Laboratory Student_s Book

7/17/2019 Laboratory Student_s Book

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TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BUCHAREST

SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DEPARTMENT

2013 - 2014

STUDENT’S BOOK FOR GEOTECHNICAL TESTS

STUDENT: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

FACULTY: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

YEAR: _ _ _ _ _ GROUP: _ _ _ _ _



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Contents

1 Week 2: Determination of the particle size distribution. Screening method ................................. 3

1.1 Graphical representations: histogram, frequency curve, particle size distribution curve ...... 4

2 Week 3: Determination of the particle size distribution. Hydrometer method .............................. 5

2.1 Particle size distribution curve ............................................................................................... 6

2.2 Ternary diagram representation ............................................................................................. 7

3 Week 4: Geotechnical indices ........................................................................................................ 8

3.1 Obtaining the density of the solid skeleton ............................................................................ 8

3.2 Obtaining the soil density using the mould method............................................................... 8

3.3 Obtaining the density ratio of the sand .................................................................................. 9

4 Week 5: Plasticity Limits ............................................................................................................. 10

5 Week 6: Determination of the permeability coefficient .............................................................. 11

5.1 Constant head method .......................................................................................................... 11 5.2 Falling head method ............................................................................................................. 11

6 Week 8: Oedometer test. Performing the test .............................................................................. 12

7 Week 9: Oedometer test. Results interpretation .......................................................................... 13

7.1 Compression – settlement diagram ...................................................................................... 13

7.2 Compression – porosity diagram ......................................................................................... 14

7.3 Consolidation diagram ......................................................................................................... 15

8 Week 10: Direct shear test ........................................................................................................... 16

8.1 Test results ........................................................................................................................... 16

8.2 Failure line ........................................................................................................................... 17

8.3 Mobilization curve ............................................................................................................... 18

9 Week 11: Triaxial test. Performing an u.u. (unconsolidated undrained) test .............................. 19 10 Week 12: Triaxial test. Results interpretation.............................................................................. 20

10.1 Failure line using Mohr’s circle ........................................................................................... 20

10.2 Representation of the stress paths in MIT coordinates (s-t) ................................................ 21



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1 Week 2: Determination of the particle size distribution. Screening method

m1

m2

m3

m j

mi

a1=m1/m*100

m- the mass of dry soil after washing

a2=m2/m*100

a3=m3/m*100

ai=mi/m*100

a j=m j/m*100

mp1=100%-a1

mp2=100%-(a1 + a2)=mp1-a2

mp3=mp2-a3

mpi=mp(i-1)-ai

mpj=mp(j-1)-a j

mi [g] d [mm] ai [%] mp [%]

20

108

6.3

5

4

2

1.4

1

0.85

0.63

0.5

0.315

0.25

0.18

0.125

0.09

0.063

rest:

Total:



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1.1 Graphi cal representations: hi stogram, frequency curve, particl e size distri buti on curve



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2 Week 3: Determination of the particle size distribution. Hydrometer method

material mass: m= 50g

specific gravity of the soil: s=2.72g/cm3

water density: w=1g/cm3

the hydrometer rod length: Lt=16.5cmhydrometer division: div=1mm

the distance between the last reading and the bulb: L sb=1.2cm

bulb volume: V b=100cm3

cross section area of the cylinder: dc=30cm2

bulb height: h b=16.8cm

Vs=100 cm

3

1000t

H01005.01810d

r

ws

cortemp

ws

s p R

m

100m

1.4R

R R R cor

5443.2T1118.0T109T109C243-5

t

tcor cortemp CR R

101000

R 1

cortemp

1

10divR 2LH

cortemp

t

c

s

br

d

Vh5.0HH

Time

Time

t

(s)

reading

R

meniscus

correction

R

Corrected

meniscus

reading

R cor

temperature

correction

Ct

corrected

reading

R cortemp

(kN/m3)

H

(cm)

Hr

(cm)

d

(mm)

mp

(%)

Temperature

T

(ºC)

15'' 15 1.4

30'' 30 1.4

1' 60 1.4

2' 120 1.4

4' 240 1.4

8' 480 1.4

15' 900 1.4

30' 1800 1.4

1h 3600 1.4

2h 7200 1.4

4h 14400 1.4

8h 36000 1.4

24h 86400 1.4



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2.1 Parti cle size distri buti on curve



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2.2 Ternary diagram representati on

100 0

Sa

gr.Sa

sa.Gr

Gr

si.Sa

cl.Sa

sa.Si

sa.cl.Si

sa.si.Cl

sa.Cl

gr.si.Sa

gr.cl.Sa

gr.sa.si.S

gr.sa.cl.S

sa.gr.si.Ssa.si.Gr

sa.cl.Gr

gr.sa.Sigr.sa.Cl

sa.gr.Si

sa.gr.Cl

si.Gr

cl.Gr

gr.Si

gr.cl.Si

gr.si.Cl

gr.Cl

Si

cl.Si

si.Cl

Cl

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 15 10

Argila si Praf (<0.063mm)

N i s i p

( 0 . 0 6

3 . . . 2 m m )

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

85

100

90

0

P i e t r i s ( 2 . . . 6 3 m

m )

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

100

0

10

20

40

100

Si

cl.Si

si.Cl

Cl

Cl

Si

A r g i l a ( < 0

. 0 0 2 m m )

30

50

60

70

80

90

100 090 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 15 10

Legenda:Si - Silt - Praf

Cl - Clay - Argila

S - Soil - Pamant

Sa - Sand - Nisip

Gr - Gravel - Pietris

cl.Si - clayey Silt - Praf argilos

si.Sa - silty Sand - Nisip prafos

si.Cl - silty Clay - Argila prafoasacl.Sa - clayey Sand - Nisip argilos

si.Gr - silty Gravel - Pietris prafos

sa.Gr - sandy Gravel - Pietris nisipos

gr.Sa - gravely Sand - Nisip cu pietris

cl.Gr - clayey Gravel - Pietris argilos

gr.Si - gravely Silt - Praf cu pietris

gr.Cl - gravely Clay - Argila cu pietris

sa.si.Gr - sandy silty Gravel - Pietris prafos cu nisip

sa.cl.Gr - sandy clayey Gravel - Pietris argilos cu nisipgr.si.Sa - silty Sand with gravel - Nisip prafos cu pietris

gr.cl.Sa - clayey Sand with gravel - Nisip argilos cu pietris

sa.cl.Si - silty Clay with sand - argila prafoasa cu nisip

gr.sa.Si - sandy Silt with gravel - Praf nisipos cu pietris

gr.sa.Cl - sandy Clay with gravel - Argila nisipoasa cu pietris

gr.sa.si.S - gravely sandy silty Soil - Pamant prafos nisipos cu pietris

gr.sa.cl.S - gravely sandy clay Soil - Pamant argilos nisipos cu pietris

sa.gr.si.S - sandy gravely silty Soil - Pamant prafos cu pietris si nisip

sa.gr.cl.S - sandy gravely clayey Soil - Pamant argilos cu pietris si nisip

sa.gr.si.S - sandy gravely silty Soil - Pamant prafos cu pietris si nisipsa.gr.cl.S - sandy gravely clayey Soil - Pamant argilos cu pietris si nisip

sa.gr.Si - gravely Silt with sand - Praf cu pietris si nisip

sa.gr.Cl - gravely Clay with sand - Argila cu pietris si nisip

gr.cl.Si -clayey Silt with gravel - Praf argilos cu pietris

gr.si.Cl - silty Clay with gravel - Argila prafoasa cu pietrissa.Si - sandy Silt - Praf nisipos

sa.Cl - sandy Clay - Argila nisipoasa

sa.cl.Si - clayey Silt with sand - Praf argilos cu nisip

sa.si.Cl - silty Clay with sand - Argila prafoasa cu nisip

sa.gr.cl.S



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3 Week 4: Geotechnical indices

3.1 Obtain ing the density of the soli d skeleton

COMPUTATION DATAMeasurement Picnometer No.

Unit 1 2 3

Mass of the picnometer + the material g

Mass of the picnometer m0 g

Mass of the material m1 g

Mass of the picnometer + the liquid m2 g

Mass of the picnometer + the liquid +

the materialm3 g

TEMPERATUREoC

oC

LIQUID DENSITY ρL

t

g/cm

3

CORRECTION FACTOR ψL -

g/cm3

AVERAGE g/cm3

γs=9.81ρs kN/m3

3.2 Obtain ing the soil density using the mould method

COMPUTATION DATAMeasurement Sample No.

Unit 1 2 3 4

Mass of the ring m2 g

Mass of the ring + the soil sample m1 g

Interior volume of the ring (soil sample's

volume)

V0 cm3

g/cm3

Average density ρav g/cm3

Volumic weight γ=9.81ρ kN/cm3



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3.3 Obtain ing the density ratio of the sand

COMPUTATION DATA

Measurement

Natural state Loosest state Most dense state

Unit

Mould no.

Volume of the mould V cm3

Mass of the mould m g

Mass of the dry sample and the mould m1 gm1-m g

%

Average n % n= nmax= nmin=

- e= emax= emin=



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4 Week 5: Plasticity Limits

UnitsNatural Moisture Content W [%] Plastic Limit Wp [%] Liquid Limit WL [%]

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Sample number -

Weight of the wet sample A g

Weight of the dry sample B g

W% %

W%average %

Obs:

Penetr

ation

–

Conemethod

mm

W[%]

_ _ _ _ _ _ [%]

_ _ _ _ _ _

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80



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5 Week 6: Determination of the permeability coefficient

5.1 Constant head method

Time HeadSamplelength

Samplecross-section

Hydraulicgradient

Totaldischarge

Correctioncoefficient

Permeabilitycoefficient fortemperature t

[oC]

Permeabilitycoefficient for

20oC

T h l A i V c k t k

[s] [cm] [cm] [cm2] [-] [cm

3] [-] [cm/s] [cm/s]

Average:

5.2 Fall ing head method

c = _ _ _ _ _

Time1/T

Initialhead

Finalhead h1/h2 log(h1/h2)

Permeabilitycoefficient for 20

oC

T h1 h2 k

[s] [1/s] [cm] [cm] [-] [-] [cm/s]

Average:



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6 Week 8: Oedometer test. Performing the test

dring=………cm Aring=………cm h0=………cm

Sample tζ Δh

[kPa] [mm] [%] [kPa] [kPa-1]

SAND

12.5

25

50

100

200

300

500

12.5

LOESS

12.5

25

50

100

200

300

300 i

CL

AY

10''

200

20''

30''

40''

1'

2'

4'

8'

15'30'

1h

2h

4h

8h

15h

24h



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7

Week 9: Oedometer test. Results interpretation

7.1

Compression – settl ement diagr am

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

10 100 1000

ε [ % ]

ζ [kPa]



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10 100 1000

e [ - ]

ζ [kPa]

7.2 Compression – porosity diagram

e0=………

ζ ε

av

[kPa] [%] [kPa-1]

12.5

25

50

100

200

300

500



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7.3 Consolidation diagram

Cv= _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm2/s

ε [ % ]

time



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8 Week 10: Direct shear test

n - horizontal forceSample 1

Sample

2Sample 3

δ - horizontal displacement ζ= 100 200 300 (kPa)

η - tangential stress = T/A ηfmax= (kPa)

ϕ= °

c= (kPa)

60

6 0

mm

m m

Shear Box Cross-Section

δ

8.1

Test resultsInput data for the direct shear box

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

T T T

(kN) (mm) (kPa) (div) (mm) (kPa) (div) (mm) (kPa)



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8.2 Failure line

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

η [

k P a ]

ζ [kPa]



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8.3 Mobili zation cur ve

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

η [ k P a ]

δ [cm]



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9 Week 11: Triaxial test. Performing an u.u. (unconsolidated undrained) test

Sample

1

Sample

2

Sample

3

°

ζ3= 100 200 300 kPa - radial stress c= kPa

75 110 150 kPa - deviator stress

ζ1=ζ3+ kPa - vertical stress

3 1

3



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10 Week 12: Triaxial test. Results interpretation

10.1 Failure line using Mohr’s circle

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

η [ k P a ]

ζ [kPa]



Page 21 din 21

10.2 Representation of the stress paths in M IT coordinates (s-t)

s= 13

2

t= 13

2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

t [ k

P a ]

s [kPa]

Sample

1

Sample

2Sample 3

s= kPa

t= kPa

°

d= kPa

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