pii f i

t d bjv pesa.

= r t c st stt d t btw ct

s gm i k

wt vw t b t d

miz j i i i

Pesa pii.

= ct mt/Dtt d t p

cmmii i xi

z css d wt

td t evt sd t ct.

t xi i ci


36/50


Some Major Achievements of Different States of India:

State Major Achievements

oi T Dtt py rj td t t- c-v

s t t V, Bk d Dtt v t m ft pd

(mfp) w t rty atty t t stt v.

c t pii f gm s pp pmm f i mi

dvt t y z d t t stt pr at v b

m i i i Pesa.

m t m at v b dd ( t pesa)

T stt ex at v w t t g sb t t t w

q vd t t g sb d t v t v t x t.

Tb v d v t v v mfp w

i i i.

T stt d v d vd w t g sb t vt

f i f st.

c i h bz i gm s gm P.

him P T h pd s Tb r, 1969 b dd t d t

i P f p i i dFo i s a.

M P T stt gvt d y dt v tt w,

m s Pr a, t exi a, t l r c, t Mi Mir gm n aiim.

T my ld (adt) at, 2000 t stt bt t t

m i s a.

a P T stt gvt d T ad pd py rj (ext t

sdd a) r, 2007 w yt t b d.

T stt gvt d y d v t d

g pyt.

M t s gm ip i f MFP mm f s

Pr a.

T stt gvt v w t t g sb wt d t

f f p i st.

rj t s gm m rj l r a, 1956, rj

M l a, 1963 rj Mi ci r, 1986.


37/50


The Road Ahead:

a t d dt Wk

gp c gm,

fi m m k :

1. T mty py rj d

dty z d d

t pesa d t

s pii ii.

2. a dt t b dtd t

stt t t t .

3. t Mii m p f i ii

t t mty Tb a w t

p c. T mt py

rj, Tb a d t p c

d k t t t pesa t

t z stt p d t

tt t d dvtd

i s p Fi y P.

4. If s i impmi pii

f Pesa i pii, gm

f Ii i pifi ii i

i i p i ii

pi 3 f p a f Fif

s.

5. t c gm i

s p p f mm

t x w d t t pesa.

6. o f i i impmi f

Pesa pii

i i fm c

ii f pii f

m, f i

fm ii ii

i ppi.

7. p tk t

g m i imp. s

p pi fi

p i pi mi.

8. ev t w tt t

py rj, tb , tdi i pmi m.

tf pi p k

tt w t y tb

. I m

t zd g

s, pii i Pesa

ii f qm f

t t 33% t g sb t

i f m.

Bibliography:

1. T pv pyt (ext tsdd a) at, 1996.

2. t cii f Ii m.

3. t s f Pi rj rp, 2006-07,

Mii f Pi rj, gm f

Ii.

4. t s f P 2007-08: a

iddt at (spr 2007-08),

Mii f Pi rj, gm f

Ii.

5. rp f wki gp dmi

dizi & PrI, Picmmii Mii f Pi rj,

gm f Ii, nm 2006.

6. Pi g r l, rp f

exp gp, Mii f Pi rj,

gm f Ii, M 2006.

7. Ii g Ii

g, Fif ai c

Pi rj, api 2008.

8. s ewr i Pi rj Iii,

Mii f Pi rj, gm f

Ii, api 2008.

9. a rp 2009-10, Mii f Pi

rj, gm f Ii.

(The author is Assistant Professor; Department of

Social Work; Assam (Central) University; Silchar

788011;Assam; e-mail: [email protected])


38/50


tw ty t vy

mm iz., m f i

ddy t d d v d

v t y d j.

a t d t, v

yt b d by t y tb t

e n e i p f

v kw j d v

d b t. pty,

t b d t nt et h r

(a pd, a, my, nd,

m, mz, T) d t y

f oi, M P, a P .

I tip, 2.20 k f

tt d v vv

bt 40,000 . j ( vt)

. T j by t j tb

vz., h, J, Kk, n,

s, tipi, r, M, ckm . i

xt t y

tt t tt d t

t kd wt , -

mi f ii k f

d t y .

T t t v

t, d b,

impm, pp , m mki,

bd t d, t d t. i

t j vt dt xd

dtd by ddy, z, t, , k,

ii, m, m, m .

Jhum cycles and aects

a vt, t d w d

jmi m pi f . I

i , m fm p

t d t t t bt

10 15 m. I p i

JhumIas oF trIPura hIlls- aFFects and

ProsPects

Dr. P. K. Paul and Dr. P. P. Paul

d d t jj y

v y. T t yt v

i i m,

yt tdy, , d

f f , i i : m

t t, d t j t

d j () y (01 t 02 y) d

t dt t wt, v,

t v / v d t

pi, . ii i m f fmi

b t , yt

v. T ty d t v

wt t d y y

t d t d . sv t

k p m

p ii jmi. b i

, k tt d ,

y , dqt t kw-

w, k wt t dtd

d t d

twd j bt.

A typical bamboo hut made by Jhumias


39/50


Prospects

v p

f jm i i

f. t p i

imp ifi ii F e-

sm iii iz f

jm pimi

epim m, e. pm, Miki

i . u jm

iz i ifi ii

m pi pi

dm miii. spi p f

, xi i

ifi i .

Conclusion

it tt t d t (b,b, t) v dt ty w

td t t j d d

F ri a, i ii i m

vd, y v t b

i i ii. t

fk mii p m

t j, t t d t

, yt dqt kwd t

imp, , p f p i

d dt, vd; t

v xt / dt w

p i xi i k m

jmi. ti i i i ii v t. T wy d

d t t tb (ty) d ft rt at

qi i i f pii

. T s svy rt wt

vt b dvtd wt

Mm gi r empm g

m f i pi

d dvt. it d tt, t

w t / /

/xt dtt t t tt

, tb dt, ty

, dt d v v vy.

(The rst author is Ex. Joint Secretary and Advisor

of Agriculture, Govt. of Tripura, and the second

author is Assistant Horculturist, Department of F.

P. I. & Horculture, Govt. of West Bengal, e-mail:

[email protected])

S U B S C R I P T I O N C O U P O N(For Ne Membership/Reneal/Change in Address

I want to subscribe to_________________________________________(Journals name & language) or

1 yr. or Rs. 100/- 2 yrs or Rs. 180/- 3 yrs. or Rs. 250/-

DD/IPO/MO No. ________________________________________________Date____________________

Name (in block letters)

Address

PIN

Note: For Reewal/chage i address-please quote your Subscriptio no.

Please allow 8 to 10 weeks or the despatch o the 1st issue.

Please send DD/IPO/MO to Business Manager

Publication Division, East Block, Level-VII,

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Fax : 26175516

Also ensure that it is dran in favour of Director

Publication Division, Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting, Ne Delhi.


40/50



41/50


lk t t

pm i 1980 ipi

utd n t v b

t 1990 t dy t b

i mmi mmi

i pm. t w smmi

i f , Miim dpm

g (mDg), w b t d

w t v td t

z t dvt v. T

ii m pi fiii

f ii f

k f . wi

imp, i i q imp p i

kd d t. T

-i mpm pi i

wy twd dvt

m ik Mdg.

Ii i m f i

f miim pm i

td t vty v tt

by bz t bdt ,

qb dvb, k,

wt b wk . mj td v

b d d t n r eyt

gt at (nrega), dk

towards mIllennIum develoPment goals and

the role oF mgnrega

Dr.S.M. Jawed Akhtar, N.P. Abdul Azeez, Md. Masroor

NREGA, with its Rights Based framework, is a paradigm shift from all other development programmes

that were traditionally supply led. Centrally funded entirely through domestic resources, the

implementation of this law is supported by a budget based on demand for employment.


42/50


id, w w td t

yt t . it

dt wt t t t t t

vt t mDg id; t

twd tt d vty by 2015. nrega,

wt t rt Bd wk, d fm pm pmm

tdy y d. cty dd y

t d , t t

i i pp m

f mpm. ap fm pii ii

t d, v t t v y,

t at b t v

tt t v d

d id d t

.

a t vty d t, id

Mii f r dpm mpi

nrega pp im f Mdg:

g 1 dt xt vty d ; g

3 t d qty d w w;

g 7 im iii.

T utd n gb at rt (gar),

pi Mgnrega mpm

d t t zd

f i imp i

t t d dt k d v t

m Dvt g d t tm pmm p mp

mii f miiz.

1. Eradicaon of Hunger and Poverty

through Employment Generaon:

T t m Dvt g (mDg)

ed ext pvty d h t

d t w

$1 1990 2015 f. t

d, d t dt

p 10 p pi, i

kd wk by 20 t d 70

w wk t. ad t tn s svy oz, 300

id v xt vty. T t

Tdk c (2009) w tt, btw

1993-94 2003-04 p

id y y 45.3

p 37.2 p. simi p

i fm 50.1 p 41.8 p

p i fm 31.8 p

25.7. t m , f

dd d 42

ii.

T b t dt

p i ii mpm

t d w dbt

t t mgnrega w

d d

t w. D t t

y t (2006-07) 200 dtt,

2.10 mp 90.5

p . I 2007-08, 3.39

pi mpm 143.59

p i 330 ii. I2008-09, 4.51 pi

mpm 216.32 p

. I 2009-2010,

5.29 i 2010-2011 m 5.49

pi mpm. t

fi t -i mpm

pi fm 2006-07 2010-2011.

Table 1: Employment Scenario in India under MGNREGS

Year Employment Demanded HH Employment Provided HH

2006-07 21188894 21016099(99.19 t)

2007-08 34326563 33909132 (98.79 t)

2008-09 45518907 45115358(99.99 t)

2009-10 52920154 52585999 (99.37 t)

2010-11 55756087 54947068 (98.54 t)

s: ..i,m.i hh: h


43/50


2. Gender Equality and Empowerment of

Women:

t empm g a p

mp m, ii m ip

- t. mgnrega vd

30 p f mpm pi,

b v t w. it mgnrega

i i f m

wt, y t w t

k i iz m p,

t d v t bt ty,

t t q w y d d

i i f m. a

k pi ii, i-

f m impi

t y t bt i

ii. wm mpm m

t t t mgnrega, d t

t bjv. hwv, v

k ty w t -td

tt wk (sd ii (6)); q w

d w (sd ii (34)); d t

d w wk (sd ii (28)) w

m i a, i i f i

w bt t t

. pv k wk wt d vkim fm , f pi

d tt, d xbty t

pi m f mpm m

xi f m, , ,

i f m. n,

m i f pi mpm p-

pi Mgnregs i m.

ity, t d y ty.

W d mgnregs, d

-dy, xdd t

tw yt k

t s g rj Yj (sgrY) d

M empm g sm

(megs). T wd v tt,

ii ii i f

wk dy w. at t v t

w d ty

fm 40.65 p i 2006-07 47.72 p i

2010-11 i pi fm fi t.

Table 2: Parcipaon of Women under MGNREGS

Year Total Woman Percentage

2006-07 9050.54 3679.01 40.65

2007-08 14367.95 6109.1 42.63

2008-09 21632.86 10357.32 47.87

2009-10 28359.57 13640.51 48.16

2010-11 25715.23 12274.21 47.72

s: ..i,m.i

T tt v k K (90.39) wd by

Td (82.59), pdy (82), rjt (68.34)

w t w

wt wt tt k a (26.4),

B (28.5), a pd (33), pjb (33),

Wt B (33), mz (33) d

y 2010-11. p w d

ty. i v tt w

d . i tt K,

t z k Kdb y

t w w t

f m 90 p f m i m

wm Pm. I m tdy bd, u pd,

empm g a m

t t y w

w d b d d.

t, i pii mji i

t ty d t t

yt. Wt dqt , t

m pi pii i.

3. MGNREGS: A Tool for Ecological

Regeneraon:a i i f f f

Mgnrega i i

d t

i mi i j

Miim dpm g

f im iii. t Mgnregs


44/50


m mp pi

j f k k i

k b. mgnrega

i i

t t t d. T v

Mgnregs ik ,i , i k

dt t d vtk d.

Ty v v v

t t , t bty t

pi im i. eim

i i i , ii

wt , v wt,

ii, i i i, ii

ty, v

iii, imi

p zi

, i

pp f f m,

f -

f p,

qt. T

mgnrega v

i

i

im i

i f ikd, t

pp f f f iki, ii

d t dt d. T bt

t v td d t

Mgnrega i i pi.

T m eyt at (mea 2005)

i m i mp f

m ik i pp,

w dt -t. T

pp iii f

ii ii mwb t t t

m. o f i pf

f k Mgnrega, f

i v. T t

m i fi k i i f

pii:

=w i i

=Dt (d tt d

t tt)

= it (d d

t wk)

= pv ty t d wd by

i s c

sdd Tb t d b

d tt t b d t

Ii a yj f gm f Ii.

= ri f ii i

(d dt tk)

=l pm

=F

pi k

(d d

wt-d )

= r ii

pi -

=a k, i

m ifi

m i

i i

m.

T t wk t b dtk d

wtd t d wt v,

dt-, d t, d dvt,

d vty. s wk

tt t tt t d

i i. t Mgnrega i p

i i pmm. wi

k pi im i mpm

t t b dv, -

fi . ti wt dy bt tb (by

t vt) d -y (by t

tt). nt y d dd d

, wt t b tb bt

mi i m, pi i

t .

MGNREGA has also been able

to contribute to ecological

restoraon through its design.

The acvies under the

MGNREGS are largely linked

to water, soil and land, which

are the key natural resources

determining agricultural and

livestock producon


45/50


s: t 3

Table 3: The Number of Work Completed

during 2010-11 through MGNREGS

F wk 2010-11

Wt cv d Wthv 537848

fd ct d pt 111054

Dt p 142963

m i Wk 232384

pv i ty t

l o 408582

rv Td

w i 236166

l dpm 425494

s: ..i,m.i

dpm. s f xpi

f i pm i p

fm pii i i i

m. t i i f-m

f Mgnrega k, mki m f p f

f i ki -

i. d ii i

Mgnrega p i

k i i, pm

i i eim si

a. ti i p p f

ii Mgnrega k p.

4. Conclusion:

Mgnegs i Ii pi pmm

mmim i Miim dpm

g ff ii

f p 2015. undP k ik

i i ff

g. t 2009, mk i f

f pi f Mdg, y i pm

pii fi mi i

i Mdg. a p f i p i

m undP i ki i i p.

undP i ppi iq atM piiiii f nrega impmi. I ii,

Mii f r dpm undP

i p f pii It iiii ik 200

dii c i un c

tm si ex M. undP i i

p f mmiii p 20 ii tv

p m pi impmi

Mgnrega fm fi

mj iii i

k i f Mgnrega impmi

mpi.

(Dr. Jawed Akhtar is Associate Professor and the other

two authors are Research Scholars, Department of

Economics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP.

e-mail :[email protected])

Fm t i m

mximm m f k mp

Mgnregs i i

vt (537848), wd by d dvt

(425494), v t t

(408582). T, mgnregs vt

iii m.

t ui Mii f r dpm

k p i f i

, ii pp f Miii


46/50


Ii i iz by wd ,

d d wt

w t v y ,

b d t . T d, y,

, d d t

t w w kw t ayvd d

ty b t tdy. a , id

by tt t

mki. I i

i. I i iip p f ai

ui m f mii. I i k f i

i fi. cmm m f i i

amalaka i ski, amla i hii, amlakii bi.

amla: antI-agIng mantra

Rita Singh Majumdar

Maharajas had exclusive rights over these herbs for over 5000 years because of its undeniable

ability to grow more hair and retain youthful vibrant.Amla fruit contains 20 times the amoun t

of Vitamin C found in oranges . This anti aging vitamin has been studied and confirmed as

being an extremely effective addition to skin care routines as it is necessary for the synthesis of

inter-cellular cement collagen.

Amla (ak), Emblica ocinalis

fmi epi. I i f

i i x mii p

i.

Origin of the Herb:

a, dt zd dd t, v

s e ai i ii

Ii.

d i ii fi, am p

ipp M e. ti

i bimi p m 14,000 f

. I k 5 m, i xpi


47/50


i i m .

Mj xi i f

5000 f i i ii

m i i f i.

a p f p i i

ayvd b , d t t,

d, v, t, bk d w. T td

c v td d

k f p f am i

ttt dt d.

Skin Rejuvenator:

o f m pp imi pmi

t k dt ab ad (Vt

c). i t d, a t t 20 t

t Vt c d . T

vt b tdd d d b

xty v dd t k t

i f i f i- m

. c i p ki

d .

ext bty

t t k. o k dt v t bty

t bb ; t y d t

. c i pi f miii

k ty; t k t k d vt

d w t . Wxdt Vt c ddd t y k, t

ki i f f i. si f i

m ki, f vimi c

i i ki . vimi c p

k p ki m, i

mpxi.

r p pp

p f imi c-i f f ik

t w dt td t. rv

i, if am i k

i ppm, i

tx t d x t vt

m ik , mim ik i

im m pi

d tt w dd

m f imi c i i. t

mximm f m i k

wt vy t.

ai i Ii ai

piip, am ii j

ki , m. I i i i

b w yt t bt . it

d tb, t d w

i, m i m .

Good Vision and Aracve Looking

t m fi i 720 m f imi c

p 100 f f fi pp, p 900 m p

100 f p ji i i qi f

ii m pm. am

f i pmi iipi i. Pp f f ji f am f i.

ad t t, t t

t . ad t t td

c, dd t b k Kkd

(Blumea lacera), ct (Achyranthes aspera),

Db (Cynodon dactylon), n, t. t j t

k t vty t.

a t d t b

t bdy d vd

f . Ii , imi mip m imp . b

t wtt t

mm i m f m imi,

dy d t dt. a tt

, m pp k

m mi imp

t bdy. T v d t v

d ty bvd by

. Mi ik m f

bd - w d by t.

am i gi i, i i,

mi, mi. d

i i, i fm i m f

imi . t fi i xi

miz fi, -

i m imp immi. I i i


48/50


. I a fi i i

rasayana f pitta pm i

i pi f . I

, pi fi i pm

pp pi ifi. F

ifmi, fi i mii i , i m f

150 mm i, i

x pi i ci.

Medicinal properes

am i, f i m

t, b, t. my

am i m f

i. t i m f

epixi. t p mix i Shahad

(hy) dd d ytb y (sd

p). i v, t td

mm i i mm l c

(Pterocarpus santalinus).

Pp f i

b wt d wy, d t

m i. I i i

m i. I i i f i.

T td c t

v dt wy. f ttt etx,ty y t j wt K (c)

.

Shiny and Glossy Hairs

Hair Tonic: I f -kp

f Ii , i f m

k t y d t (d

b t, ). Ii

i p i i i ii ip

f ii i pimi. t

fi, i pi i i pf i . t pi i i i i

i m m . ti ki

i i x i pi i .t i

i i m pi k i i

ii i f

i i i i.

t fi f i p i i

wt by t , t

dd w t

i. I i . F

p m d d, x

p m i m i. t m, mix p i mk

p i f i i f

15 mi p i.

ay t t y ; t t k w t

i.

t k i i imi

c t t t w wt t. it d

fm f pik i i i p. t

m . I i i

t wt d tk wt

t. it t -, d

. I i i ii i. I i

d T wd. it b xd wt h,

sikki, ti ppi i i

i p fm. ti i f, i i. I ,

b d d t.

am i i f

d. a id b,

b d id vy . a id

a , i i i i i f i

t. ad t td c t j d t

i i i ik i fi.

T b b t y t.

Amla plant with young fruits


49/50


How Hair Oil Acts: I i p

d t t. it tz d ydt t

i i m . I

i mii i mi

v t d wd. it vd

t t t, v bd

i p i i p pm i

d . it t bt d

v t dd t

p pii .

Uses of Other Parts of the Amla Plant

ad t u yt d, w

d t. T td

c t a w dt b

b d t t b; t

mi ii. Pp f Kk i

am k, i m f pi

i. am k i i p i i

p. t ji i x mixi

k p, q p i pp ppi

xty td t. Wd d ,

i x m i iz. o xi

t w d t qky. it wd y zdf mki m i impm. I

f.

Healing Opons:

Respiratory disorders: Ii i

b t ttt ty dd.

I i pi i i f

t d b.

Diabetes: ti , i i imi

c tt, v t dbt. a

tb t j xd wt b

d j, tk dy tw t w t

p m ii,

i i i. di

t d b tty bvd w tk

t d. it w vt y

i i.

Heart Disorder: Ii i i

v dy t d. it t t

t t bdy d bd

i mf

i m. I .

Eye disorder:t ji f Ii g i

y v yt. it b

t ttt jv d . it

i i i mk m.

a p f ji mix i k i

dy t d.

Rheumasm: T tt t

f p f fi mix i 2 p

f ji k i i f m.

Scurvy: a xm i f imi

c, Ii i f m

f . P f , mix i

q qty , b tk d 1

p, i i i mik.

Ageing: Ii iizi

t, t t t w vy

vb v d t

i . I imp i

tt t bdy t . it tt t

t, d d i .

[The author is Associate Professor, College

of Pharmacy, 17-18 Knowledge park 11, IILM

Academy of higher Learning, Greater Noida, U.P.,

e-mail :[email protected]].

Amla fruits


50/50

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