Kurukshetra- English January 2012

7/28/2019 Kurukshetra- English January 2012

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ICT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTCT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Vol. 60 No. 3 Pages 52 January 2011 Rs. 10/-


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The Monthly Journal

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Vol. 60 No. 3 Pages 52

January 2012

CONTENTS

Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message o Rural Development to all people. It serves as a orum or ree, rank and serious discussion on the

problems o Rural Development with special ocus on Rural Uplit.The views expressed by the authors i the articles are their ow. They do ot ecessarily refect the views o the govermet or the orgaizatios they

work or.

The readers are requested to veriy the claims i the advertisemets regardig career guidace books/istitutios. Kurukshetra does ot ow

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l Role of ICTs In RuRal DevelopmenT Archana. G. Gula 3

l ICT : a CaTalyTIC InTeRvenTIon foR

empoweRIng RuRal InDIa a Hzr 9

l RuRal TelepHony foR RuRal DevelopmenT Dr. p. Kri 12

l HaRnessIng poTenTIal of CommunITy

RaDIo foR RuRal aDvanCemenT m. arit shr 19

l CommunITy RaDIo maTTolI ;

voICe of voICeless sdh s. nbthir 24

l DevelopmenT CommunICaTIon:

InTensIfyIng RuRal DevelopmenT In InDIa sbhhr s 27

l ICT foR RuRal DevelopmenT : a vIew A. Abdul Raheem 31

l open leaRnIng as a Tool To pRomoTe

genDeR equalITy In RuRal InDIa Dr. Raju Narayana Swamy 34

l RIgHT To sHelTeR, an uRgenT neeD Rbir sih

aj Kr 42

l fenugReeK, a spICy meDICIne Dr. Rh Chdr prid

Dr. prb Kr ghh 46

CHIEF EDITORRINA SONOwAL KOULI

EDITORKAPIL KUMAR

JOInT DI RECTOR

VINOD KUMAR MEENA

COVER DESIGnRAJAT NAIK

EDITORIAL OFFICEROOM NO. 661, NIRMAN BHAVANA-WING (GATE NO.5),MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT,NEW DELHI-110011

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Kurukshetra January 201222

InsIde

Irti d Cicti tchi (ICT) r trri h

ctiiti, icdi rictr hich i th it rr Idi.

o th i r r th iitb ditribti cic i bt

th h d h-t i th i cc t irti. ICT irtt

r i bridi thi d t i h i rt iti. frr c t

cc t kd t ir thir rdcti d t bttr ric r thir

rdc thrh rit ICT t.

Th dct i ICT c b tiizd r ridi ccrt, ti, rt

irti d ric t th rr, thrb ciitti irt r r

rrti rictr.

ICT i r d rdcti t hich c ccrt cic d ci

dt i rr r. w dic i thi i, h thi tch i

hi rr Idi i bttr i.

o th t cti t ICT i th itrt, hich h

rrkb rth i r ctr i th t dcd. I thi i ciit

th bjct dic th rth itrt i rr Idi d h it i ct

rki th rd. Hr, dit th thdr rth i ICT tch

th i rb i dti ICT i rr t r ICT iitrc,

ibiit rt d cizd ctt i thir , d

rdb ccibiit. Cit rdi i thr tch hich i bi

d b th rr i thir c . I thi i dic bt th

Cit rdi .

Th ctr i i thrh ICT rti d thi h bc bi

rc r th rr d th ii i rr Idi t bc cti rticit ith rth th ctr.


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Irtc ICT r Rr Dti th irtc Irti d

Cicti Tchi (ICT) i ti

dt, ctri cr th b h

t i c chi ch uir

sric fd d thr r grt

itrti t chi uir acc t ICT.

Th c itr i bridi th diit diid

bt rb r/ti d rr r/

ti.

Th iiicc bridi thi diid i

di ctri t i r thct tht rr r t ck r bhid

rb r i tr ti irtrctr

d ric ch trrtti, hth,

dcti d rt ric. Thi

crt itic d thic cctb

iit ric d rtiti r rr

ti d rt th r rticiti

Role of ICTs in Rural Development

Archana. G. Gula

rrit d i ci-cic d

itic i th ti. Rr iti d

driti c ti ict rth d

crti rth ct b tib it

i ici. Thi i ci tr ti ik

Idi hr r th 70% ti rid

i rr r d i r d i

rdctiit rictr d id ctiiti. ICT

c rc irtrctr ctrit.

Thrh ICT i rr r c cct

ith th c, ri d ti cd cc rkt, bki/ici ric

d t rtiti. ICT r

itrt r crti d dbck

ii rr ic i th ti ci-

itic i. ICT c ct ch dir

-grt ric icdi hth

d dcti. Th bridi th diit diid


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brid th r irtrctr d

ddr thr ctrit cd b rr r.

ICT c h itr rr ti.

Growth in Rural Telecommunicaons

I th t dcd, Idi h ritb tcicti rti hich

i th rt cti rtr d ic

irt cd ith trrii

tcicti ctr d bth bic

d rit ric ridr. Th rth

rr Tdit i rrkb it h ri t

36% as on 30 th at 2011 r r 1.7% i

2004. I ct, td rr tdit i ri

t ch tr rt th rb tdit. at

th bii 2011, thr r 282.29 ii

rr ccti (t hich r ir),

crd t r 4.84 ii (di) h i th r 2000. prctic

rth h c r bi th

d th rit ctr h d h r i

thi xi. with r i iz

i, it b d tht t r rr

hhd bi h. I t, th

thr r pbic Ci oic d uir

sric obiti fd rd vi pbic

Th i t r ihbitd c

i i th ctr.

Rr Idi i crti cctd

thrh th thh t t ch

xtt b th itrt. yt, i t

d i d rct, Idi

d cc th itrt rr i hrd

c (bic kik, ic, dcti

ititti tc). Th rt h i th

di d r idiid itrt cc

ti d rkt tti r ir

brdbd ric. Crti th rth

rr th, ci bi th

h brht bt ird cctiit.

Hr, ch r d t b d i th

bit tcicti cctiit

r t trt it r rr dt.

Iri brdbd trti i k

c r d thi i bi ddrd cti

b th Drtt Tcicti.

Th th uir sric obiti fd h

chd wir i Brdbd ch i 2009

d i t dcd t rti

rr wir Brdbd ch. It i t

d th nti otic fibr ntrk (nofn)

hich h cct 2,50,000 i cht

d c-ctd Bhrt nir Kdr

(rthi C sric Ctr (CsC))

ith otic fibr thrb ridi hih d

brdbd ciiti. Bdidth r nofn i

b ib t icd tc ric

ridr t rid brdbd ric i rr

r.

Why is Mere Connecvity not Enough:

It i icri bi rizd d

rtictd tht uir Tcicti

acc/sric r cctiit i cr

bt t icit cditi r brii

bt iti tc ch irdci-cic tt d rtr itic

rticiti. (Th r th bici rt

trditi citd ith ICT.) T chi

th tit bjcti, ICT hd t

b ib d rdb, bt t

dir rt d b ctt d th

trt biciri. Th ttr t i tr b

t cc, iit d k i

th ric d ctt dird thrh ICT.

Bth ctt d ccit bidi r ti

i ICT r t chi thir rid ict

rr dt.

Thr d b rti rct

rr ti h d bit r

cctiit itht ch bi d.

Th r th itrt, d/ d

r h c drtd d bit r

th ib eih ctt. HrGrowth of Rural Connecons


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r th t jrit i rr Idi, i titrc d b jr brrir. at rt, th

r itrc rt i Idi i 75% d rr itrc

td t 68.9%. e i itrc i t i,

rt ctt d d t b ib i

ri . mt rr Idi h r

it i tri t k ii i rictr r id

acvies would have no use for broadband beyond

r trtit d it i dbtb hthr

th d it t , i it r ib

and aordable. Improving the status of access

r d th dibd d ri more dicult challenges in terms of relevant and

ccib tchi d ctt. Thi ri th

queson of How then would broadband availability

i rr r trt it rr dt?

e i ctri ik mi ith ch hihr

rr itrc rt t 89% d brdbd

coverage of more than 50% of populaon,

the Government has to make acve eorts to

riz th bidizd rr Cit

Brdbd Ctr (CBC). Th r ctizd

trii cr brdbd tird t th

d d itrt ri r rr

cit. Th itrt it i ch crric

d cr chidr t r i

and cras and to use Facebook at special training

c hd i th CBC. Th rchi ri th

CBC r ci trid d dr t

dr t rt brdbd . w d d

similar eorts to popularize broadband usage in

rr Idi.

Relevant applicaons and content would draw

t brdbd rr Idi d

easily recognize their potenal to augment incomes

and access useful e-services. Such a pull would

result for example when Naonal Rural Employment

grt sch (nRegs) , grt

pensions, subsidy for food and ferlizers etc are

dird thrh bi/brdbd bd

bk cct ciittd b trid Rr Bi

Crrdt d rtd b i bi-tric

authencaon enabled by Adhaar. Similar results

would ow from wider availability of services such

Drtt arictr Kisan c Ctr

hr rr d bti cr/thr/

market advise and informaon through mobiles/brdbd. a sms/i dbck d ric

rdr t r rt ric th

i nRegs d cr rr Idi t

ctct th grt thrh ICT. Thi d

empower them while also generang a much needed

trrc d cctbiit i grt

ric dir.

I thi rrd it i hrti t t tht th

stated objecves of the dra Naonal IT policy

icd th ki t t idiid

r hhd -itrt d riICTs for key social sector iniaves like educaon,

health, rural development and nancial services

to promote equity and quality. Equally signicant

are the objecves of enabling access to content

and ICT applicaons by dierently-abled people to

tr ici dt d cri

bi h r ddd ric d

transaconal services such as nancial services.

Idd th bi h c b ch r th

a tool of connecvity when supported by relevant

content and services. The stated mission draNaonal Telecom Policy 2011 includes creang a

knowledge based society through proliferaon of

broadband facilies in every part of the country. Its

objecves include enabling cizens to parcipate in

d ctribt t -rc i k ctr ik

health, educaon, banking etc to ensure equitable

and inclusive growth. and to reposion the mobile

To Achieve Desired Outcomes, Connecvity must be

supplemented by Content and Capacity


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phone from a mere communicaon device to

itrt rt tht cbi

communicaon with proof of identy, fully

secure nancial and other transacon capability,

mul-lingual services and a whole range of other

capabilies that ride on them and transcend theitrc brrir. Th trti rd t chi

thi icd t rcizi tc d

broadband connecvity as a basic necessity like

educaon and health and to work towards a right

t brdbd bt d irtt, di

an eco-system for broadband in close coordinaon

ith tkhdr iitri t r it ibiit

ith d tht ct ctr ri

it d irt r ir

development of relevant applicaons. The policy

dct idict tht th Drtt

of Telecommunicaons would work closely with

Department of IT to promote content creaon in

vernacular languages to smulate the demand for

brdbd. Idi cd cidr d dtd

by other naons such as Singapore whereby a high

level nodal authority oversees the adopon of

brdbd icdi itr i ccit bidi d

ctt dt

Integrang Content and CapacityBuilding into ICT Promoon Schemes

It i cr th ctt d ric dirdthrh bi d brdbd tht h th

r t trr rr Idi. o irtt t

would be to provide the enre content suite at the

Bharat Nirman Krendras (CsC) ctd i th i

cht. Thi d icd -rt

services, telemedicine facilies, distance learning

facilies and ICT training facilies etc. Apart from

thi, crci pCo t bic cc it

c rid rr bic ith c r hich

t cc ithr r r ciizd ric

icdi trtit ric. Hth Ctr

d sch i i d d t b brdbd

bd ith rt ric d ctt d

ch c r bic cc it/

broadband training venues aer school hours.

Hr, k rirt i rr trii

of ocials/franchisees who run these services.

srt r th grt b t

it -ctt dt bt di

r rit trrr d i rr-ctric

content development and training facilies is a

t.

There are excellent exisng examples of mobile

bd ddd ric bi ridd t rr

populaon. Celebrated examples such as ITCs

-Ch d Kr grtAkshaya rjct

show us the way. As menoned earlier, certain

r cit ch d th dibd

face unique challenges and need special eorts

t k ib ICT ccib d i.

The Department of Telecommunicaons Universal

Service Obligaon Fund has recently launched

Sanchar Shak a scheme aimed at ICTs for rural

s H r (sHg) hich icd

projects to provide pernent informaon to rural i c thrh thir bi

h.

Nine projects have been iniated which

provide mobile value added services (informaon

on educaon, health, nancial literacy, government

schemes, social issues, vocaonal training, input and

output prices and other market related informaon)

specically tailored to the entrepreneurial acvies

bi crrid t b th (b ki,

livestock rearing, agriculture, texle work etc). The

rjct d cr bt 20,000 rr ii tt Idi. Th i tr thi rjct

is the mul-stakeholder approach which makes

it a path breaking eort to ensure success of the

rjct b ci t tch bt

ctt d ccit bidi. I th rjct, th

Tc sric pridr (Tsp) h h th r

ribiit r th rjct t r tht it

partners with an NGO which will help idenfy the

sHg iihd rtd ctt d. (a Ctt

Dr/pridr rtr d d ctt

r th rjct.) Th ngo i it th Tsp ttri th sHg br i bi h

t b th t cc th ctt (dird

thrh sms d Itrtd vic R st

(IvRs)), iit it thrh r dici

d trii i and to ulize it to improve

thir r d iddc . a th

pr Cct t thi rr i bi


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itd it h bc rt tht th c

rt bodies and district administraons

would constute another important stakeholder

h it i r dir rt

informaon and services to the rural SHGs without

th ctt ridr Tsp hi t rch r it.

usof rr r th r ith

disabilies (PwDs) in rural India similarly lays stress

on mul-stakeholder parcipaon and partnerships

as an essenal elements. This programme invites

Tsp t r bid r Rr ICT ctr

equipped with Assisve Technologies (ATs) and

rt ctt d t rid rr pD ith

aT bd bi h ith/itht cc

t ciizd ctt. Here again, specic role

and responsibilies have been assigned to each

tkhdr icdi rtd miitri d

Drtt (Han Resources, Social Jusce and

ert tc) t r rr

cc. mt it h b trd b pD

during the consultaon process that there should

be nothing about us without us implying therebythe acve involvement of the target beneciaries

and their representaves in programme evoluon

and implementaon. This aspect should be quite

obvious but is actually oen overlooked in the

di grt ch.

Going Forward:

Idi h chid trd icr i

rr t-dit d th grt c i

r rr brdbd. gi hd,

apart from ubiquitous and aordable access to ICTs,

rtr hi t b cd th ibiit

d rc ric d ctt i c

language or mul-media/accessible format as per

needs of target beneciaries. Also, capacity building

of various stakeholders to use ICTs is essenal for

th ICT bd rr dt t b

achieved. This requires a shi in focus away from

purely technology related issues to the evoluon

ici, trti d ch tht r

cross-sectoral and mul-stakeholder involvement

d t icdi t th c

communies and target beneciaries themselves.

The dra Naonal ICT and Telecom Policies of the

Indian Government and the recent Special Iniaves

of the USOF are steps in the right direcon.

Disclaimer

The Views Expressed In this Arcle are Purely

those of the Author and Do Not in any Way Reect

Th grt Idi pic r std th

sbjct.

(The author belongs to the 1989 batch of

the Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service.

She has held posts as Internal Financial Advisor

in the Department of Telecommunicaons (DOT),

BSNL and MTNL. At present she is posted as Joint

Administrator (Finance) USOF Department of

Telecommunicaons, New Delhi e-mail: jafusof@

gmail.com).

USOFs Sanchar Shak Programme: Stakeholder

Partners and Responsibilies

USOFs Programme for UCTs for Rural PwDs:

Stakeholder Partners and Responsibilies


9/50



10/50


India sll breathes in villages and this becomes

obvious when the fact is taken into consideraon

that more than 700 million of its populaon reside

in about 636 thousand villages of this country; but

even aer sixty years of independence, rural India

i chrctrid b r rt, iitrc, ck

health services, lack of employment opportunies

and over all backwardness. Rural areas are oen

regarded as informaon-poor and informaon

rii h b ctr ct

rural development iniaves. Keeping in view these

predominant features of rural India Informaon

and Communicaon Technology (ICT) has earned

its reputaon to be the key to informaon-ow

for intensifying the development eorts in rural

India and is being considered as an imperave

trt r chii th tib rr

development. To empower the rural communies

ICT : A Catalytic Intervention for EmpoweringRural India

Anupam Hazra

ith tib rch, ICT h b th

most eecve instruments and the following table

provides a beer insight to this fact.

ICT and Sustainable Rural Growth

Strengthening Rural Governance:

Introducon of ICTs in rural India is expected

t bri i ch i th h rc

rr rc b iri trrc,

accountability and administrave eciency

of rural instuons, promong parcipaon

th r i dcii-ki rc d

improving the eciency and responsiveness

rr ric dir. It c ciitt

speedy, transparent, accountable, ecient

and eecve interacon between rural

cizens - this not only promotes beer

administraon but also saves me


11/50


and transacons costs of government

operaons. At the same me, ICT improves

interacon with and within civil society and

encourages civil society parcipaon in the

rr ri rc.

Encouraging social transformaon: accto informaon is of fundamental importance

t dt rc. Th rct

development of ICT is greatly facilitang the

ow of informaon and knowledge, beyond

th brdr ci d cic tt. I

thi ctxt, ICT r id rcizd

as a crical tool to tackle development issues

in developing countries which ulmately

lead to social transformaon.

Ensuring A Beer Quality of Life:Applicaon

of ICT has the potenal to improve livingtdrd i rt d rr

r b ridi irtt crci,

social and educaonal benets. By

xdi th rt ric

ICT strengthens the livelihood opportunies

for rural India. ICT can ensure a beer quality

i r th rr r ith ird

access to markets, health, and educaon

hich h rr Idi trd cic

development, job-creaon and poverty-

alleviaon.

Strengthening the Informaon-base of rural

communies:ICT iniaves may be designed

t rid rt t c rc

t rct t th ri rtd

by local needs of the rural communies.

As rural poor are oen unaware of their

rights, entlements and the availability of

ri rt ch d xti

ric, ICT c ir thir cc

to the informaon they need. It has the

potenal to ensure improved provision of

short-term informaon required by the rural

poor for eecve livelihood strategies.

Intensifying Eort towards implementaon

of the rural development iniaves:

For ensuring eecve implementaon

th rr dt rr -

ICT crci r thrh dd-

driven informaon and communicaon

ric. It has the potenal to increase the

benets and reduce the opportunity costs

of peoples parcipaon in the process of

rural development. The potenal of using

ICT t rt rr dt i

in addressing the informaon gaps and

bck b trthi th dcii-

ki ccit th rr r

as the resource instuons of every rural

cit.

Enhancing peoples parcipaon in naon-

building process: Th irtc

communicaon in mobilizing people and

seeking their willing parcipaon in the

dt rc ctr i

rcizd. I Idi, thi ccr bt

reaching people, communicang with

th d ii th ith ki

h b hizd r d i i

successive ve year plans which provide

th b rit th ctr d

dt. I di ctr

ik Idi ICT i rrdd th

k t i drizi rictr,

i rdci hth, itrt d trid

rkr r idtr d r brii bt

eecve parcipaon in naon building

acvity. All these together contributei r ki rr dt

rit.

In India, around 70% of its total populaon lives

i th rr r, th h th riht t cir

informaon; but it is almost impossible to expect

tht t r rt , ii i rr r,

and those who have only elementary educaon, to

parcipate acvely in the world of informaon and

communicaon which is solely based on computers

and the Internet. Rural informaon systems have

tradionally focused on supplying informaon tothe rural poor and supplying informaon about

rr r t ic kr, bt it i rcid

that past systems have been largely ineecve

i ddri th d th rr r. Th

extension of agricultural informaon in parcular is

i bd r trming messages. It is

becoming more open, more parcipatory and more


12/50


demand-driven, involving interacvity, negoaon

d t- informaon exchanges. There is a

new emphasis on the acquision of informaon

and enabling the rural poor to request informaon

specic to their parcular livelihood needs.

Communicaon specialists increasingly recognise theenormous potenal of ICT to support and enhance

these changes. On the other hand, social scienst

observed that access to required informaon is

rightly proporonate with the rate of any integrated

dt, ik rr dt d ICT h

b th jr ct d drii rc

r rr dt.

Th r kd r dt c

b rt hcd b ICT i th r hrd t

ir cc d brk d brrir t kd

because while educaon develops cognive skills,

informaon gives content to knowledge. In this sense

the use of ICTs is integral to realising the potenal of

collecve knowledge as the technologies themselves

rrt t r chii dt d t

r th rrd it. ICT c b cidrd

dt t rr dt

acvity as it addresses the design, delivery and

ulisaon of community informaon systems

hich t rt rt rr

communies through addressing the following issues

d d b:

- familiarising communies with their exisng

use and sources of informaon as well as with

the gaps that exist between exisng and

desired informaon resources

- dening community informaon requirements

based on needs and priories that have been

expressed by the communies themselves

- alerng communies to the potenal

applicaon of informaon to their problem-

solving eorts and to their development

aspiraons

- igning community aspiraons and

empowering communies with appropriate

ki r tri c dt tht i

informaon-based

- xdi cit ci cit

thrh hcd cc to communicaon

facilies and informaon resources

- extending and intensifying exisng

dt rr tht crr

signicant potenal for addional community

benet from enhanced informaon

management capabilies that are based on

ICT

- propelling communies towards the

acquision of the new knowledge they will

rir i rdr t xit th r ICT

- bddi cit bd ICT ric

within exisng economic, governance and

ci trctr

So, nowadays it has become imperave to use

the print and broadcast media eecvely in order

t t cict rc d

irtc i th ctxt rr dt btalso to movate and encourage the people of rural

India to parcipate in the development process.

Th, i th crrt ctxt tib rr

development, ICT has been recognized as a catalyc

intervenon in respect of transforming the lives and

iihd rr Idi.

Th dt cit r dd

on the access to informaon and so far in rural India -

ICT has greatly facilitated the ow of informaon and

knowledge oering the socially-marginalised and

unaware community unprecedented opportuniesto aain their own entlements. On the other

hd, t brk th ici circ rr rt

d t brid th diit diid d r th

rural communies - ICT-intervenon has proved its

eecveness in the sphere of capacity-building of

rural communies for breaking these barriers. So,

th rt, tch idtr d cit

hd rk tthr t d ICT t ccrt

cic d ci dt i rr r.

Hc it b ccdd tht itrtd

framework for ICT intervenons in rural areas willunquesonably pave the way towards sustainable

rr rth.

(The author is Assistant Professor in

Department of Social Work at Assam (Central)

University; Silchar 788011; Assam, e-mail:

[email protected])


13/50


Informaon is crical to the social & economic

acvies that comprise the development

process. Telecommunicaons, as a means of

sharing informaon, is not simply a connecon

bt , bt ik i th chi th

dt rc it. [Hd 1995]

India achieved substanal socio-economic

dt ic iddc. urtt

thi dt h t b hrd itb

by all. Some secons of the society have been le

t d r, ik rr, trib d rt

r, cd t k c ith rb r i

development. If vast secons of society and areas

are le out, it breeds unrest and is not conducive to

tib dt th ctr.

The Government has iniated several schemes

t crrct th i: t rtr itbiit

b rdci th rr-rb diid, t rdict

rt d hr r th rr dc, t

r bic d r th ir, t ir

Rural Telephony for Rural Development

Dr. P. Kameswari

thir i t, t ir th ci-

cic irtrctr i th rr r d t

safeguard and improve the ferlity of land and

thr tr rrc. Irt th

ci-cic irtrctr i th rr r

Fig-I: Rural Connecvity despite Remoteness


14/50


r ri itrtd dt icd

aenon to roads, irrigaon, housing, water

supply, electricity, sanitaon, natural resources

development and Informaon and Communicaon

Tch (I.C.T.).

Idi tc ctr i r th 165 rd. Th tir ti th tc idtr

c b ciid it thr ditict h.

l Phase I- Pre-Liberalizaon Era (1980-89)

l Phase II- Post Liberalizaon Era (1990-99)

l ph III- pt 2000

Telecommunicaons in Phase-I was a heavily

rt-ctrd d -izd rkt. a

rt th grt ici i ph-II, th

Idi tc rkt h bc th t

liberalized in the world with private parcipaoni t it t. Th n Tc

pic, 1999 (nTp-99) h d it r i

th rth thi idtr.

Benets of Rural Telephony

Rural connecvity holds key to rural

dt thrh trti, ik:

Distribung locally relevant informaon

Targeng disadvantaged & marginalized

r

Promong local entrepreneurship

Iri r hth

Strengthening educaon

Promong trade and e-commerce

Supporng good governance

Bidi ccit d cbiit

erichi ctr

Supporng agriculture

Creang employment opportunies

Reinforcing social mobilizaon

Eorts for Improvement of RuralTelephony

Tc cctiit ctitt

irtt rt th rt t rd th

rr irtrctr. udr th Bhrt nir

prr (Bnp), Rr Tdit (Tb-I)

t t 40% b 2014, Brdbd Cr

(Tb-II) 2,50,000 i cht d

tti C sric Ctr t cht

b 2012 r rd t b chid.

Table-I: Rural Teledensity for February 2011 under

Bharat Nirman II

s.

n.

Circ/stt Percentage

of Rural

Teledensity

(as on

31-03-2009)

Percentage

of Rural

Teledensity

(as on

28-02-2011)

1 ANDAMAN & NICOBAR 16.57 31.75

2 anDHRa pRaDesH 15.22 33.19

3 assam 9.36 23.36

4 BIHaR 9.17 26.41

5 CHHaTTIsgaRH 1.81 2.776 guJaRaT 25.21 45.81

7 HaRyana 28.10 51.36

8 HImaCHal pRaDesH 40.47 68.68

9 JAMMU & KASHMIR 16.72 29.13

10 JHaRKHanD 1.44 2.35

11 KaRnaTaKa 14.36 34.26

12 KeRala 35.43 52.65

13 maDHya pRaDesH 11.07 28.95

14 maHaRasHTRa

(icdi g)21.70 45.25

15 noRTH-easT- I

(crii mh,

Mizoram & Tripura)

14.67 50.34

16 noRTH-easT- II

(crii arch

Pradesh, Manipur &

nd)

3.69 7.78

17 oRIssa 12.55 28.07Fig-II: Timely informaon ow on Agricultural

& Market Trends


15/50


18 punJaB 33.11 55.45

19 RaJasTHan 16.71 38.14

20 TamIl naDu 25.62 47.53

21 uTTaRaKHanD 6.04 9.46

22 uTTaR pRaDesH - [et]

10.24 26.4723 uTTaR pRaDesH - [wt]

24 wesT Bengal (icdi

sikki)13.50 35.22

25 KolKaTa - -

26 CHennaI - -

27 DelHI - -

28 mumBaI - -

all InDIa 15.11 32.99

Main Objecves of the Naonal TelecomPolicy, 1999 (NTP-99) include:

l Access to telecommunicaons (at the core ofit ii d );

l Bc bt th rii ir

ric t d th rii hih-

services capable of meeng the needs of the

ctr c;

l Encourage development of telecom facilies

i rt, hi d trib r;

l A greater compeve environment in both

rb d rr r Tc sctr

providing equal opportunies and level playing

eld for all players;

Recent Policy Iniaves in Telecom

Sector:

l All villages shall receive telecom facilies.

l Naonal Long Distance Service (NLD): open

r rtrictd tr.

l The Internaonal Long Distance Services

(ILDS): open to compeon.

l The basic services: open to compeon.

l 4th cellular operator (over exisng 3, 1 each

in 4 metros & 13 circles) permied.

l Policies allowing private parcipaon in

r ric: gb mbi pr

Communicaon by Satellite (GMPCS),

diit pbic mbi Rdi Trkd sric

(PMRTS) and Voice Mail/Audiotext/Unied

mi.

l WLL for telephone connecons in urban,

i-rb d rr r.

l Diitt 2 bic ctr tc

drtki, vsnl d HTl.

l Steps to fulll Universal Service Obligaon

(USO) funding and administraon.

l a dcii t rit Cit ph

sric r ch cht.

l Mulple Fixed Service Providers (FSPs)

ici idi cd.

l Itrt sric pridr (Isp) d t

set up Internaonal Internet Gateways & both

satellite & landing staons for submarine

opcal ber cables.

l T ctri irtrctr ridr

h b d t rid d-t-d

bandwidth and dark ber, right of way, towers

d dct c.

l gidi b th gt. t Itrt

Th (Ip).

Telecom Service Providers

1. Public Sector:

a.) mhr Th ni liitd

(M.T.N.L.) for cies of Bombay & Delhi B.)

Bhrt schr ni liitd (B.s.n.l.) r

th rt Idi: Bsnl h d t hr

its rural roll-out obligaon by providing

connecvity to 90% of the rural populaon (15

h i 5.2 kh i) it rd

h tbihd trk i rr r. It

is also planning to provide connecvity to

66,000 addional villages, which is a part of

the governments ambious B.N.P.

2. Private Operators:

A) Bhar Airtel: It is the largest operator and

d xtd it cr t r th

4,000 t d djii i. It gb

System of Mobile (GSM) communicaon

cover is currently available in over 4,000 cies

d t d r kh i.

B) Reliance Communicaons: It currently

provides services in 4,300 towns and claims

t h cctd th djii i

i th t. udr th uso d, it i


16/50


supposed to connect 203 Short Distance

Chri ar (sDCa), th rc hich

i i . It ci t h rd

ii bcribr i i-rb d rr

r.

C) Tt T sric liitd (TTsl): It hcrd r 40 scdr sitchi ar

(ssa) hich trt t r 200 (sDCa),

d cr rr ctr b r 4.5

crr. It crrt ci t h r 8%

th rr ctr b. prid Tt

Indicom, Tata DoCoMo, Virgin (GSM) & Virgin

(CDma)

D) Id Cr

e) vd er

f) airc

g) uir

H) HfCl It d thr ik sic Tc,

vidc mbi sric, mTs Idi, l

mbi (Bpl rr), pi mbi, s T d

Esalat DB.

Growth & Revenue

Th rct rth Idi tc h

bc bchrk r thr irtrctr

sectors in India. Government of India has iniated a

ag ship programme, B.N.P., that has a component

of Rural Telephony. It has the potenal to transformrr Idi. Th i i i t brid th rr-

rb diid d itiz th rr c

India to parcipate in transforming its own future.

The current extent and paern of diusion of

telecommunicaon technology in India aims to

rtt th t-d rch t dt,

ki th didtd t th rc.

Idi hd th cd rt trk ith

562.15 ii th ccti t th d

Dcbr 2009. It h r r rid i

th r 40 r ct r , rittithe addition of nearly 300 million connections in

th irt 2 r th eth fi yr p.

It i t bridi th diit diid bt

rb d rr r d xtdi brdbd

cctiit itr rt th u.s.o. pic

xctd thrh th uso fd. gr Bdtr

srt (gBs) r th 11th p r Drtt

Tcicti (DT) ixd t R

1,752 crr ith Itr d extr-Bdtr

Rrc (IeBR) ct R 89,582 crr.

Th rth th i Idi i d riri

b th ir t ith r 1012 ii

ccti, r, bi ddd rth.

Rr r i th ctr h xricd

rid rth i tc ric d th t-

dit icrd r 5.9 r ct i mrch 2009 t

21.16 r ct i Dcbr 2009. Th tt br

of rural communicaons at the end of December

2009 was 174.53 million, compared to 47 million

t th trt th 11th p. I nbr 2004,

rt id ith Bsnl t rid

bic th dr th B.n.p. t 66,822

crd i, th r-t rid iiti

prescribed as 20, 30, and 40 % respectively over

a 3 years ending at November 2007. This period

h ic b xtdd. a Dcbr 2009,

61,186 i bic th (98 r ct) hd

b ridd. Hr, Bsnl h ird DT

tht 4,520 i cd t b ridd bic

th d t ri r, ik xtrit

thrt, i d-td, t trcb

r brd.

accrdi t th TRaI, th tt r r th Idi tc ric idtr R 1,524

b i fy09 r R 1,291 b i fy08 ritri

a growth of 18.03% over FY08 and its subscriber

base grew by 43% over FY08 to tch 429.70

bcribr i fy09.

Chart-I: Telecom Sector Revenues from FY06 to FY09


17/50


Th ric th tc idtr i

Idi h icrd d t it rth d

tht th Irti Tch (IT) d

IT bd sric (ITs) ctr. Tc h

rd k irtrctr bc it

tiir ct r bit t trd i thridtri. It t gr Dtic prdc (gDp)

h b icri rd ( h r th

doubled to 2.83% in FY07 from 1.0% in FY92).

Reality Check

er ic th rt h d th

tc rkt r rit r, rr Idi h

b th rit rtr rdr. mt rit

tc rtr ci tht th r ridi

rr cctiit t it bt, bt th h t

d h. sric ridr, thh cii

t rid rr th i djii i,h itd tr hih d th

i tht c i th rihr r cctd.

Tht th diiti rr th r rit

rtr. Bt, th ct b bd. atr

i h ic , it d t k

r rtr t it i r hr rtr

itt (RI) d b ii. prit

rtr r i rd R 5,000 crr r

r acc Dicit Chr (aDC) t Bhrt

schr ni liitd (B.s.n.l.) r c bi.

a, 5% thir rth rt (agR) i

th uso fd tht th rt hd crtd i

2002 t bidiz c i rr r. sic Bsnl

i th rtr i rr r, it i th bit

bicir

I th i, it th i bic th

(vpT) tht ddr th bic rirt th

ir. at t vpT i rird i r

i. Thi dtr rirt t b

id b th bic ric rtr rt

th ic cditi br uiid lici

c it xitc. Bsnl i ithdri r th

uso d kitt r xtdi rt r rti

d itc vpT, r rct mti

acc Rr Rdi t (maRR) it, r

ridi Rr Cit ph (RCp) d r

ridi rr hhd dirct xch i.

a, ic th a R pr uit

(ARPU) of the rural masses is substanally lower

crd t th rb ctr, rit

tc rtr chi t tr thi t

has to be very cauous because of huge investments

t cr rr trrtri rd r id r

ctr- jr chk hich d c r

th ic bi dt bi i i ct t i th rb r.

Though the rural operaons are currently

ib r rtr, bidi, ir

ir chr, hri irtrctr d

growing auence of rural India could change this

equaon dramacally. Now, as the urban market is

reaching saturaon and ARPU therein is declining

rthr, cr ric ridr i h t

trd rr Idi. It th rt tr t

tk th d k rr th h

with the parcipaon of private players.Technology for the Rural Sector

Th Tc Rrch Ctr (TRC) h

td ri tch-cic rdct r

th rr ctr:

Fig-III: Technological Soluons for Rural Telephony

1) Opcal Fibers: C b t rr

cmunicaons wherein one can connect an

intermediate staon to the main highway by

brch rt b dr d irt t.

2) Rural Cordless Telephone (RCT): a i d

ixi it tht c b t t

i r hr th i r r

ch dirsed and the terrain is dicult. One

cordless telephone in each village will suce


18/50


d rrit br tr-rcir

hd b rovided at the base staon (the

th xch).

3) Radio Sharing System (RSS): Thi i rdi

rc hri t ith t rc

pairs serving 15 V.Ts. The rao of VT to Radio

Ch i 7.5 (ith bit-i xdbiit

t 16). a vT cctd t th Rss h

individual line terminaons in the telephone

xch.

4) Line Sharing System (LSS): a tic ir

i thrh br i c b

d i hri bi, ridi t-

connecons to every village en route.

Mul Access Radio Relay (MARR): o th

i tchi r th rr ctr bc the ease of maintenance, installaon and future

expansion possibilies. The Wireless in Local

l (wll) tch i it i r rid

installaon of the network and is ideal for both

rb d rr r.

vr s artr Tri (vsaT) tit

systems and Low Earth Orbing Systems (LEOs) are

also being touted as technological soluons for

rural ICT, but no single technology will sasfy the

dir d. It i t ik tht ix th

technologies will provide the ulmate soluon for

ch r.

Rural Connecvity Challenge

The targets put forward in the Policy Dra of

th grt c t b chid itht th

parcipaon of the rural masses and the private

operators. It is imperave for the government to

c t ith rtr rr tht c k

connecvity aordable in rural areas where majority

of customers belong to the poor community. Its

cr tht rr tdit ct b chiditht ir r t d th rt d

t rt ir tchi r rr r t

subsidized rates. The government should oer end

tri bid t tc rtr r rr

ctr. ad c dd i th rr r

rch it k, it d b tii d th

subsidy could be withdrawn thereaer.

a th bi h h tbrd

the xed-line cecons in the country, the bias

towards xed line telephony should end and ADC and

uso d hd b d r rtr i

d r. ad cidri th ct tht

xed line phones are not wire line phones, subsidiesshould be extended to xed wireless terminals (FWT).

FWTs, handy & rolled out quickly, could trigger the

rth rr th.

fr vpT th rt hd tk it

cct Tc Rtr athrit Idi

(TRAI) recommendaon wherein it has asked for

bid riii r vpT d idiid

phones to the creaon of infrastructure. Once

this infrastructure is created, all new and exisng

irtrctr d b dtd t b hrd

on reasonable terms, with adequate incenves forhri t i c. Thi i r tht i

rtr, r r trk, c xit hi

monopoly posion.

The Service Providers: Th rb rkt

can not boost the cellular operators boom-line

any longer. Various iniaves like free incoming

c, i ct i ditc rt, dcii

ic r d -ddd ric h b

tried to boost the agging ARPU from this saturated

rkt. Th rr rkt i d bi

proposion for cellular operators and handsetmanufacturers as mobile phone penetraon is sll

r i thi r. a, th tr ct i

bi h drd cidrb. Th ddd chr

i thir t chr rt. Thir c ccr

r th i itt rird d RI.

UFO Fund Ulizaon: USO fund shall hereaer

b crditd it rt d itd

cidtd grt d, d rir.

It d b d t idct tchi

to speed up rural connecvity through various

info-communicaon services. Subsidy out of thefund has been paid out on the basis of compeve

bid r tc ric ridr. Th ct

irtrctr d th ct t i cc h

t b cidrd b th icd rtr br

bidding. BSNL with its exisng rural infrastructure

bit t bic d h dt r

th thr. shri i irtrctr i


19/50


rdc th ct trk r rit rtr.

Th icbt rtors would hereaer be asked

t hr th irtrctr. T t th trt r

rr tdit it i iitb tht th rt

also oer terminal subsidy for rural customers, who

currently cant aord to buy high priced handsets and

tri. a rtr hd b rdd t bid

for dicult and non-remunerave rural areas too, as

thri thr i b tdc t rt i

remunerave areas. To fulll the real objecves of the

uso it hd b rcd th rtr t k

r cri th tt, rid ric

t r diri it thrht th ctr

d t t ch bcribr r rt

plans. The USO fund plans to support the seng

up of High-speed Public Telecom and Informaon

Ctr (HpTIC) i ctd r it rjct

bi. Th ctr i h 256 kb brdbdconnecvity and will provide certain e-governance

ric t i rr r. a, th uso d

would support seng-up of shared infrastructure for

xtdi cr ric t rr r. Th rt

from USO funds needs to be connued for individual

connecons as well as operaon and maintenance

ird i trk, d t th ihrt hih

cost for operaon and maintenance. The merger of

uso d ith aDC k bth r

essenally serving the same objecve of providing

aordable services in rural areas. As the gross

r th tc ctr h b rii t Consolidated Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 30%, the

rct hr ctribtd b th rit ctr

ric ridr t th uso d hd b rd

in a proporonate manner. As far as infrastructure

deployment is concerned, the current operang cost

trctr r ri rr ctr i xrbitt

high, given the Wireless Planning and Coordinaon

(wpC) - ctr d bckh chr. Th

Government should oer a moratorium to telecom

r b irt ir th chr r

some period; thereaer, these could be levied as in

rb r. Th bit hdic i rd rrth i th -ibiit r i rr

ckt. Th i irtrctr hd icd

power back up (recers and baery) and the Diesel

Power Generaon sets. The need of the hour is

extensive telecom infrastructure creaon in these

r t t th t rr rkt tnal. It would

be beer if all operators join hands and either create

d hr, r th grt hd rd

Bsnl t hr it irtrctr. Th rt

hd r rtr t bid r th rr

trritri r i irtrctr. Irtrctr

hri hd b d dtr r rtr

who is the rst to enter this territory. The backbone

irtrctr hri hd b d dtr

for all operators to backhaul trac and ensure that

BSNL provides the SDCA level interconnecon to any

rtr h t r ir i tht r.

Rr bi irtrctr hd b dd b th

USO. Those who access the fund, as a condion,

hd th hr thir irtrctr ith

who wants it. The Government should oer subsidy

r d tri t tc rtr r crti

period of me, ll demand becomes self-sustaining.

Conclusion

Th jr ctrit r th rr

teledensity have been lack of invesble resources,

ibiit rrit tch cbid

with dicult geographical terrain and connental

size of the country. In the post-liberalizaon

rid ri ctr r d r rit

compeon. The public sector operators have also

been corporazed in October, 2000. While these

t d cr rit itt, th

social obligaon of providing telecom facilies

i th rr d -cic r rir

certain incenves, like tax concessions, waiverof license fee & interconnecon charges and

nancial support to aract private operators to

th rr r. Th ch d b Idi

dirit ri, ic d drhic

paern are great. Opmum soluons have to be

evolved with appropriate policy iniaves for

funding, technologies, organizaonal structure and

regulaon. Achievement of Indias rural telephony

objecves needs to be approached in a holisc

r hri t d ic d rtr

itch d t b ird t, bt ri

rcdr ccr d t b ddrd.Time has come to kick-start the iniaves as

rcdd b TRaI, ith c

operators and acve parcipaon by the rural folk.

(The author is Director & Professor, Anwarul

Uloom College of Business Management,

Hyderabad, e-mail : [email protected])


20/50


Th cct cit rdi [CR] tht

rd i 1947 i Bii d Cbi,

hich cc xritd ith thir

Miners Radio and Radio Sutatenza respecvely,

signies that CR has the potenal to catalyze the

rc ci-cic dt rr

populaon in India through [i] creang awareness

among beneciaries about Government policy and

programs, [ii] facilitang them to understand the

procedure to secure benets of these programs

d cc t bic ric d [iii] kirdr thir ric .

Uniqueness of Community Radio: Cit

Radio [CR] means radio broadcasng with the

objecve of serving the cause of the community

i th ric r b ii br th

cit i th brdct thir rr. It

aords a unique advantage of receiving transmission

through low cost baery operated portable receiving

sets. It is conned to a small geographical area. It

Harnessing Potential of Community Radio forRural Advancement

Ms. Arpita Sharma

is a radio staon operated in the community, for

th cit, bt th cit d b th

cit. It c b d b r ,

such as farmers, sher folk, arsans, women, youth

tc. It r cit, hich c

rrc r iihd, h c dt

issues and concerns, which are relavely localized,

nevertheless connected to naonal and regional

dt .

What disnguishes CR from other media is

its high level of peoples parcipaon, both in

management and program producon. Individual

community members and local instuons provide

support for its operaon. CR is truly a peoples

Rdi tht rci itr t rcir d

consumers, but as acve parcipants and creave

rdcr ctt. It cr dt d

riht bd i d dt itr th

latest policy and programs. It receives legislave,

administrave, and nancial support.


21/50


Researchers conrm that CR is a parcipatory

medium through which informaon is communicated

to rural communies. For its success, program

must be movang, interacve and systemacally

did t t th dt d th

parcipants. In dierent parts of the world CR is

also referred to as rural radio, cooperave radio,

parcipatory radio, alternave radio, popular radio,

educaonal radio, community FM, associaon radio

and bush radio. The basic characterisc of CR is

tht cit it t r th d th

community. Most signicantly, it is parcipatory in

nature as people acvely take part in formulang the

staons policy, strategy and program content. CR

presents opportunies to parcipants to share their

personal experiences in relaon to development

policy and programs and aempts to facilitate

ecient implementaon of programs relang to

health, nutrion, educaon, sanitaon, womenrt, rictr tc.

accrdi t unesCo [2002] CR i t

rdi ric tht ctr t th itrt crti

area, broadcasng content that is popular to a

local audience but which may oen be overlooked

b crci r -di brdctr. li

[1995] dened CR as a medium that gives voice to

th ic tht r th thic th

marginalized and is at the heart of communicaon

and democrac processes within sociees. It aims

at improving socio-economic condions and quality

i th cit thrh ccid

d did rr r trtd cit

parcipants.

Eorts in Other Countries: Systemac eorts to

establish CR in Asia were iniated by internaonal

ci, ch unesCo, hich t th ctr

of the communicaon and development debate.

Servaes [1995] observed that these iniaves were

t citd ith xtr idd dt

projects that were inuenced by the discussions

of parcipatory communicaon for sustainable

development and understanding of communicaon

as a two-way process rather than just communicang

to the listener.

mhi CR was the rst Asian community

radio established at Girandumkoe in Sri Lanka in

1986 with objecves to cater to the needs of the

newly-seled families, help them exchange their

selement experiences, learn new skills from each

other, give mely informaon on day-to-day acvies,

d ciitt t ctz dt i th

communies, enable parcipants in the decisions-

ki rc t irtt i ch

water distribuon, markeng, health, educaon

tc. Thbi CR, the rst truly community-ownedand operated Asian community radio staons were

tbihd i phiii ith th tchic d

nancial support from the UNESCO. Sagarmatha CR,

the rst independent community broadcasng staon

tbihd i n, hich rrtd sth ai

rst eort at independent community radio. It was

established with the nancial and technical assistance

provided under UNESCOs Internaonal Program

for the Development of Communicaon with its

innovave combinaon of programs on educaon,

informave and entertainment. Banjade [2007] in

hi rrch t xr th tr d xtt thlocal residents parcipaon in the communicaon

rc i rct CR i p ditrict wtr

Nepal serving 800,000 potenal listeners since 2000

reported that the listeners used CR for informaon

d trtit. mr [2008] brd tht CR

is sll the dominat di i aric ith th

idt rhic rch d th hiht dic


22/50


crd ith Tv, r, d ICT. Th thr

rthr tt tht CR t h r it

as a development tool, parcularly with the rise of

cit d c rdi, hich h ciittd

a far more parcipatory and horizontal type of

communicaon. CR can also help bridge the digital

divide by providing a powerful tool for informaon

disseminaon and access, especially for hard-to-

rch rr dic. Rci [1995] bd

on his intensive research concluded that in Lan

aric ctri, hr CR c it bi

alternave to predominantly commercial oriented

rdi brdct trk, th thrt CR t

as a medium to support educaon of the marginalized

populaon. Bouhafa [1998] reported that in South

Africa, CR system became a social movement aer

th di rthid ri, hich d

by democrazaon, decentralizaon and structural

adjustment elsewhere in the connent. For India iti rthr rct xrit d dt tht

trtd i 1990

CR Iniaves in India: Bhtr [2008] rrtd

tht grt Idi cd it CR ic i

Dcbr 2002, hich ibrizd i 2006. CR

i th di t xr th,

plaorm to air their concerns to be heard, considered

d ctd , th icri thir diit d -

condence. People generally come forward to gain

ki, t b rt th cit r. T hr

thir itrt i ic, chri r t icr thirsocial circle. A carefully planned orientaon process

is very important to map the potenal of individuals

and to lter out commied volunteers to form

cr t. shi [2009] rrtd tht r hih

populated and predominantly rural populaon

like India the educaon and entertainment of the

masses is essenal. This can be achieved by ulizing

the concept of CR more eecvely. CR tells the

story of the people and helps communies striving

t k t d b hrd. CR h ridd

rt t th cit. It h i

children the chance to speak condently. This

objecve to some an extent has been achieved in

Idi hr t i ctd cit

ctr CR h b tbihd.

Gyan Vani CR: Th H Rrc

Dt miitr d th Idir gdhi

Naonal Open University [IGnou] ith th h

of Prasar Bhara launched Gyan Vani CR in 2001

operang inially through Allahabad, Banglore, and

Cibtr fm staons of India on test transmission

d, ith th trk xctd t xd t tt

of 40 staons. It operates as Media Cooperave

ith th d-t-d rr bi ctribtd b

various educaonal instuons, NGOs, Government

and semi-Government organizaons, UN agencies,

miitri [arictr, eirt, Hth,

Women and Child Welfare, Science & Technology],

besides Naonal level Instuons [NCERT, NOIS

and State Open Universies]. It has target audience

of students of open and convenonal universies

within a radius of 60 km covering enre city.

prr rd dri 0600 am t 1000am c

t hc tchi-ri rc i Hidi r

eih; d cr id r bjct,

creang awareness about Panchaya Raj Instuons

and their funconaries; Women Empowerment;

Cr Riht; H Riht, th Riht the Child; Health Educaon; Science Educaon;

Extension Educaon; Vocaonal Educaon; Teacher

Educaon; Non-formal Educaon; Adult Educaon;

Educaon for the handicapped; Educaon for the

down trodden; educaon for the tribal community.

The Gyan Darshan Educaonal TV Channel of IGNOU,

New Delhi on its compleon of a decade started

catering to, through four channels, dierent cross

secon of audiences in Agra, Chandigarh, Jalandhar,

srir, Trich d Thirthr.

Our Voice (Namma Dhwani), India irtd i September 2001 i Bdikt i

Kr ditrict i Krtk, i rtrhi

voICes, myRaDa, unesCo, d gr r

rr i th Bdkt ri i Kr ditrict.

It trt dic cri frr, Rr

trrr, yth d Chidr d rr

c dt i rtd t rictr,

health, educaon, economic development, children,

th, irt, trrrhi d ctr

aairs of immediate concern.

KONGU Engineering College tbihd CR

its campus on March 31, 2003; It has its [i] vii:H t crt cit ith cc t

Knowledge, Informaon, Parcipaon and Rights. [ii]

mii: Ulize community radio to secure freedom

of expression, general welfare and social upli and

[iii] g: er th r, iitrt, ic

d rchd br th cit t ci

and acquire legimate freedom and entlement


23/50


t b ccihd thrh dii rrit

programs and broadcasng them during 07.30 to

10.00 AM; 12.00 to 02.30 PM; 03.30 to 07.30 PM for

i hr d i th r lctr, sir,

Crc, skit d tic Cit

Dt.

Anna University i Chi,Ti nd

tbihd CR i 2004 cri tdt d d

urban populaon of Kannigapuram, Kourpuramm,

Balajinagar, Saidapet, Lile Mount, Kobaliam,

Chitr nr, vtkr, ithi 10 k

rdi. Trt dic crid stdt, d

brr d hi [70 % dic].

Women listen and also parcipate in the programs

r 11 hr [7 t 6 ]. prr c

w rt; etrrrhi

t; vzhkii v (i t

rr); eih l prr; sd

nrk (fc-t-fc ith th Cit li

Phone-in Interacve Talk Show); Music Program;

scic r; Cr r; Crr

idc; mt ct; ntchthir

nrk (Itri ith r k tr r

the community}; Community maer; Programs

r vi Chd; arki vzh (Hth i

wealth); The CR arranges invite experts, celebries

and academia to parcipate in events or parcipate

i h-i rr. stdt r th Drtt

mdi cic trd t chr Samudhaya

Neerkaanal, i h-i cit rr;

Micavaani CR chd nbr 14,

2005 to serve rural communies within a radius of

ve km and broadcasng programs detailing various

Government schemes for the rural populaon, job

opportunies, best agricultural pracces, alternave

rc t thrh rr idtri,

bi d ric ctr, hth d hi, th

status of women, children educaon and programs

r i chidr;

Holy Cross CR tbihd i th c

H Cr C, Tirchiri, Ti nd

i Dcbr 2006. It trt dic critdt, h kr, th d rr d

broad cast between 6.00 to 10.00 AM and 3.00 to

8.00 PM programs with focus on creang awareness

about crical areas of agriculture, social welfare,

educaon, health and environment; preserving and

promong the tradional wisdom, knowledge and

skills, thereby facilitang promoon of arts, cras,

culture and tradions of the rural populaon, besides

enhancing parcipaon of the local rural community

in development; building capacity through educaon;

providing opportunies to upgrade skills in the eld

thir itrt. It rrrd rt itrt id

range of issues creavely in dierent formats like skit,

zi, k , iz, tk h, dici,

phone in, interviews. Its qualied sta and volunteers

helped the staon to increase their broadcast hours

r t hr t i hr d.

Delhi University CR chd t it sch

o lri ctd i th nrth C

th rit octbr 2, 2007 d ccd

broadcasng between 8.00 and 10.00 AM in the

ri d 5.00 d 7.00 pm ithi rdi 10

km a wide range of programs with focus on creang

awareness on Health, Hygiene; An smoking; Gender

sensizaon; Environment and other issues related

to local communies; Phone-in Programs with the

experts on Health, Educaon, stress management,

Environment, interpersonal relaonship between

parent and children, examinaon stress etc Spreading

r th tdt bt ri crr,

career counseling and broadcasng other socially

relevant programs. Broadcasng the programs of

c d c ch ir, rkh,

lectures, discussions, debates, cultural funcons etc.

for the student communies. Conducng (including

academic counseling) interacve programs for the

tdt rd t sch o lri h

could not get the opportunies for face-to-faceteaching learning process. Broadcasng dierent

cit bd rr ith th h

cit br ridi i th dtd

r d th cit ridi rd Dhi

uirit

Sivanthi CR tbihd i th c

aditr C art d scic, Tirchdr

14th octbr 2007 covering enre city in a

rdi 15 k. It trt dic cri

tdt, d d brdct bt

6.00 AM and 10.00 PM programs aimed at creang

r c cit bt hth

care, educaon, female literacy, self -employment

and environment preservaon.

Sangham CR tbihd octbr 15,

2008 by the iniaves of the Deccan Development

scit Cit mdi Trt i vi mchr

Jhr md i mdk Ditrict, adhr


24/50


prdh. Trt dic i rr r th

marginalized groups in parcular and rural people

i r. prr icd sd rit d

; fd rit d ; w d

bidirit; w d d; orhi; w

d cic rictr; ecic trri

r rr ; Hthcr d t dici;

Hrb cr r i di; mki chidr

educaon relevant to rural milieu; violence against

women; legal educaon for women. Programs also

bd c i i th iht b ii d

r did t th cit ; w sk

t w ith ct c i.

prr r bi brdct di bt 08

and 09.30 pm and has a plan to increase duraon of

brdct t r hr di.

Uarakhand CR [Kumaon Vani] chd

by The Energy Resource Instute on March 11, 2010

i mkhtr ith rdi 10 k d cri

20 i brdct rr eirt,

Agriculture, culture, weather, educaon.

Radio Acve tbihd i th c

Mahaveer Jain college, Bangalore covering enre

cit. It trit di thr t r hr rr

cd eirt, w ert,

Chidr i nd, ai wr, Dibd r,

Human Rights Persons Welfare, besides commied

to educate the children of migrant construcon

rkr, d c dt d r

th brr i r.

Peoples Acon for Rural Development [Vaanoli]

CR cr60 i ith i rdi 12 t 15 K.

It broadcasts from 03.00 PM to 07.00 PM programs

relang to Educaon, Health, Environment and Legal

r, stib arictr Tchi,

Informaon on Government Schemes and creang

legal awareness among its target audience consisng

rr, , , chidr

Jago Mumbai CR tbihd i adhri

[mhrhtr] ith rdi 10 k cr adhri,

Jh, mhi, Brii, Bdr, vr d brdct

rr r it dic t ii i th r;

Radio Namaskarwas launched with an objecve

t rt cicb ik th i

to develop an enabling environment for an all me

connecon among them that will ensure ow of

informaon, benets & access to all amenies and

benets for the targeted people and develop a group

trid d rizd th icdi

r trt r h i ti th t

of project. Its development objecve is to ensure

access to informaon, amenies and benet

ck ridd b i d stt grt

that are quite aordable for the people who are

b t i tht r rit rc. Bid,

facilitate the beneciaries to share & communicate

their problems in a democrac manner with

grievances redressal idened by the Government

drtt. prr dd, brd ci

c rc, d crit, i rt

and youth for development, are broadcast relang to

lc s grc; H Riht; Riht t fd,

Informaon and Educaon; Disaster Management;

gdr eit; scit pc; sri idi

trade & culture for its target audience comprising

students, shermen, women and farmers.

ThAJK Mass Communicaon Research Center

Ji mii Ii uirit, Dhi chd

Ji CR i 2005.a ngo chd TaRar CR

on October 23, 2008 i orch Bdkhd,

mdh prdh. RagHav CR chd i 2006

i mrr, vihi Ditrict Bihr t brdct

prr etrtit d Hth.

stdi r tht CR tbihd i c d

university campuses in cies have indeed achieved

their objecves to some an extent. It is high me to

create signicant awareness among rural populaon

i rct ci-cic dt rrbi itd b th grt d bic

sector banks, namely Naonal Rural Employment

Guarantee Scheme, Swaranjayan Gram Rozgar

Yojana, Naonal Rural Health Mission, Integrated

Child and Women Development Scheme, Naonal

liihd mii, Bhrt nir, s-H-

gr Bk lik prr, pi d Irc

ch, rd d crit tc. It i cr

to evaluate the eecveness of the exisng operang

CR t dir th dtd rt d di th

ic t tbih CR d cidr tbihi

t t CR i ch bck r thi thrh t

th ctr dri th i 12th fi yr p

[2012-17].

(The author is Doctoral Research Scholar,

Dept. of Agricultural Communicaon, College of

Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and

Technology, Pantnagar 263145 (Uarakhand),

[email protected])


25/50


fr th t t d h r t

th bckrd wd iKr k t th ch thir

Community Radio-Radio Maolli. If you are

in Wayanad you can tune in to Radio Maolli at

90.4 mHz rc r 6 t 10 . lctd

t Drk, mthd i wd Ditrict,

thi Cit Rdi i diitrd

by Wayanad Social Service Society, an NGO with 36

years of experience in development intervenons in

wd Ditrict.

Radio Maolli which was launched in

2009 h cc d d t

fr. Th Jh Thrk, Dirctr th Rdi

h r t b h. ltt r h tht

br di itr c t 24.05% th

populaon. In demographic gures of the district

( r 2011 c) it c t 2,00,056 .

Community Radio Mattoli ; Voice of Voiceless

Sudha S. Namboothiry

Bt i k d cci itr th

Radio Maoli are included, the gures will be74.05% (6,10,539). Another interesng factor is 56%

dd Rdi st r iti t cit

rdi rr, hr 40% thir bi h

to tune into Maoli.

accrdi t fr. Thrk, Cit Rdi i

th rct t t rid crhi kd,

tch, r, d rt tc. t

trtd dic. Rdi hd r hd

r thr di ik r d tii ic

itrt c rd r r ht

and viewing television means dedicang me for

tht d thr i d r ctricit i th r

t. Bt c it t rdi d d thr

rk it. Thi i t b td tht bt

30,000 families in Wayanad do not have electricity

connecon.


26/50


Radio Maoli is the rst Community Radio

ric i Kr d th ctric di i

th stt t brdct rr i trib dict

di. Th rr hich i crii

educaon, informaon health etc. is daily aired

at 2.30 PM and at 8.05 PM. Radio Maoli has alsochd n sthr a sci scic

Popularizaon Program supported by Kerala State

Cci r scic, Tch d eirt.

Thi i brdctd i c dict . art r

this there are the regular features like reecons

on Gandhian thoughts, Interacon between ocials

d bic, rr r rrd

b , itrdci ri bk d c

ibrri, hth rr, rr jb

ritd trii , cr tc. w th Rdi

i ii t it ii ridi

for the free ow of benecial informaon aimed

t brii ci cic ch i th cit.

a th rr ird r t rtd

b c , itr h idit

emoonal aachment with the presenter and the

message is eecvely received. The target groups

cit ri rr, idi , dit,

rictr brr d chidr. Hc

such an emoo bdi i ch rird fr.

Thrk. Th d t h th

bi i rdr t trt .

Radio Maoli has even formed Maoli clubs in

ch. ot th 288 ch i th ditrict 91 ch

haveMaoli clubs. Members of these clubs get achance to broadcast their programmes over Maoli.

This inculcates leadership quality, creavity,

presentaon capability and awareness in children.

Th t dr xr t th rd

ctric di.

Started with an inial investment of Rs.

58 kh, hich d r irtrctr d

year funconing of Radio Maoli, today it has the

support of NABARD, Coee Board, Kerala State

arictr Drtt d th iitd crci

spots permied by the Ministry of Informaon &Broadcasng. Need not say Radio Maoli is here to

i ic t th ic d h th xr

th ci, cic, ctr d

irit i rdr t k th tr thir

own desnies.

(The author is Media & Communicaon Ocer,

PIB, Cochin)

S U B S C R I P T I O N C O U P O N(For Ne Membership/Reneal/Change in Address

I want to subscribe to_________________________________________(Journals name & language) or

1 yr. or Rs. 100/- 2 yrs or Rs. 180/- 3 yrs. or Rs. 250/-

DD/IPO/MO No. ________________________________________________Date____________________

Name (in block letters)

Address

PIN

Note: For Reewal/chage i address-please quote your Subscriptio no.

Please allow 8 to 10 weeks or the despatch o the 1st issue.

Please send DD/IPO/MO to Business Manager

Publication Division, East Block, Level-VII,

R. K. Puram,Ne Delhi-110066. Tel. : 26105590, 26100207,

Fax : 26175516

Also ensure that it is dran in favour of Director

Publication Division, Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting, Ne Delhi.


27/50



28/50


Development communicaon is an

irtt t hich h ccrtd

rr dt cr th b.

These techniques have provided potenals foreconomic growth, eecve governance and social

empowerment. For the rst me, voices of rural

populaon have been echoed through this medium

and a posive trend towards social change has

been extensively noced ever since this medium

has been implemented. Pung forward the ideas

idiid, r d cit i th k

idea behind development communicaon. This

i t i bd th id tht cc

rural development requires conscious and acve

parcipaon of the beneciaries at every stage

th dt rc d rr ch

Development Communication:Intensifying Rural Development in India

Subhashree Sanyal

cannot take place without changes in atudes

d bhir th ccrd. It i

aimed to collect and exchange informaon among

h r jr tkhdr i idt rjct, ith th i rchi

c th dt rb bi

faced and the opons for their soluon. It aims

to mobilize people for development acon and to

it i i rb d idrtdi

that may and apply communicaon technology to

training and extension programmes, parcularly at

th rrt , i rdr t ir thir it

d ict ici d rr. Dt

communicaon is an important interface for

implemenng Informaon and Communicaon

Technology (ICT) iniaves in rural India.

Development Communication is an important discovery for shaping rural change. This method

can be of assistance in solving and designing projects and programmes that take into account the

opinion and capacities of the beneficiaries. Many projects aiming at technological upgradation

and implementation of ICT in rural areas have failed in the past because of lack of willingness

among rural people to absorb such schemes.


29/50


Development Communicaon and Rural Development: Exploring the Inter-linkages

Method of

development

Communication

Description of the technique of

development communication

Impact on Rural Development

Community Radio It i ccti d b th cit,

trt r dti. It i di hich

rid ic t th rr ti

ci th t ctd b ci d

itic riizti.

Cit Rdi i brdcti t

tbihd b th rt ciic

cit, rtd b th cit

r th r th cit

r.

Rr dt i t ici

dt. sctr c d ki

th ic th rr citi rch

th rt ci th ci

xcdd h i rti

d ch bd dbck d

rb hihihtd.

Cit rdi i irtt t

it h iitit bttr rc d

ccti rticiti i rr Idi.

ParticipatoryVideo

prticitr vid (pv) i t tchi t i r r cit

i hi d crti thir i

r dctri. It rticit

t id it t b crti

d t thir tri bt dirt

i.

scc rr dt i iit rticitr rt. prticitr

id i r t tht c h

bid tr cit ic ti

rit i d c b rd id

t dirt ic kr.

Documentaries Dctri r hrt i brii

t crti th r i ci

irtc. Thi i d r

hci crti i, rb r

t ti. It i rtrd

ith th h Cii scit Iititi dth tt.

It i rd thrh cit

ii ith th rt ngo,

Cit Bd rizti.

I hich r brrir t rr

dt c b hihihtd. p

c b ihtd bt thir riht

d chic.

ot dctri c b h

rc ci cti d t

r brii bt dt i

th ri. fr x; br

dctri dt idcd

dict h b rc

ci rti i sir, wt B.

Folk Media fk di i Idi i d t

t th di rthr th th

ctr cicti rt t rch

80% Idi tt ti h i i

th i.

fk mdi i tt rt ith it r ic, dc, ti,

riicti, ic bd rcitti,

rii d ti tr. It icd

cri, rit, bi d ci

t. It rjct ci i, cr

th d ir .

Trditi di h hd rd

rtiti, ct d cit bd

brrir i dirt rt rt th

ctr.

Thrh kr, c b

ttrctd trd th id t

hitic dt.


30/50


Grassroots

Comics

grrt Cic i rrtti

i cit di. It i r

thd cicti thrh hich

rrt ic c b rctd.

I ik rc, tr, riht t

dcti h b cc dtith i thi t di. m

biizti it ticid h

b iititd i rr Rjth ith

th h cic dtrti cr

i.

Th id rrt cic i tht

c crt i d tr

i ci irtc d

dtrt it cr th i r

idr cti d ci t.

a c dr cic r ici thir

.

It i cc cit t r

r rti i rr Idi.

I tt ik up, adhr prdh, thi

thd i id d.

Community

Newspaper

Cit r i r

di dt cicti

it i rct cit ic. It i

crtd b ccti cit

rt hr i, iti,

dt, rb, cc tri

c b hrd. It i hrd b

rb cit r i.

Rr dt rt c b

hihihtd thrh thi di. It

c b di hr thd

rictr dt, hth cr,

rt d r

d rd i th cit.

Street Theatre strt thtr i c d

cicti. It i i rrtti

cti thrh di ct hr

t th cit r rchd.

u th irti i td thrh

tri hr di d dc

r r d t rrt i.

Dt rt ik r

rtiti rctic, bit

di chidr t ch, rti

chid rri d dr, ct bd

dicriiti c b iititd.

Puppetry pt h c b d

di cicti. I dirt

rt rr Idi tr i

d t cit rticiti i

h c.

pt r d t rtr ctr,

t d itti brii t

ci d r r th rr

citi.

pc hr thtr ct b rchd,

idi rt thrh t

h c bri bt rr ch

d trti r rr rth.

acctbiit tr i hihr i

rr r hc r rr

ch c b rd bttr.

Bioscope Bic i i dt

cicti t. It crri th id

tri ci. I Idi Bic i

r d thd i cicti.

Bic bri hrt i bd

iititi trd rr ch d

r

vi cicti h th rtt

ict r ch, ri, dti

d dt i ccrd. Bic

c dd t kd d ccit

bidi i rr r.

Photography Cit bd htrh c

b r t r dt.

Dtrti i th cit thrh

htrh i r t cri

ch, ic d ii

phtrh r d hr di

thtr, tr r bic i

t rchb. Th c rrt

dr rt d id r

rr dt th ddi t

rr dcti i rt r th

ctr.


31/50


Dt Cicti i irtt

dicr r hi rr ch. Thi thd

c b itc i i d dii

rjct d rr tht tk it cct

th ii d cciti th biciri.

m rjct ii t tchic rdti

d itti ICT i rr r h

id i th t bc ck ii

rr t brb ch ch. n

irriti rr, iititi r idi

riti cr, dcd chir

i th id h id bc thi i

cctc rr

. Dt

cicti h b c thd hich

h idd brii bt

ttitdi d bhir

ch

i rr Idi thrh

it i r-

rch d t.

D t

Cicti itii

th rr dt rc b biizi rr

r dt cti d ri

irti ccrd ith

dt iititi. I rr dt

rjct r d ith th biciri

th, thr i cit rhi

th rr, r thi r thr i cti

biizti dirt tkhdr hich h

itti cti d bici. mthd

ik dctri, cit rdi, cic, d

cit r r i ridi

di-i kd cr citi d

cc tr i rch thr

rti i ch. Cicti thd

k th di d t ic

biciri ciitt rdii d

itri rt iititi cti.

scc tri c b hrd d bt rctic

c b dtd ith thi r t. adi-

i di it i cicti

d crhi rr ti. It

t ciitt i dtrti i r

x cri, ri

rtiizr d

chizd t dir r rr d

thr biciri.

ICT d thr

dcd tchic

ciiti b th

r t tchic

ti d dct

i rr Idi bt itt c

b d i thr i iiti d brbi thi tch.

Dt cicti i cti

t hich c brid thi cctbiit d

cr cciht iititi i

rr dt cti.

The author isAssistant Professor, Department

of Social Work, Jadunath Sarkar School of Social

Sciences; Assam University, Silchar-788011;

e-mail: [email protected]

Development Communicaon

intensies the ruraldevelopment process by

mobilizing rural people for

development acon and

ensuring an informaon ow

among all concerned with a

development iniave.

Many projects aiming at technological upgradation and

implementation of ICT in rural areas have failed in the past because

of lack of willingness among rural people to absorb

such schemes.


32/50


Irti d Cicti tchi

(ICT) h tti r cic rth

d ci rt. Dirct r idirct

icti ICT, i rr dt ctr

h b rrrd t Rr Irtic.

Rr ci c b bitd r ICT b

ci ci rdcti, ci cti

d ci ric i th rr r. stid

dt i rr irtic i ib,

i ICT itrti r b t rd t

th c d d r-djt r th riikd (Trditi Kd st- TKs)

th rr r. T ctr th d d c

kd rt t th rrt, th

itrti hd rrb h cti

bi-dircti ik. Th iccti Citiz-t-

grt (C2g) d Citiz-t-Citiz (C2C)

itrc d rid thi ik tht d

d t cit rticiti i di d

ICT for Rural Development : A View

A. Abdul Raheem

itti ICT itrti. Thi i rtr

cd ri bttr cic rtiti

ci ici rr i th

rc rc. sch ttribt i th

ci t r ti rriit r d

rc d rr dt.

Rural Development & Governance

I th rr ctxt, dt i

use of physical, nanci d h rrc r

cic rth d ci dt thrr ci. Th tr rr dt

rrt irt i it i rr

i i. Rr Dt i trt

to enable a specic group of people, poor rural

d , t i r th d thir

chidr r ht th t d d d rr

Dt rc di t tib

irt i th it i rr ,


33/50


especially the poor. The fact of the maer is that

thr rtr th rd r, bt 900

ii r i rr r, d th mii

rt trt t b mii Dt g

(mDg), ct b t th rd ddr

rr rt. stib Rr Dtcan make a powerful contribuon to four crical

goals of Poverty Reducon, Wider shared growth,

Household, naonal, and global food security

d stib tr rrc t.

Hc rdid thr i ri hi

dt rr c th ctri.

a irt, i th ci r cic tt

rr r d t jt

directly benet rural poor

bt d bri d

the migraon-pressureson cies and contribute

by posive ripple eect

i b trid trd

dt.

Th rc

dt i ctr

i t b idd b it

rc. Th

rc hd b

to develop capacies that are needed to realise

dt tht i ririt t th r, d

creates needed opportunies for employment and

thr iihd. Icrd br r, hr

r riid i ctr rrt

dcr i it it rc. T rt

dt, ri tdi h rd

governance in the contextual realies of each

country, including veritable parcipaon of cizens

i th rt dcii-ki rc.

Several instuons and experts accept Governance

as a reexive process, wherein policies, instuons,

tc d i itrct, t xii th

process of parcipatory developmt.

ICT & Governance

ICT i itr rt dt

trti bth di d dd

countries. It has great potenal to bring in the

desired social transformaons by enhancing

access to people, services, informaon and other

tchi. ICT applicaons can enhance poor

peoples opportunies by improving their access

to markets, health, and educaon. Furthermore,

ICT c r th r b xdi th rt ric, d rdc rik b idi

access to micro nance. Th ICT r

development are acvely promoted, for economic

development, job-creaon, rural development and

poverty-alleviaon. By adopng ICT in mid 1990s,

public sector underwent a major transformaon.

Applicaon of ICT in processes of governance

c b cidrd i t

ctri viz.r iri

rt rc

d cd r bidi

interacon with and within

cii cit. Th x

th rr ctr r:

disseminaon of public

informaon grievance

rdr chi,

ulity payments and billing

services. This intervenon

ICT i bic di,

d b grt, i

rrrd e-Government.

Secondly, ICT improves civil society parcipaoni th ri rc, hich i rrrd

e-Governance. -grc h rtr c

and connotaon than e-Government, even though

rdiri th tr r d itrchb.

e-Governance permits new ways of parcipaon

of cizens and communies for debang. sch

interacons facilitate provision of accurate

informaon about social problems and their

possible soluons. It empowers communies to

dtri thir tr b di -

ecacy and collecve ecacy. Indeed if Goodgrc di t Dt i th

rc, th -grc r

to aain this goal.

e-Governance for Rural Development

Rr -grc c provide mely

informaon to the cizens and have the potenal

Sustained development using

rural informatics is possible, only

if ICT interventions are able to

respond to the local needs and

re-adjust as per the prevailing

knowledge (Traditional

Knowledge Systems- TKS) of the

rural areas.


34/50


to spawn innovave means of wealth generaon

i rr ctxt. ICT c ir ii tdrd

i rt d rr r b ridi irtt

commercial, social and educaonal benets.

ectric ric ctr h it r t ,

especially in reaching out to the marginalized secons

ii i rt r. I di c

like India, ICT has development applicaons in

educaon, governance, environmental monitoring,

health, human rights promoon, economic growth

and other areas. An earlier research conrms that

transacon costs have substanally reduced by

adopng automated supply chain management

d r i rictr rdc. othr

tdi h tht -rt rjct r

cc i rr Idi it ct itrdirbt rt d rciit, hi ri

commercially sustainable objecves.

Hr, i th hih icidc rt

in rural India, e-Governance implementaon to

cover 135 million rural poor is an increasingly

cx rc. Th cc tri -grc

i rr Idi r itd c, d tht

tt th Idi xric i tr t

irtt rtr viz. i cctd d

i trrd r t t ii. athhthere are more than y grassroots projects

crrt i dr ICT r dt i Idi,

since no systemac study or evaluaon has been

conducted on ICT based projects so opportunies

to learn the diverse creave Indian experience so far

remain almost enrely wasted. An e-Governance

iniave Gyandoot*, h tht thh it i

supposedly popular, its usage is sll low and that it

is not eecve for the poorest of poor in the rural

ri. with rrc t i th- Idi,

how do we build eecve Informaon Systems that

are premised on emancipaon in a rural seng (of

southern villages of India) Exisng e-Governance

d r r tch ctric, hich h

b d r t d th d t ct

r rr dt i ctxt di

ctri ik Idi.

sch brti r ICT itrti i

th rr ctxt r r tr r thr

di ctri t. eri tdi h

tht th ci tht r bi d

bt th tti ICT r dt r

t rtd, d it t th ib ctr-rdcti ct th ICT . I th r

tch ctric rch id th diit

diid bt dd d drdd.

Th d rc iititi r rt

iti h t trtd it ci d

d t ck ititti chi d t

r th rt ititti diiibri

thr i d t b ctiti

rdct ri r trditi kd

th ri. Thr i r citd ith

dt th irti i rjct

hr th rr rt, diit

d rrti trditi tchi r

t cidrd. I i ch iitti, it i

irtt t r trti rch

t rr -grc rjct.

Conclusion

ICT iititi i rr dt hi

dti r ttic rch r

itrti Trditi Kd st

(TKs) d ICT it t r tibiit

rr -rc. a th itrtr rtd

t rr dt d -rc h

idictd ri i idi cc ch

iititi. Th i i r ck citi

ctt r rr citi d idt

rticiti rr citi i di

rr ICT iititi. Thi r thrr id

tht th th t-rch t itrt

th rt TKs ith ICT iititi i

th di -rc t r rrdt.

(The author is Assistant Professor, Dept

of Economics, The New College, (University of

Madras), Chennai-14, e-mail: abdulraheem_

[email protected]. and abdulraheem1967@

redimail.com)


35/50


edcti trt ith th r

th rir d tit c

dt. It r d

xr th c d r r di

r dcti t . prt gdr

eit d er w, t iit dr

dirit i rir d cdr dcti, d

t dcti i cr t rch th

r i ir dcti r ir chidr.

I th iht thi, th r rci thtdcti r ir chidr i Idi i ci i

ch, hich r rticr rtd t

di d i tr trtd it iccibiit

hihr dcti t th k, it

dcti rr d riizti. I

rct ti, Ditc edcti h rd

h t t i th

itct thrh ciiti kd,

di th t rdic thd thiki

Open Learning as A Tool to Promote GenderEquality in Rural India

Dr. Raju Narayana Swamy

th rdri th r -dirctd d r

thiki. It c t th ri t dir c

t rhic brd d dir ti.

Thi r crci xi th ditc

dcti rr i rti t th cct

rt . gdr ttr

i b d t ktch cci d k

rcdti.

Introducon

Th rti di ir chidr i

Idi h r itht rcii th t bic

dcti h ttrctd icrd ciic ttti.

Thi crii i r i rr r tht k rr

xtt ir i Idi t ch. art

s r tht th chi c

i th jr ditr cic d

ci ch. nthi rb i irtt

td i th itic c dt


36/50


dt rciti itic, cic d

ci rticiti d drhi .

Th uitd nti mii Dcrti

hi th d r rti dr it,

rt d rti bic

dcti r r. I thi itc, th c d ditc ri thdi i

ridi cti itrc ki bc

iitb. Th uitd nti mii

Dt g (mDg) hich i t iht

ti-bd, ccrt d ciic trt r

itd :

g 1: erdict xtr rt d

hr.

g 2: achi ir rir dcti.

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and

r .

g 4: Rdc chid rtit.

g 5: Ir tr hth.

g 6: Cbt HIv/aIDs, ri d thr

di.

g 7: er irt tibiit

(Ri, e. T, arik, B. arikr, t.., 2010.).

Women empowermentert i th rc chi

xiti r rti d ii rtr

ctr r th rc r. Th

rt r t ch

trirch id t trr th trctr

d ititti tht rirc d rtt

(B.s, 2006, .10.). mrxit Thrit i

c dirc i th rd br. Th tr

t tbih th rtihi bt citi

d trirch. Th xitti, brditi,

d ri xit th rt dit c

(th ) d rtir trd r

th rt th rd c, th . B

rt d b b t d

-t, cidc, ri thir tti

d hc thir ccti r. gdr

tdi i trib citi h tht it i ci

cditii, d t bi tht cct r

gender differences between masculine and

feminine (Hajira, Kumar & Jaimon, Varghese,

2005, .24.).

frid (1992) rt d

rr rt. It xi th

itrrtihi bt th r r

rt. Thr i cr

itrrtihi d r bt th.

Th ctr icd Cit rt,

orizti rt, pitic

rt d pchic rt.

Cit rt rr t cc

t d kd d r,

di ki, biiti, cidc

d ctc btii th ridhi d

rt thr , rticiti i ri

ctiiti ith thr . orizti

rt hi kd d

r bt bit tch

r rr dt thrh dt

rictr crti. pitic rt

ic thr rt ici d

dcii tht ct rr citi, chi

t-bd bi, d thr

t dic i cti rr d

rr citi. pchic rt

ic icr i -cidc d-t, rtr titi, iirti,

thi d itrt t d ric

r rr .

Th rt cd b rcizd

biit t drtk br tk

ithr idiid r i r, tht th

h rthr cc t d ctr cit

rrc. It i rcid ti trt

t trth th -bi idiid,

ii d citi, rt d -

rt ci (fth, addi,

2011, p.40.). For Meenaz, Kassam & Femida,

Hd (2004) dcti h b rd

th idictr rt. m th

rib tht h trditi b d

rxi r rt, ch dcti

d t, r bttr dcribd


37/50


bi ctr r rc rt.

ert rir drtdi th

d th ctr d ci xctti, hich

b bd b dcti.

Women literacy in India

w, t i rr r rrt r

th t-third th rd iitrt dt. Th

ti itrc rt i 8.9 rct. C t

245 ii Idi ck th bic cbiit

t rd d rit. adt itrc rt

r 15 d b r th r 2000 i 46.4

rct ( 69 rct)(Th stt w:

a Rit Chck). Th trd i tt itrc rt

b x i Idi bt th r 1981 d 2001

r :

Table1 Literacy rates by sex in India

(1981-2001)

Particulars 1981 1991 2001

m 56.37 64.13 75.85

f 29.75 39.29 54.16

Tt 43.56 52.20 65.38

Dirc

(m-f)

26.62 24.84 21.69

src: C Idi, vri r

gr ert Rti (geR) r ir

24.8 rct t rir d 4.6 rct t

th r rir (i th 11 t 14 r

r. gir rt t th rir t

i 46.7 rct i 2004-05. at th r rir

t, ir rt i 44.4 rct i 2004-0

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Kurukshetra- English January 2012

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