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Wars of the Roman Republic 1

WARS OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Select Stories

School of Giulio Romano, Battle of Zama (202 BCE), c. 1521.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

A Project of the Department of Classics at the Boston Latin School Prepared by Mr. Finnigan

Latin 3/2017-2018


I. A TIMELINE OF RELEVANT IMPORTANT EVENTS All dates are B.C.E. unless otherwise noted.

A. FOUNDATION AND REGAL PERIOD (753-509)

753 • Rome founded by Romulus. 753-715 • Romulus’ rule 715-673 • Numa Pompilius’ rule 673-642 • Tullius Hostilius’ rule 642-617 • Ancus Marcius’ rule (Numa Pompilius’ grandson) 616-578 • Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 578-534 • Servius Tullius (son-in-law of Tarquinius Priscus) 534-509 • Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (grandson of Tarquinius Priscus) 509 • Rape of Lucretia; Tarquinius Superbus exiled by Brutus; end of the regal period

B. EARLY REPUBLIC (509-265)

509 • Establishment of the Republic; annually elected magistrates 494 • Secession of the Plebs 451-450 • Twelve Tables written 390/387 • Sack of Rome by the Gauls 367 • Consulship opened to the plebians 343-341 • First Samnite War 341-338 • Great Latin War 326-304 • Second Samnite War 321 • Battle of the Caudine Forks 312 • Censorship of Appius Claudius Caecus; Via Appia built 298-290 • Third Samnite War; Rome conquers Samnium. 280-275 • War with Pyrrhus (dates here vary: some sources give the start dates at 281 and the end dates as late as 272) 279 • Battle of Asculum: Pyrrhus defeats the Romans but suffers costly losses. This battle is the origin of the expression

“Pyrrhic victory.” C. MIDDLE REPUBLIC (265-133)

264-241 • First Punic War. Romans defeat Carthage. 260 • Battle of Mylae: Roman naval force under C. Duilius defeats the Carthaginian fleet. Rome gains control over the

western Mediterranean. 256 • Battle of Cape Ecnomus: A Carthaginian fleet, under Hamilcar and Hanno, is beaten. 256 • Battle of Adys: Romans, led by Regulus, defeat the Carthaginians. 255 • Battle of Tunis: Carthagineans, under Xanthippus, defeat the Romans under Regulus, who is taken captive. 241 • Battle of Aegates Islands: Romans crush Carthaginians in a naval battle to end the First Punic War. 218-202 • Second Punic War. Romans defeat Carthage. 218 • Battle of the Ticinus: Hannibal defeats Romans under P. Cornelius Scipio Maior • Battle of the Trebia: Hannibal ambushes the Romans under Ti. Sempronius Longus and massacres them 217 • Battle of Lake Trasimene: Hannibal destroys the Roman army of C. Flaminius • Q. Fabius Maximus (Cunctator) named dictator. 216 • Battle of Cannae: Hannibal destroys the Roman army of L. Aemilius Paulus and P. Terentius Varro. This is

considered one of the greatest tactical masterpieces in history. • Battle of Nola: M. Claudius Marcellus resists an attack by Hannibal. 215-205 • First Macedonian War: Rome defeats Philip V with the help of the Aetolian League and Pergamum.


213-211 • M. Claudius Marcellus besieges Syracuse (Sicily). 211 • Battle of the Colline Gate 206 • Battle of Ilipa: Scipio decisively defeats Carthaginian forces in Hispania. 205 • Scipio returns to Rome and is made consul. 203 • Battle of Utica: Scipio defeats Hasdrubal and Syphax. 202 • Battle of Zama: Scipio defeats Hannibal decisively, thus ending the Second Punic War. He is given the name

‘Africanus.’ 200-196 • Second Macedonian War: Rome defeats Philip V with the help of Pergamum and Rhodes. 197 • Battle of Cynoscephelae: Romans, under the leadership of Flaminius, defeat Philip V. 195 • Roman-Spartan War: Romans defeat Nabis, tyrant of Sparta. 191-188 • War in Syria and Asia Minor with Antiochus III: Romans defeat Antiochus with the help of Pergamum, Rhodes, and

the Achaean League. 190 • Battle of Magnesia: Romans under L. Cornelius Scipio and Eumenes II of Pergamum defeat Seleucids under

Antiochus III. 155-139 • Lusitanian War (Spain) 150-146 • Fourth Macedonian War: Rome defeats the pretender Andriscus (‘Pseudo-Philip’) and conquers Macedonia. 149-146 • Third Punic War 149 • Battle of Neferis: Scipio Aemilianus wins a decisive victory against Carthage. 146 • Battle of Carthage: Scipio Africanus Minor captures and destroys Carthage. The Third Punic War Ends • Battle of Corinth: Rome defeats Achaean League forces. Corinth is destroyed and Greece falls under Roman rule. 143-133 • War in Numantia (Spain). Some sources give the starting dates of this conflict at 141 B.C.E. 139 • End of the Lusitanian War: After suffering many defeats, the Romans finally defeat Viriathus and end the Lusitanian

War. 133 • Tribunate and murder of Tiberius Gracchus. D. LATE REPUBLIC (133-27)

123, 122 • Tribunates of C. Gracchus 121 • Senatus Consultum Ultimum (SCU) authorizes elimination of C. Gracchus 113-101 • Battles with the Cimbri and the Teutones 112-105 • War with Jugurtha in Numidia 107-101 • Major reforms to the Roman army (Marian reforms) 107-101 • Consulships of C. Marius (107, 104, 103, 102, 101) 102 • Battle of Aquae Sextae: Marius decisively defeats the Cimbri and Teutones. 100 • Birth of Julius Caesar 91-88/87 • Social War: Italian allies rise up and are suppressed. Citizenship is granted to Italians outside of Rome. The Social

War proper ended in 88, but the Samnites, having rejected the Romans’ concessions to the other allies, continue fighting until 87.

90-85 • First Mithridatic War: After initial defeats, Rome defeats King Mithridates VI of Pontus with the help of Bithynia. 88-87 • L. Cornelius Sulla marches on Rome and seizes power from the Marians, then heads back east to deal with

Mithridates. 87 • Marius returns to Rome and offers his help to the consul Cinna. They begin purging the city of enemies. 86 • Marius and Cinna name themselves consuls. Marius falls ill and dies. 83-81 • Second Mithridatic War: Mithridates defeats a Roman invasion. 83-72 • Sertorius’ War: Marius’ general Sertorius holds Spain until finally being defeated by Caecilius Metellus and Pompey. 83-82 • Sulla marches on Rome again and takes it back from the Marian supporters. 82-81/79 • Dictatorship of Sulla. Proscriptions are instituted. 79 • Sulla abdicates his dictatorship and retires from public life.


78 • Death of Sulla

II. CONTENTS AND TEXT KEY

Topic Story Number/Title Page Story/Lines in JSYL

Page(s) in JSYL

The Samnite Wars 1. Early events of the Second Samnite War (326-304 B.C.E.)

5 15.1-8 102-103

2. The Battle of the Caudine Forks (321 BCE); the end of the Samnite Wars.

5 15.9-17 103

War with Pyrrhus 3. The Tarentines seek help from Pyrrhus in their war with the Romans; the Romans respond.

6 16.1-7 104

4. Pyrrhus introduces a new weapon of war and wins a great victory.

6 16.8-13 104

5. Pyrrhus devastates Italian lands; Roman legates are sent to Pyrrhus.

7 17.1-7 104-105

6. Terms of peace are rejected. 7 17.8-14 105 7. Another victory for Pyrrhus; Fabricius receives an

interesting offer. 8 18.1-10 105

8. End of the War with Pyrrhus. 8 18.11-14 105 The First Punic War 9. The First Punic War begins; a battle at sea. 9 19.1-10 106

10. War in Africa; the Carthaginians call in reinforcements; a captive is taken.

9 19.11-20 106-107

11. The story of Regulus. 10 20.1-10 107 12. The First Punic War ends. 10 20.11-20 107

The Second Punic War 13. Trouble in Saguntum; the Second Punic War begins.

11 21.1-10 108

14. Hannibal crosses the Alps; Carthaginian victories in Italy.

11 21.11-20 108-109

15. Disaster at Cannae. 12 22.1-11 109 16. Consequences and aftermath of the Battle of

Cannae; Roman victories in Spain. 12 22.12-20 109-110

17. While Marcellus fights Hannibal in Italy, Laevinus fights Philip in Macedonia.

13 23.1-7 110

18. Marcellus’ campaign in Sicily. 13 23.8-14 110 19. Scipio is dispatched to Spain; his campaign in New

Carthage. 14 24.1-11 111

20. The aftermath of Scipio’s campaign in New Carthage.

14 24.12-15 111

21. Scipio’s campaigns against Hanno and Syphax; consequences of the campaigns.

15 25.1-10 111-112

22. Scipio and Hannibal meet in the Battle of Zama; the Second Punic War ends.

15 25.11-17 112

IV. TEXT AND NOTES I. The Samnite Wars (chh. 1-2, p. 5)

II. The Pyrrhic War (chh. 3-8, pp. 6-8)

III. The First Punic War (chh. 9-12, pp. 9-10)

IV. The Second Punic War (chh. 13-22, pp. 11-15)


1-2. The Samnite Wars (343-341, 326-304, 298-290 B.C.E.) 1. Early events of the Second Samnite War (326-304 B.C.E.) 1 2 3 4 5

Posteā Rōmānī cum Samnītibus bellum gessērunt, ad quod L. Papīrius Cursor cum honōre dictātōris profēctus est. Quī cum negōtī cuiusdam causā Rōmam īvisset, praecēpit Q. Fabiō Rulliānō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit, nē pugnam cum hoste committeret. Sed ille occāsiōnem nactus fēlīcissimē dīmicāvit et Samnītēs dēlēvit. Ob hanc rem ā dictātōre capitis damnātus est. At ille in urbem cōnfūgit, et ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī liberātus est; in Papīrium autem tanta sēditiō exorta est, ut paene ipse interficerētur.

1 N.B.: The events described in this passage take place between

325 and 323 B.C.E. Samnītēs, Samnītium, m. pl.: the Samnites (a people from south

of Latium) L(ucius). Papīrius Cursor: appointed dictator in 325 B.C.E. to

carry on the Second Samnite War. In total, he was dictator twice and consul five times.

honor or honos, honōris, m.: (public) office 2 Quī = (et) is. Remember, a relative pronoun at the beginning of a

sentence has its antecedent in the previous sentence and is best translated as a personal or demonstrative pronoun (with or without a conjunction).

Cum…īvisset: what kind of cum clause? Q(uīntus). Fabius Rulliānus: appointed master of horses in 325

B.C.E. Q(uīntō). Fabiō Rulliānō: what case? why? magister equitum: lit. ‘master of the horses,’ aka the cavalry

commander apud (+ acc.): among, near, close to; in the presence of

3 nē…committeret: what kind of clause? pugnam committere: to join battle, fight nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus sum: to obtain, get dīmicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to fight 4 dēleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētus: to wipe out, annihilate, destroy

completely capitis = capitis poena: ‘capital punishment’ or simply ‘death’ damnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to condemn; sentence at: but cōnfūgiō, cōnfugere, cōnfūgī, –––: to take refuge, flee ingēns, ingentis: huge favor, favōris, m.: goodwill, favor 5 in (+ acc.): against sēditiō, sēditiōnis, f.: sedition, riot, strife, rebellion exorior, exorīrī, exortus sum: rise, come forth, begin ut…interficerētur: what kind of clause? paene: almost

2. The Battle of the Caudine Forks (321 BCE); the end of the Samnite Wars. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Duōbus annīs post, T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius cōnsulēs bellum adversum Samnītēs gerēbant. Hī ā Pontiō, duce hostium, in īnsidiās inductī sunt. Nam ad Furculās Caudīnās Rōmānōs pellexit in angustiās, unde sēsē expedīre nōn poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem suum Hērrenium rogāvit, quid faciendum esse putāret. Ille respondit, aut omnēs occīdendōs esse, ut Rōmānōrum vīrēs frangerentur, aut omnēs dīmittendōs esse, ut beneficiō obligārentur. Pontius utrumque cōnsilium improbāvit, omnēsque sub iugum mīsit. Samnītēs dēnique post bellum ūndēquīnquāgintā annōrum superātī sunt.

1 duōbus annīs post: referring to the events involving Papirius and

Rullianus from ¶1. The year is now 321 B.C.E. T(itus). Veturius et Spurius Postumius: consuls in 321 B.C.E. Hī: what is the antecedent? 2 Pontius, -ī, m.: Pontius (dux hostium) īnsidia, -ae, f.: trap indūco, indūcere, indūxī, inductus: to lead in furculae, -ārum, f. pl.: forks (a narrow mountain pass) Caudīnus, -a, -um: Caudine, of Caudium (an ancient Samnite

city) pelliciō, pellicere, pellexī, pellectus: to allure, entice angustiae, -ārum, f. pl.: narrow place, strait; mountain pass unde: whence, from where 3 sēsē expedīre: to extricate themselves, get themselves out Hērrenius, -ī, m.: Herrenius (pater Pontiī) quid…putāret: what type of clause? faciendum esse: what construction? Why infinitive instead of a

finite verb? Ille: to whom does this refer?

4 aut…aut: either…or occīdendōs esse: what construction? Why infinitive instead of a

finite verb? ut…frangerentur: what type of clause? dīmittendōs esse: what construction? Why infinitive instead of a

finite verb? ut…obligārentur: what type of clause? 5 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each, both cōnsilium, -ī, n.: plan improbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to disapprove of, reject iugum, -ī, n.: yoke dēnique: finally, at last 6 ūndēquīnquāgintā: 49 Samnītēs…sunt: i.e. in 290 B.C.E. The story presented up to this

point only deals with a few events that happened during one of the wars, the Second (or ‘Great’) Samnite War. In all, the Romans fought the Samnites in three different wars over the period 341-290 B.C.E.


3-8. The War with Pyrrhus (ca. 280-275 B.C.E.)

3. The Tarentines seek help from Pyrrhus in their war with the Romans; the Romans respond. 1 2 3 4 5

Dēvictīs Samnītibus, Tarentīnīs bellum indictum est, quia lēgātīs Rōmānōrum iniūriam fēcissent. Hī Pyrrhum, Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs auxilium rogāvērunt. Is mox in Ītaliam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī cum trānsmarīnō hoste pugnāvērunt. Missus est contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus. Hic, cum explōrātōrēs Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, tumque dīmittī, ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō, quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur.

1 Tarentīnī, -ōrum, m. pl.: Tarentines (citizens of Tarentum, the

largest Greek city in southern Italy) bellum indīcere (in + dīcō): to declare war upon (+ dat.) lēgātus, -ī, m.: ambassador, envoy; lieutenant, general iniūria, -ae, f.: wrong, injury; injustice quia…fēcissent: In 282 B.C.E., the Romans sailed a number of

ships into the harbor of Tarentum, which violated a treaty between the two cities. The Tarentines attacked and sank the ships, which prompted Postumius, the Roman leader, to send envoys to demand repayment for their losses. The envoys and Postumius were mocked and turned away. These events caused the Romans to declare war and invade their territory the next year in 281 B.C.E.

Pyrrhus, -ī, m.: Pyrrhus

2 Ēpīrus, -ī, m.: Epirus (a region on the eastern shore of the

Adriatic Sea across from southern Italy) 3 trānsmarīnus, -a, -um: across the sea cum trānsmarīnō hoste: The Romans had, until this point, never

fought with an enemy outside of the Italian peninsula P(ublius). Valerius Laevīnus: consul who led the Romans

against the Tarentines explōrātor, explōrātōris, m.: spy, scout 4 cum…cēpisset: what type of cum clause? ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō: what type of clause? quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque: whoever, whatever quaecumque…agerentur: what type of clause?

4. Pyrrhus introduces a new weapon of war and wins a great victory. 1 2 3 4

Pugnā commissā, Pyrrhus auxiliō elephantōrum vīcit. Nox proeliō fīnem dedit. Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit. Pyrrhus Rōmānōs mīlle octingentōs cēpit, eōsque summō honōre trāctāvit. Cum eōs, quī in proeliō interfectī erant, omnēs adversīs vulneribus et trucī vultū etiam mortuōs iacēre vidēret, tulisse ad caelum manūs dīcitur cum hāc vōce, “Ego cum tālibus virīs brevī orbem terrārum subigerem.”

1 committō, committere, commīsī, commissus: to bring together,

unite, commit, begin pugnam committere: to join battle, fight pugnā commissā: what construction? vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus: to conquer, defeat Nox proeliō fīnem dedit: a common expression. Literally, “night

gave an end to the battle.” Laevīnus, -ī, m.: Laevinus per (+ acc.): during 2 mīlle: a thousand (indecl.) octingentī, -ae, -a: eight hundred honor or honos, honōris, m.: honor, esteem trāctō, trāctāre, trāctāvī, trāctātus: to handle, manage, treat Cum…vidēret: what type of cum clause? quī…erant: what kind of clause? What is the antecedent of quī? 3 omnēs…iacēre: what construction? What use of the infinitive?

adversīs vulneribus: “with wounds having been received in front.” A common expression in battle narratives indicating the bravery of those who had fallen. Why would this phrase indicate bravery of the fallen?

trux, trucis: fierce, wild vultus, -ūs, m.: face, expression iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, ––: to lie, lie dead 4 dīcitur: the subject here is Pyrrhus. The passive of dicō, dicere is

used with an infinitive in (historical) narrative to introduce something that is reported to have happened, but likely cannot be proven to have happened. This verb must be taken with tulisse (3) in the preceding clause and with an understood dīxisse in the following clause with cum hāc vōce (4).

brevī (adv.): in a short time orbis terrārum: the whole earth (lit. “the sphere of earth”) subigō, subigere, subēgī, subāctus: (< sub + agō, agere, ēgī,

actus) to conquer, subjugate, compel subigerem: potential subjunctive


5. Pyrrhus devastates Italian lands; Roman legates are sent to Pyrrhus. 1 2 3 4 5

Posteā Pyrrhus Rōmam perrēxit; omnia ferrō igneque vāstāvit; Campāniam dēpopulātus est, atque ad Praeneste vēnit mīliāriō ab urbe octāvō decimō. Mox terrōre exercitūs, quī cum cōnsule sequēbātur, in Campāniam sē recēpit. Lēgātī, ad Pyrrhum dē captīvīs redimendīs missī, honōrificē ab eō receptī sunt; captīvōs sine pretiō reddidit. Ūnum ex lēgātīs, Fabricium, sīc admīrātus est, ut eī quārtam partem rēgnī suī prōmitteret, sī ad sē trānsīret; sed ā Fabriciō contemptus est.

1 Posteā: afterwards Rōmam: acc. place to which without ad. Remember prepositions

are not used to express place to which with proper place names like Rōmam

pergo, pergere, perrēxī, perrēctus: to go on, proceed ferrum, ferrī, n.: sword, iron; This is a metonymy, a rhetorical

device whereby something is expressed by naming the material from which it is made.

ferrō ignēque: what use of the ablative case? vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to lay waste, ravage, devastate Campānia, -ae, f.: region in Italy south of Rome where Pompeii

and Herculaneum were located. dēpopulor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to lay waste, ravage ad: used with names of towns to mean “in the vicinity of” Praeneste, -is, n.: Praeneste (fortified town 18 miles east of

Rome) 2 mīliārium, -ī, n.: milestone octāvus, -a, -um: eighth decimus, -a, -um: tenth terror, terrōris, m.: terror, fear, alarm, panic; abl. of cause

exercitūs: objective genitive w/ terrōre 3 recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptum: to take back, receive sē recipere: to withdraw, retreat lēgātus, -ī, m.: ambassador, envoy; lieutenant, general captīvus, -ī, m.: captive, prisoner redimō, redimere, redēmī, redēmptus: to buy back, redeem;

ransom honōrificē: honorably pretium, -ī, n.: price, value, reward 4 reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditus: to give back; hand over Fabricius, -ī, m.: Fabricius (C. Fabricius Luscinus) admīror, admīrārī, admīrātus sum: to wonder at, admire quārtus, -a, -um: fourth pars, partis, f.: part, portion; region ut…prōmitteret: what kind of clause? sī: if 5 transeō, transīre, transi(v)ī, transitus: to go over, cross contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptus: to scorn,

despise, hold in contempt, disdain 6. Terms of peace are rejected. 1 2 3 4

Cum iam Pyrrhus ingentī Rōmānōrum admīrātiōne tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit Cīneam, praestantissimum virum, quī pācem peteret eā condiciōne, ut Pyrrhus eam partem Ītaliae, quam armīs occupāverat, retinēret. Rōmānī respondērunt, eum cum Rōmānīs pacem habēre nōn posse, nisi ex Ītaliā recessisset. Cīneās cum redisset, Pyrrhō eum interrogāntī, quālis urbs ipsī Rōma vīsa esset, respondit sē rēgum patriam vīdisse.

1 ingēns, ingentis: huge, vast; mighty, remarkable Rōmānōrum: objective genitive admīrātiō, admīrātiōnis, f.: wonder, surprise, admiration Cīneās, -ae, m.: Cineas (lēgātus Pyrrhī) Cīneam: what use of the accusative? praestāns, praestantis: excellent, outstanding 2 quī…eā condiciōne: what kind of clause? What is the antecedent

of quī? pāx, pācis, f.: peace condiciō, condiciōnis, f.: condition, situation; terms ut Pyrrhus…retinēret: what kind of clause? quam…occupāverat: what kind of clause? retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentus: hold back, retain; maintain

3 habēre, posse: what types/uses of the infinitive? nisi: unless, if…not recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum: to recede, withdraw; retreat cum redisset: what kind of cum clause? redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum: to return, go back 4 Pyrrhō…interrogāntī: what construction? quālis, quale: of what kind (interrog.), of such a kind (rel.) ipse, ipsa, ipsum: (intensive pronoun) –self; himself, herself,

itself; to whom does ipsī refer? videor, vidērī, visus sum: to seem sē: what are the case and use here? To whom does this refer? rēx, rēgis, m.: king


7. Another victory for Pyrrhus; Fabricius receives an interesting offer. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Posterō annō cōnsulēs Pūblius Sulpicius et Decius Mūs contrā Pyrrhum missī sunt. Proeliō commissō, rēx vulnerātus est et vīgintī mīlia hostium caesa sunt. Hīc iterum Pyrrhus elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, sed brevī tempore Tarentum sē recipere coāctus est. Annō interiectō, Fabricius contrā eum missus est. Tum, cum ipse et rēx vīcīna castra habērent, medicus Pyrrhī ad eum nocte vēnit, prōmittēns sē Pyrrhum venēnō occīsūrum esse, sī mūnus sibi darētur. Sed Fabricius hunc vinctum ad dominum redūcī iussit. Tunc rēx, admīrātus illum, dixisse fertur: “Ille est Fabricius, quī difficilius ab honestāte āvertī potest quam sōl ā suō cursū!”

1 posterus, -a, -um: following, next posterō annō: i.e. 279 B.C.E. cōnsul, cōnsulis, m.: consul Pūblius Sulpicius et Decius Mūs: consuls in 279 B.C.E. Prōeliō commissō: what construction? This is the Battle of Asculum,

from which we get the expression “Pyrrhic Victory.” Pyrrhus won a technical victory here, but suffered huge losses in so doing.

2 mīlia, mīlium, n.: (pl. of mīlle) thousands vīgintī mīlia: The numbers here are exaggerated, which is typical of

casualty estimates in ancient battle narratives. The traditionally accepted numbers for casualties at Asculum are 4,000 for Pyrrhus and 6,000 for the Romans.

hostis, hostis, m.: enemy; what are the case and use of hostium here? caedō, caedere, cecidī, caesum: to cut, cut to pieces, kill hīc (adv.): here (don’t confuse with hic) iterum: again, a second time 3 sē recipere: to retreat, recover; what kind of infinitive? cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus: to force, compel

4 intericiō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus: to put between; interpose [interiectus, -

a, -um: lying between] Fabricius, -ī, m.: Fabricius (C. Fabricius Luscinus) cum…habērent: what kind of cum clause? vīcīnus, -a, -um: neighboring medicus, -ī, m.: doctor 5 prōmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus: to put forth, promise venēnum, -ī, n.: poison occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus: to kill, slay sī: if mūnus, muneris, n.: gift 6 vinciō, vincīre, vincī, vinctus: to bind, fetter; restrain reducō, redūcere, rēduxī, reductus: to lead back; what type of

infinitive is reducī? fertur (< ferō, ferre): “is said…” + inf. (similar to dicitur) 7 āvertō, āvertere, āvertī, āversus: to turn aside, avert quam: than (with comparative difficilius) sōl, sōlis, m.: sun [understand āvertī potest] cursus, -ūs, m.: course

8. End of the War with Pyrrhus. 1 2 3

Inde rēx in Siciliam profectus est, ut ibi Graecīs contrā hostēs auxilium daret. Duōbus annīs post in Ītaliam rediit. Dēnique Pyrrhus, tertiō proeliō fūsus, ā Tarentō recessit, atque, cum in Graeciam redisset, apud Argos, Peloponnēsī urbem, interfectus est.

1 Sicilia, -ae, f.: Sicily proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum: to set out ut…daret: what type of clause? post (adv.): later; afterwards, after 2 redeō, redīre, rediī, reditus: to return, go back Denique: finally tertius, -a, -um: third fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsus: to scatter, rout Tarentum, -ī, n.: Tarentum, a city in southern Italy recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum: to recede, withdraw; retreat atque: and cum…redisset: what kind of cum clause? Graecia, -ae, f.: Greece apud (+ acc.): at, near Argos (only in nom. and acc.), n.: Argos 3 Peloponnēsus, -ī, f.: the Peloponnesus, southern Greece


9-12. The First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E.)

9. The First Punic War begins; a battle at sea. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Annō quadringentēsimō nōnāgēsimō post urbem conditam Rōmānōrum exercitūs prīmum in Siciliam trāiēcērunt, atque superāvērunt Hierōnem, rēgem Syrācūsārum, et Poenōs, quī multās cīvitātēs in eā īnsulā occupāvērant. Quīntō annō huius bellī, quod contrā Poenōs gerēbātur, prīmum Rōmānī, C. Duīliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus, in marī dīmicāvērunt. Duīlius Carthāginiēnsēs vīcit, trīgintā nāvēs occupāvit, quattuordecim mersit, septem mīlia hostium cēpit, tria mīlia occīdit: nūlla victōria Rōmānīs grātior fuit. Duīliō concessum est, ut, cum ā cēnā redīret, puerī fūnālia gestāntēs et tībīcen eum comitārentur.

1 Annō...conditam: i.e. 264 BCE quadringentēsimus, -a, -um: four hundreth nōnāgēsimus, -a, -um: ninetieth post urbem conditam: ‘after the founding of the city.’ This is a

common way of indicating dates in historical narrative. A common alternative is ‘ab urbe conditā.’

2 trāiciō, trāicere, trāiēcī, trāiectus: to cross Hierō, Hierōnis, m.: Hiero (rēx Syracusārum) Syrācūsae, -ārum, f.: Syracuse (capital of Sicily) Poenī, Poenōrum, m.: the Carthaginians (Poenus = Punic, the

people originally from Phoenicia). cīvitās, cīvitātis, f.: state; citizenship 3 C. Duīlius, -ī, m.: C. Duilius Cn. Cornelius Asīna, -ae, m.: Cn. Cornelius Asina C. Duīliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus: ablative absolute

used as a temporal marker to denote the year. This construction is also very frequent in historical narrative, usually used in annalistic (year-by-year) history to signal the

beginning of a new year. Here, this is indicating the year 260 BCE. The battle about to be described is the Battle of Mylae, Rome’s second great naval victory and the first battle in which the corvus was used.

4 dīmicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to fight trīgintā (indecl.): thirty 5 quattuordecim (indecl.): fourteen mergō, mergere, mersī, mersus: to sink hostium: what use of the genitive case? 6 concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessus: to allow, concede ut…comitārentur: what type of clause? cum…redīret: cum here has a normative sense, and is best

translated “whenever.” What type of cum clause? fūnāle, -is, n.: torch gestō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to carry, bear tibicen, tibicinis, c.: flute player comitōr, -ārī, -ātus sum: to accompany

10. War in Africa; the Carthaginians call in reinforcements; a captive is taken. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Quattuor annīs interiectīs, bellum in Āfricam trānslātum est. Carthāginiēnsēs pugnā nāvālī contrā Ecnomum superātī sunt atque sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus perditīs sē recēpērunt; Rōmānī vīgintī duās āmīsērunt. Cum in Āfricam vēnissent, Poenōs in plūribus proeliīs vīcērunt, multitūdinem hominum cēpērunt, septuāgintā quattuor cīvitātēs in fidem accēpērunt. Tum victī Carthāginiēnsēs pācem ā Rōmānīs petiērunt. Quam cum M. Atīlius Rēgulus, Rōmānōrum dux, dare nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus, Carthāginiēnsēs auxilium petiērunt ā Lacedaemoniīs. Hī Xanthippum mīsērunt, quī Rōmānum exercitum magnō proeliō vīcit. Rēgulus ipse captus et in vincula coniectus est.

1 quattuor annīs interiectīs: the year is now 256 BCE. intericiō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus: to put between; interpose [interiectus, -

a, -um: lying between] in Āfricam: The Romans had planned to bring the war into Africa,

and landed their fleet at Cape Ecnomus in Sicily with the intention of launching their invasion from there. The Carthaginians caught wind of this and sailed out to meet them. The battle that resulted (the Battle of Ecnomus) is considered one of the greatest naval battles in ancient history.

trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -latus: to transfer, bear/carry across. nāvālis, -e: naval, of ships contrā (+ acc.): off Ecnomus, -ī, m.: Ecnomus (town in Sicily) 2 perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus: to lose; destroy, ruin Cum…vēnissent: what kind of cum clause? 3 plūrēs, plūra: many, more, several hominum: what case and use? septuāgintā (indecl.): seventy

4 cīvitās, cīvitātis, f.: state fidēs, fideī, f.: faith; protection in fīdem: under (their) protection Quam: connecting relative. What is the antecedent? How do you

translate? cum…nōllet: what type of cum clause? M. Atīlius Rēgulus: Regulus, a famous Roman leader 5 dāre: what type of infinitive? nolō, nolle, noluī, ---: to not want, not wish nisi: unless, if…not dūrus, -a, -um: hard, harsh; rough; cruel 6 Lacedaemoniī, -ōrum, m.: the Lacedaemonians (Spartans) Xanthippus, -ī, m.: Xanthippus quī…vīcit: Xanthippus had defeated the Romans previously in a

great battle with the help of elephants. 7 vinculum or vinclum, -ī, n.: bond, fetter, chains


coniciō, coniecere, coniēcī, coniectus: to throw; put, place11. The story of Regulus. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Nōn tamen ubīque fortūna Carthāginiēnsibus fāvit. Cum aliquot proeliīs victī essent, Rēgulum rogāvērunt ut Rōmam proficīscerētur, et pācem captīvōrumque permūtātiōnem ā Rōmānīs peteret. Ille, cum Rōmam vēnisset, inductus in senātum, dīxit sē dēsiisse Rōmānum esse ex illā diē, quā in potestātem Poenōrum vēnisset. Tum Rōmānīs suāsit nē pācem cum Carthāginiēnsibus facerent; illōs enim tot cāsibus frāctōs spem nūllam nisi in pāce habēre; tantī nōn esse ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter sē ūnum et paucōs, quī ex Rōmānīs captī essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obtinuit. Regressus igitur in Āfricam crūdēlissimīs suppliciīs exstīnctus est.

1 ubīque: everywhere fāveō, fāvēre, fāvī, fāutus (+ dat.): to favor Cum…victī essent: what type of cum clause? aliquot (indecl.): some, several ut…proficīscerētur…peteret: what kind of clause? 2 captīvōrum: what use of the genitive case? permūtātiō, permūtātiōnis, f.: exchange cum…vēnisset: what type of cum clause? 3 dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī, dēsitus: to cease dēsiise, esse: what uses of the infinitive? potestās, potestātis, f.: power quā…vēnisset: what kind of clause? Why is vēnisset

subjunctive? 4 suādeō, suādēre, suāsī, suāsum: to persuade, advise nē…facerent: what kind of clause?

illōs…habēre: indirect statement without an explicit head verb. Understand dīxit.

tot (indecl.): so many casus, -ūs, m.: calamity; misfortune; fate frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus: to break; dishearten; subdue 5 esse: indirect statement without an explicit head verb.

Understand dīxit as the introductory verb and sē (i.e. Regulus) as the subject.

tantī: genitive of (indefinite) value. “of such importance” ut…redderentur: what kind of clause? quī…captī essent: what kind of clause? Why is captī essent

subjunctive? What is the antecedent of quī? 6 sententia, -ae, f.: opinion obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus: to prevail regrediōr, regredī, regressus sum: to return supplicium, -ī, n.: punishment, torture exstinguō, exstinguere, exstīnxī, exstīnctus: to kill

12. The First Punic War ends. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Tandem, C. Lutātiō Catulō, A. Postumiō cōnsulibus, annō bellī Pūnicī vīcēsimō tertiō magnum proelium nāvāle commissum est contrā Lilybaeum, prōmontōrium Siciliae. In eō proeliō septuāgintā trēs Carthāginiēnsium nāvēs captae, centum vīgintī quīnque mersae, trīgintā duō mīlia hostium capta, tredecim mīlia occīsa sunt. Statim Carthāginiēnsēs pācem petiērunt, eīsque pāx tribūta est. Captīvī Rōmānōrum, quī tenēbantur ā Carthāginiēnsibus, redditī sunt. Poenī Siciliā, Sardiniā, et cēterīs īnsulīs, quae inter Ītaliam Āfricamque iacent, dēcessērunt, omnemque Hispāniam, quae citrā Ibērum est, Rōmānīs permīsērunt.

1 tandem: finally, at last C. Lutātiō Catulō, A. Postumiō cōnsulibus: 242 BCE. vīcēsimus, -a, -um: twentieth proelium committere: to join battle, fight 2 contrā (+ acc.): off Lilybaeum, -ī, n.: Lilybaeum (promontory on the west coast of Sicily) prōmontōrium, -ī, n.: promontory, cape Carthāginiēnsium: what case and use? 3 mergō, mergere, mersī, mersus: to sink 4 tribuō, tribuere, tribuī, tribūtus: to bestow, allot 5 iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, ---: to lie 6 dēcēdō, dēcēdere, dēcessī, dēcessus: to go away citrā (+ acc.): on this side of, below, inferior to Iberus, -ī, m.: Ebro (river in Spain) permittō, permittere, permīsī, permissus: to entrust


13-22. The Second Punic War

13. Trouble in Saguntum; the Second Punic War begins. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Paulō post Pūnicum bellum renovātum est per Hannibalem, Carthāginiēnsium ducem, quem novem annōs nātum pater Hamilcar ārīs admōverat, ut odium perenne in Rōmānōs iūrāret. Hic agēns annum vīcēsimum septimum aetātis Saguntum, Hispāniae cīvitātem, Rōmānīs amīcam, oppugnāre aggressus est. Huic Rōmānī per lēgātōs dēnūntiavērunt, ut bellō abstinēret. Quī cum lēgātōs admittere nōllet, Rōmānī Carthāginem mīsērunt, ut mandārētur Hannibalī, nē bellum contrā sociōs populī Rōmānī gereret. Dūra respōnsa ā Carthāginiēnsibus reddita sunt. Saguntīnīs intereā fame victīs, Rōmānī Carthāginiēnsibus bellum indīxērunt.

1 Paulō post: i.e. 221 BCE. Hannibal does not actually start

besieging Saguntum until 219, which forces the Romans to become involved. Even then, war is not actually declared by Rome until 218, but Eutropius dates the beginning of the war to the time when Hannibal became the commander of the Carthaginian forces in Spain.

Hannibal, Hannibalis, m.: Hannibal novem annōs: What use of the accusative? 2 natus, -a, -um: born; aged (< nascor, nascī, natus sum) Hamilcar, Hamilcaris, m.: Hamilcar (pater Hannibalis). He was

a great commander during the First Punic War. ara, arae, f.: altar ut…iūrāret: What type of clause? odium, -ī, n.: hatred perennis, -e: eternal, everlasting iūrō (1): to swear agēns…aetātis: Eutropius is wrong here: Hannibal was actually

25 when he assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain.

3 Saguntum, -ī, n.: Saguntum, a town on the east coast of Spain;

besieged by Hannibal in 219. The city is south of the Ebro River and was thus under Carthaginian influence per the terms of the Ebro River Treaty. But, as Eutropius points out, the city was allied with Rome.

cīvitās, cīvitātis, f.: state oppugnō (1): to besiege aggredior, aggredī, aggressus sum: to begin, start 4 dēnūntiō (1): to announce, order ut…absinteret: What type of clause? abstineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentus: to abstain, refrain Quī: Connecting relative. What is the antecedent? cum…nōllet: What type of cum clause? What use of the

infinitive is admittere? ut…Hannibalī: What type of clause? 5 ne…gereret: What type of clause? 6 Saguntīnus, -a, -um: Saguntine, of Saguntum famēs, famis, f.: starvation, hunger

14. Hannibal crosses the Alps; Carthaginian victories in Italy. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hannibal, frātre Hasdrubale in Hispāniā relictō, Pȳrēnaeōs et Alpēs trānsiit. Trāditur in Ītaliam octōgintā mīlia peditum, et vīgintī mīlia equitum, septem et trīginta elephantōs addūxisse. Intereā multī Ligurēs et Gallī Hannibalī sē coniūnxērunt. Prīmus eī occurrit P. Cornēlius Scīpiō, quī, proeliō ad Tīcīnum commissō, superātus est, et, vulnere acceptō, in castra rediit. Tum Semprōnius Longus cōnflīxit ad Trebiam amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Multī populī sē Hannibalī dēdidērunt. Inde in Etrūriam prōgressus Flāminium cōnsulem ad Trasumēnum lacum superat. Ipse Flāminius interēmptus est; Rōmānōrum vīgintī quīnque mīlia caesa sunt.

1 Hasdrubal, Hasdrubalis, m.: Hasdrubal (frāter Hannibalis) Pȳrēnaeus, -a, -um: Pyrenees (montēs) Alpēs, -ium: Alps (montēs) tradō, tradere, tradidī, traditus: to hand down 2 octōgintā: 80 pedes, peditis, m.: foot soldier, infantry eques, equitis, m.: horseman, knight; pl.: cavalry Ligurēs, Ligurum, m.: the Liguri, people of Liguria; a region on the northwestern coast of Italy 3 coniungō, coniungere, coniunxī, coniūnctus: to join together,

ally occurrō, occurrere, occurrī, occūrsum: to run to meet;

encounter P(ublius) Cornēlius Scīpiō: his son, of the same name, was said

to have been present at this battle too, and will be a great commander in his own right later in the war.

ad (+ acc.): near, at

Tīcīnus, -ī, m.: Ticinus, a river in northern Italy 4 vulnere acceptō: His son (see note above) is said to have

dragged him off of the field and saved his life. conflīgō, conflīgere, conflīxī, conflīctus: to fight, contend Semprōnius Longus, m.: suffered defeat at the Trebia Trebia, -ae, f.: Trebia, a river in Cisalpine Gaul. amnis, amnis, m.: river quoque: also 5 dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus: to give up, surrender Inde: thence, from that place progredior, progredī, progressus sum: to advance, proceed Flāminius, -ī, m.: Gaius Flaminius, consul in 217. 6 Trasumēnus lacus, Trasumēnī lacī, m.: Lake Trasimene, the

location of one of the greatest military ambushes in antiquity. Hannibal trapped Flaminius’ army and destroyed more than half of his forces.

interimō, interimere, interēmī, interemptus: to kill


15. Disaster at Cannae. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Quīngentēsimō et duodēquadrāgēsimō annō post urbem conditam L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varrō contrā Hannibalem mittuntur. Quamquam Quīntus Fabius Maximus ambō cōnsulēs monuerat Hannibalem nōn aliter vincī posse quam morā, Varrō tamen morae impatiēns apud vīcum, quī Cannae appellātur, in Apuliā pugnāvit; ambō cōnsulēs victī sunt, atque Paulus interēmptus est. In eā pugnā virī cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī vīgintī, senātōrēs trīgintā captī aut occīsī sunt; mīlitum quadrāgintā mīlia, equitum tria mīlia et quingentī periērunt. In hīs tantīs malīs nēmō tamen pācis mentiōnem facere dignātus est. Servī, quod numquam ante factum erat, manūmissī et mīlitēs factī sunt.

1 Quīngentēsimus, -a, -um: five hundreth duōdēquagrāgēsimus, -a, -um: thirthy-eighth Quīngentēsimō…conditam: 216 BCE. L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varrō: consuls in 216 2 mittuntur: historical present Quamquam: although Quīntus Fabius Maximus: He will later become known as

Cunctator (“the delayer”) for his strategic policy of avoiding Hannibal and delaying rather than meeting him in open battle.

ambō, -ae, -ō: both [declined like duō, -ae, -ō] mora, -ae, f.: delay 3 aliter: otherwise vincī, posse: what types/uses of the infinitive? apud (+ acc.): near vīcus, -ī, m.: village, hamlet

Cannae, -ārum, f.: Cannae, a town in Apulia Apulia, -ae, f.: Apulia, a district in southeastern Italy 4 cōnsulāris, -e: consular, of consular rank (as noun: m., ex-

consul) praetōrius, -a, -um: praetorian 5 mīlitum, equitum: what are the case and use? 6 pereō, perīre, perīvī/periī, peritus: to perish, be lost tantus, -a, -um: so great, so much mentiō, mentiōnis, f.: mention dignor, dignārī, dignātus sum: to deem worthy numquam: never 7 manūmittō, manūmittere, manūmīsī, manūmissus: to release,

set free

16. Consequences and aftermath of the Battle of Cannae; Roman victories in Spain. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Post eam pugnam multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs, quae Rōmānīs pāruerant, sē ad Hannibalem trānstulērunt. Hannibal Rōmānīs obtulit, ut captīvōs redimerent; sed respōnsum est ā senātū, eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī essent, capī potuissent. Hōs omnēs captīvōs ille posteā variīs suppliciīs interfēcit, et trēs modiōs aureōrum ānulōrum Carthāginem mīsit, quōs manibus equitum Rōmānōrum et senātōrum dētrāxerat. Intereā in Hispaniā frāter Hannibalis, Hasdrubal, quī ibi remānserat cum magnō exercitū, ā duōbus Scīpiōnibus vincitur, perditque in pugnā trīginta quīnque mīlia hominum.

1 multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs: Among them were Arpi, Salapia,

Herdonia, Uzentum, Capua, and Tarentum. Capua was a particularly heavy loss for the Romans.

pareō, pārēre, pāruī, pāritus: to obey, submit to (+ dat.) trānsferō (trāns + ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus): to transfer, bear

across 2 Rōmānīs: dative with compound verb offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus: to offer, present; bestow redimō, redimere, redēmī, redēmptus: to buy back; ransom respōnsum est: impersonal use of respondēre, introducing an

idirect statement; “it was replied (that)…” cīvis, cīvis, c.: citizen quī…potuissent: relative clause of characteristic 3 armātus, -a, -um: armed supplicium, -ī, n.: punishment, torture modius, -ī, m.: peck; grain measure

aureus, -a, -um: gold anulus, -ī, m.: ring 4 Carthāgō, Carthāginis, f.: Carthage manus, -ūs, f.: hand; band of men; forces eques, equitis, m.: horseman, knight; pl.: cavalry dētrahō, dētrahere, dētrāxī, dētrāctus: to draw off, remove;

take away; detract Intereā: meanwhile 5 Hasdrubal, Hasdrubalis, m.: Hasdrubal (frāter Hannibalis) ā duōbus Scipiōnibus: These were P(ublius). Cornelius and

Gnaeus. P. Cornelius was present at the Battle of the Ticinus (see ch. 14).

6 perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus: to lose; destroy, ruin trīginta: XXX quīnque: V


17. While Marcellus fights Hannibal in Italy, Laevinus fights Philip in Macedonia. 1 2 3 4 5

Annō quārtō postquam Hannibal in Ītaliam vēnit, M. Claudius Mārcellus cōnsul apud Nōlam, cīvitātem Campāniae, contrā Hannibalem bene pugnāvit. Illō tempore Philippus, Dēmētrī fīlius, rēx Macedoniae, ad Hannibalem lēgātōs mittit, eīque auxilia contrā Rōmānōs pollicētur. Quī lēgātī cum ā Rōmānīs captī essent, M. Valeius Laevīnus, cum nāvibus missus, rēgem cōpiās in Ītaliam trāicere prohibuit. Īdem in Macedoniam penetrāvit et rēgem Philippum vīcit.

1 Annō…vēnit: Eutropius uses this dating formula frequently

throughout book 3 of the Breviārium. apud (+ acc.): near Nōla, -ae, f.: Nola, a town in Campania 9 miles north of Vesuvius. Although many of the cīvitātēs Ītaliae had defected to Hannibal following his victory at Cannae, Nola remained loyal to Rome. Hannibal attacked Nola twice (in 216 and 215), but Marcellus defended the town successfully both times from the Carthaginians. 2 Philippus, -ī, m.: Philip V

Dēmētrius, -ī, m.: Demetrius 3 polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum: to promise Quī: connecting relative 4 cōpia, -ae, f.: supply, plenty, abundance; pl.: troops, forces;

resources, wealth trāiciō, trāicere, trāiēcī, trāiectus: to lead across īdem, eadem, idem: the same Macedonia, -ae, f.: Macedonia, a country north of Greece 5 penetrō (1): to enter, penetrate

18. Marcellus’ campaign in Sicily. 1 2 3 4 5

In Siciliā quoque rēs prōsperē gesta est. Mārcellus magnam huius īnsulae partem cēpit, quam Poenī occupāverant; Syrācūsās, nōbilissimam urbem, expugnāvit, et inde ingentem praedam Rōmam mīsit. Laevīnus in Macedoniā cum multīs Graeciae populīs amīcitiam fēcit; et in Siciliam profectus Hannōnem, Poenōrum ducem, apud Agrigentum cēpit; quadrāgintā cīvitātēs in dēditiōnem accēpit, vīgintī sex expugnāvit. Ita omnī Siciliā receptā, cum ingentī glōriā Rōmam regressus est.

1 quoque: also, too prosperus, -a, -um: prosperous; favorable gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus: to carry on 2 occupō (1): to seize Syrācūsae, -ārum, f.: Syracuse nōbilis, -e: noble; noted, renowned expugnō (1): to take by storm; storm, capture inde: from that place, thence; thereupon praeda, -ae, f.: loot, booty 3 proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum: to set out

Hannō, Hannōnis, m.: Hanno (dux Carthaginiensium) 4 apud (+ acc.): near Agrigentum, -ī, n.: Agrigentum, on the south coast of Sicily quadrāgintā: XL dēditiō, dēditiōnis, f.: surrender accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus: to receive, accept vīgintī: XX ita: thus, in such a way 5 recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus: to take back, receive ingēns, ingentis: huge, vast; mighty, remarkable regredior, regredī, regressus sum: to return, go back


19. Scipio is dispatched to Spain; his campaign in New Carthage. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Intereā in Hispāniam, ubi duo Scīpiōnēs ab Hasdrubale interfectī erant, missus est P. Cornelius Scīpiō, vir Rōmānōrum omnium et suā aetāte et posteriōre tempore ferē prīmus. Hic, puer duodēvīgintī annōrum, in pugnā ad Ticīnum, patrem singulārī virtūte servāverat. Deinde post clādem Cannēnsem, cum multī nōbilissimōrum iuvenum Ītaliam dēserere cuperent, eōs auctōritāte suā ab hōc cōnsiliō dēterruit. Vigintī quattuor annōrum iuvenis in Hispāniam missus, Carthāginem Novam cēpit, in quā omne aurum et argentum et bellī apparātum Poenī habēbant, nōbilissimōs quoque obsidēs, quōs ab Hispānīs accēperant. Hōs obsidēs parentibus reddidit. Quā rē omnēs ferē Hispāniae cīvitātēs ad eum ūnō animō transiērunt.

1 duo Scipiōnes: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, who had defeated

Hasdrubal in Spain earlier (see ch. 16). They were killed in separate battles

P(ublius). Cornelius Scipio: son of P. Cornelius, who is said to have dragged his wounded father off of the battlefield at the Battle of the Ticinus (see ch. 14 and below). 2 aetās, aetātis, f.: age posterus, -a, -um: following, next ferē: almost; about, nearly; generally prīmus: foremost; first duōdēvīgintī: XVIII 3 singulāris, -e: singular, remarkable virtūs, virtūtis, f.: manliness, courage, bravery, virtue deinde: then

clādēs, clādis, f.: disaster, defeat, destruction Cannēnsis, -e: of Cannae, at Cannae 4 iuvenis, iuvenis, m.: youth, young man dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertus: to leave, abandon, desert auctōritās, auctōritātis, f.: authority, power, influence dēterreo, dēterrēre, dēterruī, dēterritus: to deter, prevent; frighten off 5 Carthāgō Nova, Carthāginis Novae, f: New Carthage, a city

founded by the Carthaginians on the east coast of Spain. apparātus, -ūs, m.: preparation; equipment, supplies 6 obses, obsidis, c.: hostage 7 quā rē: why, wherefore

20. The aftermath of Scipio’s campaign in New Carthage. 1 2 3

Ab eō tempore rēs Rōmānōrum in diēs laetiōrēs factae sunt. Hasdrubal, ā frātre ex Hispāniā in Ītaliam ēvocātus, ad Metaurum in īnsidiās incidit, et strēnuē pugnāns occīsus est. Plūrimae autem cīvitātēs, quae in Bruttiīs ab Hannibale tenēbantur, Rōmānīs sē trādidērunt.

1 in diēs: day by day laetus, -a, -um: happy fiō, fierī, factus sum: to become Hasdrubal, Hasdrubalis, m.: Hasdrubal (frāter Hannibalis) ēvocō (1): to call forth, summon 2 Metaurus, -ī, m.: the Metaurus, a river in northern Italy īnsidiae, -ārum, f.: ambush, trap

incidō, incidere, incidī, –––: to fall in with, happen, occur, meet strēnuus, -a, -um: active, vigorous, strenuous plūrēs, plūra (gen. – plūrium): more, several, many autem: but, however; moreover Bruttiī, -ōrum, m.: Brutii, the people of Bruttium (a district in southern Italy) or their territory 3 trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus: to hand over


21. Scipio’s campaigns against Hanno and Syphax; consequences of the campaigns. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Annō decimō tertiō postquam in Ītaliam Hannibal vēnit, Scīpiō cōnsul creātus et posterō annō in Āfricam missus est. Ibi contrā Hannōnem, ducem Carthāginiēnsium, prōsperē pugnat, tōtumque eius exercitum dēlet. Secundō proeliō ūndecim mīlia hominum occīdit, et castra cēpit cum quattuor mīlibus et quīngentīs mīlitibus. Syphācem, Numidiae rēgem, quī sē cum Poenīs coniūnxerat, cēpit, eumque cum nōbilissimīs Numidīs et īnfīnītīs spoliīs Rōmam mīsit. Quā rē audītā, omnis ferē Ītalia Hannibalem dēserit. Ipse ā Carthāginiēnsibus in Āfricam redīre iubētur. Ita annō decimō septimō Ītalia ab Hannibale līberāta est.

1 creō (1): to elect, appoint; create 2 Hannō, Hannōnis, m.: Hanno prosperus, -a, -um: prosperous; favorable dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētus: to wipe out, erase, blot out; delete 3 ūndecim: XI mīlia, mīlium, n.: (pl. of mīlle) thousands quīngentī, -ae, -a: D (500) 4 Syphāx, Syphācis, m.: Syphax (rēx Numidiae)

Numidia, -ae, f.: Numidia, a country in north Africa coniungō, coniungere, coniūnxī, coniūnctus: to join, unite 5 īnfīnītus, -a, -um: boundless, endless; infinite spolium, -ī, n.: spoils, booty Quā: connecting relative ferē: almost; about, nearly; generally dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertus: to leave, abandon, desert 6 redeō, redīre, rediī, reditus: to return, go back līberō (1): to free, set free

22. Scipio and Hannibal meet in the Battle of Zama; the Second Punic War ends. 1 2 3 4 5

Post plūrēs pugnās, cum pāx plūs quam semel frūstrā temptata esset, pugna ad Zamam committitur, in quā eī perītissimī ducēs cōpiās suās ad bellum ēdūcēbant. Scīpiō victor discēdit; Hannibal cum paucīs equitibus ēvāsit. Post hoc proelium pāx cum Carthāginiēnsibus facta est. Scīpiō, cum Rōmam redisset, ingentī glōriā triumphāvit, atque ‘Āfricānus’ appellātus est. Sīc secundum Pūnicum bellum fīnem habuit annō ūndēvīcēsimō postquam susceptum est.

1 plūrēs, plūra (gen. – plūrium): more, several, many plūs, plūris, n.: more semel: once frustrā: in vain temptō (1): to try, attempt ad (+ acc.): at Zama, -ae, f.: Zama, a town in Numidia (north Africa) 2 perītus, -a, -um: skilled, skillful; experienced cōpia, -ae, f.: supply, plenty, abundance; pl.: troops, forces; resources, wealth ēducō, ēducere, ēduxī, ēductus: to draw up discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus: to go away, depart; withdraw eques, equities, m.: horseman, knight; pl.: cavalry ēvādō, ēvadere, ēvāsī, ēvāsus: to evade, escape 3 hoc proelium: i.e. the Battle of Zama. 4 triumphō (1): to triumph, celebrate a triumph appellō (1): to call, name sīc: thus, in this way, so, in such a way ūndēvīcēsimus, -a, -um: nineteenth 5 suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus: to undertake, begin

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