La raffinazione chimica e fisica
Confronti sull’impatto ambientale e sulla qualitàdel prodotto finito
Vegetable oils chemical and physical refining
Comparison on environmental impact and finished product quality
Storage raw oil
Degumming
Neutralizing
Deodorization
Bleaching
Refined oil
Water
Gum + H2O
NaOH
Bleaching hearth Exhaust hearth
Soaps
Steam
Deodorization distillates
Raw acid oils
H2SO4
Acid aqueous effluent
Chemical Refining
Degumming
Deodorizing
Bleaching
Refined oil
Water
Steam
Fatty acids
Physical Refining
Deacidification
Steam
Storage raw oil
Bleaching hearth Exhaust hearth
Gum + H2O
Chemical Neutralization
Flow(ton/h) 16,5F.F.A. (% oleic acid) 5,0
Loss (ton/h)
Loss (%)
Total in excess of NaOH (80°C) 1,28 7,8
Bleaching(1,5% hearth) 0,08 0,5
Deodorization 0,10 0,6Total 1,46 8,9
Consumption (ton/h)
WaterNaOH (50%)
Calcium hidroxide
2,38 0,14 0,18
Aqueous effluentCOD Ph
8500 2
Sludge (ton/h)Wet Dry
0,30 0,22
25 ton of sludge every 5 days
Physical neutralization
Flow (ton/h) 16,5F.F.A. (% oleic acid) 5,0
Loss (ton/h)
Loss (%)
Total in excess of NaOH (80°C) 0 0
Bleaching(1,5% hearth) 0,08 0,5
Deodorization 1.07 6.5Total 1,15 7.0
Consumption (ton/h)
WaterNaOH (50%)
Calcium hidroxide
1.72 0 0,04
Aqueous effluentCOD Ph
1500 5.0
Sludge (ton/h)Wet Dry
0,06 0,04
25 ton of sludge every 25 days
Lampante olive oil: Refining difficulty
• High free fatty acids• High contents of pigments• High oxidized compounds• Cloudy of refined olive oils
Crop 2004/2005
OriginQnt. (ton)
F.F.A. (%)
U+I (%)
Eryt.+Uv. (%)
Eryt.+Uv. (ppm)
Sterols(ppm)
Waxes(ppm) K232
Italy 21192 8,2 0,72 3,4 60 1707 279 2,48Greece 1935 6,6 0,69 3,1 49 1525 296 3,35Tunisia 5776 1,8 0,42 2,9 56 1890 193 2,51Spain 5374 1,3 0,48 3,2 48 1455 183 2,03Crop 2005/2006Italy 16845 6,4 0,64 3,3 58 1698 285 2,48Greece 281 4,1 0,52 2,9 53 1785 266 2,48Tunisia 13229 1,4 0,38 2,8 53 1933 199 2,35Spain 2218 1,2 0,54 3,1 56 1766 220 1,64Crop 2006/2007Italy 23936 7,3 0,57 3,2 57 1730 290 2,43Greece 139 7,2 0,62 2,8 41 1430 218 2,75Tunisia 8449 2,6 0,34 2,9 66 2225 248 2,56Spain 7708 2,2 0,37 3,3 59 1731 255 1,83
Crop 2007/2008
OriginQnt. (ton)
F.F.A. (%)
U+I (%)
Eryt.+Uv. (%)
Eryt.+Uv. (ppm)
Sterols(ppm)
Waxes(ppm) K232
Italy 20628 6,1 0,54 2,9 51 1708 302 2,60Greece 1761 5,7 0,70 2,9 49 1637 283 2,79Tunisia 7264 2,5 0,28 2,6 56 2110 204 2,46Spain 3657 2,2 0,36 3,2 57 1722 230 1,73Crop 2008/2009Italy 21014 6,0 0,5 2,9 51 1717 266 2,38Greece 1175 5,0 0,55 2,9 49 1624 273 2,78Tunisia 6678 2,1 0,32 2,6 56 2094 189 2,55Spain 6700 1,5 0,34 2,9 43 1447 164 1,68Crop 2009/2010Italy 7669 8,1 0,55 3,2 59 1776 263 2,22Greece 249 8,0 0,90 3,5 52 1424 240 2,34Tunisia 2720 3,7 0,29 2,7 62 2249 221 2,71Spain 2292 1,2 0,37 2,7 49 1759 106 1,51
Storage raw oil
I°Neutralizing
Deodoirization
Bleaching
Refined oil
Bleaching hearth Exhaust hearth
Steam
Fatty acids
TWO STEPREFINING
Deacidification
Steam
II°Neutralizing
NaOH + Electroliyte
NaOH + Electrolyte
10-20 °C 80-90 °C
Acidità residua 3-5 %
Two Step NeutralizationFlow(ton/h) 16,5F.F.A. (% oleic acid) 8,0 Residual F.F.A. (%) 3,0
Loss (ton/h)
Loss (%)
Total in excess of NaOH (80°C) 1,27 7,7
Bleaching(1,5% hearth) 0,08 0,5
Deodorization 0,58 3,3Total 1,93 11,5
Consumption (ton/h)
WaterNaOH (50%)
Calcium hidroxide
2,08 0,12 0,16
Aqueous effluentCOD Ph
8150 2.0
Sludge (ton/h)Wet Dry
0,27 0,20
25 ton of sludge every 25 days
Chemical Physical Two step
Loss (%/ac) 1,8 1,4 1,4
Sludge (ton/gg/ac) 1,06 0,19 0,60Aqueous effluent(ton/gg/ac) 11,42 8,26 6.24
Quality and genuinity of refined olive oil
• Modification of sterolic fraction –Increase of Erithrodiol and Uvaol
• Increase of waxes during the refined process
Lampante 1F.F.A. (%) Sterols
(ppm)Erithrodiol +
Uvaol (%)Erithrodiol + Uvaol
(ppm)Raw 10,10 1854 3,11 60Neutrlized 1,60 1543 3,30 58Bleached 1,65 1483 4,26 66Refined 0,04 1319 4,67 65Lampante 2Raw 6,20 1711 3,30 58I°neutralized 5,20 1674 3,52 61II°neutralized 0,24 1518 4,07 64Bleached 0,33 1432 4,25 64Refined 0,05 1303 4,80 66Lampante 3Raw 9,70 1886 3,42 67I°neutralized 8,30 1789 3,56 66II°neutralized 0,46 1579 4,17 69Bleached 0,41 1447 4,33 65Refined 0,05 1296 4,79 65
Modification of sterolic fraction
Modification of sterolic fraction
Increase of waxes
Rifining ���� Physical Two steps Chemical
StepWaxes (ppm)
Def. (%)
Waxes(ppm)
Def. (%)
Waxes (ppm)
Def. (%)
Raw 308 -- 232 -- 343 --
I° Neutralized 300 -2,6 225 -3,0 320 -6,7
II°Neutralized -- -- 228 -1,7 330 -3,8
Bleached 305 -1,0 230 -0,9 335 -2,3
Deacidificated 326 5,8 241 3.9 -- --
Refined 360 16,9 260 12,1 373 8,7
