The Rise of Muslim States

Chapter 4

The Expansion of Muslim Rule

Chapter 4, Lesson 1

L1 HW Review Q’sIdentify & Example (2 sentences)

1) hit-and-run 2) campaign 3) retreat 4) bureaucracy 5) emirs 6) provinces 7) duty 8) flee

Main Idea (3-5 sentences)

① What types of tactics did Muslims use to expand their Empire east and west?

Summarize (4-6 sentences)

② Muslim Empire splits into East & West.

Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)

③ How did the Umayyads unite their far-flung empire?

Words to KnowStronghold (n.)

Def: place that is heavily defended

Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is a stronghold of education

Launch (v.) Def: to begin or start

Ex: Every day is an opportunity to launch your education to the next level.

Far-flung (n.) Def: wide-ranging; extensive

Ex: Your education is a far-flung empire of knowledge

Prominent (n.)

Def: high-ranking; widely known

Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is prominent for its evilness

Expansion Under the Umayyads

Took power: 661, extended empires eastern boundary into Persia then Central Asia

1st tactic: hit-and-run raids; attack major trading centers: Bukhara, Samarkand Hit-and-run: attack quickly, grab what

you can, retreat (run away)

2nd tactic: organized campaigns of conquest end of 700s; Muslim Empire controls

much of Central Asia

Westward Expansion

710: controlled whole of North Africa from Nile River to Atlantic Ocean

711: moved across Mediterranean into Iberian Peninsula (southwestern tip of Europe, modern-day Spain & Portugal)

Tactics: military force & treaties

From strongholds in Spain, Muslims raided deeper into Europe Battle of Tours: 732, Christian forces stopped

Muslim advance Muslims retreat to Spain

Umayyad Government 700s: Muslim empire far-flung = difficult to

govern, difficult to unite

Umayyads patterned govn’t on Byzantine bureaucracy: system of departments and agencies that carry out the work of the government

Umayyad capital: Damascus

Caliphs divide empire into provinces; appoint emirs (Muslim governors) Emirs relied on local clans to help them govern

Common Language & Coinage + Pilgrimage

Different languages = difficult for Empire (communication, business, transportation)

Abd al-Malik = caliph 685; declared Arabic official language

700, al-Malik introduced common coinage Coins engraved with Arabic “quotations” from

Qur’an Effect 1: spread acceptance of Islam & Arabic Effect 2: commerce (business) = much easier

Pilgrimage to Mecca: hajj = blending of different cultures Effect: travelers share language & cultures Effect: bring back knowledge to homeland

Overthrow of Umayyads

mid-700s: Umayyads face major challenges

Many Muslims thought Umayyads did not take their duties as leaders seriously Reason 1: living life of luxury Reason 2: hereditary dynasty

Abbasids: Muslim group who opposed Umayyads Story: invited Umayyad leader to peace negotiations IT WAS AN AMBUSH! Umayyad leaders were murdered

Only one Umayyad escapes: Abd al-Rahman Flees to Spain, re-establishes Umayyad dynasty

EFFECT: Muslim empire permanently split into East & West

A Golden Age in the East

Chapter 4, Lesson 2

L2 HW Review Q’sIdentify & Example (2 sentences)

1) fabric 2) intertwine 3) calligraphy 4) translate 5) bandits 6) selfish

Main Idea (3-5 sentences)

① How did Abbasids control their vast empire?

② How is Muslim art different from Christian art?

Summarize (4-6 sentences)

③ Prosperous Baghdad.

④ Muslim bookmaking & literature.

⑤ Muslim medicine & hospitals.

Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)

⑥ What important contributions did Muslims make in mathematic & astronomy?

⑦ What internal & external weaknesses led to the decline of the Abbasids?

Words to Know Station (v.) Def: to assign

to location or position

Ex: Students were stationed in Mr. Igor’s classroom to LEARN

Sugar cane (n.)

Def: a tall grass with thick, juicy stems from which sugar is produced

Ex: No sugar cane until you finish your notes!

Script (n.) Def: the hand-written letters or symbols of a language

Ex: The alphabet is a modern-day script.

Fond (n.) Def: having a liking for

Ex: Mr. Igor is fond of teaching. Are you fond of learning?

Abbasid Power FORCE

Standing army: fighting forced maintained during times of peace as well as in times of war

Abbasids stationed army all over empire Soldiers could quickly go wherever, whenever

there is trouble

INCLUSION All Muslims (Arab or non-Arab) are equal Encouraged Christians and Jews to serve in govn’t

Most talented people run govn’t

A New Capital 762: moved capital to Baghdad

Why? Most loyal supporters were east of Damascus “a marketplace for the world”

Baghdad merchants visited China, India, Northern Europe, Africa Brought back: precious metals & stones, silk & fabrics,

ivory, spices, furs, porcelain

By 800s: 900,000 people Desert becomes garden = workers repaired and

expanded ancient irrigation canals Farmers grew: rice, sugar cane, cotton, fruits &

vegetables Industry (workshops): leather goods, textiles, carpets,

ironwork, perfumes

Golden Age: period during

which a society or culture is at its peak

Art & Design:

Muslims believes it is wrong to use human form Distracts from faith/worship of Allah

Muslim art: emphasizes plant life & geometric patterns Famous designs using tile, pottery, wood Arabesque: intertwined stem, leaves, and flowers

of plant

Calligraphy: the art of find handwriting (script) Arabic script = special BECAUSE Arabic language

of Qur’an Used to decorate buildings/swords/armor

Abbasid Advances (continued)

Bookmaking Battle of Talas 751: Chinese

prisoners taught Muslims

Paper replaces papyrus

Early 800s: Baghdad = major papermaking center

Books = spread of knowledge/learning

830s: House of Wisdom: big library; housed works by Greek thinkers (Aristotle/Plato) translated into Arabic

Literature The Thousand and One

Nights: story about life in Abbasid court mixed with adventure & fantasy

The Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor (pg.126-129): very popular today

Poetry flourished under Abbasids

Ex: quatrain Omar Khayyam 1st, 2nd, 4th lines rhyme

Mathematics & Astronomy

Muslim scholars built on ideas of ancient Greeks, Egyptians & Indians

al-Khwarizmi (born 780, Baghdad): borrowed numerical system and ZERO from Indian scholars Arabic numbering system is world’s numbering system Published set of calculations: Hisab al-jabar = algebra

Omar Khayyam: developed Greek geometry; developed very accurate calendar (astronomy)

al-Biruni: fixed direction of Mecca from any point on Earth = practical for Muslims so they can pray

Medicine Al-Razi (Persian born): identified diseases such as

smallpox and measles

Ibn Sina: wrote Canon of Medicine (1000 AD) = organized ALL medical knowledge; described mental conditions Worldwide use for 600 years

Muslim hospitals Treated poor people (unlike other hospitals in world) Different sections for different illnesses Regular inspections; doctors had to have licenses 1100: 60 hospitals in Baghdad 1100: 1 hospital in London

Decline of the Abbasids

o Poor leadership1) Caliphs fond of “easy living” = ignored their

govn’t responsibilities

2) Did not protect merchants from bandits = bad for trade (major source of wealth for caliphs)

Effect: caliphs raise taxes = selfish behavior

o Fatimid Revolt Descendants of Fatima, daughter of

Muhammad Shia’s Muslims disliked Abbasids fancy

lifestyle Drove Abbasids out of Egypt & Tunisia: set up

caliphate 960s: control much of North Africa

Seljuk Turks Internal weaknesses = open to external

attack

1055: Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad Seljuk leader becomes ruler of empire; BUT,

allowed Abbasid caliph to remain as religious leader (indirect rule)

Seljuks converted to Islam; expanded empire 1071: captured Jerusalem 1090s: threatening Constantinople Christian response: Crusades (ch. 10) 1258: Mongol invaders destroyed Baghdad,

killed Abbasid caliph

Muslim rule in Spain

Chapter 4, Lesson 3

L3 HW Review Q’sIdentify & Example (2 sentences)

1) rebel 2) opponent 3) workshop 4) reputation 5) criticism 6) dignity 7) disarray

Main Idea (3-5 sentences)

① How did Abd al-Rahman unite al-Andulas?

② Why was Abd al-Rahman III a Great Leader?

Summarize (4-6 sentences)

③ The Glory of Cordoba.

④ Maimonides.

Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)

⑤ What important advances were made in the field of medicine?

Words to KnowLoyalist (n.) Def: someone

who is faithful, especially to a government or leader

Ex: Some of Mr. Igor’s students are loyalists; some are not.

Paved (n.) Def: covered with a hard surface, such as concrete or asphalt

Ex: The road to education must be paved with hard work.

Practical (adj.) Def: having a useful purpose

Ex: It is practical to have a good education.

Diet (n.) Def: the usual food and drink consumed by a person or animal

Ex: It is important to eat a healthy diet regularly so that your mind and body feel good.

Uniting Muslim Spain

Various Muslim factions fighting for control

Abd al-Rahman has loyal supporters Treaties with other Muslim groups Military force: attacked ruling factions, defeated

them

756: declares himself emir of al-Andulas = Muslim Spain Capital: Cordoba

Umayyad supporters flock to Spain strengthens Abd al-Rahman’s government & army 788: Abd al-Rahman dies; Spain = strong &

united

A Great Leader 8th emir: Abd al-Rahman III (took power 912)

Problems:1) Rebel groups challenged government’s authority.

2) Northern border: Christian armies regularly launched attacks

3) Southern border: Muslim opponents threatened to invade (from N. Africa)

Solutions: Abd al-Rahman built huge standing army

Mercenaries: soldiers paid to fight

1) Put down all internal revolts

2) Strengthened southern border conquered tip of North Africa 929: declared himself caliph of Cordoba

Ready to challenge authority of Abbasid and Fatimid caliphs

The Glory of Cordoba

1000 AD: 500,000 people (larger than London, Paris, Rome)

1) City of Wonders: Paved streets = easier to clean, travel Street lamps = nightlife & culture Water system = public baths & fountains, beautiful

gardens

2) An Economic Center: 100s of workshops: produced silk, carpets, paper,

weapons, and crystal glass Items sold all over Europe; by sea Central Asia & India

Farming flourished in countryside: farmers grew rice, figs, cherries, apricots, peaches, cotton & olives 4,000!!! Markets throughout city

The Glory of Cordoba (continued)

3) A Great Cultural Center Late 900s: 70 libraries

Largest library: 400,000 books Contrast: Christian libraries: 200-300 books Muslim scholars translated books into Latin

Christian scholars studied them Caliphs of Cordoba encouraged scholars to leave

Baghdad for al-Andulas New arrivals brought fresh ideas & different

approaches to learning Added to Cordoba’s “reputation” as one of world’s

great city’s Great Mosque: could hold 52,000 people

A Golden Age in the West

Mathematics: Built on work of earlier mathematicians (ex: al-

Khwarizmi) Made math practical

Ex: developed accurate calendars

Astronomy: Developed tables that showed location of sun &

planets Built precision instruments for viewing the

skies/stars Planetarium: model planets that can be moved

Geography: Studied Spain, North Africa, Arabian peninsula Al-Idrisi (1154) completed encyclopedia of

geographic knowledge: 70 maps, descriptions; Mecca in the center.

Golden Age in the West II

Medicine:

Doctor-patient relationship Doctors should be “kind and understanding” Doctors should accept criticism & insult without

complaint Doctors should show respect: 1) keep clean 2) behave

with dignity Preventative treatment: change diet before medicine

or treatment

Al-Zahrawi Late 900s published 30-volume encyclopedia: surgery,

dentistry, child-rearing, diseases

Ibn Rushd: translated Plato and Aristotle into Latin spread Greek philosophy in Europe

A Golden Age for Jews

Jews lived in Spain since Roman Empire; often persecuted

Under Umayyads, they were welcomed

Jews held high government officesSamuel ha-Nagid: 1st minister to Muslim leader of

GranadaMany were advisers to Muslim rulersHasdai ben Shaprut: personal doctor of Abd al-

Rahman III; also adviser on foreign affairs (peace treaties with Christians)

Spanish-Jewish culture: SephardicLanguage: Ladino

Jews persecuted by Christians in Europe flocked to Spain

A Great Scholar

Maimonides: born in 1135 in Cordoba

1150: Almohads (Muslims from North Africa) seized Cordoba; were intolerant to Jews

Maimonides & family escaped to Cairo

Maimonides became a writer, doctor & philosopher Taught about religion, science & medicine Wrote: The Guide for the Perplexed (1190),

about supporting religious faith with the study of philosophy

The Decline of al-Andulas

Maimonides dies: 1204

Different Muslim factions fighting for control of Iberian peninsula Some groups break away, from smaller

kingdoms

Christians in North take advantage of “disarray” and launch attacks1240s: pushed as far south as Cordoba &

SevilleOver next 250 years, Christian forces slowly

regain control of Iberian peninsula