LECTURE L17INTERNET OF THINGS

“Some have suggested that the internet of things “changes everything,” but that is a dangerous

oversimplification.”

- Michael E. Porter & James E. Heppelmann

“How is it when I hit the switch, the light bulb comes on?”

Source: Sanjay Sarma

Radio Frequency Identification

ObjectReader

The idea of using sensors to communication with objects started as soon as Radio Frequency became understood and harnessed

Classifying Sensors

By what you measure (measured)

By how you measure directly:

Acoustic signal strength, or chemical concentration, or optical signal, or magnetic strength

Medical displacement or voltage or chemical reaction

By transduction for indirect measurementMedical displacement or voltage or chemical reaction

By higher level functionSensing ID or human gesture or explosive material

Sensor Modality

Static time-series: temperature

2D arrays: imaging in electro optical (light) or infrared

3D sensing: Kinect, or radar

Mobile sensors: Your phone

Scanning sensors: Google Street View

Fiducial sensing: Homing beacons

RFID - Radio Frequency Identification

RFID is a Radio Frequency sensing of fiducial ID RFID tags, with static or moblie application

Radio Frequency IdentificationIdentifying objects by using radio frequency started early

TIMELINE

1948 Backscatter

1974 Automotive

Licence Plates

1998 DICS, Auto-ID Center

founded at MIT

2001 First Standards

Presented

2002 Gillette orders

500 million tags

2003 Wal-Mart, DoD

Mandates

2004 More mandates

2005 First bulk tagging

2010 Wal-Mart tags all

men’s innerware, socks

2013 4.1 billion EPC tags

RFID HypothesisMake the chip simple and just do identification

Place a unique number on tag Electronic Product Code, EPS

Develop manufacturing technology for small chips and tags

Move data to the network

RFID Design

Design Principles

1. Use the Cloud (put data on the Internet) 2. Hourglass architecture

Reader standard, event standard 3. All interfaces are standardised

Market Growth

4-5 Gen 2 RFID tags in 2014

Growth expected:

Healthcare expected $5 billion by 2022

Total market expected $15 billion by 2022

Retail: - Store front - Backroom - Supply chain

Supply Chain - Pallets - Cases - Containers - Cages and totes

Medical: - Staff - Patients - Equipment - Pharma

Transportation - Baggage - Vehicle/tolls - Containers

Other: - Agriculture - Livestock - Construction - Passports - Posts - Archiving - Books - Tickets - …

Source: MIT

RFID Application

The average U.S. household has 300,000 things, from paper clips to ironing boards.

The next revolution has started

Everyday object get sensors and software and connect to the internet

Mainframe

1947

Minicomputer

1965

PC

1981 1995

Internet Smartphone

2007

The Shortening Waves

Connecting Products

IT is now integral part of the product themselves

Embedded sensors, processors, software, and connectivity in products, coupled with a product cloud in which product data is stored and analyzed and some applications are run, are driving dramatic improvements in product functionality and performance.

Source: HBR

Adjacent Possible

The Impact of the Smartphone

Smartphone revolution starts 2007

Contains multiple of sensors

Barometer to sense air pressure and relative elevationAccelerometer to measure distance by walking or runningGyroscope to measure orientation

Information spillover

Processors and sensors

Processors and sensors are now widely available and cheap

Examples Raspberry pi computer, Arduino

By 2020 a cumulative 100 billion processorswill have been shipped, each capable of processing information and communicating

(Source: Ericsson)

Things get connected

Physical components comprise the product’s mechanical and electrical parts

Smart components comprise the sensors, microprocessors, data storage, controls, software, and, typically, an embedded operating system and enhanced user interface

Connectivity components comprise the ports, antennae, and protocols enabling wired or wireless connections with the product

Smart Connected Things

Connectivity takes three forms, which can be present together:

One-to-one: An individual product connects to the user, the manufacturer, or another product through a port or other interface

One-to-many: A central system is continuously or intermittently connected to many products simultaneously

Many-to-many: Multiple products connect to many other types of products and often also to external data sources

Connectivity

Product

Things can be anything

Source: HBR

1. Product

Source: HBR

1. Product

2. Smart product

ProcessorsSensorsSoftware

Source: HBR

1. Product

2. Smart product

ProcessorsSensorsSoftware

3. Smart connected product

ProcessorsSensorsSoftware

Source: HBR

1. Product

2. Smart product

ProcessorsSensorsSoftware

3. Smart connected product

ProcessorsSensorsSoftware

Source: HBR

Farmequipment

system

Planters

Tillers

Trackors

Combineharvesters

4. Ecosystem

Source: HBR

System of systems

Products become part of large ecosystems

Between 2013 and 2022, $14.4 trillion of value (net profit) will be “up for grabs” for enterprises globally

(Source: Cisco)

The New Technology Stack

Smart, connected products require companies to build and support an entirely new technology infrastructure

Source: HBR

What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

Monitoring

Smart, connected products enable the comprehensive monitoring of a product’s condition, operation, and external environment through sensors and external data sources

Source: HBR

Example: Glucose Monitor that connects to your smartphone

What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

Control

Smart, connected products can be controlled through remote commands or algorithms that are built into the device or reside in the product cloud

Source: HBR

Example: Lockitron door lock

What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

Optimization

The rich flow of monitoring data from smart, connected products, coupled with the capacity to control product operation, allows companies to optimize product performance in numerous ways, many of which have not been previously possible

Source: HBRExample: Diebold self-repairing AMTs

What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

Autonomy

Monitoring, control, and optimization capabilities combine to allow smart, connected products to achieve a previously unattainable level of autonomy.

Source: HBRExample: iRobot’s Roomba vacuum cleaner

Examples

Nike + Fuelband

activity monitor

Jawbone UPactivity

and sleep monitor

LockitronLock

system

Phillips HueLightingSystem

NESTThermostat

iGrillGrilling

Thermometer

SONOSSound

system

BARISTACoffee

Machine

JUNESmartOwen

SamsungSmart

washer

BabolatTennisracket

Ralph LaurenThe Tech Polo

Shirt

ScanaduHealth

Monitoring

Smart Everything

Smart Everything - what does this mean

Traditionally we use computer to use software - we control the software and tell it what to do and when

Now software is becoming aware of our actiona through sensors, speech and touch

Software is controlling us in real time

Smart Everything - what does this mean

This smartness can be for us as an individual helping us, making our life easier and more productive

This smartness can also help group of people - a whole city to become more efficient

Smart Homes

Smart Cities

NEXT: Mobile

NOTE: VIDEO LECTURE - NO CLASS FRIDAY