LAB MANUAL - omgroup.edu.inLAB MANUAL OF “MOBILE ... Similarly take the readings for 3, 4, 5 ft....

LAB MANUAL

OF

“MOBILE

COMMUNICATION”

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYOM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, HISAR

AFFILIATED TO KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA

Experiment No:-01

Objective:

To perform Polarization.

Apparatus required:-

1. Antenna Trainer.

2. Antenna Stand.

4. Detector.

5. Antennas.

Procedure:

1. Keep the main unit on the table and connect power cord Check

the mains voltage and switch on the unit. The indicator lamp should glow. Switch off the

main unit.

2. Assemble the coaxial antenna mast and fix it on the goniometrys

scale of the main unit. For details of assembly please read "Trainer description" in

operating manual.

3. Assemble detector assembly and mount detector unit on the mast as

per details given in “Trainer Description "of operating manual.

4. Keep main unit and detector assembly at a distance of 1.5m.

5. Install folded dipole antenna on the transmitting mast and align the

direction and the height of both transmitting and receiving antennas.

6. Switch ON the main unit & check for display in the meter of

directional coupler. If required adjust RF level and FS Adjust. The toggle switch can be

in either FWD or REV position.

7. Check for display in detector meter. Adjust Level of detector

meter for ¾ display in the meter.

8. Rotate transmitting antenna between 0-360° and observe the

display on the detector assembly. The variation indicates that the transmitter & the

receiver are working and radiation pattern is formed.

9. Turn the detector box at 90° by fixing the screw at the back of

detector box.Note, the readings again.

10. Since, we have changed the plane of receiving antenna to vertical

keeping transmitting antenna still in the horizontal plane that detector antenna receives

practically no signal.

11. Rotate the transmitting antenna from 0 to 360° gradually and observe

that the receiving antenna received practically no signal or very less signal.

12. Repeat this with other horizontally polarized antennas.

13. Check with vertically polarized antennas.

Result: Hence the experiments is performed successfully.

Experiment No:-02

Objective:

To perform Modulation


1. Antenna Trainer.

2. CRO

3. Antenna Stand.

4. Detector.

5. Antennas.

Procedure:

Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation resistance

(nominally, approximately 300W) for the presence of the folded arm. See fig 19. The actual

impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end bends, the

presence of the BNC connector & balun etc. The typical radiation pattern in horizontal plane

for this antenna appears like for the case of simple dipole as in previous experiment.

The polarization is horizontal. The typical radiation pattern of folded dipole is given in fig 20 For

experimentation proceed as follows.

Mount folded Dipole (l/2) antenna on the transmitting mast and follow steps as per experiment

no 2 and plot graph of this antenna.

1. Keep the detector assembly again in normal position i.e. receiver

antenna is horizontal plane and align both transmitting and receiving antenna for maximum

indication in detector meter.

2. Connect tone generator output to oscilloscope and check that sine

wave is coming. Keep the level of tone generator to maximum.

3. Connect tone output to "modulation in" with the help of patch

cord.

4. Observe signal at the out terminals of detector assembly with the

help of oscilloscope probe. It should be sine wave of low amplitude and slightly

distorted but indicating that this audio signal was transmitted & received by the antenna.

5. Vary the level of tone generator and see that output of detector

varies as you vary the level control of tone generator. Try the same with other antennas

Experiment No:-03

Objective:

To study the variation in the radiation strength at a given distance from the antenna. The

detector will show a higher strength when it is nearer to the transmitting antenna and shall reduce

gradually with increasing distance.


1. Antenna Trainer.

2. Antenna Stand.

3. Detector.

4. Antennas.

Procedure:

1. Mount the Folded dipole as per experiment no. 8.

2. Keep the detector unit at a distance of approx. 1 ft. from the

transmitting antenna and align it. Adjust level of RF Generator & Detector unit so that the

reading is 40mA.

3. Note the above reading for 1 ft. distance.

4. Remove the detector to 2 ft. away.

5. Note the reading for 2 ft. distance.

6. Similarly take the readings for 3, 4, 5 ft.

7. Plot a graph of reading with distance and see whether it is linear or

non-linear.

Same experiment can be done with other antennas.

Experiment No:-04

Objective:

To practice how to use the matching stub provided on this trainer.


1. Antenna Trainer.

2. Matching Stub.

3. Antenna Stand.

4. Detector.

5. Antennas.

Theory :- Matching: Please read the text given in the theory portion of this workbook. A

matching stub is a piece of transmission line which is normally short circuited at the far end.

Stub has an input admittance which a pure susceptance and it is used to tune the susceptance

component of the line admittance. Stubs are particularly used at higher frequencies for variety of

loads.

Matching Procedure: Mount folded dipole antenna on the top of transmitting mast, and keep

the set up ready as given in experiment no 2. Adjust RF level and detector level for the optimum

indication on detectors meter. Remove the transmitting antenna and fix BNC - T and BNC -BNC

cable to stub line shown in fig 22. Mount the antenna over BNC - T as shown in fig 22. Keep the

stub at zero of the scale.

You will observe that the reading on detector meter has already gone down with the connection

of the stub. However you can increase RF output level and detector level slightly to suit the

measurement. Keep the coupler switch to REV position.

Start moving stub knob from right to left slowly, and observe the reading on the meter on the main

unit. You will observe that the meter has maxima & minima at some point. The maxima

indicate that the reverse power is maximum and line is mismatched. Choose the

minimum point while going from right to left. This position indicates that the line is matched.

Experiment No:-05

Objective: Understanding Basic concepts of Satellite communication.


1. Uplink Transmitter

2. Dish Antennas

3. Downlink Receiver

4. Connecting cables.

5. Satellite Transponder

Theory:

Sinusoidal electromagnetic waves (E/M waves):

All radio and television signals consists of electrical and magnetic fields which in free

space travel at speed of light (approx 3 ¥ 108 meters/seconds), these waves consists of an Electric

field (E), measured in amperes/meter, the E and H field components are always at right angle to

each other and the direction of travel is always at right angles of both fields. The amplitudes vary

sinusoidal as they travel through space. In fact it is impossible to produce a non sinusoidal E/M

wave! (The importance of this statement will be grasped more easily when modulation is

discussed.)

The Sine Wave:

Cycle: One complete electrical sequence

Peak Value (Vp): Maximum positive or negative value also called amplitude. Period (t): Time to

complete one cycle

Frequency (f): Number of cycles per second in Hertz.

(One hertz = one cycle per second). It follows that period and frequency are Reciprocals of

each other.

T=1/f

Commonly used multiplies of hertz are:

Kilohertz (KHz) =103 Hz = 1000Hz

Megahertz (MHz) = 106 Hz = 1000000Hz

Gigahertz ( GHz) = 109 Hz = 1000000000Hz

Wavelength:

Since E/M waves at a known velocity vary sinusoidal, it is possible to consider how far a wave

of given frequency (f) would travel during the execution of one cycle. Denoting the speed of

light as c the wavelength (l) is given by:

l = c / f

From this, it so as clear that the higher the frequency the shorter the wavelength Satellite

broadcasting employs waves in this order of 10GHz frequency so the order of wavelength can be

calculated as follows:

l = (3 ¥ 108) / (10 ¥ 109)

l = 3¥ 10-2m = 3 cm.

In practice the frequencies used are not necessarily a nice round figure like 10 GHz

Nevertheless; the wavelength in present use invariably works out in terms of

centimeters. The enormously high frequencies are used in satellite broadcasting? Before this

can be answered it is necessary to understand some fundamentals laws to broadcasting of

information, whether it be sound or picture information.

Carrier frequency:

For simplicity, assume that it is required to transmit through space a 1000Hz audio

signal, in theory an electrical oscillator and amplifier could be rigged up and tuned to

1000 cycles per sec. And the output fed to a piece of wire acting as primitive aerial. It

is an unfortunate fact of nature that of nature that for reasonably efficient radiation a

wire aerial should have a length somewhere in order of wavelength of 1000 Hz using

the equation given above:

l = c / f = 3 ¥ 108 / 103 = 3 ¥ 105 meters.

l = 300000 m which is about 188 miles.

Apart from the sheer impractically of such an aerial, waves at these low frequencies

suffer severe attenuation due to ground absorption. Another important reason for

using high frequencies is due to the considerations of bandwidth, which is treated

later. This solution is to use a high frequency wave to carry the signal but allow the

Intelligence (the 1000 Hz in our example) to modify one or more of its characteristics.

The high frequency wave is referred to as the carrier (Fc) simply because it carries the

information in some way the method of impressing this low frequency information on

to carrier is called modulation. There are two main type’s amplitude modulation (AM)

and frequency modulation (FM)

Amplitude modulation:

The low frequency modulating signal is made to alter the amplitude of carrier at the

transmitter before the composite waveform is sent to the aerial system. If the

amplitude of the modulating signal causes the carrier amplitude to vary between

double its unmodulated height and zero, the modulation is said to be 100 percent.

terrible distortion results if the modulation amplitude is ever allowed to exceed 100

percent.

Modulation factor:

This is the ratio of modulation amplitude (Vm) to carrier amplitude (Vc)

m = Vm / Vc

When m = 1 the modulation is 100 percent, although 100 percent is an advantage it is too

dangerous in practice, due to the possibility of over modulation, so 80% (m = 0.8) is normally

considered the safe limit.

Sidebands:

Although the modulating signal is simple sinusoidal waveforms, in practice it will be more

complex. Thus the envelope of the waveform will be non-sinusoidal. The unmodulated carrier

sine wave has the instantaneous form:

v = Vp sinwct

But the amplitude of this wave (Vp) is made to vary by the modulating frequency which

causes Vp to have the form:

Vp = Vm sinwt

Substituting this expression in the first equation gives:

v = Vmsinwct. sinwct

We know one of the trigonometric identities

Sin A Sin B= ½ Cos (A-B)- ½ Cos (A+B)

Frequency Modulation:

Where as amplitude modulation alters the envelope in the vertical plane, frequency

modulation takes place in the horizontal plane, the amplitude of the carrier is kept

constant but the frequency is caused to deviate proportional to the modulating

amplitude.

Frequency Deviation:

The maximum amount by which the carrier frequency is increased or decreased by the

modulating amplitude is called the frequency deviation. It depends up on the

amplitude (peak value) of the modulating voltage. In the case satellite broadcasting,

the signal beamed down to earth has a typical frequency deviation of about 16 MHZ

and the bandwidth occupied by the picture information is commonly about 27 MHz.

Modulation index:

This is the ratio of the frequency deviation (Df) to the highest modulating frequency

(fm) M =Df / fm

In contrast with amplitude modulation, the modulation index is not necessarily restricted to

maximum of unity.

Pre-emphasis (de-emphasis) improvement:

Since the noise power density of a receiver demodulator output increases with frequency,

high frequencies are boosted or pre-emphasized prior to transmission, when the signal is

subsequently demodulated in the receiver the signal and its acquired noise is deemphasized

or reduced by an equal amount the overall effect is to reduce the noise component and leads to

typical improvement in S/N of 2dB for PAL I signals or 2.5 dB for NTSC M signals.

Decibel (dB):

The logarithmic ratio of power levels used to indicate gains or losses of signals.

Decibels relative to one Watts, milliWatts and millivolt are abbreviated as dBW, dBM

and dBmV, respectively. Zero dBmV is used as the standard reference for all SMATV

calculations.

dB =10 log P1/ P2

Voltage db:

Although dbs are normally used in conjunction with power ratio, it is sometimes convenient

to express voltage ratio in db terms.

dB = 20 log v1 / v2

The use of 20 instead of 10 is because power is proportional to the square of the voltage so

the constant is 20 instead of 10.

Ku-Band Satellite TV:

The microwave frequency band between approximately 11 and 13 GHz used in Satellite

broadcasting in European nations.

Clarke Belt:

The circular orbital belt at 22,247 miles above the equator, named after the writer Arthur C.

Clarke, in which Satellites travel at the same speed as the earth's rotation. Also called the

geostationary orbit.

Antenna:

An antenna may be defined in the following way.

To radiate or receive electromagnetic waves an antenna is required. Antenna or aerial

is system of elevated conductors which couples or matches the transmitter or receiver

to free space. A transmitting antenna connected to a transmitter by transmission line,

forces electromagnetic waves into free space which travel in space with velocity of

light. Similarly, a receiving antenna connected to a radio receiver, receives or

intercepts a portion of electromagnetic waves through space. Thus radio antenna is

defined as the structure associated with region of transition between a guided wave

and a free space wave or between a free space wave and guided waves. The official

definition of antenna according to the institution of electrical and electronics

engineers is the simply a "means for radiating or receiving radio waves". Dishes must be durable

and able to withstand winds as well as other natural and manmade forces. In order to be able to

compete in the marketplace, they also must be aesthetically pleasing and affordably priced.

Dish Antenna:

To receive signal from the Satellite dish antenna are used. They are parabolic in

shape. A dish antenna collects the signal coming from the Satellite & focuses it at a

point known as Focal point. Dish antenna is used to obtain VHF & UHF signals. For

different frequency ranges different sizes of dish antenna are used. The size of dish

antenna depends on wave length of the signal. For UHF range the size of the dish

antenna is 3 to 5 m & for signal up to 12 GHz the size is 91 to 180 cm. These are

made of fiber glass. The reflector at the dish antenna is made up of aluminum or fiber

glass. For different frequency the depth of the dish antenna is also different.

Feed Horn:

A dish antenna receives the signal coming through a very large area, these get

reflected to a point, at that point a pipe type instrument is fitted. This pipe type

instrument is known as Feed Horn. From the feed horn the signals are given to LNB.

It is made in such a way that it can receive maximum signal on adjustment. It is

adjusted on the basis of picture & sound quality reception. It acts as impedance

matching amplifier.

Low Noise Block (Down Converter):

Most important part mounted on the disk antenna is LNB. The signal from the feed

horn is fed to LNB. These are of SHF range & contain unwanted frequencies. This

high frequency cannot be fed directly to TV. Theoretically LNB converts high

frequency range to low frequency range & also removes noise. In Satellite reception

different LNB are used for different frequency ranges. There is a high frequency

amplifier in LNB to amplify the faded signals coming from the Satellite. Now this

signal is converted into low frequency of definite amount. There is a high frequency

local oscillator & mixer inside a LNB. The amplified signal from the amplifier and the

signal from the local oscillator come to the mixer sections just like that in the normal

tuner. The LNB used for C band reception gets the input of 3.7 to 4.2 GHz & the

output is 950 to 1450 MHz. The output signals are then fed to Satellite receiver

through coaxial cables.

Satellite Receiver:

The purpose of Satellite receiver is the selection of channel for listening, viewing, or both and

transforming the signals in to a form suitable for input to domestic TV and stereo equipment.

Various subsections of Satellite Receiver.

1. Power supply

2. Down conversion and tuner circuit

3. Final IF stage

4. FM video demodulator

5. Video Processing Stages

6. Audio processing stages

Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and foot print maps it the calculation of the power

received by an earth station from a Satellite transmitters fundamental to the understanding of

Satellite communications. Consider a transmitting source, in free space, radiating a total power

Pt, Watts uniformly in all directions called an isotropic source. At a distance R from the

hypothetical isotropic source, the flux density crossing the surface of a sphere, radius R, is

given by

In practice we use directive antennas to constrain out transmitted power to be radiated primarily in

one direction. The antenna has a gain G (6) in a direction 6, defined as the ratio of power per unit

solid angle radiated in a given direction to the average power radiated per unit solid angle:

G (q) = P (q)/ (P0/4p) Where

P (q) is the power radiated per unit solid angle by the test antenna G (q) is the gain of the antenna at

an angle

The reference for the angle is usually taken to be the direction in which maximum power is

radiated, often called the bore sight of the antenna. Thus for a transmitter with output Pt Watts

driving a lossless antenna with gain Gt, the flux density in the direction of the antenna bore

sight at distance R meter is

F = Pt Gt/ Watts/m2

The product PtGt is often called the effective isotropically radiated power or EIRP, and it

describes the combination of transmitter and antenna in terms of an equivalent isotropic source

with power PtGt Watts, radiating uniformly in all directions.

Footprint:

The geographic area towards which a Satellite down link antenna directs its signal. The

measure of strength of this footprint is the EIRP.

RESULT:-The Satellite equipments has been studied.

Experiment No:-06

Objective:

Changing different combinations of uplink and downlink frequencies and to check the

communication link.

Equipments Needed:


2. Dish Antennas




6. Audio/Video input (VCD)

7. Monitor (TV monitor)

Procedure:

1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.

2. Switch ‘ON’ the transmitter and frequency display will come on.

3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by Frequency Select switch. The frequency can be

changed from 2450-2468 MHz.

4. Connect Dish Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.

5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).

6. Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient distance;

preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance 5- 7m.

7. Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it ‘ON’ by mains switch.

8. Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it ‘ON’ by mains switch.

9. The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz.

10. Attach Dish Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.

11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line.

12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and transponder receiver frequency also to

2468 MHz

13. Keep Downlink Frequency of Transponder to 2414 MHz.

14. Keep the Downlink Receiver to 2414 MHz.

15. Connect the Audio/Video signal at the input socket provided on the Uplink Transmitter,

Video at video input and audio at either Audio-I or Audio-II input.

16. Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video output of Downlink receiver. (Video

from Video Output, audio from Audio-I or Audio-II output (as in transmitter))

Set TV in AV Mode.

17.To watch Video signal toggle the switch provided at Transponder unit to the Video

position.

18.The TV monitor will display video and audio signal that you have connected to uplink

Transmitter input.

19. Now change uplink-transmitting frequency from 2468 to 2450 MHz and

correspondingly the receiver frequency of transponder is to be changed to 2450 MHz you

will receive the same quality of signal at the output of the downlink receiver.

20. Now change the downlink frequency of transponder from 2414 to 2432 MHz

and similarly change downlink receiver tuning frequency to 2432 MHz you will

be receiving the same quality of signal.

Result:

The above experiment shows a successful establishment of satellite audio/video link

between Uplink transmitter and Downlink receiver at different up-link and down-link

frequencies.

Experiment No:-07

Objective: -Establishing Voice communication between ISDN phone & analog phone viaTerminal Adaptor.

Apparatus Required:-

1. ISDN Trainer.2. ISDN & Analog Telephones.3. Connecting cables.

Theory: -

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a state-of-the-art Public Switched DigitalNetwork for provisioning of different service-voice, data & image transmission over thetelephone line through the telephone network.

ISDN

1. Integrated Services Digital Network.

2. A digital telephone service that provides fast, accurate data transmission over existing coppertelephone wiring.

3. The way fast way to go online.

Procedure:-

1. Connect the ISDN phone to the ISDN simulator section.

2. Connect the terminal adaptor and the ISDN simulator section with the RJ45 connector

cable being provided.

3. Connect the power supply to terminal adapter power section and check the response on

the simulator.

4. Connect the 2-analog telephone being provided to the terminal adapter and check the dial

tone.

1-port address is 1111




So after making the connection make calls as per the port used.

i.e. is 1111 and 2222 that is 1st and 2nd port are used so a person can talk to the other port bydialing.

From 1stport 2222

Both analog phones will ring

From 2nd phone 1111

The only ISDN phone will ring

Result: - The Voice communication between ISDN phone & analog phone via Terminal

Adaptor has been studied.

Experiment No:-08

Objective : To design & develop the program to display the card No on the LCD accordingto card swapped based on application of RFID.

Apparatus Required:

RFID application kit, RFID card, computer, 8051 programmer, flash magic software.

Theory :

////////////////CONNRCTION:-P0-->LCD CONTROL/////////////////////

/////////////////P2-->LCD CONTROL///////////////////////

#include<reg51.h>

sbitrs=P0^0;

sbit e=P0^1;

control1()

{

rs=0;e=1;e=0;

}

data2()

{ rs=1;e=1;e=0;

}

delay()

{

int i;

for(i=0;i<=1000;i++);

}

void main()

{

P2=0x38;

control1();

delay();

P2=0x06;

control1();

delay();

P2=0x01;

control1();

delay();

P2=0x0e;

control1();

delay();

P2=0x01;

control1();

delay();

P2=0x80;

control1();

delay();

while(1)

{

TMOD=0x20; //hypr

TH1=0xFD;

SCON=0x50;

// SMOD=01;

TR1=1;

while(!RI);

//a=SBUF;

P2=SBUF;

data2();

RI=0;

}}

Procedure:

Compiler: KEIL

Programming Tool: FLASH MAGIC

1. Double Click on the icon present on the desktop (KEIL uVision 3).2. The window will be popped-up.3. Go to the project & click on new project4. Make a folder on desktop & give file name.5. when you click on the save button , window opens6. Select Philips & see NXP.7. Then select NO on the pop-up window.8. Then go to File and make a New File.

9. Write or copy your code there & save it with extension .c or .asm depending on yourcoding.

10. Go to target & then source group, right click on there & click on the option “add files tothe Group ’Source Group 1’ “.

11. Select your asm or c file which you want to add.

“Example is with .c extension file”

12. Go to the option for target, click on output &tick on create hex file option13. Now build target.

(Click on the pointed option)..

14. It will show you 0 errors & 0 warning on Output Window.

After performing all these steps the chip will be configured through Flash Magic .Let us hand onthe steps of chip configuration through Flash Magic………

Special Notes: -

• Make all the DIP switches in off position before burning the program in the controller.• Connect the Programming Cable on your Kit (prog. Conn.)And other side of cable with

the COM Port of the Computer.• Burn the Program in the microcontroller with help of FLASH MAGIC or ECE FLASH as

explained in the next section.

How to use ECE FLASH-MAGIC

1. Double click on the icon Flash Magic on desktop.2. The window will be popped-up3. Press “cancel” to continue.

Configuration:

4. Click options and then click advanced options…5. Now set the parameters6. Click on communication options and set parameters as.7. Click on hardware config. and set parameters T1(200)and T2(300). Now disable option

use DTR and RST.8. Click on timeouts option and set parameters regular timeout 30, Long timeout 120 and

disable option use my timeouts for ISP operations.9. Now click ok main front window will appear.

10. Now select device name 89V51RD2.11. After selection of the chip (P89v51RD2xx) , Port (Com1), Osc.Mhz(11.0592) Browse

for the hex file to be loaded.12. Press start reset window will appear on the screen.13. Press reset button on hardware or ON/OFF power for a while to reset to make hardware

in programming mode.

Within 5-6 seconds message will appear

************“FINISHED”.***********

Now press again reset on hardware to see output or to run program.

Result: The program to display Card No. on LCD based on RFID is performed practically.

Experiment No:-09

Objective: To design & develop the program to ON/OFF the Relay and Buzzer accordingto the card swapped based on application of RFID.

Apparatus Required:

RFID application kit, RFID card, computer, 8051 programmer, flash magic software.

Theory:-This program will ON/OFF the relay & buzzer according to the card swaped////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////connection :-P0-->LCD CONTROL///P2-->LCD DATA//P1-->RELAY & BUZZER//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////#include<reg51.h>sbitrs=P0^0;sbit e=P0^1;voiddelaylong(){int i;for(i=0;i<30000;i++)

{}

}control1(){

rs=0;e=1;e=0;}

data2(){

rs=1;e=1;e=0;}

delay(){int i;

for(i=0;i<=10000;i++);}

intcmp(char a[],char b[]){int i;for(i=0;i<10;i++)

{if(a[i]==b[i])

continue;else

return 0;}

return 1;}displayname(char name[16]){int i;for(i=0;i<16;i++)

{P2=name[i];data2();delay();}

}

void person11(){char name[]=" ACCESS GRANTED ";displayname(name);P1=0x01;while(1);}void person22(){char name[]=" ACCESS DENIED ";displayname(name);P1=0x08;while(1);

}void control(){P2=0x38;

control1();delay();

P2=0x06;control1();delay();

P2=0x01;control1();delay();

P2=0x0e;control1();delay();P2=0x80;control1();delay();P2=0x01;control1();delay();

}void main(){int i=0;char person1[10]="0A003A2117";char person2[10]="0A003A2118";unsigned char temp[10];control();P1=0x00;

while(1){

control();for(i=0;i<10;i++){TMOD=0x20; //hyprTH1=0xFD;

SCON=0x50;TR1=1;

while(!RI);

temp[i]=SBUF;RI=0;}

if(cmp(person1,temp)){person11();}

if(cmp(person2,temp)){person22();}

delaylong();

}}Procedure:

Compiler: KEIL

Programming Tool: FLASH MAGIC

1. Double Click on the icon present on the desktop (KEIL uVision 3).

2. The window will be popped-up.

3. Go to the project & click on new project

4. Make a folder on desktop & give file name.

5. when you click on the save button , window opens.

6. Select Philips & see NXP.

7. Then select NO on the pop-up window.

8. Then go to File and make a New File.

9. Write or copy your code there & save it with extension .c or .asm depending on yourcoding.

10. Go to target & then source group, right click on there & click on the option “add files tothe Group ’Source Group 1’ “.

11. Select your asm or c file which you want to add.

“Example is with .c extension file”

12. Go to the option for target, click on output &tick on create hex file option

13 Now build target.

(Click on the pointed option)..

14. It will show you 0 errors & 0 warning on Output Window.

After performing all these steps the chip will be configured through Flash Magic .Let us hand on

the steps of chip configuration through Flash Magic………

Special Notes: -

• Make all the DIP switches in off position before burning the program in the controller.

• Connect the Programming Cable on your Kit (prog. Conn.)And other side of cable with

the COM Port of the Computer.

• Burn the Program in the microcontroller with help of FLASH MAGIC or ECE FLASH as

explained in the next section.

How to use ECE FLASH-MAGIC

1. Double click on the icon Flash Magic on desktop.

2. The window will be popped-up

3. Press “cancel” to continue.

Configuration:

4. Click options and then click advanced options…

5. Now set the parameters

6. Click on communication options and set parameters as.

7. Click on hardware config. and set parameters T1(200)and T2(300). Now disable option

use DTR and RST.

8. Click on timeouts option and set parameters regular timeout 30, Long timeout 120 and

disable option use my timeouts for ISP operations.

9. Now click ok main front window will appear.

10. Now select device name 89V51RD2.

11. After selection of the chip (P89v51RD2xx) , Port (Com1), Osc.Mhz(11.0592) Browse

for the hex file to be loaded.

12. Press start reset window will appear on the screen.

13. Press reset button on hardware or ON/OFF power for a while to reset to make hardware

in programming mode.

Within 5-6 seconds message will appear

************“FINISHED”.***********

Now press again reset on hardware to see output or to run program.

Result: The program for Relay and Buzzer ON/OFF is performed on the kit.

Experiment No:-10

Objective : Study of Propagation Loss in Optical FiberTo measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber

Apparatus Required:-

1. Digital Communication Trainer ST2502.

2. Oscilloscope.

3. 2 mm patch cords.

Theory :

Attenuation is loss of power. During transit, light pulse lose some of their photons,thus reduce

their amplitude. Attenuation for a fiber is usually specified in decibels perkilometer. For

commercially available fibers attenuation ranges from 1 dB / km forpremium small-core glass

fibers to over 2000 dB / Km for a large core plastic fiber.Loss is by definition negative decibels.

In common usage, discussions of loss omit thenegative sign. The basic measurement for loss in a

fiber is done by taking thelogarithmic ratio of the input power (Pi) to the output power (Po).

Piα (dB) = 10 log10 -------

Powhere α is Loss in dB / Meter

Procedure :

1. Connect Power Supply to board.

2. Make the following connections as shown in figure.

a. Function generator’s 1 KHz sine wave output to Input 1 socket of emitter 1 circuit via

4 mm lead.

b. Connect 0.5 m optic fiber between emitter 1 output and detector l's input.

c. Connect detector 1 output to amplifier 1 input socket via 4mm lead.

3. Switch on the Power Supply.

4. Set the Oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5 V / Div and adjust 4 - 6 div amplitude byusing X 1 probe

with the help of variable pot in function generator block atinput 1 of Emitter 1.

5. Observe the output signal from detector TP10 on CRO.

6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal same as that of transmitted one withthe help of

gain adjust potentiometer in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitudeand name it V1.

7. Now replace the previous FG cable with 1 m cable without disturbing anyprevious setting.

8. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier 1 socketTP 28. Note

this value end name it V2.

Calculate the propagation (attenuation) loss with the help of following formula.

V1 / V2 = e- α (L1 + L2)

Where α is loss in nepers / meter

1 neper = 8. 686 dB

L 1 = length of shorter cable (0.5 m)

L 2 = Length of longer cable (1 m)

Result:- Losses in Optical Fiber has being studied.

Experiment No:-11

Objective:- Prove and Perform the multiplexing using Time division Multiplexing Technique.

Apparatus Required :-

1. Digital Communication Trainer ST2103.

2. Oscilloscope.

3. 2 mm patch cords.

Theory:- Time division multiplexing is a technique of transmitting more than one informationon the same channel. As can be noticed from the fig. 11 below the samples consists of shortpulses followed by another pulse after a long time intervals. This no-activity time intervals canbe used to include samples from the other channels as well. This means that several informationsignals can be transmitted over a single channel by Sending samples from different informationsources at different moments in time. This technique is known as time division multiplexing orTDM. TDM is widely used in digital communication systems to increase the efficiency of thetransmitting medium. TDM can be achieved by electronically switching the samples such thatthey inter leave sequentially at correct instant in time without mutual interference. The basic 4channel TDM is shown in fig

Procedure :

1. Set up the following initial conditions on ST2103:

a) Mode Switch in fast position

b) DC 1 & DC2 Controls in function generator block fully clockwise.

c) ~ 1 KHz and ~2 KHz control levels set to give 10Vpp.

d) Pseudo - random sync code generator on/off switch in OFF Position.

e) Error check code generator switch A & B in A=0 & B=0 position (OFF Mode)

f) All switched faults off.

2. First, connect only the 1KHz output to CH 0

3. Turn ON the power. Check that the PAM output of 1 KHz sine wave is available

4. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to t.p.10 & channel 2 of the oscilloscope to t.p. 15.Observe the timing & phase relation between the sampling signal t.p.10 & the sampledwaveform at t.p.15.

5. Turn OFF the power supply. Now connect also the 2 KHz supply to CH 1.

6. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to t.p. 12 & channel 2 of the oscilloscope

to t.p. 15.

7. Observe & explain the timing relation between the signals at tp 10, 5, 6, 12&15.

Result: - The multiplexing using Time Division Multiplexing is being studied

Experiment No: 12

Objective:

Study the delay between Uplink transmitter and Downlink receiver during data transmission.

Equipments Needed:


2. Dish Antennas



5. Digital Storage Oscilloscope


Procedure:


2. Switch ‘ON’ the transmitter by Mains switch and frequency display will light up.



4. Connect Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.



preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance 5-7m.

7.Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it ‘ON’ by mains switch.



10. Attach Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.

11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line such that both are in parallel

alignment.

12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and transponder receiver frequency

also to 2468 MHz.



15. Select “Data” mode in the uplink transmitter using “Channel Select A”.

16. Select “Data” mode in the downlink receiver using “Channel select A”.

17. To observe data from data generator, toggle the switch provided at Transponder unit to the

Telemetry position.

18. Connect the DSO to “Received Data” section and observe the data.

19. The recommended DSO settings are as follows:

• Adjust the Time/Div knob at 50ms.

• Adjust Volt/Div. Knob at 2V.

• Set appropriate trigger level, so that the signal becomes stable on screen.

Now slightly move the Delay Adjust knob and observe the changes in the Data

stream on DSO.

Result:

The experiment can be useful to observe simulated delay in satellite.

Experiment No: 13

Objective:

To calculate the carrier to noise ratio of established satellite link.

Equipments Needed:


2. Dish Antennas



5. CRO Connecting cables

Procedure:




changed from 2450-2468 MHz









11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line such that both are in parallel

alignment.

12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and transponder receiver frequency also to

2468 MHz.



15. Disable Tone mode for transmission. In this case only carrier will get transmitted from

uplink transmitter.

16. Observe the Carrier waveform on Spectrum Analyzer and measure its power (It is power of

Carrier and Noise without any input, say it “C1”).

17. Now switch “OFF” the uplink transmitter and measure the power again (It is power of

Noise, say it “N”).

18. Now subtract amplitude of noise from previously received signal (Carrier + noise), you

can get actual Carrier signal amplitude (say it “C”).

19.Calculate Carrier to noise ratio from the formula.

Carrier to noise ratio = C / N

Carrier to noise ratio (in dB) = 20 log C / N

Result:

Signal to noise ratio (in numeric) =_____

Signal to noise ratio (in dB) =_____dB

Experiment No: 14

Objective:

To calculate signal to noise ratio of established satellite link.

Equipments Needed:


2. Dish Antennas



5. CRO Connecting cables.

Procedure:













11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line, such that both are in parallel

alignment.

12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and transponder receiver frequency

also to 2468 MHz.



15. Now Select the Tone from “Channel Select B”, so as to transmit tone signal from Uplink

transmitter.

16. Make the Downlink Receiver in Tone mode with the help of “Channel Select B”.

17. Observe Tone Signal on CRO and measure its amplitude. (The received tone has original signal

and noise both, say it “S1” ).

18. Now change “Tone mode” to any other mode with the help of “Channel Select B” of the

uplink transmitter and again measure amplitude of received signal at downlink receiver (This

signal have only noise, say it “N”).

19.Now subtract amplitude of noise from previously received signal (Tone + noise), you can

get actual tone signal amplitude (say it “S”).

20. Calculate signal to noise ratio from the formula.

Signal to noise ratio = S / N

Signal to noise ratio (in dB) = 20 log S / N

Result:

Signal to noise ratio (in numeric) =_____

Signal to noise ratio (in dB) =_____dB

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