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K yot o Prot oc o l

Design andRationale

Eric Mehlhoff (Task Leader)

Iain Keith

Lyndon Valicenti

Sara MoriyamaSara Moriyama

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Overview

Global Climate Change

Effects on Climate

Effects on Ecosystems and Humanity

A Call For Action

Need for Intervention

Stepping Stones

Kyoto Protocol as a Solution

Clean Development Mechanism

www.gothamgazette.com/.../

lib_under_tdat_01.jpg

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Greenhouse Gases

At least 3 atoms

Absorb Infraredradiation

Molecules vibrate andrelease absorbed

radiation More complex molecules

(e.g. SF6) can have

more behaviors

Infrared Energy

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www.environment.sa.gov.au

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Sourc es of Greenhouse

Gases

Fossil Fuel Combustion

Land Use Conversion

Rice Paddies

Landfills Livestock

Fertilizer Industrial Production

CO

Methane

Nitrous Oxide

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Global Cl im at e Change

www.unep-wcmc.org/climate/I/drought.jpg

Increased

Greenhouse Gasesin Atmosphere

Overall WarmingTrend:

Global Warming

Changes in Regional TemperaturePatterns, Precipitation Patterns, Rise in

Sea Level:

Global Climate Change

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Inc reased Tem perat ure

www.nasa.gov/images/

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Sea Level Rises for 1, 2, 4, 8 meters http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~tk/climate_dynamics/fig5.gif

Sea Level Rise

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Effec t s on Eco syste m s and Hum a ni t y

ClimateClimate

TempTemp PrecipPrecipitationitation FloodsFloods

DroughtsDroughts

HumanHumanityity

HabitatHabitat

RangeRange

Timing ofTiming of

BiologicalBiological

EventsEvents

CommunityCommunity

CompositionComposition

EcosystemEcosystem

VectorVector--borneborne

InfectiousInfectious

ddiseasesiseases

Crop YieldsCrop Yields

WaterWater

ResourcesResources

SeaSea--level Riselevel Rise

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United NationsFramework Convention

on Climate Change:

Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

1992

-Set only voluntaryemission targets

-No enforcementmechanisms

-Allows for Amendments

A Cal l For Ac t ion

Brundtland Commission1988

International Panel on Climate Change

1988

United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change

1992

Kyoto Protocol1997

CDM

Brundtland

Commission:

Our CommonFuture

SustainableDevelopment-

Ability to useresources nowwithout

compromising futuregenerations ability to

use resources

Kyoto Protocol:

Negotiated in Kyoto,

Japan 1997

Came into Force - 2005

Set mandatory target CO2emissions to 5% below

1990 levels by 2010

Allows for flexibilitymechanisms

Clean DevelopmentMechanism:

Flexibility Mechanism

where Industrializednation performs projectin Developing nation

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Reduc e, Reduc e, Reduc e

Projected Difference between Emitted

Greenhouse Gas and Kyoto Target Emissions in2010

http://vitalgraphics.

grida.no/kyoto/

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Clean Developm ent

Mechanism

Reforestation Afforestation

Replanting of

Forests on

Lands that

Used to be

Forests

Planting New

Forests on

Lands that

Historically did

not Contain

Forests

Create Additional Carbon Sinks whichPull Carbon Dioxide Out of Atmosphere

Reduce Overall Concentration of CarbonDioxide in Atmosphere

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Conclus ion

Humans and Ecosystems will face DirectImpacts as a result of Global ClimateChange

International Response is Required

Kyoto Protocol and CDM are Initial Steps