Laboratory Manual - Student Edition

Laboratory

Manual

Student Edition

A Glencoe Program

Hands-On Learning:

Laboratory Manual, SE/TE

Forensics Laboratory Manual, SE/TE CBL Laboratory Manual, SE/TE

Small-Scale Laboratory Manual, SE/TE ChemLab and MiniLab Worksheets

Review/Reinforcement:

Study Guide for Content Mastery, SE/TE Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook Reviewing Chemistry

Guided Reading Audio Program

Applications and Enrichment: Challenge Problems Supplemental Problems

Assessment:

Chapter Assessment

MindJogger Videoquizzes (VHS) TestCheck Software, Windows/Macintosh

Teacher Resources:

Lesson Plans

Block Scheduling Lesson Plans

Spanish Resources

Section Focus Transparencies and Masters Math Skills Transparencies and Masters Teaching Transparencies and Masters Solutions Manual

Technology:

Chemistry Interactive CD-ROM Vocabulary PuzzleMaker Software, Windows/Macintosh

Glencoe Science Web site:

science.glencoe.com

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein

on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided

to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Chemistry: Matter and Change program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

8787 Orion Place

Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN 0-07-824524-9

Printed in the United States of America.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02

Contents

How to Use This Laboratory Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii

Writing a Laboratory Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii Laboratory Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x Safety in the Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiv

Laboratory Activities

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chemistry

1.1Laboratory Techniques and Lab Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2Effective Use of a Bunsen Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CHAPTER 2 Data Analysis

2.1Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.2Making a Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

CHAPTER 3 MatterProperties and Changes

3.1The Density of Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CHAPTER 4 The Structure of the Atom

4.1Simulation of Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.2Half-life of Barium-137m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

CHAPTER 5 Electrons in Atoms

5.1The Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.2Electron Charge to Mass Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

CHAPTER 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

6.1Properties of the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

6.2Periodic Trends in the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

CHAPTER 7 The Elements

7.1Is there potassium in coffee? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

7.2The Periodic Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

CHAPTER 8 Ionic Compounds

8.1Properties of Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

8.2Formation of a Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

CHAPTER 9 Covalent Bonding

9.1Covalent Bonding in Medicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

9.2Covalent Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

CHAPTER 10 Chemical Reactions

10.1 Single-Replacement Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

10.2 Double-Replacement Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

CHAPTER 11 The Mole

11.1 Estimating the Size of a Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

11.2 Mole Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

CHAPTER 12 Stoichiometry

12.1 Observing a Limiting Reactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

12.2 Determining Reaction Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

CHAPTER 13 States of Matter

13.1 Freezing Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

13.2 Boiling Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

CHAPTER 14 Gases

14.1 Charless Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

14.2 Boyles Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

CHAPTER 15 Solutions

15.1 Making a Solubility Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

15.2 Freezing Point Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

CHAPTER 16 Energy and Chemical Change

16.1 Heats of Solution and Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

16.2 Heat of Combustion of Candle Wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

CHAPTER 17 Reaction Rates

17.1 The Rate of a Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

17.2 Surface Area and Reaction Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

CHAPTER 18 Chemical Equilibrium

18.1 Reversible Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

18.2 Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

CHAPTER 19 Acids and Bases

19.1 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

19.2 Determining the Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . 149

CHAPTER 20 Redox Reactions

20.1 Electron-Losing Tendencies of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

20.2 Determining Oxidation Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

CHAPTER 21 Electrochemistry

21.1 Electrolysis of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

21.2 Electroplating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

CHAPTER 22 Hydrocarbons

22.1 Isomerism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

22.2 The Ripening of Fruit with Ethene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

CHAPTER 23 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions

23.1 The Characterization of Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

23.2 Polymerization Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

CHAPTER 24 The Chemistry of Life

24.1 Denaturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

24.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry

25.1 Radioisotope Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

25.2 Modeling Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

CHAPTER 26 Chemistry in the Environment

26.1 Organisms That Break Down Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

26.2 Growth of Algae as a Function of Nitrogen Concentration . . . . 205

How to Use This Laboratory Manual

Chemistry is the science of matter, its properties, and changes. In your classroom work in chemistry, you will learn a great deal of the information that has been gathered by scientists about matter. But, chemistry is not just information. It is also a process for finding out more about matter and its changes. Laboratory activities are the primary means that chemists use to learn more about matter. The activities in the Laboratory Manual require that you form and

test hypotheses, measure and record data and observations, analyze those data, and draw conclusions based on those data and your knowledge of chemistry. These processes are the same as those used by professional chemists and all other scientists.

Organization of Activities

Introduction Following the title and number of each activity, an introduction provides a background discussion about the problem you will study in the activity.

Problem The problem to be studied in this activity is clearly stated.

Objectives The objectives are statements of what you should accomplish by doing the investigation. Recheck this list when you have finished the activity.

Materials The materials list shows th