Lab Report Group 3 Distillation

Binary Distillation University of Illinois at Chicago

Binary Distillation–Pre Lab

This schematic illustrates what happens in a distillation column. A liquid mixture is fed into the distillation column. On entering the column, the heated feed is partially vaporized and rises up the column. However, as it rises, it cools by contacting the descending cooler liquid and partially condenses so that, while part of vapor continues to flow upward, the condensed portion is enriched in the less volatile component(s) and flows downward. As the vapor continues to flow upward, it undergoes partial condensation a number of times and each time becomes richer in the more volatile component(s).

Unit Operations Lab 4March 11, 2010

Group 3Shrikant ShahBrandon Farr

Alex GeorgMichael Ogiefo

Mohammed KhatibGhassan Alkhateeb

Unit Operations ChE-382 Group No. 3 p. 1 Spring 2010 3/11/2010Shah, Farr, Georg, Ogiefo, Khatib, Alkhateeb

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Condensation&action=edit&redlink=1


Table of Contents1. WP&C................................................................................................................................................2

1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3

2. Theory................................................................................................................................................5

3. Apparatus.........................................................................................................................................13

4. Materials and Supplies....................................................................................................................18

5. Procedure.........................................................................................................................................19

8. Error Analysis..................................................................................................................................21

9. References........................................................................................................................................22

1. WP&C

What is the purpose of this experiment?



The purpose of this experiment is separate a mixture of a 5% wt methanol-water solution in a binary distillation column. About 0.1-2 GPM of methanol-water mixture will be introduced into the round bottom flask of the column. The column will operate at temperatures ranging from 0-100oC. The column will be run and allowed to reach steady state before samples from the six stages will be obtained and tested with a Refractometer to eventually obtain the methanol concentration in each stage.

What are the hazards associated with the experiment?

1. Methanol is relatively toxic fluid. It can cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation when carelessly exposed to lab personnel.

2. The electrical wires for the thermocouples are carelessly exposed. If lab personnel were to accidentally touch them while conducting experiment, they run the risk of an electric shock.

3. The persistent use of fluids like water and methanol could lead to fluid spillage. If lab personnel were to walk over an affected area, they run the risk of injuries due to a fall.

How will the experiment be conducted in a safe manner?

1. Lab personnel should wear gloves, goggles, slip resistant shoes, and a facemask when conducting experiment especially when handling the methanol.

2. Paper towels or task wipers should be in close proximity to clean up any fluid spills that may occur during experiment.

3. The Distillation column should not be heated until the mixture has reached the Reboiler section of unit.

What safety controls are in place?

1. There is a failsafe valve present that allows the removal of fluids incase the unit gets flooded.

Describe safe and unsafe ranges of operations.

1. The operating flow rates of water should be between 0-2 GPM. All relevant data can be obtained in this range. An increase flow rate between 3-10 GPM could be hazardous due to increased pressure.

Signatures: Shrikant Shah

Brandon Farr

Alex Georg

Michael Ogiefo

Mohammed Khatib

Ghassan Alkhateeb



1. Introduction

Distillation is a physical separation process that uses the differences in volatility between

compounds in a liquid mixture. Binary distillation separates two liquid components from one

another. All fluids possess some degree of volatility that is a measure of their tendency to

vaporize. A higher volatile compound such as methanol will vaporize more quickly when

compared to water under the same atmospheric conditions. Boiling the two components would

also make the difference even more apparent, as the less volatile water would boil at a higher

temperature than the methanol. More importantly, even when two components are mixed

together, the unique physical properties of the individual component still causes the more volatile

component to vaporize faster. This is what ultimately makes distillation possible.

A single step of distillation uses these principles of volatility to achieve a separation of

compounds at equilibrium. At the boiling point of a mixture, the more volatile component exists

as a greater fraction in the vapor than it will in the liquid. In a methanol-water mixture,

distillation would yield a greater mole fraction of methanol in the vapor than in the liquid.

Condensing the vapor and adding more distillation steps or stages in series is the basis for

continuous distillation. When a continuous system is arranged vertically, the system is defined

as a distillation column. In such a column, falling liquids vaporize at lower stages and rising

vapors condense at higher ones. A heat source at the bottom of the column enables this action,

creating a decreasing temperature gradient up the column. With more distillation steps greater

purity can be achieved in top and bottom of the column.

Distillation columns are widely used for separations in industry, most notably in

petroleum, natural gas, and chemical processing, as well as any other large-scale liquid



production. In processing petroleum, different hydrocarbons can be separated according to their

volatility. Medicinal herbs can be distilled from plant matter in the pharmaceutical industry.

Methanol is distilled for high alcohol content products such as whiskey.

In this experiment, we will distill a mixture of methanol and water in a column distiller.

The apparatus has six trays that will act as the stages of the continuous distillation. Collection of

the condensate at each of these stages will allow an analysis of the composition at each plate.

The temperature will also be recorded at each stage. Ultimately, decreasing temperatures and

increasing compositions of methanol will be observed up the column. Finally, vapor-liquid

equilibrium data will allow a comparison between experimental results and theoretical trends.

2. Theory

Distillation is the separation, by vaporization, of different components in a mixture

because of the different volatilities that they possess at a given boiling point of the mixture.

When a mixture reaches a specific temperature and pressure a certain amount of the mixture

moves into the vapor phase until the vapor reaches the mixture’s vapor pressure. This point is

known as the vapor-liquid equilibrium. Volatility is a measure of a pure component’s vapor

pressure at a set pressure and temperature in a specific mixture. It is incorrectly assumed that the

components of a mixture will separate based on their boiling points when pure. Rather, the

boiling point of a mixture is based on the total vapor pressure of a mixture, which is a sum of the

vapor pressures of each individual component in the mixture. This is known as Dalton’s law.

Psat=∑ (v pa+v pb …) (1)

Where,



Psat [=] Vapor pressure of mixture [kPa]

v pa [=] Vapor pressure of component a [kPa]

v pb [=] Vapor pressure of component b [kPa]

This means that a component will not boil off “cleanly” meaning it is impossible through

distillation to obtain a pure substance. The vapor created above a mixture is also a mixture of

components. The composition of the vapor is based on the volatility of each of the substances.

Raoult’s law helps us to determine what the volatility, or “K value” of a substance. This in turn

allows us to find the mole fraction of a component in the vapor phase.

ya=v pa ∙ xa

psat (2)

Where:

ya [=] mole fraction of component a in vapor phase (dimensionless)

v pa [=] vapor pressure of component a [kPa]

xa [=] mole fraction of component a in liquid phase (dimensionless)

Psat [=] Vapor pressure of mixture [kPa]

Not all mixtures obey Raoult’s law. Some components that have high solubility with each

other form azeotrope. An azeotrope is a mixture that has either a higher or lower boiling point

than the boiling point of any of the pure components. This means that when a mixture reaches an

azeotrope, such as ethanol and water at 95.6 % water, it behaves as a pure substance.



The simplest of all distillation techniques is called flash distillation. Flash distillation occurs

when a mixture at a specific temperature and pressure is allowed to drop in pressure. This

changes the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the mixture and creates a vapor rich in the most volatile

component(s). This is also the crudest form of distillation and does not allow for refinement of

the distillates.

A more complicated form of distillation is batch distillation. Batch distillation uses both a

boiler and a condenser, but only allows one separation, or cut, to be taken from the mixture.

Figure 1: A schematic of a typical continuous distillation tower. A is the kettle that holds the liquid mixture, B is the Reboiler that adds heat to the mixture, C is the distillation column that holds the trays or packing, D is the condenser that turns the distillate to a liquid product.

Continuous distillation is the most complicated and most common form. It has a boiler,

condenser and multiple trays or packing which allows the vapor to condense as it moves up the



column and cools. The trays or packing allows for a better separation of the components in the

mixture which in the end gives purer products. It also adds a lot of complexity to the system.

Figure 2: A typical tray in a distillation column. A is the tray itself, B are the holes in the tray that allow the vapor to pass through the tray, C and D are the tubes that allow liquid to pass from one tray to another. As the vapor moves up the column it gets progressively cooler which allows some of the mixture to condense and further concentrates the vapor with the lightest component(s).



Figure 3: This shows a simple McCabe-Thiele diagram. The number of steps corresponds to the number of trays needed for a given mixture.

Determining the size of the tower and the number of trays needed was historically a very

difficult process involving many calculations. The McCabe-Thiele method greatly simplified that

process. The method uses a graphical representation of the material balance equations as

operating lines on a graph of the liquid composition (x-axis) and the vapor composition (y-axis).

The bottom line in Figure 3 is the x-y line. This starts at the origin and ends where x and y both

equal 1.This line would represent a distillation column that operated at total reflux and total boil-

up, meaning that all of the vapor and all of the liquid is recycled back into the system. The next

line added is the vapor –liquid equilibrium line for a binary system which is found

experimentally. By moving step-wise between the two lines we can find the number of



theoretical plates needed for a specific separation of a binary mixture and the liquid and vapor

composition at any point in the distillation column. These stage lines can be seen in Figure 3.

Figure 4: McCabe-Thiele diagram with operating lines and feed line added.

In practice, we want to draw a purified product out of the column in the form of either a

distillate (top of the column) or the bottoms product (bottom of the column) or both. This

requires a column that operates at a partial reflux and/or a partial boil-up ratio. This means that

we cannot use the x-y line for such a column. In Figure 4 we see the addition of a line for reflux

ratio (slope L/V) and a line for the boil-up (slope L’/V’). The boil-up line’s slope increases as we



increase the amount of bottoms product that we remove from the system. Subsequently, as we

remove more distillate as product we decrease the slope of the top operating line, which is the

line for the reflux ratio. By changing the amount of liquid re-boiled, which is liquid returned to

the column as a vapor, or by changing the amount of vapor refluxed, returned to the column as a

liquid, we change the number of theoretical plates necessary for a given separation. The q

(quality) line in Figure 4 is the feed line which is the composition of the stream entering the

distillation column. We can see from the diagram in Figure 4 that where that line intersects with

the two operating lines is the feed stage, or the tray at where the incoming stream enters.

The quality q is defined as:

q= L−LF

≈H−h f

H−h (3)

Where:

q [=] quality of the feed (dimensionless)

L [=] liquid flow rate below the feed (mol/hr)

L [=] liquid flow rate above the feed (kJ/kg)

F [=] feed flow rate (mol/hr)

H [=] saturated vapor enthalpy of feed (kJ/kg)

hf [=] enthalpy of feed (kJ/kg)

h [=] saturated liquid enthalpy of feed (kJ/kg)

The feed line can then be defined as:



y=( qq−1 )x+

ZF

1−q (4)

Where:

y [=] vapor mole fraction of methanol (dimensionless)

q [=] quality of the feed (dimensionless)

x [= ] liquid mole fraction of methanol (dimensionless)

ZF [=] mole fraction of methanol in feed (dimensionless)

The top operating line is defined as

y=

L0

D

(1+L0

D)

x+(1−L0

D

1+L0

D)x D (5)

Where:

y [=] vapor mole fraction of methanol (dimensionless)

L0 [=] liquid reflux rate into column (mol/hr)

D [=] distillate flow rate (mol/hr)

x [=] liquid mole fraction of methanol (dimensionless)

xD [=] mole fraction of methanol in distillate (dimensionless)

The McCabe-Thiele method is widely used for binary mixtures. When dealing with multi-

component mixtures addition assumptions and calculations are necessary. There are a number of

issues that need to be watched when sizing a continuous distillation column properly. They are:



Foaming- foaming occurs when the gas passing upward causing the liquid to bubble

excessively. While this normally depends on the properties of the liquid, it can also be caused by

improper tray designs.

Entrainment- Occurs when the vapor velocity is too high due to a column having too

small of a diameter. This causes liquid to be held up at the trays and does not allow proper

circulation of the liquid.

Weeping- Occurs when the vapor velocity is too low. When the velocity drops too low,

liquid starts to fall, or weep, through the holes in the plates. This does not allow enough liquid to

get to the re-boiler which means that the entire column needs to be shut down and re-started.

Flooding- This occurs when liquid entrainment become too severe. This causes a large

pressure drop in the column and contaminates the distillate.



3. Apparatus

Figure 5 represents the Binary Distillation apparatus without any of the support beams. The column is constructed of a round bottom flask (7) which holds a methanol- water solution. This solution is distilled by applying electrical energy to the heating jacket (24) which heats up the solution causing the volatile liquids and gases to rise. Total reflux occurs in the system by feeding cooling water (10) into a cooling coil (16) at the top of the column. Thermocouples (T1-T9) measure the temperatures at various points in the system and output them onto an electrical temperature monitor (21). Liquid and gaseous samples are taken at ever one of the 6 stages via sample ports (L1-L6 &G1-G6) and tested with a Refractometer to calculate the density and eventually the composition of the samples.


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6G6

G5

G4

G3

G2

G1

16

9

10

1112

13

14

15

T9

T7

T6

T5

T3T4

T2

T1

17

18

21

20

1923

T8

8

22

24


Table 1: Binary Distillation Apparatus Summary (For Figure 5)Component No. Apparatus Component Manufacturer Description Notes/Safety

1 Water Connection for Apparatus ChE Unit Ops Water supplied by lab Check for leaks and cracks.

Clean up spills immediately.

2 Water Supply Valve MCD Used to load water into Storage Tank. Check for leaks and cracks that could cause malfunctions.

3 Funnel Na Used to ease filling of solutions Do not overfill

4 13 Gallon Feed Tank Nalgene Used to load 5 mol% ethanol solution before filling flask

Check for cracks and overall structural integrity.

5 Feed Supply Valve Nalgene Only open when filling round bottom flask

Check for leaks and cracks that could cause malfunctions.

6 Three way valve Swagelok Valve is labeled to either drain, fill or prevent loss

Check for leaks and cracks that could cause malfunctions.

7 Round Bottom Flask Na Used to hold the Methanol-water solution

Do not heat when empty!! Ensure flask is cooled before

adding any fluid Look for any leaks or cracks before adding

solution or heat.

8 Valves & Sample Ports NalgeneLocated at different heights along the

column to obtain experimental samples

Check for cracks and leaks that could cause malfunctions.

9 Glass sections of column Na

Each section at collection point is pieced together. The top piece

contains the cooling water tubes and a narrowed opening so that total reflux

can be assumed.

Examine entire column for any leaks, cracks or anything that

could fracture structural integrity

10 Cooling water Connection for Apparatus. ChE Unit Ops Cooling water is supplied by lab

Always open when distillation column is in operation to supply

ample cold water.

11 Cooling Water Supply Valve Cold Chicago Faucets

Used to start flow of cooling water into system.

Always open when distillation column is in operation to supply

ample cold water.

12Cold Water Temperature

GaugeMarsh Instrument

CompanyMeasures the temperature of the

incoming cooling water.Range: 0-60 oF, Increments: 1 oF

13 Cooling Water Apparatus Valve

Cold Chicago Faucets

Used to start flow of cooling water into apparatus.

Check for leaks and cracks. Always open when distillation

column is in operation to supply ample cold water.

14 Cold Water Rotameter(Measures in liquid GPM)

Schutte & Koerting Co.

Measures flow of cooling water into cooling coil.

(Measures in liquid GPM)

Check for leaks and cracks that could cause malfunction

15 Temperature Gauge MoellerMeasures temperature of cooling

water before entering cooling coil in degrees Celsius.

Check for any leaks or cracks that could cause malfunctions.

16 Cooling Coil NaCoil where heat transfer takes place between distillate and cooling water

to provide total reflux.


17 Temperature Gauge WekslerMeasures temperature of cooling water exiting column in degrees

Celsius.


18 Cold Water Drain Valve Cold Chicago Faucets

Allows cooling water to exit system and drain.

Check for any leaks or cracks that could spill water

19 Heat Controller Na Used to turn on heaters individually including heating jacket.


20 Heat Supply for Heating Jacket Powerstat Conducts electricity and passes it into

the heating jacketExamine for loose wires or

malfunction21 Digital Temperature Monitor Monogram Displays temperature taken at the Check for loose wires or



different thermocouples. malfunctions that may be causedby leaks.

22 Thermocouples Omega

Measure temperature at different stages in distillation column.Reading outputs on Digital

temperature display

Make sure probes are secure and allow no leaks to touch them.

23Power switch for heater

Square D Safety Switch

Controls the electricity passing into the electric heating jacket turning it

either on or off.

Do not turn on unless cold water is flowing. Monitor temperatures

and adjust as needed.

24Electric Heating Jacket Na

Heats the bottom of the distillation column electrically. Very HOT. Exercise extreme

caution during operation.

Table 2: Binary Distillation Thermocouple Summary (For Figure 5)Component No. Apparatus Component Manufacturer Description Notes/Safety

T1 Round Bottom Flask Thermocouple Omega Measures temperature of solution in

round bottom flask.Make sure probe is secure and

tube is filled with white oil.

T2Stage 1 Thermocouple Omega Measures the temperature at stage 1.

Pay close attention to temperature so column does not

overheat.



overheat.



overheat.



overheat.



overheat.



overheat.

T8Thermocouple above Stage 6 Omega

Measures the temperature above stage 6.


overheat.

T9Thermocouple placed before

cooling coilOmega

Measures the temperature of the cooling water before it is introduced

into the cooling coil.


overheat.



Table 3: Binary Distillation Sample Port Summary (For Figure 5)Component

No. Apparatus Component Manufacturer Description Notes/Safety

G1 Gas Sample Collection Port for stage 1. Na

Gas sample collected from the stage 1 sample plate via a sealed tube and release valve

(collection port).

Keep watch for leaks. Close when not in use. Keep samples cold by collecting samples with

ice. Clean up any spillage immediately.

G2Gas Sample Collection Port

for stage 2.Na


(collection port).




for stage 3.Na


(collection port).




for stage 4.Na


(collection port).




for stage 5.Na

Gas sample collected from the stage5 sample plate via a sealed tube and release valve

(collection port).




for stage 6.Na


(collection port).



L1Liquid Sample Collection Port

for stage 1.Na Liquid sample collected from the stage 1 sample

plate via a sealed tube and release valve (collection port).




for stage 2.Na

Liquid sample collected from the stage 2 sample plate via a sealed tube and release valve

(collection port).




for stage 3.Na


(collection port).




for stage 4.Na


(collection port).




for stage 5.Na

Liquid sample collected from the stage5 sample plate via a sealed tube and release valve

(collection port).




for stage 6.Na


(collection port).





4. Materials and Supplies

Table 4: Binary Distillation Materials and Supplies SummaryMaterial Name Manufacturer Description/ Info Notes/Safety

Tap Water Lake Michigan Used in preparation of Methanol-water solution.

Clean up any spillage immediately.

White Oil Chevron Superla 5

Used inside the temperature probe tube within the round bottom

flask.

Clean up any spillage immediately. Do not ingest

Methanol Aldrich Chemical Company

99.8% Methanol used to prepare water-methanol solution that is then fed

into the distillation column.

Will vaporize at room temperature and is toxic.

Do not allow to escape through top of distillation

column by circulating ample cold water. Clean

up any spillage immediately. Do not ingest

Ice From Unit OPS LabUsed to cool test tubes to ensure vaporization does

not occur in samples.

Clean up any spillage immediately. Try to keep

samples cold to ensure vaporization does not

occur.

MicropipetteNa

Used to transfer samples from apparatus to test

tubes.

Clean up any glass breakage immediately if it

occurs.

Test TubesKimble Glass Company

Used to hold test solutions to use in Refractometer for

sample results.

Clean up any glass breakage immediately if it

occurs.

Refractometer Bausch & Lomb

Used in the experiment to obtain the refractive index

that can be used to calculate density once

calibrated.

Use caution when handling. Calibrate before

operation.

Graduated CylinderNalgene

Used to measure Methanol and H2O to make the

solutionClean up any spillage

immediately.

Task wipersKimberly Clark

Professional

Used to clean equipment before, during, and after

operations.Clean any mess or spillage

promptly.



5. Procedure

Distillation Column Operation :

1. Make a 5 mol% methanol solution by mixing it with water in the 13 gallon feed tank (4) using graduated cylinders for measurement.

Note: make sure not to over fill the round bottom flask (7). It only needs to be filled halfway or until the thermocouple (T1) is in contact with the mixture.

2. Pour the methanol-water mixture into the feed container and turn ON the three-way valve in order to fill up the round bottom flask.

3. Open the cooling water supply valves (11 & 13) to supply cooling water to the distillation column.

4. Start up the distillation column by turning on the power supply switches (22) to supply heat to the distillation column.

5. Record the temperature of each of the thermocouples (T1-T9) located throughout the column by analyzing the digital temperature monitor (21). Also record the readings of the inlet cooling water temperature gauge (12), the outlet cooling water temperature gauge (17), the inlet cooling water pressure gauge (15), and the cooling water rotameter (14).

6. Make sure to collect the samples at each stage via the sample ports (G1-G6 &L1-L6) of the distillation column and record the index of refraction by using the Refractometer.

7. After the distillation process is done, make sure to turn OFF the heater power supply, and the cooling water supply.

Operating the Bausch & Lomb Abbe-3L Refractometer:

1. Make mixtures from 10% Methanol with water to 100% Methanol in small test tubes using a pipette.

2. Turn ON the Refractometer and the water heating system.

3. Open the prism assembly and remove the tissue.

4. Use a capillary tube to apply your liquid sample to the prism and close the prism assembly.



NOTE: Be careful not to let the glass pipette tip touch the prism since this may scratch the prism glass.

5. Adjust the toric lens, so the light shines on the prism and look through the eyepiece.

6. Analyze the index of refraction of the sample:

a. When the index of refraction of your sample is close enough, then you will see lighter region on the top and darker region on the bottom.

b. If you cannot distinguish between these two regions then adjust the compensator scale dial of the machine and the toric lens until the dark and light region is completely separated.

Note: it is an iteration process between adjusting the light and the focus wheel located on the front of the Refractometer.

c. Once the clear distinguishable line between dark and light region is seen then press the momentary contact switch located on the left hand side of the machine until you see the scale. Then read off the index of refraction by looking at the top scale and the refined bottom scale.

7. After you have noted down the index of refraction, record the temperature by reading the temperature scale.

8. Make sure to clean the prism after testing each sample with a solvent and dabbing it with tissue.



8. Error Analysis

Table 5: Sources of Uncertainty for Binary Distillation Lab

Component Manufacturer Uncertainty Expected Description

100 mL Graduated Cylinder Nalgene ± 0.5mLThe 100mL graduated cylinder measures

liquid in increments of 1mL. The lines can be accurately read to within ± 0.5mL

Electronic Balance Denver Instrument Co. ±0.01gVia the manufacture’s website, the scale used in this experiment has an associated

uncertainty of ±0.01g

Temperature Gauges

Weksler

&

Moeller

± 1 oF

The temperature gauges measure in increments of 2 oF. By dividing the

increments by 2 the expected uncertainty can be projected to be ± 1 oF.

Digital Temperature Monitor Monogram ± 0.1 oC

The temperature monitor measures in increments of 0.1 oC. The readings are

accurate when the column reaches steady state and according to the manufacturer’s

website, are accurate to ± 0.1 oC.

RefractometerBausch & Lomb ±0.0001

The Refractometer measures the refractive index of a mixture in increments of 0.0002. However, the values can be read accurately

to the nearest 0.0001.

Listed above are components of the binary distillation lab whose specific uncertainties would directly affect our recoded data. If these uncertainties were to occur, they would affect our overall results by adding specific uncertainties to them.



9. References

1. Wankat, Phillip C.; Separation Process Engineering, second edition, Prentice Hall, 2007

2. R. Bird, W. Stewart, E. Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. Wiley, 2006

3. Towler, G. and Sinnott, R., Chemical Engineering Design: Principles. BH, 2008

4. W. McCabe, J. Smith, and P. Harriot, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2005.

5. M. J. Moran, H. N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. 5th ed. Wiley, 2004

6. Edited by Don Green; John Perry’s Chemical engineering Handbook, seventh edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997

7. Dean, John A., “Lange's Handbook of Chemistry,” 15th edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.

8. Felder, Richard M., and Ronald W. Rousseau. Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes. 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.

9. Bennett C.O., Myers J.E., Momentum, Heat, and Mass transfer. 3rd edition New York. McGraw-Hill, 1982.

10. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

11. Website: http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/distil/distil0.htm


http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/distil/distil0.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

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Lab Report Group 3 Distillation

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