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ABSTRACT

 The experiment is conduct to determine the densities of dierent sample of 

drilling mud. The sample that were used are water based mud and oil based

mud. Two types of equipment were used in this experiment which are

hydrometer and mud balance. Hydrometer is an instrument used to

measure the specic gravity (S! of liquids which is the ratio of of density of 

liquid to the density of water. "ud balance is used to get the value more

accurate. #t can be directly give the measurement of mud density. The

density for oil based mud by using mud balance apparatus and hydrometer

were $.%$ S and $.&% S respectively. 'or water based mud the density by

using mud balance apparatus is $.$) S and by using hydrometer is $.*$ S.

'rom the experiment it showed that the densities of oil based mud more

highest compared with the water based mud. The value of mud balance foroil based mud and water based mud after multiplication with density of 

water is $%$+ ,g-m* and $$)+ ,g-m* respectively. 'or hydrometer equipment

the nal answer for oil based mud and water based mud are $&%+ ,g-m* and

$*$+ ,g-m* respectively.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

#n the petroleum eld drilling is the important activity because it is playingwith a very high pressure in subsurface and it is the last step in determines

the possibly commercial oil and gas. This process requires the best

equipments in order to avoid any problems while drilling because it ta,es a

millions dollar for a single well. Thus the engineer must ensure that the

equipments apparatus and every parameter are in control and supervision

as well.

ne of the important materials which must be emphasi/ed is drillingmud. 0rilling mud is a mixture of clay with either with oil (oil-based drilling

mud! water (water-based drilling mud! a mixture of oil and water (emulsion

mud! or a synthetic oil and brine (synthetic-based drilling mud!. 1hile

operating drilling the well the drilling mud is in2ected in the well for many

function as such to cool and lubricate the bit and cleaning the well from

cuttings by bring it to the surface. 0rilling34uid systems are designed and

formulated to perform e5ciently under expected wellbore conditions.

6dvances in drilling34uid technology have made it possible to implement a

cost3eective t3for3purpose system for each interval in the well3

construction process.

0rilling mud is very considering its density. "ud weight or mud density

is one of the important drilling 4uid properties because it balances and

controls formation pressure. "oreover it also helps wellbore stability. 0ensity

is a measurement of 4uid weight per unit volume. The density of the drilling

mud must be controlled to avoid adequate hydrostatic head to prevent in4ux

of formation 4uids but not so high as to cause loss of circulation or adversely

aect the drilling rate and damaging the formation. 7roper control of drillingmud density can reduce formation damage improve drilling-penetration rate

and improve hole stability. "ud balance and hydrometer are used to

determine density of drilling 4uid. Hydrometer is used to measure the

specic gravity (S! of liquids that is the ratio of the density of the liquid to

the density of water. "easuring density with mud balance is more accurate.

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2.0 OBJECTIVES

 The experiment is conducted in the laboratory for observe some ob2ectives

which are8

$. To determine the densities of dierent sample of drilling mud9. To observe the densities of drilling mud using two dierent apparatus

3.0 THEORY 

0rilling 4uid is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. :iquid

drilling 4uid is often called drilling mud. Three main categories of drilling 4uid

are water based mud oil based mud and gaseous based mud. 'unctions of 

drilling 4uids are to prevent formation 4uids from entering into the well bore

,eeping the drill bit cool and clean during drilling and carrying out drillcuttings.

"ost basic water3based mud systems begin with water then clays and

other chemicals are incorporated into the water to create a homogenous

blend resembling something between chocolate mil, and a malt. The clay

(called ;shale; in its roc, form! is usually a combination of native clays that

are suspended in the 4uid while drilling or specic types of clay that are

processed and sold as additives for the 1<" system. The most common of 

these is bentonite frequently referred to in the oileld as ;gel;. el li,ely

ma,es reference to the fact that while the 4uid is being pumped it can be

very thin and free34owing (li,e chocolate mil,! though when pumping is

stopped the static 4uid builds a ;gel; structure that resists 4ow il3based

mud can be a mud where the base 4uid is a petroleum product such as

diesel fuel and used for many reasons some being increased lubricity

enhanced shale inhibition and greater cleaning abilities with less viscosity.

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il3based mud also withstand greater heat without brea,ing down. The

use of oil3based mud has special considerations. These include cost

environmental considerations such as disposal of cuttings in an appropriate

place to isolate possible environmental contamination and the exploratorydisadvantages of using oil based mud especially in wildcat wells due

inability to analy/e oil shows in cuttings because the oil based mud has

4uorescence confusing with the original oil of formation. The density of 

drilling mud can be an important factor because mud density can aect the

rate of penetration borehole stability trans+prt and settling rate of sample

cuttings. #ts also must be controlled to provide adequate hydrostatic head to

prevent in4ux of formation 4uids but not so high as to cause loss of 

circulation of adversely aect the drilling rate and damaging the formation.

7roper control of drilling 4uid density can improve drilling or penetration

rates reduce formation or aquifer damage and improve hole stability.

 Two types of equipment can be used to determine the density of 

drilling 4uid are hydrometer and mud balance. Hydrometer is an instrument

to measure the specic gravity (S! of liquids which is the ratio of the

density of liquid to the density of the water. 1hile the mud balance can be

directly give the measurement of mud density more accurate compare to the

hydrometer equipment. The common units for the mud densities given by

mud balance are lbs-ft* psi-$+++ft and Specic ravity (S!.

Specic gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density

(mass of the same unit volume! of a reference substance. Specic gravity

varies with temperature and pressure= reference and sample must be

compared at the same temperature and pressure or corrected to a standard

reference temperature and pressure. Substances with a specic gravity of $

are neutrally buoyant in water those with S greater than one are denser

than water and so (ignoring surface tension eects! will sin, in it and thosewith an S of less than one are less dense than water and so will 4oat.

Specic gravity can be expressed mathematically as 8

S > ρsample

 ρwater( H 2

O)

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4.0 APPARATUS

#n this experiment the densities of dierent drilling mud are determined

using two types of apparatus which are "ud <alance 6pparatus andHydrometer. ther apparatus used are mixer and %++ml measuring cylinder.

'igure ?.$8 "ud <alance 6pparatus

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'igure ?.98 Hydrometer

"aterial used in this experiment8

$. 1ater3based drilling mud9. il3based drilling mud

5.0 PROCEDURES

$. 1ater3based drilling mud is poured into mixer cup about more than a

half of a cup and mixing using the mixer for % minutes.9. The mud cup is lled up with the drilling 4uid and covered. #t got wiped

down due to the over4owing liquid from the sides and the opening on

the lid. This over4owing show that the trapped gas-air bubbles if anyhave been expelled.

*. The ,nife edge is set into the fulcrum and the sliding weight is moved

along the graduated arm until the cup and arm are balanced.?. The reading of specic gravity of drilling mud is observed and

recorded.

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%. The drilling mud is lled up into measuring cylinder about ?++ml of 

drilling mud. Thoroughly the hydrometer is clean before it being used.@. The hydrometer is immersed in the lled cylinder and the reading of 

specic gravity is recorded.&. The experiment is repeated until step @ by replace water3based drilling

mud with oil3based drilling mud.

6.0 RESULTS

 Table @.$8 Specic ravity for dierent types of drilling mud using dierent

method

Meth!  S"e#$%# &'()$t* +S&,

O$-/(e! (te'/(e!"ud balance apparatus $.%$ $.$)

Hydrometer $.&% $.*$

 Table @.98 0ensity for dierent types of drilling mud using dierent method

Meth!  De$t* +3,

O$-/(e! (te'/(e!

"ud balance apparatus $%$+ $$)+Hydrometer $&%+ $*$+

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7.0 SAMPLE O8 CALCULATION

• Aalculation to get the density of oil3based drilling mud using mud

balance8

 Density of drilling fluid , ρ=SG× ρwater  

> $.%$ B $+++ ,g-m*

  > $%$+ ,g-m*

9.0 DISCUSSION

 The experiment is conducted due to a few ob2ectives which are to determine

the densities of dierent sample of drilling mud and to observe the densities

of drilling mud using two dierent apparatus which is mud balance and

hydrometer.

 The results in Table %.$ show the specic gravity (S! obtained and

 Table %.9 show the density for each method and types of drilling mud. 'or the

experiment using mud balance apparatus the reading of specic gravity for

oil3based drilling mud and water3based drilling mud are $.%$ and $.$)respectively. 'or hydrometer the reading of specic gravity for oil3based

drilling mud is $.&% and $.*$ for water3based drilling mud. Table %.9 shows

that the density of oil3based drilling mud and water3based drilling mud using

mud balance apparatus are $%$+ ,g-m* and $$)+ ,g-m* respectively. <y

using hydrometer the density of oil3based drilling mud and water3based

drilling mud are $&%+ ,g-m* and $*$+ ,g-m* respectively.

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'rom the result obtained the density of both drilling mud using mud

balance apparatus are smaller than using the hydrometer. This is due to the

accuracy of the mud balance apparatus is higher than the accuracy of the

hydrometer. Thus the apparatus give the dierent reading of density.

:.0 CONCLUSION

'rom the experiment it can be concluded that the densities of oil based by

using mud balance apparatus and hydrometer apparatus which are $.%$ S

and $.&% S or $%$+ ,g-m* and $&%+ ,g-m* is more highest compared to the

water based mud which are $.$) S and $.*$ S or $$)+ ,g-m* and $*$+

,g-m*  respectively. <y using hydrometer mud was put around ?++ ml in

measuring cylinder to get the result in this experiment.

10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

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#n order to improve the experiment for the future these some

recommendations are suggested8

$! Cepeat the experiment three times to get the accurate value.9! 7ut the mud balance at the 4at surface to get the more precise value.*! Alean up and ma,e sure there is no any 4uid stic, around mud balance

to avoid error reading.

11.0 RE8ERRENCES

$. http8--pete.metu.edu.tr-les-9$@labmanual.pdf 

9. http8--global.britannica.com-D<chec,ed-topic-$&$@%%-drilling3mud

*. http8--www.drillingahead.com-proles-blogs-mud3weight3or3mud3

densityEix//9iTtsFrG 

?.http8--boo,s.google.com.my-boo,s

id>iSe:vABI,JAKpg>76FKlpg>76FKdq>determinationLofLdrillingLmudL

densitiesKsource>blKots>Gr"H@6wAMIKsig>#)76*F<&&'Na&BblxuSbsJem

yDKhl>enKsa>BKei>#hmJt:2omlrNe?ON0wKsqi>9KredirPesc>yEv>onep

ageKq>determinationQ9+ofQ9+drillingQ9+mudQ9+densitiesKf>false

%.http8--en.wi,ipedia.org-wi,i-0rillingP4uid

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@. Rorman M. Hyne (9++$! Ron3Technical uide to 7etroleum eology Dxploration

0rilling and 7roduction 9nd Ddition 7enn 1ell Aorporation.

&. :ab "anual= Geology and Drilling Laboratory . 'aculty of Ahemical Dngineering

(9+$*!

APPENDICES

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'igure above shows the drilling 4uid is mixed in the mixer

'igure above shows the drilling 4uid is lled up into mud cup fully

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'igure above shows the specic gravity is measured using hydrometer