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Labor studies
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Photographer
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Photographerof nature (Yosemite Park)
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Photographerof nature (Yosemite Park)of war
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Photographerof nature (Yosemite Park)of war of ethnic groups
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Photographerof nature (Yosemite Park)of war of ethnic groups
Using photography to capture humans and animals in motion: series of cameras that are triggered by threads
Muybridge, Horse in motion
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904)
Étinenne-Jules Marey (1830 – 1904)
Physiologist
PhysiologistInvents chronophotograph to capture motion12 frames per second, recorded on same picture
Chronophotograph (1882)
Marey’s child movement studies
Marey’s chronophotography in action
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending A Staircase (1912)
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1915)
entered Harvard
Almost entered Harvard
Almost entered Harvard, but instead apprenticed himself to Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia
Almost entered Harvard, but instead apprenticed himself to Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia
Sought to improve productivity in how workers use machines and tools: “the greatest prosperity can exist only […] when each man and each machine are turning out the largest possible output” (12).
Almost entered Harvard, but instead apprenticed himself to Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia
Sought to improve productivity in how workers use machines and tools: “the greatest prosperity can exist only […] when each man and each machine are turning out the largest possible output” (12).
Against rule-of-thumb method; experiment in order to economize all movements
Brick-laying: “Through all this minute study of the motions to be made by the bricklayer in laying bricks in standard conditions, Mr. Gilbreth has reduced his movements from eighteen motions per brick to five, and even in one case to as low as two motions per brick” (79) (Detailed in “Motion Study”)
Experiments in order to economize movementBrick-laying: “Through all this minute study of
the motions to be made by the bricklayer in laying bricks in standard conditions, Mr. Gilbreth has reduced his movements from eighteen motions per brick to five, and even in one case to as low as two motions per brick” (79) (Detailed in “Motion Study”)
Against rule-of-thumb method; experiment in order to economize all movements
Break down motions into parts; eliminate unnecessary motions
“After completing this series of experiments, therefore, each man’s work for each day was translated into foot-pounds of energy” (55)
“After completing this series of experiments, therefore, each man’s work for each day was translated into foot-pounds of energy” (55)
Against rule-of-thumb method; experiment in order to economize all movements
Break down motions into parts; eliminate unnecessary motions
Conserving energy
Management implications:Division between manager (scientist) and
worker.
Pig iron: “The pig-iron handler stoops down, picks up a pig weighing about 92 pounds, walks for a few feet or yards and then drops it on to the ground or upon a pile. This work is so crude and elementary in its nature that the writer firmly believes that it would be possible to train an intelligent gorilla so as to become a more efficient pig-iron handler than any man can be.” (40).
solve: under-working (intentionally going too slowly can be tiring)
solve: under-working (intentionally going too slowly can be tiring) soldiering
solve: under-working (intentionally going too slowly can be tiring) soldiering
Preserve:Division between management and worker
solve: under-working (intentionally going too slowly can be tiring) soldiering
Preserve:Division between management and workerCommon prosperity
Henry Ford’s Model T assembly line
Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874 – 1940)
Theater of the first machine age
Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874 – 1940)
Theater of the first machine ageNew acting and movement: biomechanics
Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874 – 1940)
Theater of the first machine ageNew acting and movement: biomechanicsTaylorism for the stage
Meyerhold’s biomechanics