24
Scientific paper writing Ewnetu firdawek
| Date post: | 07-May-2015 |
| Category: |
Education |
| Upload: | oliyad-tashaaethiopia |
| View: | 74 times |
| Download: | 3 times |
Scientific paper writing
Ewnetu firdawek
Learning Objectives
At the end of the session the student will be
able to write scientific paper (including thesis)
Sections of scientific articles
bull Title
bull Abstract
bull Introduction
bull Methods
bull Results
bull Discussion
bull Reference
bull Acknowledgement
Tuesday April 11 2023 3
Cover page
Should contain
rarrthe title
rarr name of the authors with their titles and
positions
rarr institution the authors are working
rarr month and year (of report submission)
Tuesday April 11 2023 4
Title
Purpose to provide a brief informative
summary that will attract your target audience
Tuesday April 11 2023 5
Abstract
bull The abstract will be the first (and for busy
decision makers most likely the only) part of
your study that will be read
bull Writing abstracts demands thorough
reflection and is time consuming
Purpose of abstract
To highlight key points from the major sections of the manuscript
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Learning Objectives
At the end of the session the student will be
able to write scientific paper (including thesis)
Sections of scientific articles
bull Title
bull Abstract
bull Introduction
bull Methods
bull Results
bull Discussion
bull Reference
bull Acknowledgement
Tuesday April 11 2023 3
Cover page
Should contain
rarrthe title
rarr name of the authors with their titles and
positions
rarr institution the authors are working
rarr month and year (of report submission)
Tuesday April 11 2023 4
Title
Purpose to provide a brief informative
summary that will attract your target audience
Tuesday April 11 2023 5
Abstract
bull The abstract will be the first (and for busy
decision makers most likely the only) part of
your study that will be read
bull Writing abstracts demands thorough
reflection and is time consuming
Purpose of abstract
To highlight key points from the major sections of the manuscript
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Sections of scientific articles
bull Title
bull Abstract
bull Introduction
bull Methods
bull Results
bull Discussion
bull Reference
bull Acknowledgement
Tuesday April 11 2023 3
Cover page
Should contain
rarrthe title
rarr name of the authors with their titles and
positions
rarr institution the authors are working
rarr month and year (of report submission)
Tuesday April 11 2023 4
Title
Purpose to provide a brief informative
summary that will attract your target audience
Tuesday April 11 2023 5
Abstract
bull The abstract will be the first (and for busy
decision makers most likely the only) part of
your study that will be read
bull Writing abstracts demands thorough
reflection and is time consuming
Purpose of abstract
To highlight key points from the major sections of the manuscript
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Cover page
Should contain
rarrthe title
rarr name of the authors with their titles and
positions
rarr institution the authors are working
rarr month and year (of report submission)
Tuesday April 11 2023 4
Title
Purpose to provide a brief informative
summary that will attract your target audience
Tuesday April 11 2023 5
Abstract
bull The abstract will be the first (and for busy
decision makers most likely the only) part of
your study that will be read
bull Writing abstracts demands thorough
reflection and is time consuming
Purpose of abstract
To highlight key points from the major sections of the manuscript
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Title
Purpose to provide a brief informative
summary that will attract your target audience
Tuesday April 11 2023 5
Abstract
bull The abstract will be the first (and for busy
decision makers most likely the only) part of
your study that will be read
bull Writing abstracts demands thorough
reflection and is time consuming
Purpose of abstract
To highlight key points from the major sections of the manuscript
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Abstract
bull The abstract will be the first (and for busy
decision makers most likely the only) part of
your study that will be read
bull Writing abstracts demands thorough
reflection and is time consuming
Purpose of abstract
To highlight key points from the major sections of the manuscript
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Purpose of abstract
To highlight key points from the major sections of the manuscript
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Components of the abstract
Component of abstract Abstracted from
Brief description of the problem (Why this study was needed)
Introduction
Main objectives of the study Introduction
Place of the study Methods
Type of the study amp methods used Methods
Main findings Results
Conclusions andRecommendations Discussion
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Abstract conthellip
bull Abstract can be structured or unstructured
(always check the instruction of the journal)
bull Remember that only few words are allowed to be included in the abstract (usually 250‐300 words)
bull Emphasize on what is new and useful
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Introduction
bull Purpose rarr to explain why your study is
needed
bull Often requires just three paragraphs
bull Objectives are usually the last part of the
introduction
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Components of introduction
Component Purpose
Problem statement What do we need to learn
Literature review What do we already know
Purpose statement What will we learn from thestudy
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Methods
bull Purpose rarr to describe how you collected organized and analyzed data that are relevant to the purpose of the study
bull Organize into logical subsections that illustrate
the steps you took to collect organize and analyze the data
bull Describe what you did not what you found
bull Describe original methods in detail otherwise
give references
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Possible subsection headings of themethods
bull Study design
bull Study area
bull Study population
bull Sample size and sampling method(s)
bull Variables of the study
bull Data collection procedures
bull Data analysis
bull Ethical considerations
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Results
bull Purpose rarr to describe the results of data
analysis that are relevant to the study
bull Systematic presentation of your findings in
relation to the research objective is crucial
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Presentation of findings
Description of findings should offer a good
combination or triangulation of data from
qualitative amp quantitative components of the
study
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Sequence of presentation of findings
bull The 1st section is usually description of the
study population
bull Provide information on the problem you
studied (size distribution characteristics)
bull In analytic study the degree to which different independent variables influence the problem
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Use of tables amp figures
1048709Tables amp figures need numbers amp clear title
1048709Include only those tables amp figures that present
main findings amp need more elaborate discussion
in the text
1048709Use tables to highlight individual values
1048709Use figures to highlight trendsrelationships
1048709Check the numbers provide consistent row amp
column summations
1048709In tables keep lines to a minimum avoid vertical
lines
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Text
bull Describe what you found not what you did
bull Present results in a logical sequence
bull Consider sub‐sections
bull Less is often better ( a table or figure is worth
thousand words)
bull Make sure all numbers in text are consistent
with tablesfigures
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Discussion
Purpose rarr to interpret your results amp justify
your interpretation
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Guidelines for constructing thediscussion
bull Findings can be discussed by objective or
cluster of related variables or themes which
should lead to conclusion amp possible
recommendation
bull Focus on the main results
bull Emphasize on what is new or different
bull Restate the main finding
bull Interpret the result in context of literature
bull State conclusions amp recommendations
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Conclusions amp recommendations
bull Conclusions should be short as they have
been elaborately discussed in the discussion
section
bull Recommendations are usually placed in
roughly the same sequence as the conclusion
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Conclusions amp recommendationsconthellip
bull Recommendations may at the same time be
summarized according to the groups towards
which they are directed
Example
ndash Policy makers
ndash Managers at district or lower level
ndash Staff who could implement the activities
ndash The community at large
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
References
Check the style of reference writing which is
recommended by the journal where you want to submit your manuscript
Thank you
Thank you
