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LIST OF EXPERIMENTSClass IX
Every student will be required to perform following fifteen experiments during the academic
session.
l. To prepare :(a) A true solution of common salt, sugar and alum'
(b) A suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
(c) A colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish between these on
the basis of (i) transparency, (fi) filtration criterion, and (iii) stability.
2. To prepare :(a) A mixture(b) A compound
Using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of :
(l) appearance, i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity(ll) behaviour towards a magnet(ill) behaviour towards carbon disulphide (a solvent)(iv) effect of heat
3. To carryout the following chemical reactions and record observations. Also to identify the type
of reaction in each case.
- (t) Iron with copper sulphate solution in water
(il) Burning of magnesium in air
(iii) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
(lv) Heating of lead nitrate
(v) Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in their solutions in water.
4. To verify laws of reflection of sound.
5. To determine the density of a solid (denser than water) by using a spring balance and a measuring
cylinder.
6. To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed in
(l) tap water(li) strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two different
solids.
7. To measure the temperature of hot water as it cools and plot a temperature-time graph.
t. To determine the velocity of a pulse propagated through a stretched string/slinky. :
9. To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel, and (b) human cheek cells and to record
observations and draw their labelled diagrams.
10. To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, stripped muscle fibres and nerve cells
in animals, from prepared slides and to draw their labelled diagrams.
11. To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride
(or camphor) by sublimation.
12. To determine the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.
13' To test (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample, and (b) the presence of the adulterantmetanil yellow in dal.
14' To study the characteristics of spirogyra/Agaricrzs, Moss/Fern, pinus (either with male or femalecone) and an Angiospermic plant. Draw and give two identifying features of groups theybelong to.
15' To observe and draw the given specimens - earthworm, cockroach, bony fish and bird. For eachspecimen record :(a) one specific feature of its phylum(b) one adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.
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SCHEil,IE OF EVALUATIMultiple choice type question written test (school based)Hands-on practicals examination (school based)
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bird. For each
separately in water.of common salt, andthese on the basis of
(b) a compound using iron filings
Experiment | (b). To distinguish between the mixture and compound(i) Appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity
(il) Behaviour towards a magnet(iil) Behaviour towards carbon disulphide (a solvent)(iv) Effect of heat 35
3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS 42
Experiment 1. To study the chemical reaction of iron nail with copper sulphatesolution in water, and to identify the type of this reaction. 42Experiment 2. To study the reaction when magnesium ribbon is burnt in air andto identify the type of this reaction. 44Experiment 3. To study the chemical reaction of zinc with dilute sulphuric acidand to identify the type of this reaction. 4jExperiment 4. To study the reaction when lead nitrate is heated and to identify thetype of the reaction
50Experiment 5. To study the reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloridein their aqueous solutions and to identify the type of reaction. 53
4. SEPARATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTUREExperiment 1. To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt andammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation.
5. MELTING POINT OF ICE AND BOILING POINT OF WATERExperiment 1. To determine the melting point of ice.Experiment 2. To determine the boiling point of the given sample of water.
CONTENTSTNTRODUCTION
CHEMISTRY SECTION
1. SOLUTION, SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDExperiment 1. To prepare true solutions of commonin water.
salt, sugar and alum separately
Experiment 2. To prepare suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand separatelyin water.Experiment 3. To prepare colloids of starch and egg albuminExperiment 4. To prepare a colloid of starch, a true solutionsuspension of chalk powder in water and distinguish betweenthe following :
(l) Transparency(lr) Filtration crirerion
(ili) StabilityExperiment 5. (Test Exercise)
2. MXTURE AND COMPOUNDExperiment | (a). To prepare (a) mixture andand sulphur powder.
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T\TRODT CTIO\
"If I hove to li;e my lift again, I would always remain in my laboratory
for the greatest joy of my lfe to accompltsh original scientffic work."
J.B. Andre Dumas
,seeing experiments being performed, i.e.,'demonstration experiments' are quite important for theof the principles of science. Performing experiment by one's own hands is more important
it involves 'learning by doing'. That is, for a scientific training of 4 young mind a genuiner practice is a must. A laboratory is a workshop where truth of ideas is tested and many
aspects are verified.
coming to the laboratory for practical work, students must be acquainted with certain basic rulesnegulations of the laboratory to enable them to do their practicals smoothly, effectively and more
. Some important instructions for the students are given below :
f,pipment.
It$nrlenl must carry with him / her the following things to the laboratory on every practical turn so thath/SF is well equipped to perform various types of experiments :
Darting the Laboratory
r While coming to the laboratory for practicals, students should check that they are carrying allthe needed equipment mentioned above, in proper working condition.
o Students should also be well versed with the work they are required to do in the practical period.For this they should always enquire from their teacher about the practical work to be done.
o It is very essential that students must reach the laboratory silently within 2 to 3 minutes afterthe previous period bell is over. Your teacher will allot you a permanent working seat in thebeginning of the session.
. Always occupy the seat allotted to you and don't change it frequently until it is otherwiseneeded. This will avoid confusion and unnecessarily running about in the laboratory.
hrnctuality
A surdent should not be absent from his practical class and should reach the laboratory as soon as thepcriod starts. This will enable him / her to keep his / her practical work up to date. Once a praqtical classfrr missed, it is difficult for the teacher to repeat the instructions for one student alone.
Dncipl ine
A student is required to maintain silence in the laboratory and listen the instructions carefully.
Care of Instruments and Apparatus
r The instruments, glasswares or any other equipment that you are going to use in the laboratoryshould be kept at proper and specified place to avoid any confusion and disturbance. Alwaysreplace the apparatus back to its original position after use.
o Any glassware or apparatus that you use, should be washed and cleaned before it is kept.Instruments must be handled carefully. Carelessness will not only damage the instrument orappa.ratus but may also cause injury to the students.
Instructions
l- Laboratory notebook 2. Manual of practical science 3. Auxiliary notebook
4- A pencil, preferably HB 5. Eraser 6. Scale
Rr.r l rd \ la intenance
It is a must for everyduring the practical. For
student to maintain
this purpose, buy aa practical record book
good quality record fileto note down
as suggested
the observ
Generally, you get two practical turns in a week. Whatever work is done on
should.be duly recorded in your file on the same day or the next day at the most.
checked by your teacher on the same day or on the next turn.. You must carry the
which you may not be allowed even to enter the laboratory.
*l'
by your pract
', Siorn some marks are reserved for the record file in the An.nual Practical Examination,I ,, it must be maintained in neat and tidy form.
the day of prYou must alsopractical file, fai
A neat and systematic recording of the experiment in the practical file is very important in achieving
success of the'experimental investigations. The students may write the experiment under theheads in their fair practical notebooks.
It may also be recorded in a slightly different way as may be suggested by the teacher.
Itht tfr* Left Hand PaSe (Blank Pagel
\i;tu ,rt,,r, Wrruih, i
Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experiment No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page No. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Aim/Object/ Assignment
2. Diagram
3. Observations
4. Calculations
5. Result/Results with percentage error.
iir,-rrRight Hand Page tRuled Page) |
(To be written only in ink)
Date . . . . , . . . . . . . . Experiment No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page No. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Aim / Object/Assignment
2. Requirements
3. Theory / Basic principles
4. Procedure/Method
5. Precautions
6. Sources of error
7. Results/Discussion
nn the observatibd by your
Sramination,
rhe day ofYou must also gpractical file, fr
qant in achievingunder the fol
E teacher.
ge No.
lc No.
c ffiar approved eye protection and laboratory coat or apron while working in the chemistryltratory. But never wear contact lenses in the laboratory.
rffu.wrer eat. drink or smoke in your laboratory.
rffiewr perform an unauthorised experiment.
lffihmrt proper supervision never work in the chemistry laboratory.
Wafting odour
fCH- J. Proper heating Fig.2. Correct way to know the odour.
rT*e proper care while heating, as shown in Fig. 1. Never heat a liquid in a test tube that isFimfd toward you or another student.
i m{crrcr inhale gases or vapours. If you have to know the odour of a gas or vapour, use your hand'm waft a small sample toward your nose as shown in Fig. 2.
o Ba careful with glass equipment. When inserting a glass rod or tube or thermometer through alffier cork, lubricate the glass and protect your hands with a cloth towel, and use a gentletnisting motion as shown in Fig. 3.
iGede ts-ist
Fig. 3. Correct way of inserting Fig. 4. Proper way of mixing.a glass tube in a cork.
r Exercise proper care in mixing chemicals. Always pour acid into water for dilution as shownin Fig. 4 and never the reverse way.
r Know the location and use of emergency equipment like fire extinguisher and first aid box, etc.
a Do not over react
trn case of any accident, ask immediately for help and keep calm.
r Be prepared to help someone else involved in an accident, but do not get in the way of ;'our
teacher when he or she is attending to the emergency call.
r Never under react
Any chemical contact may be harmful. Wash the affected area immediately and properly with
water, and get the first aid treatment.
A. Gluss cuL Remove the visitrle glass pieces from the affected part. Stop bleeding by washing
with ice water and dettol and apply mercutochrome bandage.
B. Heat bwrns. Apply common salt on the affected pafi due to dry burn (never apply salt if bristles
have formed) remove the salt after five minutes and then apply Silver Sulphadiazine Cream.
C. Acid burns. Wash thoroughly with water and a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking
soda) then with water. Soak with dry cloth and apply some nongreasy antiseptic ointment.
D. Atkali burns. Wash with water, very dilute solution of acetic acid and then again with water'
Dry with cloth and apply nongreasy antiseptic ointment.
E. Eye injuries. Wash the eye properly with cold water, then with 2Vo soltttron of boric acid and
contact your doctor immediatelY.
Flowing garments, long flowing hair, high heal shoes are hazardous in a laboratory.
Follow the instructions of your teacher and sign the safety agreement.
I n. t r t rct i r rn
S:rfefv Requiremenfs in a Laboratory
o Adequately ventilated fumehoods
r Fire extinguishers
o Eye wash fountain
a First aid box
lurf'ef] Agreement
l - ,
i I have read the safety rules, and I agree to follow them sincerely.i
j . Signature of the studentt
I Name Roll No.
I
i class
Sisnature of the teacher
r Beiithe r
tohdoul
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c'q ilhe scales t,c,r rhe scale ii
hsrructions for Performing Experiments in ph.vsics Laboratorv
the way of ;
nd properly wit
din,e by w
pl1' salt if bristadiazine Cream.
arbonate (baki
ptic ointment.
gain with w
of boric acid
r a laboratory.I
r Before performing an experiment, the student should first thoroughly understand the theory ofthe experiment. The object of the experiment, the kind of apparatus needed and the procedureto be followed should be clear before actually performing the experiment. The difficulties anddoubts, if any, should be discussed with the teacher before hand.
o The student should check up whether the right type of apparatus for the experiment to beperformed is given to him or not.
r All the pieces of apparatus should be arranged on the table in proper order. Every apparatusshould be handled carefully and cautiously to avoid any damage. Any accidental damage orbreakage of the apparatus should be immediately brought to the notice of the concemed teacher.
o hecautions meant for the experiment should be actually observed white doing the expeTiment.r All observations should be taken systematically and should be honestly recorded on the fair
record book.
r Repeat every observation a number of times even though their values may be exactly the sameeach time. The student must bear in mind the proper plan for recording the observations.Recording in tabular form is essential in most olthe experirnents.
r Calculations should be neatly made using log tables. The degree of accuracy of measurementof each quantity should always be kept in mind so that the final result does not show anyfictitious accuracy. The result obtained should be suitably rounded off.
I s'herever possible, the observations should be represented with the help of a graph.r Alq,a].s mention the proper unit (if any) with the result.
and its Advantages
r A graph is the most convenient way of showing how the physical quantities vary with respectto each other. Two varying quantities called the variables are essential features of a graph. Thequantity which is made to change at will, is known as the independent variable and the otherqrtantity which varies as a result of this change is known as dependent variable.
r The most important advantage of a graph is that the average value of a physical quantity underinvestigation can be got very conveniently from it without resorting to lengthy numericalcomputations. Another important advantage of graph is that some salient features of a givenexperimental data can be seen visually. For example, the points of maxima, minima or inflexioncan be easily known by simply having a careful look at the graph representing the experimentaldata. These points cannot so easily be concluded by merely looking at the data.
5md 6 show two different $aphs representingthe same experimental data (table l) of the samewinble quantities. The graph shown in Fig. 5 is better *d
-or" accurate representation of the
mental data than the graph shown in Fig. 6. This difference arises because of Jne specific choiceqtelg5 for the two axes along which the two variables are plotted. For the graph of Fig. 5 the choicescale is proper whereas for the graph of Fig. 6 an improper scale has been choseln.
Set No. I 2 J 4 5
Variable'x' (IndePendentl 8.33 8.75--.-5.80
9.15 9.50 9.88
6.75 7.60 8.50Variable'y' (DePendent) 4.80
F--
Table 1. Data Independent and Dependent Variables
Thefo1lowingpointswi1lbefoundusefu1fordrawingapropergrapho Examine carefully the experimental data and note the range of variations of the two variables
to be plotted. Also examine the number of divisions available on the two axes drawn on the
graph paper. After doing so make a suitable choice of scales for the two axes keeping in mind
that the resulting gropi should practically covir almost the entire portion of the graph paper
as shown in Fig. 5.
l , i iPlot of y vs. x
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/
Jf
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:-L;*--
--1::-
vifi.-i*'-J;;,
I I r i
ii;-*
x axls:l, axis :
i ' ! ,i, ,-*i .--,l , i ,i , , j
i--,*j-; ,I cm = 0.251 cm = 0.50
i i ' : ,
8.5
8.0
rW
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,}I 70I
.E
D
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5.0
10.04.0v-8.0 8.5 9.0 9-s
Variable (Units) ----+
Fig. 5. Proper choice of scale gives a good graph'
I Write properly chosen scales for the two axes on the top of the graph paper or at some suitable
place. Draw an alrow head along each axis and write the symbol used for the corresponding
variable along with its unit. Also write the values of the respective variables on the divisiont
marked by dark lines along the axes'
r After plotting the points encircle them. Draw a freehand smooth curve passing through tlrt
maximum number of pointr. Owing to errors occurring in the observations, some of the point'
may not fall exactly on the freehand curve' So while drawing a smooth curve' care should h
exercised to see that such points are more or less evenly distributed on both sides of tht
curve.
o when the plotted points happen to lie almost on a straight line, the straight line should be draw
using a sharp pencil and a straight edged ruler. care should be taken to ensure that the straigh
line passes through fhe maximum number of points and the remaining points are almost evenl'
distributeil on both sides of the line'
i
he two variales drawn on the
I keeping in mitthe graph
t .tr at some sulltuk on the divis
k** throughlnme of the
!ve, care shouldiboth sides of
re should bepe that the strai
o When the plotted points do not appear to lie on a straight line, a smooth curve is drawn withthe help of a device known as French cLtrve.If French curve is not available, a thin flexiblespoke of a broom can be used for drawing a smooth curve. To make the spoke uniformly thinthroughout its length, it is peeled off suitably with a knife. This flexible spoke is then heldbetween the two fingers of left hand and placed on the graph paper bending it suitably with thepressure of fingers in such a manner that spoke in the curved position passes through themaximum number of points. The remaining points should be more or less evenly distributed onboth sides of the curved spoke. In this bent position of the spoke, a smooth curve along thelength of the spoke is drawn using a sharp pencit.
246810121416
Variable (Units) -)
Fig. 6. Improper choice of scale gives a poor graph.
o A proper title should be given to the graph thus plotted
o Preferably a millimetre graph should be used to obtain greater accuracy in the result.
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ffi Experiments in Biorogy Laboratory
F:::i -
Ii
Before coming to the biology laboratory for practical *o+' students
basic rules *o ,"euiu-ilon. or It" rauor.atlrv I 1* :*T,::*Ji:]practicals smoothlY, effecti
baslc rures '1'u rvbu ' structions for the students are
'and more efficiently' Some important ffigiven below :
EquiPments' lPrrrtrrro . ^L^ r^L :t ical tum. so
A student musr carry with him the following things to the laboratory on every pra(
h" ;-;;ii equipped to p"'fo'm various types of experiments :
1. LaboratorY notebook
2' LabotatorY manual
3. AuxiliarY notebook
4. A Pencil, PreferablY HB
5. Eraser
6. Scale
7. Needles (two) ;
8. Blade
9. Scissors
-10' ForcePs (00 No')
11. Brush (0 No')
12. A small cotton naPkin
must be acquainted with
il' sln[ilc
Srdr of
Wme5m do ocffiB in
Srrdr of
II
IMethod of Writing
Usearuledpaperforwrit ingashortparagraphor.thepointsoftheworkyouhavedoneinthel|you wilr arso be required to do the same even in ttre examination. The Aim or objective of {
experiment should b-e clearly Td""Y. You are ur',o
'"qoi'1J to rTite the Materials reuuir{
procedure, observations, Results and precautions dep".riirrg upon the nature of the experiment'l
o First
. Tr.vI
r Drarl
o Avt*
r Alwl
Spotting
Sketching and Writing - i c,^ Spotting is in
Diagrams should arways be drawn on the drawing sheet of the record file' Draw large and nl'
diagrams but they should be proportionate to the size of the paper. Dr1ry_ dilerams in the centre of i o Alwa
page so thar enough;n;;"'rh"'sides is available for rabe[ing. IVft ile labeiling, rines shoul'd not *t o Drar
each other. A boundary line or margin should always be drawn all along the paper. Always put the dr
of the experimenr on the top reft corner ";;"
pug". iJ." black read p"nrit while maki"g u '*tt"tt'
Lego e only
of the sketch should also be written'
A sample page of your record file is shown below.
with certain
, effectivelj
I
IIf
I
t.
tlmvrFiFkF"tl
iturn, so thaf
done in theof
requexpefiment.
large andthe centre ofshould notays put the
a sketch. Le
Date
Aim :
Materials required :
Procedure :
Observations :
Precautions :
L.S. of collenchyma
Sample page of record file.Studv of Slides
While studying slides under the microscope, do not disturb the slide focussed by the teacher. In caseyou do not follow, seek the help of your teacher. You can move the fine adjustment screw to bring theslide iri sharp focus.
Study of Museum Specimens
o First carefully study the characteristics of the specimen from the book.
o Try to find out these characteristics in the specimen.
o Draw a line diagram of the specimen. If needed, draw more than one view of the specimen.
o Avoid shading of the diagram.
o Always write classification for the entire specimen.
Spotting
Spotting is important in Biology Practicals. For this, remember the following points :
o Always write the spot number
o Draw a rough but correct and well labelled diagram of the spot.
o Only important and interesting fearures should be given.
A sample page of your record file is shown below.
atf,;
rFhintedh**trv[ :tf
t
with, effec
hcticat tum, so t
bave done in the lal
;or Onjective of th
fl[aterials requirelbf the experiment.
ls in the centre of tl
Elrcs should. not cro
p- Always put the da
F"g u sketch. Leger
t
tivel
r Spotting
Qnn++inr i . i -^^*--
pDraw large and ,r, Spotting is important in Biology Practicals. For this, remember the following points :
Date-
Aim :
Materials required :
Procedure :
Observalions :
Precautions :
L.S. of collenchyma
Sample page of record file.Study of Sl ides
While studying slides under the microscope, do not disturb the slide focussed by the teacher. In caseyou do not follow, seek the help of your teacher. You can move the fine adjustment screw to bring theslide iri sharp focus.
Study of Museum Specimens
o First carefully study the characteristics of the specimen from the book.
o Try to find out these characteristics in the specimen.
o Draw a line diagram of the specimen. If needed, draw more th,an one view of the specimen.
o Avoid shading of the diagram.
'o Always write classification for the entire specimen.
o Always write the spot number.
o Draw a rough but correct and well labelled diagram of the spot.
o Only important and interesting feafures should be given.
:it
3tii
Lab Maintenance
c AlwaYs keeP Your seat clean'
oDonotspoi l i te i therwithstainolanyothercolouredmater ia l .
o Keep some paper undemeath while working with a stain'
e Do not scratch the table either'
oAfterdoingthepracticalsthrowthewastesonlyinthedustbinlyinginthecornerofthelab.
c stop doing the work before 2 to 3 minutes of the bell and clean your seat'
o Replace each and every thing back to its original position before you leave the lab'
o Neither talk loudly nor run around in the lab'
oCol lectal l themater ia lsonyourseatwiththehelpofthelabassistant '
o Students usually are in the habit of playing with the microscope by moving the screws up and
down. This is very harmful. Learn the correct use of the microscope before you touch it' Always
rememberthatmicroscopeisaninstrumentandnotatoytoplaywith.
tr. To prepa(a) At(b) Ar(c) At
bas(r(n(tn
2. To prepa
(a) At
(b) Ar
Usi( t
( ir( i i t( it'
3. To carn'oreaction il
(t) Iror(ii) Bur
(iii) ha(n') Her(r')' So<
{. To sepan(or camph
5. To detern
10
upl
Alw
rof thelab.FtI
i,n" uu.rh
tf
the screws
b touch it.r'r
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. To prepare :
(a) A true solution of common salt, sugar and alum
(b) A suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water
(c) A colloid of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish between these on thebasis of :
(i) Transparency(ii) Filtration criterion
(iii) Stability
Tr;repare :(a) A mixture(D) A compound
Using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of :(i) Appearance, i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity
(ii) Behaviour towards a magnet(iii) Behaviour towards carbon disulphide (a solvent)(iv) Effect of heat
, ,To carryout the following chemical reactions and record observations. Also to identify the type ofmion in each case.
(t Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
(ir) Burning of magnesium in air
1;;i'1 7]nc with dilute sulphuric acid
(ir') Heating of lead nitrate(r) Sodium sulphate and barium chloride in their solutions in water.
To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride(a camphor) by sublimation.
To &termine the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.
FGLASS WARES AND OTHER ACCESSORIES
EDED IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORYCOMMON
NE
F ffif t t . tt t t ti l t lf t t li l [ rl t f lLJ LJ
Test tube Boiling tube
Test tube hoider
\JTest tube brush
Round bottom flask
C)w{}
I jLJReagent bottle
WChina dish
ffiPestle and mortar
wWatch glass
Test tube stand
\ /
Rf lIxI I
ffiBurner
mlEl t lH t lH l l
Thermometer
o
], E:of
a
a
a
a
Funnelf t
HilfqRt1FIEIl : l
t=lHEIF={t=lE]t=|l= l
UPipette
BeakerConical flaskFlat botlom flask
Tripod stand
Graduated cylinder
I
I!
SOLUTION, SUSPtrNSTON ANN COLLOID
:;:;*irffi<Y To prepur"e true solutions af ceftrlnon salt, sugar and aluw separately in water.' Cotmrloti salt (sodiurn chloride), sugar, alurn, distilled water, measuring cylinder,
' r ' r : r i i . g lass rods (3) and watch giasses (3).il piace etf beerker the solution may also be prepared in boiling tube or test tube or plastic
: - , --" . i , i ' , .ect as tea cup).
\\hett a stnall quantity of a solid such as coillmon salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) or sugar or'Llriul is aCded to a glass of water and stined, the solid dissolves. As a result of this activity, hotnogeueous material is obtailed. This homogeneous material is a true solution.Lr the solution the substamce dissolved (such as cotrunon salt or sugar or alun) is called solute.drd water is called solvent.
-\ true solution is transparent and stable.
The solute and solveut cannot be separated from the true solution by the method of filtration.
, Lt general a tme solution is called solution.
i r i f l l r
Take a cleem beaker. Paste a paper on it. On this pasted paperu'rite your Roll No. and the paliculars of the solution to beprepared, e.6;., Comrnon salt + Water.
Take about 20 mL of distilled water in the beaker.With the help of a spoon add about 1 grarn of comrnon salttr the water taken in the beaker.
Take a clean glass rod (ils ends sltould be stnooth') and stir theu'ater il beaker so that salt dissolves cornpletely. Cover thesolution with a watch glass to protect it frorn dust.
Now a true solution of corunon sait in water is ready.
,,, i , i t l i l . . i i i ;r i i : l l '+t:.s.iu:: i i ' ,1'1ir". ::rci;:r.:;.t{ i*lr: i i l i : t fr*{t{. s*gtr;rt!c:l: i_, : . ' i : i : ' t r , r r : :1._1.
T;ke a clean beaker. Paste a paper on it. On this pasted paperwrite your Roll No. ard the particulars of the solution to beprepared, e.9., Sugar + Water.
Take about 20 rnl- of distilled water in the beaker.
Grind sugan into fine powder (Fine powtler will clissolvet'aster)
With the help of a spoon add about 1water taken h the beaker.
gram of sugar in the
13
Fig. 1. Prepttrotion of a solutiottof common salt in water
F-ig. 2. Preparation of asolution o.f sugar in wnter
bn-
Water
Sugar
Burner
tii"--,",-",.--; spbonr , t , ]
i .',' I Glass rod used
- - . -^ i
r :o Take a clean glass rod (its encls should be smooth) and stir the water in beaker so that sugar
dissolves completely. Cover the solution with a watch glass to protect it from dust.
o Now a true solution of sugar in water is ready'
3. Experimental procedure for the preparation of a true solution of alum in water.
o Take a clean beaker. Paste a paper on it. On this pasted
paper write your Roll No. and the particulars of the solution
to be prepared, e.g., Alum + Water'
o Take about 20 mL of distilled water in the beaker'
o Grind bigger particles of alum into smaller pafiicles and
finally make fine powder (Fine powder will dissolve faster)
r With the help of a spoon add about 1 gram of alum in the
water taken in the beaker'
o Take a clean glass rod (its ends should be smooth) and stir Fig. 3. preparation of athe water in beaker so that the solid alum dissolves solution of alum in watercompletely. cover the solution with a watch glass to pfotect
it from dust.
o Now a true solution of alum in water is ready'
Sources of Errors and Precautions
e For recognizingthe type of solution. its particulars should be mentioned on the beaker or tesl
tube.
o The solid solute should be powdered so that it dissolves faster.
o The ends of the glass rod should be smooth to avoid any chance of breaking of the glasr
beaker or test tube.
o Solute should be added into water carefully'
c Stirring should be done in such a way that the glass rod does not strike with beaker (or tes' tube).
o The glass rod must be cleaned thoroughly before using it to stir the other solution'
VIVA VOCE
T. What is the aim of your experiment ?
S. The aim of my experiment is to prepare Solutions of common salt, sugar and alum separatel'
in water.T. What is common salt and why is it called so ?
S. The chemical name of common salt is sodium chloride. Its formula is NaCl. It is calls
common salt because it is a coffImon food ingredient'
T. Name two other salts ?
S. Pbtassium chloride (KCl) and sodium sulphate (NarSO/'
T, Which type of sugar you have used for the preparation of solution ?
S. Cane sugar (C'HrrOtt)'
T. What is alum ?
s. Alum is a double salt of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate. Its formula i
KAl(SOt2.r2H2O.T. What is the significance of T2H'O in alum ?
S. It is called water of crystallization.
Spoon
Glass rodas stirrerBeaker
Water
T. Can 'S. Alum
T. Wicl
S. Comr
T. Hox'
S. (t) Nr(rr) K
T. You l,
S. In aqT. lWicl
S. SugarT. Wftr ' ,
S. The rthe gr
T. Arll rS. An ar
stron€T. II'har
S. Aboul
T. l*hatwoter
s. 66.67T. Hou'
S lIass
T. Inassolute
S. IIassT. Hou' ,
S. This :T. Hov'
S.Bvm
T. Hov' ,
S. I t isr
T. "/rrsn-fiS Mass
T. llrhar
S. A sohconsulsoluti<
useo
I4
in rr ater.
.4/#t-*}
sp'oon
:alier so thatfrom dust.
Glass rod-------:-as stirrer
(- Beaker
$. # Water
T. Con you tell some uses of alum ?S Alum is used as antiseptic, in dye industry and in the purification of water.T. Wich of sugar, common salt and alum will ionize in aqueous solution ?S Common salt and alum will ionize in aqueous solution.T. How ?S. (t) NaCl (aq) -+ Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
(tt) KAI(SO a)2 @l) --> K+ (aq) + Al3+ (aq) + 2SOo2- (aq)T. You have not written the. molecules of water of crystallization with aLum ?S" In aqueous solution the water molecules of crystalli zatron pass into the solution.T. which of common salt, sugar and alum is highly sorubre in water ?S. Sugar is highly soluble in water.T. Why is the solubility of sugar in water very high ?S. The molecules of sugar (CnHz2Orr) occupy the space between HrO molecules. Thus they fill
the gaps and dissolve in large quantity.T. Any evidence of your answer ?S. An aqueous solution of sugar is highly viscous. In the solution the molecules of sugar bind
strongly with HrO molecules and therefore, the flow of the solution is restricted.T. What is the solubility of sugar in water at room temperature ?S. About 200 g of sugar can be dissolved in 100 mL of warer.T. What is the mass percentage of sugar in a solution containing 200 g of sugar and 100 g of
water. ?5.66.677o.T. How do you know ?
S. Mass Trage of sugar = Mass of supar
\ ." ;i'u4j- Atum
lrepar61i611 o7 o
6 alunt in water
n the beaker or
ealiing of the gl
uith beaker (or
er solution.
and alum separate
Ete. Its formula
x 100Mass of sugar + Mass of water
_ 200g t00o= zoo r;a* x 100 = iofi x 100 = 66-67
T. In a solution if the mass percentage of solvent is 65, then what is the mass percentage of thesolute ?
S. Mass Toage of solute = 100 - Mass voage of solvent = 100 - 65 = 35.T. How will you prepare 50 g of an aqueous solution having I0 mass percent of common salt ?S. This solution will be prepared on dissolving 5 g of common salt in 45 g of water.T. How will you measure 45 g of water ?s. By measuring 45 mL of water with a graduated measuring cylinder.T. How can you say that the mass of 45 mL of water is 45 g ?S. It is assumed that the density of water is 1.00 ginl- ut room temperature.T. Justifi you answer that 45 mL of water - 45 S.S. Mass of water = Volume of water x Density of water
= 45 rnl. x 1.00 glrnl_ = 45 g.T. What is a saturated solution ?S. A solution in which maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a given mass of solvent at a
constant temperature and constant pressure is called a saturated solution. In a saturatedsolution more solute cannot be dissd'lved further.
I
15
_".n
L***#/h water.
, Glass rod:---as stirrer
<- Beaker
[ €- waterilL -if-ab€-- Alum
heparation of a
$ alum in water
!
i
h the beaker or
raking of the
*
nrith beaker (or
t
hd alum separateF
p NaCl. It is cal
T- Can you tell some uses of alum ?lL Alum is used as antiseptic, in dye industry and in the purification of water.T- Which of sugar, common salt and alum will ionize in aqueous solution ?S. Common salt and alum will ionize in aqueous solution.T. How ?S (t) NaCl (aq) -+ Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
(tt) KAI(SO )2 @l) -+ K+ (aq) + Al3+ (aq) + 2SOo2- (ag)T- You have not written the molecules of water of crystallization with alum ?S- In aqueous solution the water molecules of crystalli zation pass into the solution.T- wich of common salt, sugar and alum is highty soluble in water ?S. Sugar is highly soluble in water.T. Why is the solubility of sugar in water very high ?S- The molecules of sugar (CDH22O1) occupy the space between HrO molecules. Thus they fill
the gaps and dissolve in large quantity.T. Any evidence of your answer ?S. An aqueous solution of sugar is highly viscous. In the solution the molecules of sugar bind
strongly with HrO molecules and therefore, the flow of the solution is restricted.T. What is the sotubility of sugar in water at room temperature ?S About 200 g of sugar can be dissolved in 100 mL of warer.T- What is the mass percentage of sugar in a solution containing 200 g of sugar and 100 g of
water. ?5.66.677o.T. How do you know ?
S. Mass %age of sugar = Mass of susarMass of sugar + Mass of water x 100
_ 200g tooo= )oo 1+6* x 100 = 3oG x 100 = 66'67
lT- In a solution if the mass percentage o.f solvent is 65, then what is the mass percenlage of the
solute ?s. Mass Toage of solute = 100 - Mass voage of solvent = 100 - 65 = 35.T. How will you prepare 50 g of an aqueous solution having l0 mass percent of common salt ?S. This solution will be prepared on dissolving 5 g of common salt in 45 g of water.T. How will you measure 45 g of water ?S. By measuring 45 mI- of water with a graduated measuring cyrinder.T. How can you say that the mass of 45 mL of water is 45 g ?S. It is assumed that the density of water is 1.00 gi^1, ut room remperature.T. Justtfy you answer that 45 mL of water - 45 S.S. Mass of water = Volume of water x Density of water
= 45 rn], x 1.00 glrnI_ = 45 g.T. What is a saturated solution ?S. A solution in which maxiinum amount of solute is dissolved in a given mass of solvent at a
constant temperature and constant pressure is called a saturated solution. In a saturatedsolution more solute cannot be dissd'lved further.
Ete. Its
!
i
i
I
formula d
l5
T. Give examples of practical utility of saturated solutions ?
S. Saturated solutions of salt and sugar find practical utility in domestic work to preserve
o pickles
r fiuit jams
o chutaneYs
T. What is unsaturated solution ?
S. It is a solution in which more solute can be dissolved'
T. The mass percentage of a solute in a saturated aqueous solution is 25. A new solution is
prepared by dissolvin7 50 S of the same solute in 200 g of water. Is this solution shturated ?
S. This solution is not saturated.
T. Why and how ?
S. A 25Vo solution means 25 g solute is present in 100 g of solution. But in a solution containing
50 g of solute in 200 g water, the mass Vaage of solute is 20 which is less than 25. Hence
the new solution is unsaturated'
Mass of solutex 100Mass Toase of solute =
Mass of solute + Massof water
' 50g 50g= soff iCx100=ff ix100=20
T. Mention some areas where solutions find their uses?
S. Solutions find their uses in industries, laboratories and in medicines'
T. Mention a use of solution in medicine ?
S. Saline glucose solution is administered to a patient who is suffering from dehydration'
T, Can you tell one use of alum as medicine ?
S. Alum is applied t0 stop bleeding due to minor cuts on skin.
T. Name some solvents other than water ?
S. Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), benzene, carbon tetrachloride and acetone.
T. Name a solvent which is used to remove nail polish ?
S. Acetone
T. W'tat ts the general name of solutions prepared in water ?
S. Aqueous solutions.
T. Name some solid solutions ?
S. (i) Copper in gold (il) Silver in gold (iii) Cu + Zn (Brass) (iv) Copper + Tin (Bronze)'
T. Give an example of an aqueous solution in which gas is dissolved ?
S. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water in cold drinks'
T. The last question.
S. What is that sir/madam ?
T. Why do you use the term true solution for solution. Is there any solution called false solution
S. (Smiles! and comments good question)'
T. (Laughs) But what is the answer of my question ?
S. Some times colloids are also called as colloidal solutions. Therefore, to avoid confusion th
term true solution is used for a solution'
\nn. To prqRequirement
nrls- water.
lusic Principleso When a
shaken, Ir The syst
particlesr The solit
suspensicr The susp
1. Erperirneno Take a cl
write youprepared
r Take a srsoil.
r Powder dr With the
in the beo Add abouo Stir the nr As the bi
from ther Mark the
l. Experimenlr Take a clr
write yourprepared-
r Take a stchalk.
r Powder tho With the I
in the bear Add aboul
beaker.r Stir the mr As the bi5
from the I
r Mark the
-1. Experimenr Take a clr
particulars
t6
di
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
L. To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human cheek cells and to record
observations and draw their labelled diagrams.
2. To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, stripped muscle fibres and nerve cells
in animals, from prepared slides and to draw their labelled diagrams.
3. To test (c) the presence of starch in the given food sample (b) the presence of adulterant metanil
yellow in dal.
4. To study the characteristics of Spirogyra, Agarica,i, Moss, Fern, Pinus (either with male cone or
femal cone) and an angiospermic plant. Draw and give two identifying features.of groups they
belong to.
5. To observe and draw the given specimens - Earthworm, Cockroach, Bony fish and Bird. For each
specimen record
(a) One specific feature of its phylum.
(b) One adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.
ngh e
ilzontal
;at the
d any
to the
TEMPORARY MOT]NTS PREPARATION
EXPERIMENT NO. 1 (a)
{im. To prepare stained temporary mount of onion peel and to record observations and drawlabelled diagrams.
\taterials Required. Onion, plane slides, coverslip, watch glass, forceps, needles, brush, blade,safranin, filter paper, glycerine and microscope.*
Procedure
r Take a piece of onion and with the help of a forcep gently pull a thin, transparent peelfrom it.
r Keep this peel in water in a petri dish or watch glass.
r Add a few drops of safranin stain in the watch glass to stain the peel. Both over staining andunder-staining should be avoided.
r Now ffansfer the peel on a clean slide with the help of a brush and needle.
r Cut the portion of the peel to a proper rectangular or square shape of appropriate size(2 to 3 mm) with the help of a blade and i needle.
o Remove the excess of water or stain, if any, from the slide surrounding the peel with the helpof a blotting paper.
o Add a drop of glycerine on the slide over the peel and put the coverslip gent$. Care must betaken to avoid the entry of air bubbles and the mounting should be done in the centre of thes[de.
o After putting the coverslip, press it a bit with needle to spread the glycerine over peel properly.
r Examine the slide under the microscope.
Obsen'ationsr There are a large number of cells lying side by side with distinct cell walls
o A distinct nucleus is present on one side of the cell.
o A big vacuole is present in the centre of the cell.
Precautions
o Always hold the slide by its edges to avoid making the slide dirty.
o A thin and properly stained peel should be selected for final mounting.
o Always use a brush to transfer the peel from watch glass to the slide. Do not use needle.
o The folding of the peel should be avoided.
o The slide and coverslip must be cleaned before use.
o The mounting of the peel should be done in the cenffe of the slide.
o Always put the coverslip gently to avoid the entry of air bubbles.
o Oozing of glycerine should not be there.
" Refer Appendix-I for the various parts of microscope, its working and handling
108
,1e#
Method of tal
-"T
1
%%A
id draw
h, blade,
Ent peel
fog and
i
fre size
he he\p
rust ber of the
roperly.
Method of taking out peel from onion.
NeedleCover slip
Stages to show the mounting procedure of a slide.
lI
il
Structure of an onion peel
r09
EXPERTMENT NO. I (r)
Aim. To prepare stained temporary mount of human cheek cells and to record observations anddraw labelled diagrams.
Materials Required. Slide, coverslip, filter paper, needles, brush. tooth pick, methylene blue, watchglass, microscope.
Procedureo With the help of a washed tooth pick or a clean slide gently scrap the inner side of the cheek
to get some epithelial cells.
o Put the scrappings on a clean slide and spread it with a needle. Add a drop of water and a dropof methyJene blue.
. After two minutes, remove the stain and add a drop of glycerine on the slide.
o Put the coverslip gently to avoid the entry of air bubbles.
o Press it with a needle to rnake the cells spread uniformly under the coverslip.
o Examine the slide under the microscope.
Observationso Large number of flat and inegular-shaped cells are seen with a thin cell membrane.
r A prominent nucleus is present in the centre of each cell. It is stained dark blue.
Precautionso Scrap the cheek gently to avoid any damage or bleeding.
e Put the coverslip gently to avoid the entry of air bubbles.
e Mounting should be done in the centre of the slide.
o Both over-staining and under-staining of the cells should be avoided.
o Spread the scrappings properly so that the cells are widely separated.
VIVA VOCE
'1. Wtxy do ltou use glycerine for mounting the peel ? Can any other material be used ?
S. Glycerine is used for mounting because the peel does not get dried quickly in it and so the
slide stays longer. Any other substance can also be used for mounting however, it should notget dried up quickly.
T. Why don't we see other cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, or Golgi bodies in the cell ?
Are they absent ?S. Other cytoplasmic organelles are not seen as they are not stained with the dye that we use.
However, they are present in the cell.
Differences between a Plant cell and an Animal cell
S.No. Features Plant cell Animal cell
1.)
3.4.5.
Cell wallPlastidsVacuoles ''.
\Centriole
Shape
PresentPresent
I-ess in number and bigger in size.
Absent (except in few lower plants)
Generally regular
AbsentAbsentMore in number arid smaller in size.
Present
Generally irregular
I110
I
II
d
111
T. Name the stain used to study plant cell.S. Safranin.T. List some dffirences between the cells you see in the cheek and the cells you get from onion
peeI.S. In cheek cells a cell wall is absent
differences also but that we are notT. Name the stain used to study cheekS. Methylene blue.
N4ULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ) ON PRACTICAL SKILLS
1.. For observing plant cells, which of the following stain is used?(a) Methylene blue (b) Safranin
2. Definite shape of cells is seen in :
(c) Acetocarmine @ I, solution
(a) plants (b) animals (c) Euglena (d) Amoeba
3. Varun took an onion peel and noted the(a) Uninucleated cells(c) Cell wall is present
4. Which of the following cell organelle can be seenhuman cheek cells?
(a) Chloroplast (b) Mitochondria
5. Vacuoles are bis in size and less in numbers in :(a) plant cells . (&) animal cells
6. Mounting of the material on the.slide is generally done :
which is present in the cells of onion. (fhere are otherable to see).cells.
characteristics. Which one is correct?(b) No intercellular spaces(d) All of these
under compound microscope while observing
(c) Nucleus
(c) both of these
(d) Nucleolus
(d) none of these
14. Humarhelp o
(a) r(b) t(c) t(d) t
15. Given(i) t(rr) I
(iii) z(i') I
The cc(a) ((c) i
16. To obs(d) c
(c) s17. Sarthi ,
cell u a(a) b
18. The ba(a) c
19. Rahul rglycerir
(a) p(c) p
20. The cel(a) s
21. Parth u\a) a
22, lf a stu(a) sl(c) o
23. Garimapower.
la) n(c) n
24. Which ,
(a) in the centre(c) on right side
7. We put the coverslip on the slide very gently to :(c) avoid the crushing of the material(c) avoid the entry of air bubbles
(a) he might have over stained(c) air bubbles have been introduced
lL. Cells are focussed in microscope first in :
8. Isha is able to identify onion cells because of its shape which is :(c) rectangular
(c) cylindrical
(b) on left side(Q near the margin
(b) avoid oozing of glycerine and stain(fl none of these
@ square
(A discoidal
(b) onion peel may have folded(A any of these
(a) spherical (b) circular
9. The nucleus in plant cell is generally :(a) elliptical (b) spherical
10. A student prepared the temporary mount of onion peel but he could not observe cells because :
(a) 10 X
12. Pick the odd one out :(a) Big vacuole
13. Name the stain which is used to observe human(a) Safranin (b) Cotton blue
(b) 40 x
(b) Plastids
(c) 100 X
(c) Cell wall
cheek cells :(c) Crystal violet
@ any of the above
@ Flat polygonal
@ Methylene blue
* qfrl
l , , ts
flr lilFr
r t2
(c) N
i
(nrum
f 06sr
14. I{uman cheek cells stained in methylene blue and mounted in glycerine were observed with thehelp of a compollnd microscope. The components of the cell which would be seen are :
(a) cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus(b) plasma membrane, cytoplasm,(c) plasma membrane, cytoplasm,(d) plasma membrane, cytoplasm,
15. Given below are four operations for preparing a temporary mount of human cheek cells :(i) taking scraping from inner side of the cheek and spreading it on a clean slide
(ii) putting a drop of glycerine on the material(iil) adding a few drops of methylene blue on the material(iv) putting of cover slip gently over the material.
The correct sequence of these operations is :(a) (i) - (ii) - (iii) - (iv) (b) (iv) - (iii) - (ii) - (i)(c) (,v) - (i\- (ii) - (iii) @ (i) - (iii) - (ii) - (iv)
16. To observe cells in an onion peel, we must prepare the slide by mounting on it :
nucleusnucleus, mitochondrianucleus, mitochondria, golgi body, lysosomes
cell wall appeared :(a) black (b) blue-black (c) green @ pinkish-red
18. The basic structural and functional unit of life is :(a) cell (b) tissue (c) organ @ organ system
19. Rahul made a temporary mount of cheek cells.glycerine before observation because glycerine
(a) prevents drying(c) provides stiffness
20. The cell wall in plant cells is made up of :
He was advised by the teacher to put a drop of
(a) glycogen (b) chitin (c) cellulose (d) starch
21. Parth was drawing a typical cell. He drew large vacuole in the cell which depicts :(a) animal cell (b) bacterial cell (c) plant cell (d) none of these
22.It a student(a) skin
wants to observe squamous epithelium, he is suggested to take tissue from
(a) crushed pulp of onion(c) green leaf of an onion (spring onion)
17. Sarthi was observing an onion peel stained with
(c) onion peel
23. Gaima observed a slide of human cheek' power, (il) high magnifying power settings.
(rz) more cells in a darker field of view(c) more celis in a briehter field of view
(b) dry scale leaf(4 thin layer of fleshy leaf of onion.
safranin under a microscope. The colour of the
(b) provides colour@l all of these
(b) inner lining of cheek .(A any of these
cells under a microscope in its (i) low magnifyingIn the first setting she has observed :
(b) fewer cells in a darker field of view(4 fewer cells in a brighter field of view
24. which of the labelling done by a student for the yeast cell is wrong?
Cell wall
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
(b) Cell membrane (c) Cell wall
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(a) Nucleus (fl Cytoplasm
25. Temporary mount of a tissue is made in :(a) Glycerine (b) Alcohol (c) Wax
26. Diagram of cells of an onion peel were labelled bylabelled diagram is :
(a) A(b) B
(c) c(aD
27. Which of the following statement is false ?
(a) Definite shape of cell is seen in plants
(b) Plant cells have cell wall
(c) Animal cells do not have cell wall
(d1 Definite shape of cell is seen in animals
(4 Any one of these
four students as given below. The correctly 1.,2.r
3. 14.1s.(6.(
7.(
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e.(10. (
11. (
12.(13. (
to. r,15. (r
16. (t
17. Q,18. (r
'19. (a
20. (c
21. (c
22. (423. (i,
24. (i,
25. (a)
26.U,
27. (d,
hes€
; conoff r. (b)2. (a)
3.(O4.(c)
5.(a)
6.(a)
7.(c)
8.(c)
9. (a)
10. (e)lr. (a)12.(aB.(A14. (b)
E.(Arc. (a17.(a18. (a)
19. (a)
20. (c)
2r. (c)22. (b)23. (c)
24. (c)
25. (a)
26. (b)
27. (d)
Methylene blue-Animal cells, Acetocarmine-Chromosomes, I, solution-Starch.Because of the presence of cell wall.All these characters are present in onion peel.chloroplast is absent and other organelles are smaller in size.In animal cells vacuoles are smaller in size and more in number.so that the material doesn't get disturbed while holding the slide.Air bubbles create problem to observe the slide.Onion peel cells are rectangular in shape.The nucleus of a plant cell is generally elliptical in shape.After folding of onion peel cells are not clearly visible.cell organelles can't be focussed well at higher magnification.Animal cells are flat and polygonal, other features are of plant cells.safranin-Plant cell, cotton blue-Fungal cell, crystal violet-Bacteria.other cell organelles are seen under Electron Microscope in research lab.These are the steps of making temporary mounts.Thin layer of fleshy leaf of onion is taken to study.Safranin gives pinkish red colour to the cells after staining.Cell is considered as basic unit of life. Activities of all the cells contribute towards thefunctioning of the organism.
Glycerine has very less evaporation as compared to water.Plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, chitin is present in the cell wall of fungi,glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals and starch in plants.A large vacuole is a characteristic feature of plant cell.Inner lining of cheek cells is made up of squamus epithelium.More cells and brighter field are seen in low power.Cell wall is absent in animal cell.
It avoids drying of material.
outer layer is cell wall and darkly stained structure is nucleus.
Definite shape of cells is seen in plant cells.
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