LABOR LAW and SOCIAL LEGISLATIONS 2005 BAR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS and ANSWERS Questions Answes GENERAL PRINCIPLES Rights of the Employer Manageme nt Prerogative Benets Unilateral ly Given Little an!s Garment Company " an #norgani$e! man#fa%t#rer of %hil!ren&s apparel 'ith aro#n! ("))) 'or*ers" s#+ere! losses for the rst time in history 'hen its US an! E#ropean %#stomers shifte! their h#ge or!ers to China an! Bangla!esh, -he management informe! its employees that it %o#l! no longer a+or! to provi!e transportation sh#ttle servi%es, Conse.#ently " it anno#n%e! that a nominal fare 'o#l! /e %harge! !epen!ing on the !istan%e travele! /y the 'or*ers availing of the servi%e, 0as the Little an!s Garments Company 'ithin its rights to 'ith!ra' this /enet 'hi%h it ha! #nilaterally /een provi!ing to its employees1 Sele%t the /est ans'er2s3 an! /rie4y e5plain yo#r reason2s3 therefor , 2a3 6es" /e%a#se it %an 'ith!ra' a /enet that is #nilaterally given7 2/3 6es" /e%a#se it is s#+ering losses for the rst time7 2%3 6 es" /e%a#se this is a management preroga tive 'hi %h is not !#e to any legal or %ontra%t#al o/ligation7 2!3 No" /e%a#se thi s amo#nt s to a AL TERNATI!E ANSWER" 2/3 6es" /e%a#se it is s#+ering losses for the rst time7 2%3 6es" /e%a#se this is a management prerogative 'hi%h is not !#e any legal or %ontra%t#al o/ligation7 An employer %annot /e for%e! to %ontin#e giving a /enet" /eing given as a management prerogative" 'hen it %an no longer a+or! to pay for it, -o hol! other'ise" 'o#l! /e to penali$e the employer for his past generosity, 2Pro!#%er8s Ban* of the Philipp ines v, NLRC" G,R, No, ())9)(" Mar%h :;" :))(3 AL TERNATI!E ANSWER" 2!3 No" /e%a#se this amo#nts to a !imin#tion of /enets 'hi%h is prohi/ite! /y the La/or Co!e7 2e3 No" /e%a#se it is a fringe /enet that has alrea!y ripene! into a !eman!a/le right or entitlement, A %ompany pra%ti%e favora/le to employees ha! in!ee! /een esta/lishe! an! the payments ma!e p#rs#ant thereto" ripene! into /enets en<oye! /y them, An! any /enet an! s#pplement /eing en<oye! /y the employees %annot /e re!#%e!" !iminishe!" !is%ontin#e! or eliminate! /y the employer /y virt#e of
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7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
!imin#tion of /ene ts 'hi%h isprohi/ite! /y the La/or Co!e7
2e3 No" /e%a#se it is a fringe /ene tthat has alrea!y ripene! into a!eman!a/le right or entitlement,2()=3
Arti%le ()) of the La/or Co!eof the Philippines 'hi%hprohi/its the !imin#tion orelimination of the employer of the employees8 e5isting/ene ts, 2Sevilla -ra!ing Co,
v, Semana" G,R, No, (>:?>@"
April :;" :))?3 ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"2/3 6es" /e%a#se it is s#+eringlosses for the rst time72!3 No" /e%a#se this amo#ntsto a !imin#tion of /ene ts'hi%h is prohi/ite! /y theLa/or Co!e, 6o# %annot%ompel an employer to%ontin#e paying the /ene ts if it is s#+ering from serio#s/#siness losses, o'ever" the/ene t has alrea!y ripene!into an employer pra%ti%e orpoli%y" an! therefore it %annot/e 'ith!ra'n 'itho#t
violating Arti%le ()) of theLa/or Co!e on non !imin#tionof /ene ts,
LAB RRELA-I NS
CBA Certi %ation Ele%tion
2(,3 As #man Reso#r%esepartment 2 R 3 manager of ED
Components" an #norgani$e!man#fa%t#rer of ele%tri% an!ele%troni% %omponents for ho#sehol!applian%es" yo# are s#!!enly%onfronte! 'ith !eman!s forre%ognition an! %olle%tive /argainingnegotiations from t'o %ompetingla/or #nions, -hey /oth %laim torepresent all the ran* an! leemployees, Union A is le! /y amo!erate fa%tion" 'hile Union B isa+iliate! 'ith a militant fe!eration
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"2!3 Petition the B#rea# of
La/or Relations to %on!#%t a%erti %ation ele%tion to!etermine 'hi%h #nion reallyrepresents the ma<ority of theemployees in the /argaining#nit, 2Ila' at B#*lo! ngManggagaiva IBMF v, Calle<a"G,R, No, ;?@;>" e/r#ary:H"( )3
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"2%3 Ignore the !eman!s ofeither #nion sin%e yo# %annot
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0hi%h of the follo'ing %o#rses ofa%tion sho#l! yo# ta*e to /estprote%t the interests of yo#r%ompany an! employees1
2a3 Re%ogni$e Union A as the rightf#l/argaining representative /e%a#se it'ill /e more reasona/le to !eal 'ith7
2/3 Re%ogni$e Union B /e%a#se yo#!o not 'ant to antagoni$e its leftist%onne%tions an! foment inter #nion%on4i%ts7
2%3 Ignore the !eman!s of either#nion sin%e yo# %annot /e %ompelle!
legally to !eal 'ith them at thisstage7 or
2!3 Petition the B#rea# of La/orRelations to %on!#%t a %erti %ationele%tion to !etermine 'hi%h #nionreally represents the ma<ority of theemployees in the /argaining #nit72()=3
/e %ompelle! legally to !eal'ith them at this stage,
Coverage Non UnionMem/ers
Religio#sSe%t
A gro#p of employees in J6D a%tory/elonging to a religio#s se%t" in
%onformity 'ith the tea%hings an!!i%tates of their religion" ref#se! to
<oin the la/or #nion in the fa%tory,-he la/or #nion 'as a/le tonegotiate a s#/stantial 'agein%rease in its %olle%tive /argainingagreement 'ith management, Aprovision therein state! that the'age in%rease 'o#l! /e pai! to themem/ers of the #nion only in vie' ofa K%lose! shop #nion se%#rity %la#sein the ne' agreement, -he mem/ers
SUGGESTE# ANSWER"No" the CBA provision is not
vali!, -he /ene ts of a CBAare e5ten!i/le to allemployees regar!less of theirmem/ership in the #nion/e%a#se to 'ithhol! the samefrom non #nion mem/ers'o#l! /e to !is%riminateagainst them, 2NationalBre'ery Allie! In!#striesLa/or Union of the Philippines
v, San Mig#el Bre'ery" In%,"G,R, No, L (;(9)" A#g#st
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of the se%t proteste! an! !eman!e!that the 'age in%rease /e e5ten!e!to them, -he o+i%ers of the #nion%o#ntere! /y !eman!ing theirtermination from the %ompanyp#rs#ant to the K%lose! shopprovision in the <#st %on%l#!e! CBA,
2a3 Is the CBA provision vali!1
H("( @H3
2/3 Sho#l! the %ompany %omply 'iththe #nion&s !eman! of terminatingthe mem/ers of the religio#s se%t12@=3
SUGGESTE# ANSWER"No, -he right to <oin in%l#!esthe right not to <oin /y reasonof religio#s /eliefs, Mem/ersof sai! religio#s se%t %annot/e %ompelle! or %oer%e! to
<oin the la/or #nion even'hen the #nion has a %lose!shop agreement 'ith theemployer7 that in spite of any%lose! shop agreement"mem/ers of sai! religio#s se%t%annot /e ref#se!employment or !ismisse!from their <o/s on the solegro#n! that they are notmem/ers of the %olle%tive/argaining #nion, 2 i%toriano
v, Eli$al!e Rope 0or*ers8Union" G,R, No, L :>:?@"Septem/er (:"( 9?3
0ageIn%reaseCoverage7
Non UnionEmployees
2/3 May a ran* an! le employee"'ho is not a mem/er of the #nionrepresenting his /argaining #nit"avail of the 'age in%reases 'hi%h the#nion negotiate! for its mem/ers12?=3
SUGGESTE# ANSWER" 6es" /e%a#se the /argainingrepresentative 2#nion3 !oesnot a%t for its mem/ers alone,It represents all theemployees %overe! /y the/argaining #nit, 2Ma%tan0or*ers Union v, A/oiti$" G,R,No, L H):?(" O#ne H)" ( 9:3
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o'ever" nonmem/ers 'hoavail of CBA /ene ts arere.#ire! #n!er the la' to payagen%y fees,
ULP S#/<e%t toCriminalProse%#tion
2/3 Is the %ommission of an #nfairla/or pra%ti%e /y an employers#/<e%t to %riminal prose%#tion1
2H=3
SUGGESTE# ANSWER" 6es" /e%a#se #nfair la/orpra%ti%es are not only
violations of the %ivil rights of/oth la/or an! management/#t are also %riminal o+ensesagainst the State 'hi%h shall/e s#/<e%t to prose%#tion an!p#nishment, 2Arti%le :?9"La/or Co!e7 See also B,P, Big,H;@ as amen!e! /y R,A, No,@9(>3, o'ever" the %riminalaspe%t %an only /e le! 'henthe !e%ision of the la/ortri/#nals" n!ing thee5isten%e of #nfair la/orpra%ti%e" shall have /e%ome
nal an! e5e%#tory,LAB RS-AN AR S
Employment
Ra!io -Sho' ost
E5pirationof -erm
2(,3 Malyn artan is a 'ell *no'nra!io - tal* sho' host, She signe! a%ontra%t 'ith J6D EntertainmentNet'or* to host a one ho#r !aily tal* sho' 'here she intervie's vario#s%ele/rities on topi%al s#/<e%ts that
she herself sele%ts, She 'as pai! amonthly rem#neration ofPH))"))),)), -he program ha! /eenairing for almost t'o years 'hensponsors& a!vertising reven#es!'in!le!" %onstraining the net'or*to %an%el the sho' #pon thee5piration of its latest %ontra%t 'ithMs, artan, -he tal* sho' hostproteste! the !is%ontin#an%e of hermonthly talent fee" %laiming that it'as tantamo#nt to her illegal
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER" As the net'or*8s legal%o#nsel" I 'ill arg#e that Ms,
artan is #n!er %ontra%t on a5e! term employment /asis,
-he net'or* %an%elle! the
sho' #pon the e5piration ofits latest %ontra%t 'ith Ms, artan, en%e" this !oes notinvolve !ismissal /#t ane5piration of term, 2 eli5 v,B#enase!a" G,R, No, () 9)?"
!ismissal from the net'or* sin%e shehas alrea!y attaine! the stat#s of areg#lar employee,
2a3 As the net'or*&s legal %o#nsel"ho' 'o#l! yo# <#stify its !e%ision to
%an%el Ms, artan&s program 'hi%hin e+e%t terminate! her servi%es inthe pro%ess1
As the net'or*8s %o#nsel"there 'as no termination ofher servi%es" only thee5piration of her %ontra%t"/eing an in!epen!ent%ontra%tor, 2Son$a v, ABSCBN"G,R, No, (H;)>(" O#ne ()"
:))?3
2/3 As %o#nsel for the tal* sho' host"ho' 'o#l! yo# arg#e yo#r %ase12@=3
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER$ As a ra!io - tal* sho' host"Ms, artan is performing ana%tivity 'hi%h is ne%essaryan! !esira/le in the #s#altra!e or /#siness of J6DEntertainment Net'or*,
en%e" Ms, artan is a reg#laremployee an! %annot /eterminate! e5%ept for %a#sean! only after !#e pro%ess,-he %an%ellation of theprogram is tantamo#nt to%los#re /#t J6DEntertainment Net'or* !i!not %omply 'ith thepro%e!#ral re.#irements ofla'" i,e," H) !ays noti%e to Ms,
artan an! to LE prior tothe inten!e! !ate oftermination,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER" As %o#nsel for the tal* sho'host" I 'ill arg#e that she is areg#lar employee, irst" sheperforms <o/ that is ne%essaryan! !esira/le to the nat#re ofthe /#siness of the employer7Se%on!" she serves for at leastone 2(3 year 'hi%h is an
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2:,3 Carissa" a %omely /an* teller"'as !#e for her performan%eeval#ation 'hi%h is %on!#%te! everysi5 months, A rating of Ko#tstan!ingis re'ar!e! 'ith a merit in%rease,
She 'as given a K/elo' averagerating in the last t'o perio!s, A%%or!ing to the /an*&s personnelpoli%y" a thir! rating of K/elo'average 'ill res#lt in termination,Mr, Perry 0in*le %alle! Carissa intohis o+i%e a fe' !ays /efores#/mitting her performan%e ratings,
e invite! her to spen! the night'ith him in his rest ho#se, Shepolitely !e%line!, Un!a#nte!" Mr,0in*le rene'e! his invitation" an!Carissa again !e%line!, e then'arne! her to K'at%h o#t /e%a#seshe might regret it later on, A fe'!ays later" Carissa fo#n! that herthir! an! last rating 'as againK/elo'average, %hanro/lesvirt#ala'li/rary
Carissa then le! a %omplaint for
se5#al harassment against Mr,0in*le 'ith the epartment of La/oran! Employment, In his %o#ntera+i!avit" he %laime! that he 'asenamore! 'ith Carissa, e !enie!having !eman!e!" m#%h lessre%eive! any se5#al favors from herin %onsi!eration of giving her anKo#tstan!ing rating, e also allege!that the %omplaint 'as premat#re/e%a#se Carissa faile! to refer thematter to the Committee on e%or#m
SUGGESTE# ANSWER"I 'ill hol! Mr, Perry 0in*leg#ilty of se5#al harassment,-his resol#tion is pre!i%ate!mainly #pon the follo'ing
%onsi!erationsQ
2(3 Mr, Perry 0in*lee5er%ises a#thority"in4#en%e or moralas%en!an%y overCarissa72:3 Mr, 0in*le8sinsisten%e in invitingCarissa to spen! thenight 'ith him in hisrest ho#se implies are.#est or !eman! fora se5#al favor72H3 Mr, 0in*le8s'arning %learlymanifests that theref#sal of the se5#alfavor 'o#l! <eopar!i$eCarissa8s %ontin#e!employment7 an!
2?3 Mr, 0in*le8sinvitation for a se5#alfavor 'ill res#lt in anintimi!ating" hostile" orother'ise o+ensive'or*ing environmentfor Carissa,
Carissa is %orre%t in statingthat there 'as no nee! forprior referral to theCommittee on e%or#m an!
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an! is%ipline for investigation an!resol#tion /efore the %ase againsthim 'as le!, In her reply a+i!avit"Carissa %laime! that there 'as nonee! for a prior referral to theCommittee on e%or#m an!
is%ipline of her %omplaint,
Resolve the %ase 'ith reasons, 2>=3
is%ipline of her %omplaint/e%a#se nothing in the la'pre%l#!es the vi%tim of se5#alharassment from instit#ting aseparate an! in!epen!enta%tion for !amages an! othera+irmative relief, 2Se%, @" R,A,
No, 9;993
Re%r#itment an!Pla%ement
Illegalre%r#itmenttoe%onomi%sa/otage
2(,3 #ring the open for#m follo'ing yo#r le%t#re to a gro#p of managersan! R personnel" yo# 'ere as*e!the follo'ing .#estionsQ %rala'
2a3 0hat .#alifying %ir%#mstan%es'ill %onvert Killegal re%r#itment toKe%onomi% sa/otage" th#ss#/<e%ting its perpetrator orperpetrators to a penalty of lifeimprisonment an! a ne of at leastP>))"))),))1 2H=3
SUGGESTE# ANSWER$Un!er Arti%le H;2/3 of theLa/or Co!e" as amen!e! /yP, , No, :)(;" it provi!es thatillegal re%r#itment shall /e%onsi!ere! an o+enseinvolving e%onomi% sa/otageif any of the follo'ing.#alifying %ir%#mstan%ese5istsQ
2(3 0hen illegalre%r#itment is%ommitte! /y aS6N ICA-E" re.#iringthree or more persons'ho %onspire or%onfe!erate 'ith oneanother in %arrying o#tany #nla'f#l or illegal
transa%tion" enterpriseor s%heme70hen illegal re%r#itment is%ommitte! in a LARGESCALE" as 'hen it is%ommitte! against three ormore persons in!ivi!#ally oras a gro#p, 2People v,Navarra" G,R, No, (( H@("
e/r#ary ( " :))(7 See alsoSe%, @ of R,A, No, ;)?:3
Large S%ale 2:,3 Maryrose Gan!a&s appli%ation for ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
the rene'al of her li%ense to re%r#it'or*ers for overseas employment'as still pen!ing 'ith the Philippine
verseas Employment A!ministration 2P EA3,Nevertheless" she re%r#ite! Almaan! her three sisters" Ana" Ooan an!
Mavi%" for employment asho#semai!s in Sa#!i Ara/ia,Maryrose represente! to the sistersthat she ha! a li%ense to re%r#it'or*ers for overseas employment,Maryrose also !eman!e! an!re%eive! PH)"))),)) from ea%h ofthem for her servi%es, o'ever"Maryrose&s appli%ation for therene'al of her li%ense 'as !enie!"an! %onse.#ently faile! to employthe fo#r sisters in Sa#!i Ara/ia,
-he sisters %harge! Maryrose 'ithlarge s%ale illegal re%r#itment,-estifying in her !efense" Maryrose!e%lare! that she a%te! in goo! faith/e%a#se she /elieve! that herappli%ation for the rene'al of herli%ense 'o#l! /e approve!, Maryrosea!!#%e! in evi!en%e the A+i!avits of
esistan%e 'hi%h the fo#r private%omplainants ha! e5e%#te! after theprose%#tion reste! its %ase, In thesai! a+i!avits" they a%*no'le!ge!re%eipt of the ref#n! /y Maryrose ofthe total amo#nt of P(:)"))),)) an!in!i%ate! that they 'ere no longerintereste! to p#rs#e the %ase againstMaryrose, Resolve the %ase 'ithreasons, 2>=3
Illegal re%r#itment is !e ne!/y la' as any re%r#itmenta%tivities #n!erta*en /y nonli%enses or non hol!ers ofa#thority, 2People v, Senoron"G,R, No, (( (@)" Oan#aryH)"( 93 An! it is large s%ale
illegal re%r#itment 'hen theo+ense is %ommitte! against Hor more persons" in!ivi!#allyor as a gro#p, 2Arti%le H; /F"La/or Co!e3In vie' of the a/ove"Maryrose is g#ilty of larges%ale illegal re%r#itment, er!efense of goo! faith an! the
A+i!avit of esistan%e as 'ellas the ref#n! given 'ill notsave her /e%a#se R,A, No,;)?: is a spe%ial la'" an!illegal re%r#itment is malumprohibitum , 2People v, Sa#lo"G,R, No, (:> )H" Novem/er(>" :)))3
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"0ith the e5e%#tion of the
a+i!avit of !esistan%e /y the%omplainants an! the ref#n!ma!e /y Maryrose" the %aseagainst her for large s%aleillegal re%r#itment 'ill s#relyfail,
0ages oli!ay Pay #ring the open for#m follo'ing yo#r le%t#re /efore mem/ers of
SUGGESTE# ANSWER"If #n'or*e!" the %overe!
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2a3 Ara' ng agitingan an! Goo!ri!ay are among the () pai!
reg#lar holi!ays #n!er Arti%le ? of
the La/or Co!e, o' m#%h 'ill anemployee re%eive 'hen /oth holi!aysfall on the same !ay1 2?=3
employees are entitle! to atleast :))= of their /asi%'age" /e%a#se to !oother'ise 'o#l! re!#%e then#m/er of holi!ays #n!er ENo, :)H, If 'or*e!" the%overe! employees are
entitle! to %ompensatione.#ivalent to at least H))= oftheir /asi% 'age /e%a#se theyare entitle! to the paymentnot only of the t'o reg#larholi!ays" /#t also of theirreg#lar 'age" pl#s thepremi#m thereof, 2 LEE5planatory B#lletin on0or*ers8 Entitlement to
oli!ay Pay on April ( H" Ara' ng agitingan an! Goo!
ri!ay30or*ing
o#rsCompresse! 0or*0ee*
2!3 Un!er 'hat %on!itions may aK%ompresse! 'or* 'ee* s%he!#le/e legally a#thori$e! as an e5%eptionto the Keight ho#r a !ayre.#irement #n!er the La/or Co!e12?=3
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"-he %on!itions for anallo'a/le %ompresse! 'or*'ee* are the follo'ingQ the'or*ers agree to thetemporary %hange of 'or*s%he!#le an! they !o nots#+er any loss of overtime
pay" fringe /ene ts or their'ee*ly or monthly ta*e homepay, 2 LE E5planatoryB#lletin on the Re!#%tion of0or*!ays on 0ages iss#e! on
O#ly :H" ( ;>3 ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"
Compresse! 'or* 'ee* isresorte! to /y the employer toprevent serio#s losses !#e to%a#ses /eyon! his %ontrol"s#%h as 'hen there is a
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
s#/stantial sl#mp in the!eman! for his goo!s orservi%es or 'hen there is la%*of ra' materials, 2E5planatoryB#lletin on the Re!#%tion of0or*!ays on 0ages Iss#e! /y
LE" O#ly :H"( ;>3-ERMINA-I N
EMPL 6MEN-
ismissal O#st Ca#se In!epen!entContra%tor
2(,3 Antonio Ant#.#in" a se%#rityg#ar!" 'as %a#ght sleeping on the
<o/ 'hile on !#ty at the 6osiCigarette a%tory, As a res#lt" he 'as!ismisse! from employment /y the0agan Se%#rity Agen%y" anin!epen!ent %ontra%tor, At the timeof his !ismissal" Antonio ha! /eenserving as a 'at%hman in the fa%toryfor many years" often at stret%hes of#p to (: ho#rs" even on S#n!ays an!holi!ays" 'itho#t overtime" nighttimean! rest !ay /ene ts, e thereafter
le! a %omplaint for illegal !ismissalan! non payment of /ene ts against
6osi Cigarette a%tory" 'hi%h he%laime! 'as his a%t#al an! !ire%temployer,
As the La/or Ar/iter assigne! tohear the %ase" ho' 'o#l! yo#
%orre%tly resolve thefollo'ingQ %rala'
2a3 Antonio&s %harge of illegal!ismissal7 an!
SUGGESTE# ANSWER"-his is a %ase involvingpermissi/le <o/ %ontra%ting,
Antonio8s %harge of illegal!ismissal against 6osiCigarette a%tory 'ill notprosper, 0agan Se%#rity
Agen%y" an in!epen!ent%ontra%tor" is Antonio8s !ire%temployer, 6osi is only
Antonio8s in!ire%t employer,By for%e of la'" there is inreality no employer employeerelationship /et'een 6osi an!
<ointly an! severally lia/le'ith the <o/ %ontra%tor20agan3 only for the paymentof the employee8s 2Antonio3'ages 'henever the%ontra%tor fails to pay thesame, ther than that" the
prin%ipal employer 26osi3 isnot responsi/le for any other%laim ma!e /y the employee2Antonio3, 2San Mig#el Corp,
REINSTATEMENT is one'here an employee is pai! hismonthly salary 'itho#tma*ing him perform a%t#al'or*, It applies in termination%ases 'here the la/or %o#rt!e%lares the !ismissal illegalan! or!ers reinstatement ofthe employee" /#t theemployer !oes not 'ant toa%t#ally or physi%allyreinstate him an! instea!" at
the employer8s option" merelyreinstates the employee in thepayroll pen!ing appeal,
Employee Contra%t#al0or*er
vs,Cas#al0or*er
o' is the pro<e%t 'or*er !i+erentfrom a %as#al or %ontra%t#al 'or*er1Brie4y e5plain yo#r ans'ers,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER" A C N-RAC-UAL 0 R ERis a generi% term #se! to!esignate any 'or*er %overe!/y a 'ritten %ontra%t toperform a spe%i %#n!erta*ing for a 5e!perio!, n the other han!" a
PR OEC- 0 R ER is #se!
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
to !esignate 'or*ers in the%onstr#%tion in!#stry" hire! toperform a spe%i %#n!erta*ing for a 5e!perio!" %o termin#s 'ith apro<e%t or phase thereof!etermine! at the time of
the engagement of theemployee, 2Poli%y Instr#%tionNo, ( " LE3 In a!!ition" to/e %onsi!ere! a tr#e pro<e%t'or*er" it is re.#ire! thata termination report /es#/mitte! to the nearestp#/li% employment o+i%e#pon the %ompletion of the%onstr#%tion pro<e%t, 2A#roraLan! Pro<e%ts Corp, v, NLRC"G,R, No, ((?9HH" Oan#ary :"( 93 In %ontrast" there is nos#%h re.#irement for anor!inary %ontra%t#al 'or*er,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER" A PR OEC- 0 R ERperforms <o/ that is ne%essaryan! !esira/le to the nat#re ofthe /#siness of the employer,
n the other han!" a CASUAL
0 R ER performs <o/ that isnot ne%essary or !esira/le tothe nat#re of the /#siness ofthe employer, 2Art, :;)" La/orCo!e3
A pro<e%t 'or*er /e%omes areg#lar employee if theemployer fails to s#/mit asmany reports to the LE onterminations as there 'erepro<e%ts a%t#ally nishe!,2A#!ion Ele%tri% Co, v, NLRC"
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
G,R, No, ()@@?;" O#ne (9"( 3 n the other han!" a%as#al 'or*er /e%omes areg#lar employee if he hasren!ere! servi%e for at leastone 2(3 year 'hether the sameis %ontin#o#s or /ro*en, 2Art,
:;)" La/or Co!e3Employee Pro<e%tEmployees
vs,Cas#alEmployees
2:,3 Mariano Martillo 'as a masonemploye! /y the ABC Constr#%tionCompany, Every time that ABC ha! apro<e%t" it 'o#l! enter into anemployment %ontra%t 'ith Martillofor a 5e! perio! that %oin%i!e! 'iththe nee! for his servi%es" #s#ally fora !#ration of three to si5 months,
Sin%e the last pro<e%t involve! the
%onstr#%tion of a ?) storey /#il!ing"Martillo 'as %ontra%te! for (?months, #ring this perio!" ABCgrante! 'age in%reases to its reg#laremployees" %ompose! mostly ofengineers an! ran* an! le%onstr#%tion 'or*ers as a res#lt ofthe <#st %on%l#!e! CBA negotiations,
eeling aggrieve! an! !is%riminate!against" Martillo an! other similarly
sit#ate! pro<e%t 'or*ers !eman!e!that the in%reases /e e5ten!e! tothem" inasm#%h as they sho#l! no'/e %onsi!ere! reg#lar employees an!mem/ers of the /argaining #nit,
2a3 If yo# 'ere ABC&s legal %o#nsel"ho' 'o#l! yo# respon! to this!eman!1
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"-he !eman! is 'itho#t legal/asis, -he simple fa%t that theemployment of petitioners aspro<e%t employees ha! gone/eyon! one 2(3 year !oes not!etra%t from" or legally!issolve" their stat#s aspro<e%t employees, -hese%on! paragraph of Arti%le
:;) of the La/or Co!e"provi!ing that an employee'ho has serve! for at leastone 2(3 year shall /e%onsi!ere! a reg#laremployee" relates to %as#alemployees" not to pro<e%temployees, 2ALU-UCP v,NLRC" G,R, No, () ):"
A#g#st :" ( ?3
In the %ase of Mer%a!o" Sr, v,NLRC" G,R, No, 9 ;@ "Septem/er >" ( (" theS#preme Co#rt r#le! that theproviso in the se%on!paragraph of Arti%le :;) ofthe La/or Co!e relates only to%as#al employees an! is notappli%a/le to those 'ho fall'ithin the !e nition of sai!
familiar r#le is that a provisois to /e %onstr#e! 'ithreferen%e to the imme!iatelypre%e!ing part of theprovision to 'hi%h it isatta%he!" #nless there is %learlegislative intent to the
%ontrary, No s#%h intent iso/serva/le in Arti%le :;) ofthe La/or Co!e,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"If I 'ere ABC8s legal %o#nsel"I 'ill arg#e that the pro<e%t'or*ers are not reg#laremployees /#t 5e! termemployees, Stip#lation inemployment %ontra%tsprovi!ing for term
employment or 5e! perio!'ere agree! #pon *no'inglyan! vol#ntarily /y the parties'itho#t for%e" !#ress orimproper press#re" /eing/ro#ght to /ear #pon theemployee an! a/sent anyother %ir%#mstan%es vitiatinghis %onsent" or 'here itsatisfa%torily appears that the
employer an! employee !ealt'ith ea%h other on more orless e.#al terms 'ith nomoral !ominan%e 'hatever/eing e5er%ise! /y the formerover the latter, 2Pangilinan v,General Milling Corp," G,R,No, (? H: " O#ly (:" :))?3
Employee Reg#larEmployee
Constr#%ti ve
ismissal
it%hie -empo 'as one ofappro5imately >)) pro!#%tionoperators at I-EC Semi%on!#%tors"In%," an e5port oriente! enterprise
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"-he repeate! rehiring an! the%ontin#ing nee! of it%hie8sservi%es for ? years are
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
'hose /#siness !epen!e! on or!ersfor %omp#ter %hips from overseas,She 'as hire! as a %ontra%t#alemployee fo#r years ago, er%ontra%ts 'o#l! /e for a !#ration of
ve 2>3 months at a time" #s#allyafter a one month interval, er rehiring 'as %ontingent on herperforman%e for the imme!iatelypre%e!ing %ontra%t,
Si5 months after the e5piration ofher last %ontra%t" it%hie 'ent to
I-EC&s personnel !epartment toin.#ire 'hy she 'as not yet /eingre%alle! for another temporary%ontra%t, She 'as tol! that herperforman%e !#ring her last stint'as K/elo' average, Sin%e there'as no #nion to represent her"
it%hie see*s yo#r a!vi%e as a la/orla'yer a/o#t her %han%es of gettingher <o/ /a%*, 0hat 'ill yo#r a!vi%e/e1 2>=3
s#+i%ient evi!en%e of thene%essity an! in!ispensa/ilityof her servi%es to I-EC8s/#siness or tra!e, 2Magsalin v,National rgani$ation for0or*ing Men" et al," G,R, No,(?;? :" May " :))H30here a person th#s engage!has /een performing the <o/for at least one year" even ifthe performan%e is not%ontin#o#s or is merelyintermittent" the la' !eemsthe employment as reg#lar'ith respe%t to s#%h a%tivityan! 'hile s#%h a%tivity e5ists,2Pag#io v, NLRC" G,R, No,(?9;(@" May " :))H3
en%e" Rit%hie is %onsi!ere! areg#lar employee of I-ECan! as s#%h" she %annot /eterminate! e5%ept for %a#sean! only after !#e pro%ess,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"I 'ill a!vi%e it%hie to le a%ase of %onstr#%tive !ismissal'ith the Regional Ar/itration/ran%h of the NLRC having
territorial <#ris!i%tion over the'or*pla%e of the %omplainant/e%a#se the %onstant re hiringof it%hie ma*es her a reg#laremployee,
Retirement
ptionalRetirement
2(,3 Ri%*y Marvin ha! 'or*e! formore than ten 2()3 years in IGBCorporation, Un!er the terms of thepersonnel poli%y on retirement" anyemployee 'ho ha! rea%he! the ageof @> an! %omplete! at least ten 2()3
years of servi%e 'o#l! /e
SUGGESTE# ANSWER"I 'ill !e%i!e the %ase ina%%or!an%e 'ith theRetirement La', 2R,A, No,9@?(3 Un!er the la'" Ri%*yMarvin is entitle! to ptionalRetirement at age @) sin%e he
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
%omp#lsorily retire! an! pai! H)!ays& pay for every year of servi%e,
Ri%*y Marvin" 'hose immigrant visato the USA ha! <#st /een approve!"%ele/rate! his @)th /irth!ay re%ently,
e !e%i!e! to retire an! move toCalifornia 'here the son 'hopetitione! him ha! settle!, -he%ompany ref#se! to grant him anyretirement /ene ts on the gro#n!that he ha! not yet attaine! the%omp#lsory retirement age of @>
years as re.#ire! /y its personnelpoli%y7 moreover" it !i! not have apoli%y on optional or earlyretirement,
-a*ing #p the %#!gels for Ri%*yMarvin" the #nion raise! the iss#e inthe grievan%e ma%hinery asstip#late! in the CBA, No settlement'as arrive! at" an! the matter 'asreferre! to vol#ntary ar/itration,
If yo# 'ere the ol#ntary Ar/itrator"ho' 'o#l! yo# !e%i!e1 Brie4ye5plain the reasons for yo#r a'ar!,
2>=3
has serve! the Company for atleast > years" in fa%t () yearsalrea!y, e 'ill also re%eive::,> !ays for every year ofservi%e, 2Capitol 0ireless v,Confesor" G,R, No, ( (9(9?"Novem/er (H" ( @3
S CIALLEGISLA-I NS
GSIS eathBene ts
epen!ent :? ho#r#ty R#le
2(,3 !e%*" a poli%eman" 'as onleave for a month, 0hile resting intheir ho#se" he hear! t'o of hisneigh/ors ghting 'ith ea%h other,
!e%* r#she! to the s%ene inten!ingto pa%ify the protagonists, o'ever"he 'as shot to !eath /y one of theprotagonists, Dhop" a ho#semai!"'as !e%*&s s#rviving spo#se 'homhe ha! a/an!one! for another'oman years /a%*, 0hen she
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER" 6es" /e%a#se #n!er the la'" a!epen!ent is one 'ho is alegitimate spo#se living 'iththe employee, 2Arti%le (@9 iF"La/or Co!e3 In the pro/lemgiven" Dhop ha! /eena/an!one! /y !e%* 'ho 'asthen living alrea!y 'ithanother 'oman at the time ofhis !eath, Moreover" !e%*
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
learne! of !e%*&s !eath" Dhop le!a %laim 'ith the GSIS for !eath/ene ts, o'ever" her %laim 'as!enie! /e%a#se 2a3 'hen !e%* 'as*ille!" he 'as on leave7 an! 2/3 she'as not the !epen!ent spo#se of
!e%* 'hen he !ie!,
Resolve 'ith reasons 'hether GSISis %orre%t in !enying the %laim, 2>=3
'as on leave 'hen he 'as*ille!, -he :? ho#r !#ty r#le!oes not apply 'hen thepoli%eman is on va%ationleave, 2Employees8Compensation Commission v,Co#rt of Appeals" G,R, No,(:(>?>" Novem/er (?" ( @3-a*ing together <#rispr#!en%ean! the pertinent g#i!elinesof the ECC 'ith respe%t to%laims for !eath /ene ts"namelyQ
2a3 that the employeem#st /e at the pla%e 'herehis 'or* re.#ires him to /e7
2/3 that the employeem#st have /een performinghis o+i%ial f#n%tions7 an!
2%3 that if the in<#ry iss#staine! else'here"the employee m#sthave /een e5e%#tingan or!er for theemployer" it is not!i+i%#lt to #n!erstan!then 'hy Dhop8s %laim
Altho#gh at the time of his!eath !e%* 'as performinga poli%e f#n%tion" it %annot /esai! that his !eath o%%#rre!else'here other than thepla%e 'here he 'as s#ppose!to /e /e%a#se he 'ase5e%#ting an or!er for hisemployer,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"GSIS is %orre%t in !enying the%laim not on the gro#n!sprovi!e! in the pro/lem /#tfor the reason that #niforme!mem/ers of the PNP are not%overe! /y R,A, No, ;: ( orthe GSIS La' of ( 9,
Paternity
Leave
Maternity
Leave
2:,3 Mans 0eto ha! /een an
employee of Nopolt Ass#ran%eCompany for the last ten 2()3 years,
is 'ife of si5 2@3 years !ie! last year, -hey ha! fo#r 2?3 %hil!ren, ethen fell in love 'ith Oovy" his %oemployee" an! they got marrie!, In
%to/er this year" 0eto&s ne' 'ife ise5pe%te! to give /irth to her rst%hil!, e has a%%or!ingly le! hisappli%ation for paternity leave"%onforma/ly 'ith the provisions ofthe Paternity Leave La' 'hi%h too*e+e%t in ( @, -he R manager ofthe ass#ran%e rm !enie! hisappli%ation" on the gro#n! that 0etoha! alrea!y #se! #p his entitlement#n!er that la', 0eto arg#e! that hehas a ne' 'ife 'ho 'ill /e giving/irth for the rst time" therefore" hisentitlement to paternity leave/ene ts 'o#l! /egin to r#n ane',
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"
-he %ontention of 0eto is%orre%t, -he la' provi!es thatevery marrie! male is entitle!to a paternity leave of seven293 !ays for the rst fo#r 2?3!eliveries of the legitimatespo#se 'ith 'hom he is%oha/iting, Oovy is 0eto8slegitimate spo#se 'ith 'homhe is %oha/iting, -he fa%t that
Oovy is his se%on! 'ife an!that 0eto ha! ? %hil!ren 'ithhis rst 'ife is /esi!e thepoint, -he important fa%t isthat this is the rst %hil! of
Oovy 'ith 0eto, -he la' !i!not !isting#ish an! 'e sho#l!therefore not !isting#ish,-he paternity leave 'asinten!e! to ena/le theh#s/an! to e+e%tively len!
s#pport to his 'ife in her
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
2a3 0hose %ontention is %orre%t" 0etoor the R manager1
perio! of re%overy an! or inthe n#rsing of the ne'ly /orn%hil!, 2Se%, H" RA, No, ;(;93-o !eny 0eto this /ene t'o#l! /e to !efeat therationale for the la',Moreover" the %ase of 0eto isa gray area an! the !o#/tsho#l! /e resolve! in hisfavor,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"0eto8s %ontention is %orre%t,R,A, No, ;(;9 provi!es thatpaternity leave of 293 !ays'ith f#ll pay shall /e grante!to all marrie! employees inthe private an! p#/li% se%torsfor the rst fo#r 2?3 !eliveries
of the legitimate spo#se 'ith'hom he is %oha/iting, 0iththe !eath of 0eto8s rst 'ife"the rst 2?3 !eliveriesprovi!e! /y la'" shall apply tothe ne' legitimate spo#se of0eto 'ith 'hom he is%oha/iting,
ALTERNATI!E ANSWER"Sin%e R,A, No, ;:;: is silenton the matter" the !o#/tsho#l! /e resolve! in favor ofthe se%on! 'ife,
2/3 Is Oovy entitle! to maternity leave/ene ts1 2@=3
6es" Oovy8s maternity /ene t ispersonal to her an! she isentitle! #n!er the la' to availherself of the same for the
rst fo#r times of her !eliver,2R,A, No, ;:;:3
SSS7 GSIS7 Bene %iality7
Porta/ilit y
Provision
2%3 o' are the Kporta/i li typrovisions of Rep#/li% A%t No, 9@
/ene %ial or a!vantageo#s to SSS
SUGGESTE# ANSWER"Porta/ility provisions of R,A,
No, 9@ shall /ene t a
7/21/2019 Labor Law and Social Legislations 2005 Bar Examination Questions and Answers
an! GSIS mem/ers in terms of their%re!ita/le employment servi%es inthe private se%tor or the government"as the %ase may /e" for p#rposes of !eath" !isa/ility or retirement1 2H=3
%overe! 'or*er 'ho transfersemployment from one se%torto another or is employe! in/oth se%tors" 'hose %re!ita/leservi%es or %ontri/#tions in/oth systems %re!ite! to hisservi%e or %ontri/#tion re%or!in ea%h of the system an!shall /e totali$e! for p#rposesof ol! age" !isa/ility"s#rvivorship an! other/ene ts, 2Se%, H" R,A, No,9@ 3-he porta/ility provisions ofR,A, No, 9@ allo' thetransfer of f#n!s for thea%%o#nt an! /ene t of the'or*er 'ho transfers from
one system to another,-his is a!vantageo#s to theSSS an! GSIS mem/ers forp#rposes of !eath" !isa/ilityor retirement /ene ts, In theevent the employees transferfrom the private se%tor to thep#/li% se%tor" or vi%e versa"their %re!ita/le employmentservi%es an! %ontri/#tions are
