LABORATORY SAFETY MANUAL July 2011 - Department...

LABORATORY

SAFETY

MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI

DEPTT. OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI Page 2

Copyright© 2011 Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from authors for any commercial purpose.


PREFACE

This manual has been developed to aid faculty, staff, and students in maintaining a safe environment in which to work, teach, conduct research, and learn. Laboratory safety is the responsibility of all supervisors and laboratory staff, and individuals on work. Individuals are responsible for their own safety and that of their colleagues. This manual contains a number of guidelines which can help all of us perform our research tasks more safely and maintain better order and safety in our laboratories. Each employee and student who work in laboratory is expected to read this manual thoroughly and act in accordance with the guidelines. This manual has been created for the purpose of providing valuable and accessible information to all personnel working in laboratory.

This manual is not a comprehensive document on safety (please refer to the disclaimer on the next page). It has been generated to help people realise the importance of safety. The information contained here is based on the experiences of faculty, staff and students and is divided into different section according to the different labs in the Department of Textile Technology. However, the classification of a lab is more related to the nature of experimental work to be carried out rather than the name of a lab. For example, precautions suggested for chemical related work has been clubbed under Chemical lab, those for nanotechnology under Nanotechnology Lab and those for working with mechanical machines under either Yarn or Fabric Manufacturing Labs. However, the user must realize that a chemical experiment may be carried out in any lab of the department. Still, it is expected that a student would read and follow precautions compiled under Chemical Lab as this section relates to the chemical type of work. The manual contains general safety guidelines, rules for issuing, returning and using commonly used instruments, safety guidelines for Chemical lab, fibre spinning lab, fsbric manufacturing lab, yarn manufacturing lab, medical lab, nanotechnology lab, testing lab, and computer lab. It also contains safety precautions that a student must follow while staying in any of labs after the office hours. It also contains common safety signs and annexures of important information.

Safety guidelines is an ever evolving subject and users are encouraged to provide feedback on any error that may have got included unintentionally and to contribute their experiences to make this manual better for future users.

Akanksha Singh (M. Tech. 2011-2012)

Mahadev Bar (M. Tech. 2011-2012) Jyoti (M. Tech. 2011-2012)

Prof. Ashwini K. Agrawal

(Safety Incharge)


DISCLAIMER

The information provided in this manual has been compiled from sources believed to be reliable and to represent the best current opinions on the subject, in order to provide the basic safety guidelines to students, staff and faculty. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that all necessary warnings and precautionary measures are contained in this document and that additional measures are not required. Special precautions, other than those listed here, may be necessary to conduct an experiment safely and efficiently. This manual should not be considered as the only resource for safety practices. The experiments, by their very nature, tend to vary considerably from one to another, therefore, students and other personnel involved in such experiments must consult the literature, subject experts, senior researchers and their faculty supervisors for additional safety precautions related to their particular experiment.


Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 8

1.1 GENERAL SAFETY GUIDELINES ................................................................................................. 9

1.2. ISSUING AND RETURNING OF CHEMICALS AND GLASSWARE ....................................... 10

1.3. RULES FOR USING THE INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................. 10

1.4. PROTECTION AGAINST COMMON LAB ACCIDENTS........................................................... 11

1.5. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SAFETY EQUIPMENT................................................................... 15

1.6. WHAT TO BE DONE??? ................................................................................................................ 16

1.7. IN CASE OF EMERGENCY .......................................................................................................... 20

2. CHEMICAL LAB SAFETY GUIDELINES .......................................................................................... 21

2.1. SOME COMMON LAB INSTRUMENTS ..................................................................................... 21

2.2. HANDLING GLASSWARE ........................................................................................................... 24

2.3. HANDLING OF GAS CYLINDER ................................................................................................ 24

2.4. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS ............................................................................................................. 25

2.5. PROPER HANDLING OF CHEMICALS ...................................................................................... 26

2.6. HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS............................................................................. 27

2.7. STORAGE OF CHEMICALS ......................................................................................................... 28

2.7. DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS......................................................................................................... 29

2.8. CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES.............................................................................................. 31

3. SAFETY IN THE FIBRE SPINNING LAB........................................................................................... 33

3.1. ISSUING AND RETURNING OF LAB POSSESSIONS .............................................................. 33

3.2. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE WORKING WITH VARIOUS MACHINES ............. 33


3.3. OTHER PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................................ 34

4. SAFETY IN MECHANICAL LABS...................................................................................................... 35

4.1. SAFETY IN FABRIC MANUFACTURING LAB ......................................................................... 35

4.1.1. ATTIRE ................................................................................................................................... 35

4.1.2. ISSUING AND RETURNING OF LAB POSSESSIONS....................................................... 35

4.1.3. RULES FOR USING THE INSTRUMENTS SPECIFICALLY FOR FABRIC MANUFACTURING LAB ............................................................................................................... 35

4.1.4. INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTS OF HIGH NOISE LEVELS ON HEARING .............. 36

5. SAFETY IN THE YARN MANUFACTURING LAB .......................................................................... 37

5.1. SPECIFIC PRECAUTIONS WHICH ARE COMMON TO MACHINES IN YARN MANUFACTURING LAB..................................................................................................................... 37

5.2. SOME MACHINES PRESENT IN THE LAB AND PRECAUTIONS RELATED TO THEM ... 37

6. SAFETY IN BIOMEDICAL LAB ......................................................................................................... 41

6.1. CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS BY RISK GROUP......................... 41

6.2. RELATION OF RISK GROUPS TO BIOSAFETY LEVELS, PRACTICES AND EQUIPMENT .. ..................................................................................................................................................... 42

6.3. GOOD MICROBIAL TECHNIQUES (GMT) ................................................................................ 42

7. SAFETY WHILE WORKING IN NANOTECHNOLOGY LAB ......................................................... 54

7.1. ATTIRE............................................................................................................................................ 54

7.2. LAB CONTAMINATION AND CLEANING................................................................................ 54

7.3. DISPOSAL OF NANOPARTICLES............................................................................................... 55

7.4. CLEAN UP OF SPILLS .................................................................................................................. 55

8. SAFETY IN THE TESTING LAB ......................................................................................................... 56

8.1. ATTIRE............................................................................................................................................ 56

8.2. SOME SPECIFIC PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................ 56

8.3. SPECIFIC INSTRUMENTWISE PRECAUTIONS........................................................................ 56

9. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE USING COMPUTER LAB .......................................................... 58


10. AFTER OFFICE HOURS..................................................................................................................... 59

10.1. ACCESS TO THE LAB................................................................................................................. 59

10.2. RULES FOR USING THE INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................... 59

10.3. IN CASE OF AN ACCIDENT ...................................................................................................... 60

10.4. CLOSING OF LAB ....................................................................................................................... 60

11. SAFETY SIGNS ................................................................................................................................... 62

ANNEXURES............................................................................................................................................. 64

Annexure A: Highly hazardous substances that should be avoided........................................................ 64

Annexure B: Hazardous substances that are commonly used................................................................. 68

Annexures C: Incompatible Chemicals................................................................................................... 70


1. INTRODUCTION

“Safety is a state of mind - Accidents are an absence of mind”. This is an old quote and is very meaningful. Laboratory is a place where if proper safety is not ensured then accidents can take place which can risk human life and property. Regular dealing with number of equipments, apparatus, samples and chemicals in the labs requires certain safety measures and precautions to ensure lab safety as well as the safety of those who are working in the lab. This manual describes safety guidelines which one should read carefully and follow in order to ensure the safety and well-being of everyone. The manual is divided into various sections on measures and guidelines which one should be aware of before working in the lab.


1.1 GENERAL SAFETY GUIDELINES ATTIRE

• Lab coats or aprons must be worn at all times in the laboratory. • The same lab coat should not be worn in other rooms than the lab, e.g. in lecture rooms,

library, hotel or eateries etc., in order to avoid contamination with adherent chemicals. • Safety goggles must be worn strictly when working with hazardous chemicals in order to

prevent damage to eyes from splash, fumes, vapours and irritating mists of chemicals. • Contact lenses are not allowed. Even when worn under safety goggles, various fumes may

accumulate under the lens and cause serious injuries or blindness. • Wear gloves when handling hazardous chemicals. Remove them immediately after use to

avoid spreading contamination. • Long pants must be worn in the lab. Shorts are not allowed. • Long hair must be tied back and loose or baggy clothing must be avoided. • Wearing jewellery such as rings and necklaces are usually discouraged. Chemicals could

irritate the skin underneath rings and dangling jewellery could get caught on equipment or accidentally fall into a running machine.

• Closed shoes with non-slip soles should be preferably worn in the lab. Shoes must completely cover the foot. Closed toe shoes should be worn.

• No sandals/chappals are allowed at any time inside the lab.

CONDUCT

• Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. • Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times. • Eating, drinking, and smoking are strictly prohibited in the laboratory. • No unauthorized experiments are to be performed. If you are curious about trying a

procedure not covered in the experimental procedure, consult with your laboratory instructor. • Never taste anything. Never directly smell the source of any vapour or gas; instead by means

of your cupped hand, waft a small sample to your nose. Do not inhale these vapours but take in only enough to detect an odour, if one exists.

LAB COAT S, SHOES, SAFETY GOGGLES -‐ MUST FOR WORKING IN LAB

CONTACTS LENS, LOOSE CLOTHING, SANDALS/ CHAPPALS -‐ STRICTLY PROHIBITED


• Coats, bags and other possessions or belongings should be kept at the places assigned for them and not on the platform where experiments are to be done. Beware that lab chemicals can contaminate or sometimes destroy personal possessions.

• Do not wander around the room, distract other students, or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.

• Do not bump into others while they are working with the chemicals. • Do not sit on the chemical benches or stand against or by leaning on them. The surfaces may

be contaminated with hazardous chemicals that can cause injury to you or damage your clothes.

• Notify the instructor or the lab in-charge immediately in case of an accident. • Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap before leaving lab.

1.2. ISSUING AND RETURNING OF CHEMICALS AND GLASSWARE • All the chemicals and required glasswares should be issued before starting an experimental

work. • One should return all the remaining chemicals, glassware etc. to chemical lab in-charge while

leaving the lab.

1.3. RULES FOR USING THE INSTRUMENTS

• Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and use the prescribed apparatus as directed in the laboratory instructions provided.

• Never switch on the instrument at the time when settings are done or somebody is touching any of its parts.

UNAUTHORISED EXPERIMENTS -‐ STRICTLY PROHIBITED

DO NOT TASTE ANYTHING

INFORM PERSON IN CHARGE IN CASE OF ANY ACCIDENT


• Do not avoid any unusual sound coming from the instrument. • In case of any problem or trouble shoot that cannot be resolved by you, inform the lab in-

charge/ instrument in-charge. • Do not touch or experiment with any instrument which is not of your concern. • The instruments may have many motorized parts that would take their own time to move.

Hence wait until an operation is finished. • Do not touch any moving parts when the power is switched on.

1.4. PROTECTION AGAINST COMMON LAB ACCIDENTS

1) FIRE

• There should never be open flames in the lab. • Many fires are sparked off by the use of a Bunsen burner or another form of flame. The

utmost care should be used when working with these types of equipment. • Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your workstation. Be

sure that the gas is shut off when you leave the lab or complete the experiment. • Make sure you know how to eliminate the source of gas from the burner. • Never heat any organic solvent in an open vessel, such as a test tube or beaker, with a flame.

It may catch fire and explode. Such solvents should be heated in a hood with a water bath, not a hot plate.

LABELS AND EQUIPMENT INSTRUCTIONS MUST BE READ CAREFULLY

DO NOT TOUCH ANY MOVING PART

CHECK OUT FOR ANY UNUSUAL SOUND


• Never keep volatile solvents, such as ether, acetone, or benzene in an open beaker. The vapour can and will creep along the bench, ignite, and flash back if they reach a flame or spark.

• Always use gloves to pick up hot objects. The natural reaction to touching something hot is to drop the item which could lead to knocking over your burner.

• Keep flammables out of the lab. • Ensure that no one smokes in the lab. • Turn off the main switch to prevent a spark before mounting or removing a connector of the

measuring instrument. • Ensure that the machine is properly earthed. • Abnormal smell, sound etc. should be checked out. • Ensure that no broken or loose wire is in contact with any moving parts. • Ensure that there is no interference between the cover and the moving parts of the machine. • Ensure that there is no problem with the lubrication parts of the machine. Ensure there is no

oil leakage. • Familiarize yourself with the emergency plan of the lab and emergency equipment such as

the fire blanket and fire extinguisher and you should have been trained in using them, if a need arises.

• The fire alarm should be in proper working condition. • If the fire is due to electrical short circuit switch-off the power from mains.

2) ELECTRIC SHOCK

• When using electrical equipment make sure that all electrical cords are in good condition. Check the cords for wear and tear, loose plugs, and make sure that the outlets are properly grounded.

• When removing an electrical plug from its socket, grasp the plug, not the electrical cord. • Hands must be completely dry before touching an electrical switch, plug, or outlet. • Do not overload electrical outlets and keep your work area dry.

-‐ NO OPEN FLAMES IN LAB

-‐ ALWAYS HEAT CHEMICAL S IN WATER BATHS IN HOODS, NEVER ON HOT PLATE OR OPEN FLAMES

-‐ ALWAYS USE GLOVES TO PICK UP HOT OBJECTS

-‐ SWITCH OFF MAIN POWER IN CASE OF FIRE OR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

-‐ FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE EMERGENCY PLAN OF THE LAB AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT


• Do not use damaged electrical equipment. Report damaged electrical equipment immediately to lab staff.

• Stand away from the machine. Do not touch the machine while in operation. • Do not place flammable material such as solvents, loose papers etc near electric equipment or

outlet. • Never store highly flammable liquid in normal refrigerators as fumes may build up and catch

fire with sparks on electrical present inside refrigerator.

3) EXPLOSION

• Never heat a closed system or conduct a reaction in a closed system (unless specifically directed to perform the latter process). In such cases use high pressure rated bomb reactors.

• Before starting a distillation or a chemical reaction, make sure that the system is vented and not completely sealed.

• The results of an explosion are flying glass and splattered chemicals, usually both hot and corrosive. Use protective glass while heating chemicals in glass wares.

• Always work in hoods with front shutter at lower position for chemical safety.

4) CHEMICAL AND THERMAL BURNS

• Many inorganic chemicals such as the mineral acids and alkalis are corrosive to the skin and eyes.

• Likewise, many organic chemicals, such as acid halides, phenols, and so forth are corrosive and often toxic.

• If these are spilled on the desk, in the hood, or on a shelf, call for assistance in cleaning them up.

• Be careful with hot plates to avoid burns. Always assume that hot plates are HOT.

CHECK THE CORDS FOR WEAR AND TEAR, LOOSE PLUGS, AND MAKE SURE THAT THE OUTLETS ARE PROPERLY GROUNDED.

DRY HANDS COMPLETELY BEFORE TOUCHING ELECTRICAL SWITCHES, PLUG OR OUTLET


5) CUTS

• The most common laboratory accident is probably the cut received while attempting to force a cork or rubber stopper onto a piece of glass tubing, a thermometer, or the side-arm of a distilling flask.

• Severed nerves and tendons are common results of injuries caused by improper manipulation of glass tubes and thermometers.

• Position your hands in such a way that sharp items or tools are always pointed away from your hands and other body parts.

• Always pull rather than push on the glass when possible. • Wash the cut with tap water and take medical aid.

6) ABSORPTION OF CHEMICALS THROUGH SKIN • Some chemicals get absorbed in the skin and can cause severe diseases such as dermatitis. • Be careful about touching your face or eyes in the lab; make sure your hands are clean first. • Gloves provide only a temporary layer of protection against chemicals on your skin and may

be permeable to some chemical reagents, without visible deterioration. If your gloves come in contact with such a chemical reagent, remove them, wash your hands, and get a new pair immediately.

7) INHALATION OF CHEMICALS

• Keep your nose away from chemicals, do not inhale directly from bottle. • Do not evaporate excess solvents in the laboratory; use the hood or a suitable distillation

apparatus with a condenser. • Some compounds, such as acetyl chloride, will severely irritate membranes in your eyes,

nose, throat, and lungs, while others, such as benzyl chloride, are severe lachrymators, i.e. they induce eye irritation and tears.

• If you inhale vapours accidentally due to a spill, leave the lab immediately and go to open area to breath fresh air and take medical advice as necessary.

• In case of chemical spills evacuate lab and switch on emergency exhaust fans and open windows.


8) INGESTION OF CHEMICALS

• The common ways of accidentally ingesting harmful chemicals are: (1) by pipette, (2) from dirty hands, (3) contaminated food or drink and (4) Use of chemicals taken from the laboratory. Below are ways to avoid accidental ingestion of chemical reagents.

• Pipettes must be fitted with suction bulbs to transfer chemicals. DO NOT USE MOUTH SUCTION. Wash your hands thoroughly with shop and water before handling anything which goes into your mouth. Wash your hands every time when you leave the laboratory.

Do not store food inside chemical laboratory Do not eat or drink in the laboratory. Never use chemicals (salt, sugar, alcohol, bicarbonate, etc.) from the laboratory or

stockroom for food. The source containers may be contaminated or mislabelled. Never use laboratory glassware as a food or drink container. Never store food or drink in a laboratory refrigerator or ice machine. Never touch personal items or items of general use with gloves on. Never store used apron with your personal belongings such as books, foods, bags

etc.

1.5. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SAFETY EQUIPMENT In order to ensure safety of self as well as others, location of the emergency equipments should be known and also how to use them. The emergency equipment includes:

• Emergency exits, fire escape, and escape routes in general • Alarm systems, telephone, and further emergency call equipment • Extinguisher, fire alarm, and fire blanket • Respiratory mask and related filters, safety shower, and eye wash • First aid kits, stretcher, first aid room and contact number of security, IIT hospital, lab staff,

lab in-charge.

-‐ DO NOT INHALE CHEMICALS/ CHEMICAL VAPOURS

-‐ IN CASE OF CHEMICAL SPILLS EVACUATE LAB AND SWITCH ON EMERGENCY

EXHAUST FANS AND OPEN WINDOWS.


1.6. WHAT TO BE DONE???

IF A FIRE OCCURS

• In case of a fire, alert others of the situation and evacuate immediately. After everyone is safely out, close the doors if possible to help contain the fire.

• Activate a fire alarm and call emergency number for help. • Use the extinguisher to put out or hinder the fire, if the fire can be safely approached switch off the main electrical supply, close main gas valve if it is safe to do. • If you or someone else in the lab is on fire, a fire blanket can be used. • Immediate medical aid should be provided to the victim. • In the event of a major fire, it helps if someone is there who can identify the types and

amounts of chemicals that are stored in the lab. This will assist emergency and fire crews in effectively fighting the fire.

IN CASE OF AN ELECTRIC SHOCK

• Immediately put off the main power supply. • Separate the victim from the electric source. • Check pulse, breathing and level of consciousness of the victim. • Inform the instructor or the lab-in-charge. • Call for the ambulance. • Take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.

IN CASE OF CHEMICAL SPILL

• Do not try to clean up any chemical spill with a cloth or anything without knowing the toxicity level and nature of the chemical. Use appropriate chemical absorbing powders to contain spill.

• Immediately alert the area occupants and the lab in charge and evacuate the area, if necessary. If a volatile, flammable material is spilled, immediately control sources of ignition.

• If there is a fire or medical attention needed, contact the lab supervisor and inform emergency number available in lab.

• Attend to any people who may be contaminated. Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately and the skin flushed with large amounts of water for several times and provided immediate medical attention.


• Consider the need for respiratory protection. The use of a respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus requires specialized training and medical surveillance. Never enter a contaminated atmosphere without protection or use a respirator without training.

• Using the chart below, determine the extent and type of spill.

Category Size Response Treatment Materials

Small up to 300 cc Chemical treatment or absorption

Neutralization or absorption spill kit

Medium 300 cc - 5 litres

Absorption Absorption spill kit

Large more than 5 litres

Call lab-in-charge and inform security for further help.

Outside help

• Protect floor drains or other means for environmental release. Spill socks and absorbents may be placed around drains, as needed.

• Contain and clean-up the spill according to the table above. Loose spill control materials should be distributed over the entire spill area, working from the outside, circling to the inside. This reduces the chance of splash or spread of the spilled chemical.

• Many neutralizers for acids or bases have a colour change indicator to show when neutralization is complete.

• When spilled materials have been absorbed, use brush and scoop to place materials in an appropriate container. Polyethylene bags may be used for small spills. Big drums with polyethylene liners may be appropriate for larger quantities.

• Complete a hazardous waste sticker, identifying the material as Spill Debris involving XYZ Chemical, and affix onto the container. Spill control materials will probably need to be disposed of as hazardous waste.

• Decontaminate the surface where the spill occurred using a mild detergent and water, when appropriate.


IN CASE OF INGESTION OR INHALATION OF CHEMICALS

• Move the person to fresh air in case of inhalation. • Provide first aid as required. • Do not induce vomiting unless advised to do so by a reliable medical authority. • Provide emergency medical personnel with the MSDS for the poisonous product. If the

victim was overcome by an unknown poison and has vomited, provide the ambulance technicians with a sample of the vomitus.

• Always ensure that the victim receives medical attention, even if the exposure seems minor.

IN CASE OF CUTS

• Wash the wound and surrounding area with mild soap and running water. • Remove any dirt around the wound. • Cover with an adhesive dressing or gauze square taped on all sides with adhesive tape. • Wounds caused by dirty, soiled or grimy objects should be examined by a physician, who

will determine whether a tetanus immunization is needed. • If the wound was caused by an object that has contacted human blood or body fluids, the

victim must be seen by a physician immediately, as immunization or post-exposure prophylaxis may be required.

• If a wound is bleeding profusely, the first aider should attempt to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible:

Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart, if possible, in order to reduce the blood pressure to the area of the wound.

NEVER CLEAN ANY CHEMICAL SPILL WITH HANDS OR CLOTH

MAKE USE OF SPILL KITS


Apply direct pressure to the wound unless an object is protruding from it (in this situation, apply pressure around the injury). Direct pressure can be applied with the fingers of the hand, the palm of the hand or with a pressure dressing.

If bleeding cannot be controlled with direct pressure, apply pressure to the arteries supplying the injured area. This involves compressing the artery between the wound and the heart, against a bone.

Do not remove a dressing that has become soaked with blood, as this may interrupt the clotting process; apply an additional dressing on top of the first.

Avoid over-tightening of the dressing; i.e., do not cut off the blood circulation to limbs. Inform the lab-in-charge and call ambulance or take victim to IIT hospital, as per

situation.

IN CASE OF BURNS

Chemical, Thermal or Contact Burns:

Run cold water over the burn for a minimum of 30 minutes. If the burn is small enough, keep it completely under water.

If the victim's clothing is stuck to the burn, don't try to remove it. Tear or Cut the Cloth from the near of the burn which is not stuck to the burns.

Cover the burn with a clean, cotton material. Don't use any other thing than Cotton. Do not apply any soap, ointment, or home remedies.

Don't offer the burn victim anything to drink or eat, but keep the victim covered with a blanket to maintain a normal body temperature until medical help arrives.

Electric Shock Burns:

Don't touch the victim if he/she is still in contact of electricity. Touch only then when you are sure that victim is not in contact of electricity.

Once the victim is stable, begin to run cold water over the burns for a minimum of 30 minutes.

Don't move the victim and don't scrub the burns or apply any soap, ointment, or home remedies.

After flushing the burn, apply a clean, cotton cloth to the burn. If cotton is not available, don't use anything.

Keep the victim warm and still and try to maintain a normal body temperature until medical help arrives.


1.7. IN CASE OF EMERGENCY

If any accident happens, then immediately inform the lab-in-charge. If the accident is severe and not in controllable limits then call the concerned

• Security: 2659-1000 • Fire Control Room: 2659-6101 • Electrical Maintenance: 2659-6140 • Ambulance: 2659-1500 and 2659-6666 • Head of Department: Prof. Kushal Sen: 2659-1411(O), 2685-1270(R), 9810602231(M) • Chemical lab:

- Lab-in-charge: Dr. B S Butola: 2659-1406 (O), 2658-1106 (R) , 9818811183(M) - Staff : Mr V A Passi : 2659-7414 (O), 9213225994 (M)

• Fiber Science & Production Lab - Lab-in-charge: Dr. Mangala Joshi: 2659-6623 (O), 2658-1498 (R)

9818927946 (M) - Staff: 1) Mr Ashok Tanwar (fibre spinning lab): 2659-6646 (O)

9971431717 (M) 2) Mr V K Kala (fibre science lab): 2659-6642 (O)

9810034284 (M) • Fiber Manufacturing Lab:

- Lab-in-charge: Prof. V K Kothari: 2659-1407 (O), 2686-5281 (R) 9312411557 (M)

- Staff: Mr Manjeet (fabric manufacturing lab): 2659-6647 (O) 9810964241 (M)

• Testing Lab: - Lab-in-charge: Dr. R S Rengasamy: 2659-1418 (O), 2658-1747 (R)

9891470890 (M) - Staff: Mr B. Biswal: 2659-6641 (O), 2659-6635 (R), 9868281870 (M)

• Yarn Manufacturing Lab: - Lab-in-charge: Alagirusamy: 2659-1419 (O), 2658-1844 (R),

9818133350 (M) - Staff: Pratap Singh : 2659-6648 (O)

• Computer Lab: R.K. Tejania: 9868171373 (M)


2. CHEMICAL LAB SAFETY GUIDELINES

2.1. SOME COMMON LAB INSTRUMENTS

o CENTRIFUGE Centrifuge rotor rotates at a very high speed, which can cause any loose or broken part to fly off into your face if you do not pay attention to following

• Check glass and plastic centrifuge tubes for stress lines, hairline cracks and chipped rims before use. Use unbreakable tubes whenever possible.

• Avoid filling tubes to the rim. • Use caps or stoppers on centrifuge tubes. Avoid using lightweight materials such as

aluminium foil as caps. • Use sealed centrifuge buckets (safety cups) or rotors that can be loaded and unloaded in a

biological/chemical safety cabinet. Decontaminate the outside of the cups or buckets before and after centrifugation.

• Ensure that the centrifuge is properly balanced by loading tables on diagonally opposite directions and with equal amount of sample.

• Do not open the lid during or immediately after operation, attempt to stop a spinning rotor by hand or with an object, or interfere with the interlock safety device.

• Decant supernatants carefully and avoid vigorous shaking when re-suspending.

o WATER BATHS & HEATING BATHS

• The instrument should always be placed on an even surface made of non-inflammable material.

• It should be placed away from flammable and combustible materials including wood and paper.

• Never operate the unit without bath fluid in the bath otherwise heater may burn out. Check water level, it should be maintained in order to prevent burning of heaters and circulators.

• Do not leave a heating water bath unattended, while switched on. • Check the temperature of the bath fluid prior to draining. Do not drain the bath fluid while it

is hot. • Do not touch it while it is hot. Equip with a thermometer to allow a visual check of the bath

temperature. • Relocate them only after the liquid inside has cooled or empty the bath before moving the

unit. • Always turn off the unit and disconnect the mains cable from the power source before

performing any service or maintenance procedures, or before moving the unit.


• Regularly check the mains power cable for material defects. Never operate equipment with damaged mains power cables.

• Never operate damaged or leaking equipment. • Always use de ionized or distilled water otherwise poor water quality may result in corrosion

in the bath. • Due to the high concentration of lime, hard water is not suitable for temperature control

because it leads to calcification in the bath. • Clean the bath regularly; you may add a disinfectant, such as a phenolic detergent, to the

water. • Raise the temperature to 90oC or higher for 30 minutes once a week for decontamination

purposes.

o SHAKERS, BLENDERS AND SONICATORS

• When used with infectious agents such as bacterial culture etc., mixing equipment such as shakers, blenders, sonicators, grinders and homogenizers can release significant amounts of hazardous aerosols, and should be operated inside a biological safety cabinet whenever possible.

• When using poisonous or hazards chemicals use them inside a chemical hood with proper exhaust system.

• Check the integrity of gaskets, caps and bottles before using. Discard damaged items. • Allow aerosols to settle for at least one minute before opening containers. • Cover tops of blenders with a disinfectant-soaked towel during operation, when using bio-

hazardous material.

o AIR OVENS

• Discontinue use of any oven whose backup thermostat, pilot light or temperature controller has failed.

• Avoid heating toxic materials in an oven unless it is vented outdoors (via a canopy hood, for example).

• Never use laboratory ovens for preparation of food for human consumption. • Glassware that has been rinsed with an organic solvent should be rinsed with distilled water

before it is placed in a drying oven. • Use separate air ovens for drying clean glassware and samples.

o VACCUM DRYING OVEN

• Make sure that the oven is not installed near where:


Flammable gas or corrosive gas is generated. Ambient temperature exceeds 35°C or fluctuates violently. There is direct sunlight. There is excessive humidity and dust. There are constant vibrations.

• Make sure that the oven is not installed on a non level surface. This will cause hazards to the operator and create problems during actual operation.

• Do not put a foreign substances such as metals or flammable substances in the opening of the unit (ventilation hole and exhaust port, etc. otherwise it can result in fire, electrical shock or burn).

• Never use explosive substances, flammable substances and substances that include explosive or flammable ingredients in the unit. Explosion or fire may occur.

• During and immediately after operation, the internal surfaces of the chamber and the door are extremely “HOT". To prevent injury, take out the samples using gloves or only when they are sufficiently cold.

• When stopping the vacuum pump after finishing the oven operation, first open the purge valve and the pump valve of the oven, then stop the vacuum pump otherwise stopping the vacuum pump without releasing vacuum may result in back flow of oil from the pump to the oven.

• Do not keep different samples at same time. Volatile chemicals or aerosols etc. from one sample can contaminate the other sample.

• Make sure that the oven is clean after use i.e. no deposits from the sample. If present, use wet paper to wipe out the contaminants.

• Be always around to release the vacuum from the oven in the event of an power cut otherwise oil may flow back from the pump to the oven chamber.

• Never leave vacuum pump or oven unattended. • When the power cord is damaged (exposure of the core wires, disconnection, etc.) turn off

the power immediately and call for repair.

o VISCOMETER

• It is a very delicate instrument so should be handled carefully otherwise can be easily damaged.

• Do not force rubber tubes on the ends with wrong diameter otherwise ends may break. • The mixing of solvent in the solution during dilution process should be done by bubbling a

gas and not by vigorous shaking of viscometer. • For cleaning Aqua regia (3HCl+ HNO3) solvent should be used.


2.2. HANDLING GLASSWARE

• Commonly used glassware in chemical lab includes beakers, conical flask, volumetric flask, measuring cylinders, condensers, burettes, droppers, pipettes, funnels, Petri dishes, test tubes etc. One should know proper use of different glassware.

• Examine the glassware before use. • Never use chipped or cracked glassware. • Never use dirty glassware. • Do not immerse hot glassware in cold water; it may shatter. • Clean the glassware after use so that it is convenient for others to use it • Clean up all broken glassware immediately and dispose off the broken glass properly. • Beware of hot glass--it looks exactly like cold glass. • Make sure that the gas is turned off when not in use and specially when you leave the lab or

complete the experiment. • Make sure of any leaks even of a small of gas, inform immediately the lab stuff if such thing

is noted.

2.3. HANDLING OF GAS CYLINDER

• Check the type of gas used and its precautions. • Never mix reactive gases without knowing the reaction and taking enough precautions. • Gas inside cylinder is under pressure. The cylinder may explode if heated or damaged. • Sudden release of high pressure gas streams may puncture skin and cause fatal accidents. • Transportation and handling of cylinders should be done with extreme care and using trolleys

meant for the purpose. • Make sure cylinders are properly secured with metal chain properly fastened to a wall.

Otherwise the cylinder may accidentally fall and injure anyone working nearby. • Store away from sources of heat or fire. • Use proper regulator meant for the type of gas being used. • Never use H2 gas cylinder without necessary precautions and safety measures as H2 can

explode at a concentration of 4% when mixed with air.


2.4. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

WEARING APRON

• Use long length Apron with full sleeves, it should have a pocket. • It should be washed regularly. • If any holes get developed, immediately replace it with new Apron. • Preferably use Apron made of cotton or polyester-cotton blend as they do not shrink and

stick in case of fire. • Hang or keep Apron inside the lab. • Do not store it in your bag with books and food.

USING GLOVES • Always keep a stock of Gloves available before starting an experiment. • Always use fresh Gloves when starting handling of hazardous chemicals. • Never use previously used Gloves ever even when used for a short time. • During experiment do not touch with your Gloved hand your face, cloths, desk, computer,

lab handle, hood handle and other items that are usually touch by everyone without Gloves. This can contaminate such article and transfer the toxins when anyone touches them.

• Do not roam outside your work area with your Gloves on your hands. • Discard the Gloves when your experiment is finished. • Never remove and use back again the same Gloves for small work also. • Keep pens or other item separate that need to be used during experiment with Gloves on.

USING GOGGLES

• Use Goggles with side shields. • If you wear spectacles use plastic glasses. This will protect your eyes in case of an accident. • If you wear spectacles you can still use goggles of a larger size on top of it or buy side and

top guards suitable for your vision spectacles. • In case of handling toxic chemicals always use Goggles which can protect your eyes from all

the sides. • While handling equipment which can emit UV- radiation or laser, use Goggles with proper

specifications appropriate for that type of exposure.


USING CHEMICAL SAFETY FUME HOODS

• Always perform all chemical reactions, filtration, chemical transferring processes etc. inside a fume hood.

• Never open the front safety glass completely (should be opened to a safety limited indicated on it) while working with hazardous chemicals. Front safety glass can be opened fully only for assembling and de-assembling of experimental set-up.

• Lower the front glass to complete down position, while a reaction is running in order to avoid escape of chemicals fumes from the reaction and flying glass pieces and chemicals in case of an accident during the reaction.

• Use fume hoods with laminated or annealed front safety glasses. • Hoods should never be used as a storage area. • Keep the hoods clear off all unnecessary equipment or chemicals which are not in use. • Always check that the exhaust fan is working properly before using the chemical hood.

2.5. PROPER HANDLING OF CHEMICALS

• Consider all chemicals to be hazardous unless you are instructed otherwise. • MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS) contains information regarding the

proper procedures for handling, storing, and disposing of chemical substance these will inform you of any hazards and precautions of which you should be aware. This should be read carefully. MSDS are available online for most chemicals.

• Know what chemicals you are using. Carefully read the label twice before taking anything from a bottle.

• Use liquid and toxic chemicals that can give hazardous fumes/ vapour only in chemical hoods.

• Always take a fresh spatula pipettes or droppers while removing chemicals from main bottles.

• Transfer quantity needed for your experiment into another container to avoid opening and closing of main bottle repeatedly and its contamination.

• Excess reagents should never be returned back to the stock bottles. If you take too much, dispose-off the excess. If the chemical to be disposed-off is hazardous, then it should be disposed off using proper methods mention in this manual or suggested by the manufacturer.

• Always pour acids into water, while diluting. If you pour water into acid, the heat of reaction will cause the water to explode into steam, sometimes violently, and the acid will splatter.

• Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your neighbour, it may erupt and get onto your face and in your eyes.

• Never use mouth suction to fill a pipette to avoid inhaling toxic chemical vapours or accident by sucking the liquid into your mouth. Use a pipette bulb or pipette filler.

• Take great care while transferring acids and other chemicals from one part of the laboratory to another.


• Keep the reagents and bottles back to their respective cabinet after use. • Ensure caps and lids are securely tightened on containers. This prevents leaks and

evaporation of contents. • Hygroscopic chemicals should be properly sealed to avoid contamination by water from

atmosphere. • Avoid contamination of reagents by not placing the stoppers on the wrong bottle. • Keep hands away from your face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals. • Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the lab. • If you spill acid or any other corrosive chemical on your skin or clothes immediately wash

the affected area with large amounts of water for several minutes and take medical aid.

2.6. HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS • All chemicals are harmful but the extent is different. • Refer to the label and the Material Safety Data Sheet to determine if a chemical is explosive. • Be extremely cautious while handling hazardous chemicals. • Do not expose any body part to such type of chemicals. • Safety goggles, nose mask and hand gloves should be worn essentially while working with

hazardous chemicals. • Perform hazardous reactions in a properly functioning chemical hoods using appropriate

shielding. • Discard opened containers after six months, and closed containers after one year, unless the

material contains stabilizers. • Work with small quantities. •

-‐ READING ‘MSDS’ IS MUST PRIOR TO USING ANY CHEMICAL

-‐ EXCESS REAGENTS ARE NEVER TO BE RETURNED TO STOCK BOTTLES

-‐ ALWAYS POUR ACIDS INTO WATER WHILE DILUTING.

-‐ NEVER USE MOUTH SUCTION TO FILL A PIPETTE

-‐ IF YOU SPILL ACID OR ANY OTHER CORROSIVE CHEMICAL ON YOUR SKIN OR CLOTHES IMMEDIATELY WASH THE AREA WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER

• SAFETY GOGGLES, NOSE MASK AND HAND GLOVES ARE A MUST. • HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS MUST BE HANDLED IN A PROPERLY FUNCTIONING

CHEMICAL HOODS USING APPROPRIATE SHIELDING.


2.7. STORAGE OF CHEMICALS All chemicals must be stored in well-ventilated area marked specifically for them. Precautions to be taken while designating an area for storage are given below.

(a) FLAMMABLES

• Store in grounded flammable liquid storage cabinet with proper exhaust. • Store them separately from oxidizing chemicals.

(b) NON-FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS

• Store in cabinet with proper exhaust. • Can be stored with flammable liquids. • Store them separately from oxidizing chemicals.

(c) ACIDS

• Store in cabinet of non-combustible material. • Separate oxidizing acids from organic acids. • Store them separately from caustics, cyanides, sulphides.

(d) BASES

• Store in dry area. • Separate from acids.

(e) WATER REACTIVE CHEMICALS

• Store in cool, dry location. • Separate from aqueous solutions. • Protect them from fire sprinkler water.

(f) OXIDIZERS

• Store in cabinet of non-combustible material. • Separate them from flammable and combustible materials.

(g) NON-OXIDIZING COMPRESSED GASES

• Store in well-ventilated area. • Separate them physically from oxidizing compressed gases.


(h) OXIDIZING COMPRESSED GASES

• Separate them physically from flammable compressed gases.

(i) NON-VOLATILE, NON-REACTIVE SOLIDS

• Store in cabinets or open shelves with edge guards.

(j) CARCINOGENIC MATERIAL

• Carcinogens must be stored separately from other materials. • Separated by shelving system or secondary containment. Secondary containment means

placing chemical containers in an outer container to prevent the release of a chemical in the event that its container breaks or ruptures.

• Desiccators, plastic boxes, bottle-in-can are acceptable secondary containment. • Storage areas must be labeled “Danger--Carcinogens Stored Here.”

2.7. DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS • "Dilution is not the Solution to Pollution." The law says that chemicals must be handled

according to their nature. • Most chemicals may not be put into the sewage system. Untreated bleaches (oxidizers) can

react with organic material in the sewers. • Solvents, heavy metals, poisonous and strong acids and bases can damage a sewer system

and contaminate water bodies. • Some classes of chemicals may be neutralized and then disposed off down the drain with

large amounts of water. Only persons familiar with the chemistry of neutralization reaction should attempt to neutralize their waste.

• Most chemical waste may not be disposed off in common garbage. Oxidizers can react with organic waste in the garbage truck and spontaneously combust.

• Burning waste solvents in lab is illegal. Some chemical compounds (most notably chlorinated hydrocarbons) form very persistent intermediate products when incinerated. These compounds can cause air pollution problems and can be highly toxic.

• You may evaporate small amounts of waste solvent. When evaporating small amounts of waste, use a fume hood or equivalent. Be mindful of fire and health hazards.

STORE CHEMICALS WITH PROPER LABELLING WITH TOXIC LEVELS SPECIFIED

PLEASE CHECK OUT FOR THE SAFETY SYMBOLS ON THE BOTTLES


• Waste which cannot be disposed of through an in-house method should be collected and containerized for removal from the lab.

DISPOSAL OF PARTICULAR TYPE OF CHEMICALS SHOULD BE DONE AS GIVEN BELOW:-

SOLVENTS

• Solvent waste should be collected in empty solvent glass bottles for future removal from the lab. Glass is inert, and unlike metal, will not rust through if water is mixed in with the waste. These can be handed over to hazardous west chemical removal company.

• Small amounts of waste solvent (< 50 ml) may be allowed to evaporate in a fume hood or equivalent.

• It must be emphasized that dumping even water soluble solvents down the drain is not an acceptable practice. Flammable vapours can collect in traps and stand pipes creating a fire hazard.

DETERGENTS

• Only detergents can be safely and legally disposed off down the drain without prior treatment.

ACIDS AND ALKALIES

• Acids and Alkalis may be disposed off in the sewer system under certain conditions. If the acid or base does not contain dissolved heavy metals, it may be neutralized and then washed down the drain with plenty of water.

• Acids can be neutralized with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or sodium carbonate (soda ash).

• Alkali can be neutralized with acetic acid (vinegar). If neutralization is not possible, the waste must be containerized for removal by waste management company.

BLEACHES

• The very mild and dilute bleaches should be neutralized before disposal. Many of the bleaches self-neutralize with time.

• Sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium borohydride and chlorine dioxide generating baths, in dilute aqueous solution, should be allow to stand for an hour and then be discarded.

• Other bleaches must be neutralized before disposal. consult lab instructor for specific chemicals.


DRY WASTE

• Disposal of solid or dry waste is difficult to discuss in general terms, but as a rule solid or dry materials should be kept in that state and not mixed in with liquid waste for disposal.

• Dry waste if toxic should be stored in containers for disposal labelled with the name of the chemical and the toxicity level.

• Small quantity non-toxic products of chemicals reactions such as polymer & plastics wastes may be discarded in waste bin after removing any contaminants by washing.

CARCINOGENIC MATERIAL

• Carcinogens may never be discharged to the sanitary sewer. • Carcinogens may never be disposed off in the ordinary trash or waste bin. • Waste bottles must be properly labeled, tightly capped at all times (except when adding

or removing waste) and they must have secondary containment. Write toxic waste on bottle label.

• Dry wastes must be packed separately and handed over as regular method to waste representation of chemical west removal company for incinerate (“chemo therapeutic agents”).

2.8. CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES

Some chemicals are not compatible with others. Chemical reactions are fairly common in waste collection containers. As a rule, do not mix or store the following chemical classes together:

• Acids and alkali. • Bleaches • Oxidizing agents • Reducing agents • Solvents and flammables

The following are specific incompatibilities:

• Ammonia with hypochlorite bleach; • Nitric acid with acetic acid; • Nitric acid with sulphuric acid; • 1-Butanol with strong mineral acids; • n-Butyl amine with copper and copper alloys; • n-n-Dimethyl formamide with halogenated hydrocarbons; • Ethyl acetate with strong alkali; • Ethylene Dichloride with oxidizing materials;


• Ethylene glycol with sulphuric acid; • 1, 1, 1 Tri chloro ethane with caustic soda and caustic potash.

EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

Must take all precautions with following commonly used chemicals.

• Benzene • Carbon tetrachloride; • Chloroform; • Pyridine; • Phenol (carbolic acid); • Per chloric acid; • Hydro fluoric acid (if hydrofluoric acid must be used, be aware that it is lethal and its

vapours can pass through your bones. It will eat through glass and dissolve silicon. It is an absolute must to wear protective clothing and use it in properly marked fumehoods for this purpose. This acid is considered an extremely hazardous material.)


3. SAFETY IN THE FIBRE SPINNING LAB

3.1. ISSUING AND RETURNING OF LAB POSSESSIONS

• The spinnerets, dies and all other accessories like scale, vernier callipers etc. should be returned back after use.

3.2. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE WORKING WITH VARIOUS MACHINES

MELT SPINNING LINE

• When the die in the spinning machine has to be changed, special gloves need to be worn which can bear a temperature of 300-400˚C.

• Prevent your eyes and breathe from the dangerous fumes in the spinning line. • Don’t touch the gears or the rollers of the spinning machine when the power is on. • There are chances of oil spill in the melt spinning line due to high pressure. • Do not touch the gear pump. • The relief valve should be open immediately if the ram presses the distributor in the melt

spinning line. • Don’t put your fingers between the rollers when the machine is on. • Protect yourself from accidental drop of the hot spinneret objects.

SOLUTION SPINNING LINE

• Prevent your eyes and breathe from the dangerous fumes or solvent vapours in the spinning line.

• Temperature indicators should be used in order to check the temperature of water in the wet spinning line. Do not dip your finger inside water to do so.

• Wash candle filter with DMF (dimethyl formamide ) in a big jar so that there is no spill. • Do not stand at the back of the instrument. • Don’t touch the gears or the rollers of the spinning machine when the power is turned on. • Ensure that the chiller is working properly. • Do not touch the gear pump. • Don’t put your fingers between the rollers when the machine is on.


DRAWING

• Do not touch the moving parts and hot plates when the mchine is on. • Space between the take up winder and the drum should be taken care of in the drawing

equipment. • Knobs should not be moved too fast for setting speeds and temperature. • Make sure that sensors are properly inserted. • Start from a slow speed and then increase as required. • If there is any wobbling of rollers then the machine should be stopped and checked

immediately.

3.3. OTHER PRECAUTIONS • Polymer chips should be stored in proper conditions and should be conditioned properly

before use. • The waste extruded filament i.e. yarn which remains lying near the machine or on the floor

after taking the sample should be disposed off in the dustbin. Anyone can get entangled with the loose yarn and fall.


4. SAFETY IN MECHANICAL LABS

4.1. SAFETY IN FABRIC MANUFACTURING LAB

4.1.1. ATTIRE

• Use Ear plugs to prevent damage to ear drums from excessive sound while working on looms.

• Loose or baggy clothing such as dupatta, muffler, scarf etc. should be strictly avoided. • Wearing jewellery such as rings, bracelets and necklaces etc. are usually discouraged as they

can be caught in a running machine and can cause accidents.

4.1.2. ISSUING AND RETURNING OF LAB POSSESSIONS Always get necessary tools issued in your name before starting the experiment and return the instruments (measuring scale, screw gauge ad other measuring instruments) whatever issued to you before leaving the lab.

4.1.3. RULES FOR USING THE INSTRUMENTS SPECIFICALLY FOR FABRIC MANUFACTURING LAB

• LABELS AND EQUIPMENT INSTRUCTIONS from manuals must be read before use. • Set up and use the prescribed apparatus as directed in the laboratory instructions provided. • Each and every machine has its own norms for safety. Those norms have to be strictly

followed. • The location of the power supply to the machine as well as the main supply should be known

before using any instrument. • Before switching on the machine, check the machine with safety devices for visible faults. • Do not start the machine if faults are detected with safety intruments or the warning lights

have been observed on the control panel. • Before switching on the instrument also confirm that nobody is in touch with any instrument

part. • Never switch on the instrument at the time when settings are being done. • Do not avoid any unwanted sound coming from the machine. Immediately stop the machine

in case of a noise and check the cause. • In case of any problem or trouble shoot that cannot be resolved by you, inform the lab in-

charge/ instrument in-charge. • Do not try to do not anything by yourself without any prior knowledge about the problem. • Report if any loose wires are coming out of the machine. • Ensure that there is no loose wiring in contact with any moving parts. • Ensure that the motor of the machine is covered.


• Do not stand on the sides of a loom otherwise there may be high chances of getting injured by a shuttle fly.

• Ensure that the instruments are properly earthed. If you feel any shock on touching the machine, report immediately to the lab staff or incharge.

• Do not deactivate the protection and safety devices while the machine is in operation. • When the machine is in operation:

Do not touch moving parts. Do not lift or remove fixed or movable protections. Do not remove loose and hanging threads or fibres. Do not touch the fabric next to the reed, temples or the take up roller. Do not handle and lay tools, objects, etc. on the machine.

• Do not touch or experiment with any instrument which is not of your concern. • The machines have many motorized parts that would take their own time to move. Hence

wait until an operation is finished. 4.1.4. INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTS OF HIGH NOISE LEVELS ON HEARING

o EXPOSURE TO NOISE CAN CAUSE: • Hearing problems (if temporary) or damage (if permanent). • Physiological problems or damage to the heart and blood circulation, breathing, digestion,

nervous system. • Psychological problems or damage which is difficult to estimate as they are connected to an

individual’s personality. • Lack of concentration. o EFFECTS ON HEARING: Damages caused by noise have particular characteristics: • It increases with the time of exposure, but not proportionally. • It becomes a more serious problem if it prevents sleep and rest.The time for recovery is

usually longer than the time of exposure. So protection against noise is an important factor to be taken into consideration.


5. SAFETY IN THE YARN MANUFACTURING LAB

5.1. SPECIFIC PRECAUTIONS WHICH ARE COMMON TO MACHINES IN YARN MANUFACTURING LAB • Wear proper shoes and protective gears as needed for any machine. Do not keep loose hair or

wear loose clothes or jwellery as it may get caught in a running machine. • All the access doors of the machine should be closed. • No gears or spare parts should be kept on or sides of the machine. • Ensure that all the stop motions are working properly before starting the machine. • The position of the emergency breaks should be known before operating any machine in the

lab. • The signal lamps should be checked for proper working. • Ensure that the door safety switches are working properly. • The machines have many motorized parts that would take their own time to move. Hence

wait until an operation is finished. • Ensure that there is no loose wiring in contact with any moving parts. • Do not avoid any unwanted sound coming from the machine. Immediately stop the machine

in case of a noise and check the cause. • Don’t put on the belt while the machine is running. • Be aware of the presence of other people working in the lab and running of other machines.

You may get hurt by others or you may hurt others if not careful.

5.2. SOME MACHINES PRESENT IN THE LAB AND PRECAUTIONS RELATED TO THEM

o BLOWROOM

• Make sure that the side cover is closed before starting the machine. • If the machine is jammed then stop the machine and take out the material only when the

beater is stopped completely otherwise you may get hurt. • Don’t take out the jammed material with your hand. Use a strip to do it. • If there is any problem in the machine, don’t try to correct it yourself. Inform the instructor

immediately.


o CARDING

• Before starting the machine, make sure that nobody is working on the machine i.e. making some settings etc. otherwise he or she may get hurt.

• While feeding the lap to the machine, make sure that your fingers do not go into the feed roller.

• Don’t use any sharp instruments on the machine while the machine is running. • Do not open the coiler cover while the machine is running. • Do not go underneath the machine while it is running. • If the doffer brush gets jammed, remove the jam only after stopping the machine.

o COMBER

• The position of the setting wheel should be proper otherwise combing cycle will be distorted. • Loose lap should not be around the machine because it falls if the machine vibrates. • If the machine stops due to any reason, nipper should be taken forward immediately. • Before starting the machine, make sure that the pressure pin is on its proper place. • The machine should not be started without any lap in it.

o DRAWFRAME

• While working on the draw frame, make sure that proper shoes are worn so that your feet are protected.

• The top drawing rollers should be released from the pressure when the machine is not running.

• Damaged cots and aprons should be removed immediately. • The top roll should be taken out only after checking the pressure meter otherwise your head

can get hurt by the top roll. • While changing the top roll, keeps the top roll bearing down safely so that it does not fall on

your feet. • Before starting the machine, check that the limit switch is working or not so that the machine

is not started while the cover is open. • If the pressure is lower than the required pressure don’t start the machine. • Don’t keep anything like cloth etc. on the cover of the gearing side because it can come in

the gearing and cause damage to the machine when the cover is open.


o SPEEDFRAME

• The cone drum system should be on the initial position at the time of starting the machine. • The operating pressure should be according to the recommended pressure by the

manufacturer. • The inching switch should be checked for proper functioning. • A painting brush should be used in order to clean the drafting zone. The hand if used can get

hurt. • While pressing the top arm, make sure that the finger does not get hurt by the handle. • While taking up the top arm cover, make sure that it does not fall on your hand. • While feeding the sliver in the creel, make sure that your head do not get hurt by the creel. • If the bottom apron breaks, the cradle should be taken out after stopping the spindle

otherwise the machine will get damaged. • If there is an idle spindle while the machine is running, the flyer and the bobbin should be

immediately taken out and kept on the flyer stand.

o RINGFRAME

• The spindle should be stopped by using the break only. • The panel should not be disturbed while the machine is not in the operation. • Don’t disturb any switch while the machine is in running condition. • While feeding the speed frame bobbin make sure that the bobbin holder is alright otherwise

the bobbin can fall on your feet. • While feeding the roving to the machine make sure that the lappet hook does not break due to

improper threading. • Make sure that there is no jam near the roller stand because it may cause damage to the

bearing. • If the break is not kept down while the machine is working then there are chances of break

failure. • If there is any sparking in the machine while it is running, stop the machine immediately. • Don’t frequently switch the machine ON /OFF while it is running. It can lead to motor

damage. • Make sure that the oiling is proper otherwise it can lead to damage of bearing and spindle.

o CHEESE WINDER

• Don’t keep your hand near the drum while the machine is running. • Don’t remove the jam while the machine is in operation. • Don’t clean the jam with the noter pin.


• Make sure that the machine side cover is closed.

o TFO

• During break failure, don’t insert wire in the spindle. • Don’t insert anything in the overhead duct. • Don’t put ON/OFF the machine switch very frequently. • While cutting the jam on the machine, make sure that no machine parts get damaged. • If there is a jam on the spindle, the spindle should not be taken out.

o AIR JET TEXTURIZING

• Water supply should be ON before the compressor is switched on otherwise there can be a

blast. • Ensure that there is no air point or air leakage in the compressor line. • The filter of the compressor should be checked for proper condition. • Do not touch the heater provided at the back of the machine. It can lead to serious accidents. • There should be enough light while performing any operation on the machine. • The exhaust fans should be in proper working condition.


6. SAFETY IN BIOMEDICAL LAB

Those working in biomedical research laboratory, using infectious material, animal and human tissues, and cell lines, must read and follow intructions provided in Laboratory Biosafety Manual 3rd Edition published by World Health Organization, Geneva in 2004. It is avialable at the following link: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CDS_CSR_LYO_2004_11/en/

The following material has been adapted from the above manual for quick reference only.

6.1. CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS BY RISK GROUP

Laboratory facilities are designated as :

• Basic – Biosafety Level 1, • Basic – Biosafety Level 2, • Containment – Biosafety Level 3, • Maximum containment – Biosafety Level 4

Risk Group 1 (no or low individual and community risk)

A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease.

Risk Group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community risk)

A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread of infection is limited.

Risk Group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk)

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.

Risk Group 4 (high individual and community risk)

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.


6.2. RELATION OF RISK GROUPS TO BIOSAFETY LEVELS, PRACTICES AND EQUIPMENT

Risk Group Biosafety Level

Laboratory Type

Laboratory practices

Safety Equipment

1 Basic Biosafety Level 1

Basic teaching & research

GMT None,

Open bench

2 Basic Biosafety Level 2

Research, Health services, Diagnostic services

GMT + Protective clothing Biohazard sign

Open bench and Biosafety cabin

3 Containment – Biosafety Level 3

Research, Special diagnostic services

Level 2 + Controlled access + Directional airflow

BSC and/or Other primary devices for all activities

4 Maximum containment – Biosafety Level 4.

Dangerous Pathogen Units

Level 3 + Airlock entry +Shower exit + Special waste disposal

Class III BSC or Positive pressure suits in conjunction with Class II BCS, Double ended autoclave, Filtered air

BSC – Biological Safety Cabinet GMT – Good Microbial Techniques

6.3. GOOD MICROBIAL TECHNIQUES (GMT) Each laboratory should adopt a safety or operations manual that identifies known and potential hazards, and specifies practices and procedures to eliminate or minimize such hazards. GMT are fundamental to laboratory safety. Specialized laboratory equipment is a supplement to but can never replace appropriate procedures. The most important concepts are listed below :


Access to the Laboratory: 1. The international biohazard warning symbol and sign must be displayed on the doors of the rooms where microorganisms of Risk Group 2 or higher risk groups are handled. 2. Only authorized entry to the laboratory working areas. 3. Laboratory doors should be kept closed. 4. Children should not be authorized or allowed to enter laboratory working areas. 5. No animals should be admitted other than those involved in the work of the laboratory. Personal protection: 1. Laboratory coveralls, uniforms must be worn at all times for work in the laboratory. 2. Appropriate gloves must be worn for all procedures that may involve direct or accidental contact with blood, body fluids and other potentially infectious materials or infected animals. After use, gloves should be removed aseptically and hands must then be washed. 3. Personnel must wash their hands before leaving the laboratory working areas. 4. Safety glasses, face shields (visors) or other protective devices must be worn to protect the eyes and face from splashes, impacting objects and sources of artificial UV radiation. 5. Laboratory clothing should not be worn outside the laboratory, e.g. in canteens, coffee rooms, offices, libraries, staff rooms and toilets. 6. Open-toed footwear must not be worn in laboratories. 7. Eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics and handling contact lenses is prohibited in the laboratory working areas. 8. Eatables or drinks are prohibited anywhere in the laboratory working areas. 9. Protective laboratory clothing used in the laboratory should be stored separately.

Laboratory Procedures: 1. Pipetting by mouth must be strictly forbidden. 2. Materials must not be placed in the mouth. Labels must not be licked. 3. Minimize the formation of aerosols and droplets in the lab. 4. The use of hypodermic needles and syringes should be limited. They should not be used other than parenteral injection or aspiration of fluids from laboratory animals. 5. All spills, accidents and potential exposures to infectious materials must be reported to the laboratory supervisor. A written record of these should be maintained. 6. A written procedure for the clean-up of all spills must be developed and followed. 7. Contaminated liquids must be decontaminated (chemically or physically) before discharge. However, try to segregate and dispose them of as hazardous waste. 8. Written documents that are to be removed from the laboratory need to be protected from contamination while in the laboratory.


Laboratory working areas: 1. The laboratory should be kept neat, clean and free of materials not being used for work. 2. Work surfaces must be decontaminated after any spill of potentially dangerous material and at the end of the working day. 3. All contaminated materials, specimens and cultures must be decontaminated before disposal or cleaning for reuse. 4. Packing and transportation must follow applicable national or international regulations. 5. When windows can be opened, they should be fitted with arthropod (insect)-proof screens. Special Laboratory facilities:

Special attention should be paid to conditions that are known to pose safety problems. These include:

1. Formation of aerosols. 2. Work with large volumes and/or high concentrations of microorganisms. 3. Overcrowding and too much equipments. 4. Infestation with rodents and arthropods. 5. Unauthorized entrance. 6. Workflow: use of specific samples and reagents. 7. Facilities for storing outer garments and personal items should be outside the laboratory working areas. 9. Eating and drinking should be outside the laboratory working areas. 10. Hand-washing basins, with running water if possible, should be in each laboratory room, preferably near the exit door. 11. Doors should have vision panels, appropriate fire ratings, and preferably be selfclosing. 12. At Biosafety Level 2, an autoclave or other means of decontamination should be available in appropriate proximity to the laboratory. 13. Procedures likely to generate aerosols are to be performed within a biological safety cabinet. 14. Doors are kept closed and are posted with appropriate hazard signs. 15. Potentially contaminated wastes are separated from the general waste stream. 16. Safety systems such as fire, electrical emergencies, emergency shower and eyewash facilities should be familiar to all occupants.

Laboratory equipment

Equipment selected should be:

1. Designed to prevent or limit contact between the operator and the infectious material. 2. Constructed of materials that are impermeable to liquids, resistant to corrosion and meet structural requirements. 3. Fabricated to be free of burrs, sharp edges and unguarded moving parts.


4. Designed, constructed and installed to facilitate simple operation and provide for ease of maintenance, cleaning, decontamination and certification testing; glassware and other breakable materials should be avoided, whenever possible.

Essential biosafety equipment

1. Pipetting aids – to avoid mouth pipetting. 2. Biological safety cabinets, to be used whenever:

- infectious materials are handled; such materials may be centrifuged in the open laboratory if sealed centrifuge safety cups are used and if they are loaded and unloaded in a biological safety cabinet. - there is an increased risk of airborne infection. - procedures with a high potential for producing aerosols are used; these may include centrifugation, grinding, blending, vigorous shaking or mixing, sonic disruption, opening of containers of infectious materials whose internal pressure may be different from the ambient pressure, intranasal inoculation of animals, and harvesting of infectious tissues from animals and eggs.

3. Plastic disposable transfer loops. Alternatively, electric transfer loop incinerators may be used inside the biological safety cabinet to reduce aerosol production. 4. Screw-capped tubes and bottles. 5. Autoclaves or other appropriate means to decontaminate infectious materials. 6. Plastic disposable Pasteur pipettes, whenever available, to avoid glass. 7. Equipment such as autoclaves and biological safety cabinets must be validated with appropriate methods before being taken into use.

Health and Medical Surveillance:

The employing authority, through the laboratory incharge, is responsible for ensuring that there is adequate surveillance of the health of laboratory personnel. The objective of such surveillance is to monitor for occupationally acquired diseases. Appropriate activities to achieve these objectives are: 1. Provision of active or passive immunization where indicated 2. Facilitation of the early detection of laboratory-acquired infections 3. Exclusion of highly susceptible individuals (e.g. pregnant women or immunecompromised individuals) from highly hazardous laboratory work 4. Provision of effective personal protective equipment and procedures.

Guidelines for the surveillance of laboratory workers handling microorganisms at Biosafety Level 1

The microorganisms handled at this level are unlikely to cause human disease or animal disease of veterinary importance. Ideally, however, all laboratory workers should undergo a pre-employment health check at which their medical history is recorded. Prompt reporting of


illnesses or laboratory accidents is desirable and all staff members should be made aware of the importance of maintaining GMT.

Guidelines for the surveillance of laboratory workers handling microorganisms at Biosafety Level 2

1. A pre-employment or preplacement health check is necessary. The person’s medical history should be recorded and a targeted occupational health assessment performed. 2. Records of illness and absence should be kept by the laboratory management. 3. Women of childbearing age should be made aware of the risk to an unborn child of occupational exposure to certain microorganisms, e.g. rubella virus. The precise steps taken to protect the fetus will vary, depending on the microorganisms to which the women may be exposed. Training

Human error and poor technique can compromise the best of safeguards to protect the laboratory worker. Thus, to the prevention of laboratory acquired infections, incidents and accidents.

• Staff should be safety- conscious, well informed about the recognition and control of laboratory hazards.

• Continuous in-service training in safety measures. • Safe laboratory practices and procedures must be integrated into the basic training of

employees. • Employees should be introduced to the code of practice and to local guidelines, including

the safety or operations manual.

Staff training should always include information on safe methods for highly hazardous procedures that are commonly encountered by all laboratory personnel and which involve:

1. Inhalation risks (i.e. aerosol production) when using loops, streaking agar plates, pipetting, making smears, opening cultures, taking blood/serum samples, centrifuging, etc.

2. Ingestion risks when handling specimens, smears and cultures. 3. Risks of percutaneous exposures when using syringes and needles. 4. Handling of blood and other potentially hazardous pathological materials. 5. Decontamination and disposal of infectious material.

Waste handling

All infectious materials should be decontaminated, autoclaved or incinerated within the laboratory.

Before discharge of any objects or materials from laboratories that deal with potentially infectious microorganisms or animal tissues following should be verified:


1. The objects or materials must be effectively decontaminated or disinfected by an approved procedure. 2. They must be packaged in an approved manner for immediate on-site incineration or transfer to another facility with incineration capacity. 3. The disposal of the decontaminated objects or materials should not involve any additional potential hazards, biological or otherwise, to those who carry out the immediate disposal procedures or who might come into contact with discarded items outside the facility.

Decontamination

Steam autoclaving is the preferred method for all decontamination processes. Materials for decontamination and disposal should be placed in containers, e.g. autoclavable plastic bags, that are colour-coded according to whether the contents are to be autoclaved and/or incinerated. Alternative methods may be envisaged only if they remove and/or kill microorganisms.

Handling and disposal procedures for contaminated materials and wastes

An identification and separation system for infectious materials and their containers should be adopted. National and international regulations must be followed. Categories should include:

1. Non-contaminated (non-infectious) waste that can be reused or recycled or disposed of as general, “household” waste. 2. Contaminated (infectious) “sharps” – hypodermic needles, scalpels, knives and broken glass; these should always be collected in puncture-proof containers fitted with covers and treated as infectious. 3. Contaminated material for decontamination by autoclaving and thereafter washing and reuse or recycling. 4. Contaminated material for autoclaving and disposal. 5. Contaminated material for direct incineration.

Sharps

• After use, hypodermic needles should not be recapped, clipped or removed from disposable syringes.

• The complete assembly should be placed in a sharps disposal container. • Disposable syringes, used alone or with needles, should be placed in sharps disposal

containers and incinerated, with prior autoclaving if required. • Sharps disposal containers must be puncture-proof/-resistant and must not be filled to

capacity. When they are three-quarters full they should be placed in “infectious waste” containers and incinerated, with prior autoclaving if laboratory practice requires it.

• Sharps disposal containers must not be discarded in landfills.


Contaminated (potentially infectious) materials for autoclaving and reuse

No precleaning should be attempted of any contaminated (potentially infectious) materials to be autoclaved and reused. Any necessary cleaning or repair must be done only after autoclaving or disinfection.

Contaminated (potentially infectious) materials for disposal

• Apart from sharps, all contaminated (potentially infectious) materials should be autoclaved in leak-proof containers, e.g. autoclavable, colour-coded plastic bags, before disposal.

• After autoclaving, the material may be placed in transfer containers for transport to the incinerator. If possible, materials deriving from healthcare activities should not be discarded in landfills even after decontamination.

• If an incinerator is available on the laboratory site, autoclaving may be omitted: the contaminated waste should be placed in designated containers (e.g. colour-coded bags) and transported directly to the incinerator.

• Reusable transfer containers should be leakproof and have tight-fitting covers. They should be disinfected and cleaned before they are returned to the laboratory for further use.

• Discard containers, pans or jars, preferably unbreakable (e.g. plastic), should be placed at every work station.

• When disinfectants are used, waste materials should remain in intimate contact with the disinfectant (i.e. not protected by air bubbles) for the appropriate time, according to the disinfectant used. The discard containers should be decontaminated and washed before reuse.

• Incineration of contaminated waste must meet with the approval of the public health and air pollution authorities. Therefore such waste should be handed over to authorized companies only.

Selection of a biological safety cabinet

A BSC should be selected primarily in accordance with the type of protection needed:

• Product protection; • Personnel protection against Risk Group 1–4 microorganisms; • Personnel protection against exposure to radionuclides and volatile toxic

chemicals; or a combination of these.

Risk group 1 may use BSC class I and for Risk 2 level, a minimum of BSC class II should be used with proper exhaust system depending upon the level of risk and contamination potential.


Volatile or toxic chemicals should not be used in BSCs that recirculate exhaust air to the room, i.e. Class I BSCs that are not ducted to building exhaust systems, or Class IIA1 or Class IIA2 cabinets. Class IIB1 BSCs are acceptable for work with minute amounts of volatile chemicals and radionuclides. A Class IIB2 BSC, also called a total exhaust cabinet, is necessary when significant amounts of radionuclides and volatile chemicals are expected to be used.

Line sketch of Bio Safety Cabinet Level 2


Using biological safety cabinets in the laboratory

Location

• BSCs should be situated in a location remote from traffic and potentially disturbing air currents (as air currents generated close to the BSC can disrupt the directional air flow through front opening).

• Whenever possible a 30-cm clearance should be provided behind and on each side of the cabinet to allow easy access for maintenance. A clearance of 30–35 cm above the cabinet may be required to provide for accurate air velocity measurement across the exhaust filter and for exhaust filter changes.

Operator

• Operators must maintain the integrity of the front opening air inflow when moving their arms into and out of cabinets. Arms should be moved in and out slowly, perpendicular to the front opening.

• Manipulations of materials within BSCs should be delayed for about 1 min after placing hands and arms inside to allow the cabinet to adjust and to “air sweep” the surface of the hands and arms.

• The number of movements across the front opening should also be minimized by placing all necessary items into the cabinet before beginning manipulations.

Material placement

• The front intake grill of Class II BSCs must not be blocked with paper, equipment or other items.

• Materials to be placed inside the cabinet should be surface-decontaminated with 70% alcohol.

• Work may be performed on disinfectant-soaked absorbent towels to capture splatters and splashes.

• All materials should be placed as far back in the cabinet, towards the rear edge of the work surface, as practical without blocking the rear grill.

• Aerosol-generating equipment (e.g. mixers, centrifuges, etc.) should be placed towards the rear of the cabinet.

• Bulky items, such as biohazard bags, discard pipette trays and suction collection flasks should be placed to one side of the interior of the cabinet.

• Active work should flow from clean to contaminated areas across the work surface. • The autoclavable biohazard collection bag and pipette collection tray should not be

placed outside the cabinet.


• The frequent in-and-out movement needed to use these containers is disruptive to the integrity of the cabinet’s air barrier, and can compromise both personnel and product protection.

Operation and maintenance

Most BSCs are designed to permit operation 24 h/day, and investigators find that continuous operation helps to control the levels of dust and particulate materials in the laboratory. Class IIA1 and IIA2 BSCs exhausting to the room or connected by thimble connections to dedicated exhaust ducts can be turned off when not in use.

Other types such as IIB1 and IIB2 BSCs, which have hard-duct installations, must have airflow through them at all times to help maintain room air balance. Cabinets should be turned on at least 5 min before beginning work and after completion of work to allow the cabinet to “purge”, i.e. to allow time for contaminated air to be removed from the cabinet environment.

All repairs made on BSCs should be made by a qualified technician. Any malfunction in the operation of the BSC should be reported and repaired before the BSC is used again.

Ultraviolet lights

Ultraviolet lights are not required in BSCs. If they are used, they must be cleaned weekly to remove any dust and dirt that may block the germicidal effectiveness of the light. Ultraviolet light intensity should be checked when the cabinet is recertified to ensure that light emission is appropriate. Ultraviolet lights must be turned off while the room is occupied, to protect eyes and skin from inadvertent exposure.

Open flames

Open flames should be avoided in the near microbe-free environment created inside the BSC. They disrupt the airflow patterns and can be dangerous when volatile, flammable substances are also used. To sterilize bacteriological loops, microburners or electric “furnaces” are available and are preferable to open flames.

Spills

A copy of the laboratory’s protocol for handling spills should be posted, read and understood by everyone who uses the laboratory. When a spill of biohazardous material occurs within a BSC, clean-up should begin immediately, while the cabinet continues to operate. An effective disinfectant should be used and applied in a manner that minimizes the generation of aerosols. All materials that come into contact with the spilled agent should be disinfected and/or autoclaved.


Certification

The functional operation and integrity of each BSC is recommended to be certified to national or international performance standards at the time of installation and regularly thereafter by qualified technicians, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Evaluation of the effectiveness of cabinet containment should include tests for cabinet integrity, HEPA filter leaks, downflow velocity profile, face velocity, negative pressure/ventilation rate, air-flow smoke pattern, and alarms and interlocks. Optional tests for electrical leaks, lighting intensity, ultraviolet light intensity, noise level and vibration may also be conducted. Special training, skills and equipment are required to perform these tests and it is highly recommended that they are undertaken by a qualified professional.

Cleaning and disinfection

All items within BSCs, including equipment, should be surface-decontaminated and removed from the cabinet when work is completed, since residual culture media may provide an opportunity for microbial growth. The interior surfaces of BSCs should be decontaminated before and after each use.

The work surfaces and interior walls should be wiped with a disinfectant that will kill any microorganisms that might be found inside the cabinet. At the end of the work day, the final surface decontamination should include a wipe-down of the work surface, the sides, back and interior of the glass. A solution of bleach or 70% alcohol should be used where effective for target organisms. A second wiping with sterile water is needed when a corrosive disinfectant, such as bleach, is used.

It is recommended that the cabinet is left running. If not, it should be run for 5 min in order to purge the atmosphere inside before it is switched off.

Decontamination

BSCs must be decontaminated before filter changes and before being moved. The most common decontamination method is by fumigation with formaldehyde gas. BSC decontamination should be performed by a qualified professional.

Personal protective equipment

• Personal protective clothing should be worn whenever using a BSC. • Laboratory coats are acceptable for work being performed at Biosafety Levels 1 & 2. • A solid front, back-closing laboratory gown provides better protection and should be used

at Biosafety Levels 3 and 4 (except for suit laboratories). • Gloves should be pulled over the wrists of the gown rather than worn inside. • Elasticized sleeves can be worn to protect the investigator’s wrists. • Masks and safety glasses may be required for some procedures.


Alarms

BSCs can be equipped with one of two kinds of alarm. Sash alarms are found only on cabinets with sliding sashes. The alarm signifies that the operator has moved the sash to an improper position. Corrective action for this type of alarm is returning the sash to the proper position. Airflow alarms indicate a disruption in the cabinet’s normal airflow pattern. This represents an immediate danger to the operator or product. When an airflow alarm sounds, work should cease immediately and the laboratory supervisor should be notified. Manufacturers’ instruction manuals should provide further details. Training in the use of BSCs should cover this aspect.

Supplementary information

Selecting the correct type of BSC, installing it, using it properly and annually certifying its operation are complex processes. It is highly recommended that they proceed under the supervision of a well-trained and experienced biosafety professional. The professional should be highly familiar with the relevant literature listed in the References section, and should have been trained on all aspects of BSCs. Operators should receive formal training in the operation and use of BSCs.


7. SAFETY WHILE WORKING IN NANOTECHNOLOGY LAB

Nano materials can enter the body through the respiratory system if they are airborne and in the form of respirable-sized particles (nano particles). They may also come into contact with the skin or be ingested. Airborne nano particles can be inhaled and get deposited in the respiratory tract; and based on animal studies, nano particles can enter the blood stream, and translocate to other organs. Exposure to nano particles for a long time can lead to adverse lung effects including lung function decrements and obstructive and fibrotic lung diseases.

7.1. ATTIRE

• Lab coats must be worn strictly. • Arm sleeves are required where high levels of exposure or splashes of solutions containing

nano particles are anticipated. • Standard safety glasses are required when working in any lab. • Gloves must be worn when handling nano materials. Gloves must cover the wrist and any

other exposed portion of the skin not covered by the lab coat. • Long pants and closed toed shoes should be worn. • Respirators may be required for activities that cannot be controlled using ventilation.

7.2. LAB CONTAMINATION AND CLEANING

• Restrict the handling of nano particles to areas well within the lab. • Take conservative measures to prevent direct exposure to the nano particles. • Work with nano materials in liquid media whenever possible. • Handle dry nano materials in a fume hood, biological safety cabinet, glove box or a vented

filtered enclosure. • Do not work on the open bench with dry nano particles. • All containers containing nano materials must be labelled consistent with existing laboratory

requirements. • Transport dry nano particles in closed containers. • Handle solutions containing nano particles over disposable bench covers. • Aerosol producing activities (such as sonication, vortexing and

centrifuging) should not be conducted on the open bench. Perform these activities in a fume hood, biological safety cabinet, glove box or a vented filtered enclosure.

• Clean bench tops using a cleaning solution after each work activity. Spills of dry nano particles must be cleaned with a HEPA vacuum. Dry sweeping must not be used. Large spills must be cleaned by EHRS.

• Personnel should avoid touching the face or other exposed skin after working with nano materials before hand washing.


7.3. DISPOSAL OF NANOPARTICLES

Before disposal of any nano material, please call the instructor or concerned technical person for a hazardous waste determination. There are no specific guidelines for disposal of waste nano materials. The disposal requirements for bulk materials should be followed. Bulk carbon is considered a flammable solid, so carbon based nano materials should be collected as hazardous waste. Many nano particles contain toxic metals such as cadmium and must also be picked up for hazardous waste disposal.

7.4. CLEAN UP OF SPILLS

• Cleaning will be performed in a manner that minimizes production of aerosols. • Clean up of spilled material will be approached by preferentially employing wet wipe

methods if possible. • Cleaning larger spills may involve collection of the bulk material first followed by wet

wiping. • Use of HEPA filtered vacuums may be allowable, dry sweeping is strictly prohibited.


8. SAFETY IN THE TESTING LAB

8.1. ATTIRE • Use gloves, safety goggles and safety mask while working with carbon and glass fibres.

8.2. SOME SPECIFIC PRECAUTIONS

• The machine should be switched off in case of power failure otherwise as soon as the power

comes the electronic parts will get damaged. • The compressor should be switched off as soon as the experiment gets over. • The machine should be used only after the attainment of proper pressure recommended by

the manufacturer. • Make sure that the display is working properly before operating any machine. • Don’t press any switch unnecessarily when the machine is either on or off. • Do not cause obstructions in the path of moving machine parts. It can lead to an injury as

well as the damage of the parts. • Fan should be switched off while working with carbon and glass fibres.

8.3. SPECIFIC INSTRUMENTWISE PRECAUTIONS

WEIGHING BALANCE

• The upper limit of the instrument should be known before using it otherwise the instrument

may get damaged due to excessive load. • Always use forceps to grip the sample. • Hazardous samples must be carefully weighted in closed bottles.

MICROSCOPE

• Before starting the instrument, make sure that it is in the low resolution condition so that the

micrscope does not hit the sample slide. Also the bulb should be switched on at low intensity otherwise the bulb may fuse.

• Avoid contamination of the microcsope with toxic chemicals.

WRAP REEL

• Don’t move the wrap reel wheel by hand. • Don’t put your hand in the path of moving wheel.

DRAPEMETER


• The mirror of the drape meter should be covered when not in use otherwise dirt and dust will

get deposited on its surface. • Make sure that nothing falls on the mirror otherwise it may break. • While testing make sure that the sample is gripped properly otherwise you may get hurt. • Do not move the indicator unnecessarily otherwise it can get damaged.

USTER TESTER

• Use specific capacitance for specific samples otherwise the machine may get damaged. • Before operating the machine, give some time for stabilising which is 20 minutes in case of

uster tester.

TENSILE TESTER

• Before testing any sample, the testing range should be known such as in case of tensile tester, the strength of the specimen should not be more than 80% of the load cell strength.

• Use specific load cells for specific samples. • Do not stand too close to the machine, whiel in operation as the sample may abruptly break

and get into your eyes.

BURSTING STRENGTH TESTER

• After bursting of the sample, the diaphragm should be brought to the initial level position otherwise the rubber diaphragm will get burst and oil will come out of it which can enter into your eyes.


9. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE USING COMPUTER LAB • Always shut down the computer via Windows’ Start button. • Use a surge protector to keep excess electric power from damaging the computer. • Unplug the computer or turn off the wall socket when the machine is not in use. • Excessive heat can damage the computers. Please ensure that the room temperature stays

cool. • Motion can damage some computer components. Try to move laptop computers as little as

possible, especially when the hard drive or the floppy drive is rotating. • Turn off the computer when not in use. • A mild shock can destroy the sensitive electronics inside of a computer. • Do not touch any of the circuit boards directly. If you must add or remove them, please

handle them by their edges. They can be damaged, and the fingerprints that you leave behind can cause short circuits.

• Especially, do not touch the gold or silver contacts where the component connects to the motherboard.

• Keep dust away from the computers. This can cause short circuits


10. AFTER OFFICE HOURS 10.1. ACCESS TO THE LAB

For your safety… • Smart Card: After working hours, the access to the labs is restricted by the use of smart

card. Smart Card can be obtained from the HOD against an application form forwarded by Supervisor or Project Investigator.

• In order to get the keys of the chemical lab to work after the office hours, entry should be made in the register before 4 p.m.

• Single person is not allowed to work in a laboratory. There should be at least two people at any given time in one laboratory.

• Be more alert while working in chemical laboratory after the office hours. Sensory alertness (sound, sight, smell and skin) is of prime importance at that time.

• Keep in regular contact with your fellow co-workers while doing your work. 10.2. RULES FOR USING THE INSTRUMENTS

• The user should have adequate training for using any particular instrument. • The user should be completely aware of the precautions to be taken specifically with the

instrument which he or she is using. • Users must get the permission from the lab in-charge before using any instrument. • Enter your name and time in the log book before using any instrument. • While the instrument is running do not leave it unattended. • After the use of the instrument do not leave your samples inside the instrument. Remove

them before shutting down. • In case of any problem or trouble shoot that cannot be resolved by you, do not hesitate to call

and inform the lab in-charge/ instrument in-charge even at their homes. • Switch off the power supply to the instrument after using it. • Enter your log out time and other required information in the log book. • Avoid any spillage of the sample, chemicals and especially liquid samples inside the

instrument. If spill or contaminations occur, clean it using dry or wet tissue paper or as appropriate.

• Clean the working area and the area around the instrument and throw away the disposable and waste items in the dustbin and not on the floor.

• Clean the sample holders, sample pans, test-tubes etc. before leaving • Replace the machine accessories to their original place.


10.3. IN CASE OF AN ACCIDENT • One should work with more responsibility and be cautious while working in the lab after

office hours. • If an accident occurs after the office hours, then follow procedure as outline earlier and call

lab staff or lab-in –charge immediately to inform. • As there are very less number of people working in the lab after office hours, so the

responsibility of the people present there other than the victim increases. • A person should have adequate training to operate the safety equipments present in the lab

in order to work after office hours. • The main power supply should be switched off immediately in case of electric shock or fire. • Immediate medical aid should be provided to the victim by calling the security and

ambulance from the IIT hospital (as needed). • Always inform the lab-incharge, lab staff or the Head of the Deptt. in case of an accident

even if it is late in the night. Their telephjone numbers are given in this manual and pasted in the lab.

10.4. CLOSING OF LAB

• Keep the reagents and bottles back to their respective cabinet after use. • Keep the glass wares as well as the other lab belongings to their respective places. • Clean the workspace which you have used before you leave. • Ensure that the instrument on which you are working as well as the other instruments are

properly shut down and the accessories are not lying outside. • If any equipment has to be left ON for over night or for long time, write down proper

notice over the equipment with candidates name, date, time and mobile number, so that in case if somebody else want to use that particular equipment, he/she can contact the concerned. Prior permission of lab in charge, or lab stuff is must for keeping electrical equipment such as stirrers, air ovens, hotplates, etc. running overnight or unattended.

• Turn off the lights and fans and other electrical appliances. • Turn-off any running experiment if no permission is pasted or after calling the concerned

person. • Make sure gas cylinders are turned off, burners and their feeding pipes are also turned off

before leaving the lab. • Water supply is not always on. Therefore ensure that all the taps in the lab are closed in

order to avoid flooding of the lab when water comes. • Switch off the main power supply if no instrument is in use. • Make sure all co-workers are out of the lab, carefully inspect the lab before closing it.


• If you are leaving the lab but are not the last of the two people working in the lab, then make sure that you inform others about your leaving the lab.

• Lab should be locked properly to avoid thefts.


11. SAFETY SIGNS



ANNEXURES Annexure A. Highly Hazardous substances that should be avoided

Sr. No.

Chemical Hazard

1 Acrylonitrile Flammable (NFPA = 3), reasonably anticipated human carcinogen

2 Ammonium chromate Oxidizer, known human carcinogen 3 Aniline Combustible, may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed

through the skin 4 Aniline hydrochlorid May be fatal if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the

skin 5 Anthracene Irritant, may cause an allergic skin reaction 6 Antimony trichloride Corrosive 7 Arsenic and its

compounds Known human carcinogen

8 Asbestos Known human carcinogen 9 Ascarite II Corrosive, may be fatal if ingested 10 Benzene Flammable (NFPA = 3), known human carcinogen,

mutagen 11 Benzoyl peroxide Flammable (NFPA = 3), explosive, oxidizer 12 Calcium cyanide May be fatal if inhaled or ingested 13 Carbon disulfide Flammable (NFPA = 4), acute cns toxicity and peripheral

neurotoxicity 14 Carbon tetrachloride May be fatal if inhaled or ingested, reasonably anticipated

human carcinogen 15 Chloral hydrate Controlled barbiturate 16 Chlorine Oxidizer, corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled 17 Chloroform Reasonably anticipated human carcinogen 18 Chloropromazine Controlled substance 19 Chromium hexavalent

compounds Known human carcinogen

20 Chromium trioxide Oxidizer, Corrosive, known human carcinogen 21 Colchicine May be fatal if ingested, mutagen 22 p-Dichlorobenzene Combustible, reasonably anticipated human carcinogen 23 Dimethylaniline May be fatal if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the

skin 24 p-Dioxane Flammable (NFPA = 3), forms peroxides (Group 2),

reasonably anticipated human carcinogen 25 Ethylene dichloride (1,2-

Dichloroethane) Flammable (NFPA = 3), reasonably anticipated human carcinogen, mutagen

26 Ethylene oxide Flammable (NFPA = 4), explosive (NPFA = 3), may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, known


human carcinogen 27 Gunpowder Explosive 28 Hexachlorophene May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the

skin, possible teratogen 29 Hydrobromic acid Corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled or ingested 30 Hydrofluoric acid Corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled or ingested (liquid and

vapor can cause severe burns not always immediately painful or visible but possibly fatal)

31 Hydrogen Flammable (NFPA = 4) 32 Hydriodic acid Corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled or ingested 33 Lead arsenate Known human carcinogen, teratogen 34 Lead carbonate May be fatal if inhaled or ingested, neurotoxic 35 Lead (VI) chromate May be fatal if inhaled or ingested, known human

carcinogen 36 Lithium, metal Combustible, water reactive 37 Lithium nitrate Oxidizer 38 Magnesium, metal

(powder) May ignite spontaneiously on contact with water or damp materials

39 Mercury Corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled or ingested 40 Mercuric chloride May be fatal if inhaled, teratogen 41 Methyl iodide

(iodomethane) May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin, potential carcinogen (NIOSH)

42 Methyl methacrylate Flammable (NFPA = 3), explosive (vapor) 43 Methyl orange Possible mutagen 44 Methyl red Possible mutagen 45 Nickel, metal Reasonably anticipated human carcinogen, mutagen 46 Nickel oxide Reasonably anticipated human carcinogen, mutagen 47 Nicotine May be fatal if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the

skin 48 Osmium tetroxide May be fatal if inhaled or ingested 49 Paris green May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the

skin, known human carcinogen 50 Phenol Combustible (liquid and vapor), corrosive, may be fatal if

inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin 51 Phosphorus pentoxide Water reactive, corrosive 52 Phosphorous, red, white Phosphorous, red, white 53 Phthalic anhydride Combustible/finely dispersed particles form explosive

mixtures in air, corrosive 54 Potassium, metal Flammable (nfpa = 3), water reactive, forms peroxides 55 Potassium oxalate Corrosive, may be fatal if ingested 56 Potassium sulfide Spontaneously combustible, explosive in dust or powder

form, corrosive 57 Pyridine iFlammable (nfpa = 3), possible mutagen 58 Selenium Severe irritant 59 Silver cyanide May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the


skin 60 Silver nitrate Oxidizer, corrosive, may be fatal if ingested 61 Silver oxide Oxidizer 62 Sodium arsenate May be fatal if inhaled or ingested, known human

carcinogen 63 Sodium arsenite Known human carcinogen, teratogen 64 Sodium azide Explosive, may be fatal if ingested or absorbed through

the skin 65 Sodium chromate Oxidizer, corrosive, known human carcinogen 66 Sodium cyanide May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the

skin 67 Sodium dichromate Oxidizer, corrosive, may be fatal if ingested, known

human carcinogen 68 Sodium nitrite Oxidizer 69 Sodium sulfide Corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled or ingested 70 Sodium thiocyanide Contact with acid liberates very toxic gas 71 Stannic chloride

(anhydrous) Corrosive, hydrochloric acid liberated upon contact with moisture and heat

72 Stearic acid May form combustible dust concentration in the air 73 Strontium Water reactive 74 Strontium nitrate Oxidizer 75 Sodium arsenate May be fatal if inhaled or ingested, known human

carcinogen 76 Sodium arsenite Known human carcinogen, teratogen 77 Sodium azide Explosive, may be fatal if ingested or absorbed through

the skin 78 Sodium chromate Oxidizer, corrosive, known human carcinogen 79 Sodium cyanide May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the

skin 80 Sodium dichromate Oxidizer, corrosive, may be fatal if ingested, known

human carcinogen 81 Sodium nitrite Oxidizer 82 Sodium sulfide Corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled or ingested 83 Sodium thiocyanide Contact with acid liberates very toxic gas 84 Stannic chloride

(anhydrous) Corrosive, hydrochloric acid liberated upon contact with moisture and heat

85 Stearic acid May form combustible dust concentration in the air 86 Strontium Water reactive 87 Strontium nitrate Oxidizer 88 Sudan IV Irritant, toxic properties have not been thoroughly

evaluated 89 Sulfuric acid, fuming Corrosive, may be fatal if ingested 90 Tannic acid Irritant 91 Tetrabromoethane May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the

skin


92 Thioacetamide Reasonably anticipated human carcinogen 93 Thiourea Reasonably anticipated human carcinogen 94 Titanium trichloride Water reactive, corrosive 95 Titanium tetrachloride Water reactive, corrosive, may be fatal if inhaled 96 o-Toluidine Reasonably anticipated human carcinogen, mutagen 97 Uranium Radioactive material 98 Uranyl acetate Radioactive material 99 Urethane Combustible, reasonably anticipated human carcinogen 100 Wood’s metal May be fatal if inhaled or ingested, known human

carcinogen (cadmium), neurotoxic


Annexure B. Hazardous substances that are commonly used

S.No. Chemical Hazard

1 Acetamide Combustible solid 2 Aluminum chloride Water reactive, corrosive 3 Ammonium bichromate Oxidizer, corrosive, known human

carcinogen 4 Ammonium oxalate May be fatal if inhaled or ingested 5 Ammonium vanadate May be fatal if inhaled or ingested 6 Antimony May be fatal if inhaled, irritant 7 Antimony oxide Irritant 8 Antimony potassium tartrate Irritant 9 Barium chloride May be fatal if ingested, irritant 10 Benzone (phenylbutazone) Irritant 11 Beryllium carbonate Irritant 12 Bromine Oxidizer, corrosive, may be fatal if

inhaled or ingested 13 Cadmium and cadmium compounds Known human carcinogen 14 Carmine Irritant, burning may produce carbon

monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides.

15 Catechol Corrosive 16 Chromic acid Oxidizer, known human carcinogen 17 Chromium acetate Irritant 18 Cobalt, metal Possible human carcinogen (IARC,

Group 2B) 19 Cobalt nitrate Oxidizer, irritant 20 Cyclohexane Flammable (NFPA = 3) 21 Cyclohexene Flammable (nfpa = 3), corrosive,

forms peroxides 22 Dichloroindophenol sodium salt Irritant 23 2,4-Dinitrophenol Irritant 24 Ferrous Sulfate Irritant 25 Formaldehyde (formalin) Flammable (NFPA = 3), reasonably

anticipated human carcinogen 26 Fuchsin (acid/basic) Irritant 27 Gasoline Flammable (NFPA = 3) 28 Hematoxylin Irritant 29 Hydrogen sulfide Corrosive 30 Hydroquinone May be fatal if ingested 31 Isoamyl alcohol (isopentyl alcohol) Irritant, combustible liquid and vapor 32 Isobutyl alcohol Flammable (NFPA = 3) 33 Magnesium chlorate Irritant


34 Methyl ethyl ketone Irritant, flammable (NFPA = 3) 35 Methyl oleate Toxic properties not investigated 36 Nickel carbonate Reasonably anticipated human

carcinogen 37 Nickelous acetate Reasonably anticipated human

carcinogen 38 Paradichlorobenzene Irritant 39 Pentane Irritant, flammable (NFPA = 4) 40 Petroleum ether Flammable (NFPA = 4) 41 1-Phenyl-2-Thiourea

(Phenylthiocarbamide)

May be fatal if inhaled or ingested

42 Potassium chlorate Oxidizer 43 Potassium chromate Oxidizer, known human carcinogen 44 Potassium periodate Oxidizer 45 Potassium permanganate Oxidizer, corrosive 46 Salol (phenyl salicylate) Irritant 47 Sodium bromate Oxidizer 48 Sodium chlorate Oxidizer 49 Sodium fluoride May be fatal if inhaled or ingested 50 Sodium oxalate Corrosive, may be fatal if ingested 51 Sodium nitrate Oxidizer, irritant 52 Sodium silicofluoride Toxic 53 Sudan III Decomposes to oxides of nitrogen 54 Sulfamethazine Irritant 55 Toluene Flammable (NFPA = 3), irritant, may

be fatal if ingested 56 Trichloroethylene Reasonably anticipated human

carcinogen 57 Urethane Combustible, reasonably anticipated

human carcinogen 58 Xylenes Flammable (NFPA = 3), irritant, may

be fatal if ingested


Annexures C. Incompatible Chemicals

Sr. No.

Chemical Incompatible with

1 Acetic acid Chromic acid, Nitric acid, Peroxides, 2 Permanganates acetic

anhydride Hydroxyl group containing compounds, Ethylene glycol, Perchloric acid)

3 Acetone Concentrated Nitric and Sulfuric acid mixtures, Hydrogen peroxide

4 Acetylene Bromine, Chlorine, Copper, Fluorine, Mercury, Silver 5 Ammonium nitrate Acids, Chlorates, Flammable liquids, Nitrates, 6 powdered metals, Sulphur, finely divided organic or

combustible materials 7 Aniline Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric acid 8 Calcium oxide Water 9 Carbon, activated Calcium hypochlorite, other oxidants 10 Chlorates Acids, Ammonium salts, Metal powders, Sulphur, finely

divided organic or combustible materials 11 Chromic acid Acetic acid, Camphor, Glycerol, Naphthalene, Turpentine,

other flammable liquids 12 Chlorine Acetylene, Ammonia, Benzene, Butadiene, Butane and

other petroleum gases, Hydrogen, Sodium carbide, Turpentine, finely divided metals,

13 Copper Acetylene, Hydrogen peroxide 14 Hydrazine Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric acid, other oxidants 15 Hydrocarbons Bromine, Chlorine, Chromic acid, Fluorine, peroxides 16 Hydrocyanic acid Alkalis, Nitric acid 17 Hydrofluoric acid,

anhydrous Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)

18 Hydrogen peroxide Aniline, Chromium, combustible materials, Copper, Iron, most metals and their salts, Nitromethane, any flammable liquid

19 Hydrogen sulfide Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases 20 Iodine Acetylene, Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous) 21 Mercury Acetylene, Ammonia, Fulminic acid 22 Nitric acid, concentrated Acetic acid, Acetone, Alcohol, Aniline, Chromic acid,

flammable gases, flammable liquids, Hydrocyanic acid, Hydrogen Sulfide, Nitratable substances

23 Nitroparaffins Amines, inorganic bases 24 Oxalic acid Mercury, Silver 25 Oxygen Flammable liquids, solids, or gases, grease, Hydrogen, oils 26 Perchloric acid Acetic anhydride, Alcohol, Bismuth and its alloys, grease,

oils, paper, wood


27 Peroxides, organic Acids (organic or mineral) 28 Phosphorus (white) Air, Oxygen 29 Potassium chlorate Acids (also refer to chlorates) 30 Potassium perchlorate Acids (also refer to percholoric acid) 31 Potassium permanganate Benzaldehyde, Ethylene glycol, Glycerol, Sulfuric acid 32 Silver Acetylene, Ammonium compounds, Fulminic acid, Oxalic

acid, Tartaric acid, 33 Sodium Carbon dioxide, Carbon tetrachloride and other chlorinated

compounds, water 34 Sodium nitrite Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts 35 Sodium peroxide Any oxidizable substances (e.g., Acetic anhydride,

Benzaldehyde, Carbon disulfide, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Ethylene glycol, Furfural, Glacial acetic acid, Methanol, Methyl acetate)

36 Sulphuric acid Chlorates, Perchlorates, Permanganates


Suggested readings :

1) School Chemistry Laboratory Safety Guide, October 2006, U.S. Consumer Safety Product Commission, Department Of Health And Human Services, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

2) Laboratory biosafety manual, Third edition, World Health Organization, Geneva 2004. 3) Flinders Medical Centre, Laboratory Safety Manual 4) ICR Microbial Laboratory Manual, United States Office of Research, Environmental Protection Development April 1996

Date post:	13-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	hoangtuong
View:	216 times
Download:	2 times

LABORATORY SAFETY MANUAL July 2011 - Department...

Documents