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Kyle ShottsJohn Zink Company LLC
Combustion Technology in Tank Degassing Applications
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Fuel
IgnitionSource
Oxygen
Combustion Triangle
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Basic Combustion Stochiometry
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat Ignition Source
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Basic Combustion Stochiometry
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat Ignition Source
Air = 21% O2 and 79% N2
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Basic Combustion Stochiometry
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat Ignition Source
Air = 21% O2 and 79% N2
C2H6 + O2N2 CO2 + H2O + N2 + Heat Ignition Source
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Hydrocarbon Destruction Efficiency = Hydrocarbon In - Hydrocarbon OutHydrocarbon In
Typical Hydrocarbon (VOC) Destruction Efficiency = 98%- 99.99%
Expected VOC Destruction Efficiency Through Combustion
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Main
Air
Burner
Pilot
Typical Commercial Combustion SystemN NO O
N NO O
N NO O
N NO O
N NO O
N NO O
(Ignition Source)
Atmosphere
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Main
Pilot
Air
Burner
C
H
C
H
H
HH
H
O O
N NO O
N N
O O
N N
O O
N N
O O
N N
O O
N N
O O
N N
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Main
Air
Burner
Pilot
C
O
H
NC
H
H
HH
HO
O O
N
NO O
N NO O
NO O
NO
N
N
N N
O O
ON
N N
Typically 600 - 900 C
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Main
Air
Burner
Pilot
O
HH
NON N N
ON N
CO O
N N
CO O
HH
O
HH
O
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Typical Chemical Composition of Gasoline Vapors
Auto Ignition
Component Vol% Temperature C
Air 58.1 ----
Propane 0.6 476
i-Butane 2.9 468
Butene 3.2 414
n-Butane 17.4 427
i-Pentane 7.7 420
Pentene 5.1 272
n-Pentane 2.0 284
Hexane 3.3 247
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
What Affects Destruction Efficiency? • Air / Gas Mixing
• Operating Temperature
• Residence Time
Main
Air
Burner
Pilot
C
H
NC
H
H
HH
HO
O O
N
NO O
N NO O
NO O
N
N N
O O
ON
N N
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Other Considerations: • Smoke
Main
Air
Burner
Pilot
C
H
C
H
H
HH
H
O
O O
N
N N
O O
ON
N N
Causes:
• Too Little Air
• Poor mixing with Air
C
N N
O O
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Other Considerations • Carbon Monoxide
• Poor Destruction Efficiency of VOC
Main
Air
Burner
Pilot
HH
HH
O
Causes:
• Too Low Operating Temperature
• Too Little Residence Time
CC
C
H
C
H
H
HH
H
C
H
C
H
H
HH
H
C
H
C
H
H
HH
H
HH
C OC O
OH
H
H
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Other Considerations • Thermal NOx
• Result of high temperature Nitrogen cracking
Main
Air
Burner
Pilot
O O
Causes:• Too High Operating Temperature
• Typically Not Significant Until Temperatures Reach 1300 - 1500 C
NO O
O ON
NN
N
N OO
N OO
ON
ON
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Pilot
AirTE
TIC
Typical Combustor in Tank DegassingFuel
Nat Gas or Propane
Tank Vapors
Typically 600 - 900 C
(Open)(Closed)
(High LHV)
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Pilot
AirTE
TIC
Typical Combustor in Tank Degassing
Fuel Nat Gas or Propane
Tank Vapors
Typically 600 - 900 C
(Open)(Closed)
(Low LHV)
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Flammability Limits
Upper and Lower Flammability Limits
LEL UEL
Component Volume % _
Methane 5.0 15.0
Propane 2.1 9.5
Butane 1.8 8.4
Pentane 1.4 8.3
Gasoline 1.4 7.6
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Required Safety Features
• Vessel Purge Prior to Pilot Ignition
• Instantaneous Pilot Monitor
• Anti Flashback Burners
• Detonation Arresters
• Automatic Shutdown Valves
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
John Zink Series 2000 Vapor CombustionSystem
John Zink Series 2000 Vapor CombustionJohn Zink Series 2000 Vapor CombustionSystemSystem
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Disadvantages of Combustion
• No Halogen Containing Hydrocarbons (No CL or F)
• Exhaust Contains CO2 and Small Amounts of NOx and CO
• Equipment Must be Set in Non-Classified Area
• Requires Fuel
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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC
Advantages of Combustion• High Rate of Degassing
• No Waste Left Behind
• Simple Operation
• Highly Portable
• Reliable
• High Rate of VOC Removal
• Easily Monitored for Efficiency Without Expensive and Hard to Maintain Monitors