Labsheet Steam Turbine and Condenser

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

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DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS II LABORATORY

LAPORAN MAKMAL/LABORATORY REPORT

Kod M/Pelajaran/ Subject Code

ENGINEERING LABORATORY VI BDA 37101

Kod & Tajuk Ujikaji/ Code & Title of Experiment

Kod Kursus/ Course Code

Seksyen /Section

Kumpulan/Group No. K.P / I.C No. Nama Pelajar/Name of Student

No. Matrik

Lecturer/Instructor/Tutors Name

1. 2.

Nama Ahli Kumpulan/ Group Members

No. Matrik Penilaian / Assesment

1. Teori / Theory 10 %

2.

Keputusan / Results 15 %

3. Pemerhatian /Observation 20 %

4. Pengiraan / Calculation 10 %

5. Perbincangan / Discussions 25 %

Tarikh Ujikaji / Date of Experiment

Kesimpulan / Conclusion 15 %

Tarikh Hantar / Date of Submission

Rujukan / References 5 %

JUMLAH / TOTAL 100%

COP DITERIMA/APPROVED STAMP

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS


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BDA37101-Edition III/2011 2

COURSE INFORMATION

COURSE TITLE: ENGINEERING LABORATORY VI (BDA 37101) TOPIC 3: STEAM TURBINE AND CONDENSER 1. OBJECTIVE

After completing the experiment, students shall be able to determine the performance of the steam turbine which is set to a certain speed, with different inlet pressure.

2. EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT It is a two rows velocity compounded unit (Two Row Curtis Stage Type) turbine. It consists of a set of nozzle, 2 rows of rotating blade and a row of fixed blade. A temperature and pressure measuring instrument is mounted at the inlet of the turbine. After steam expands in the turbine, it will flow into the condenser. The condenser consists of tubes, which allow cooling water to travel in it and allow heat to transfer from steam to the surrounding. The measurement of steam flow is done before steam is allowed to enter the boiler.

The measurement of the temperature and pressure of the steam and cooling water can also be done at the inlet and exit of the condenser. It will enable us to do energy balance and determining the energy loss on the condenser.

The turbine shaft is connected to an electric dynamometer. The ammeter and voltmeter to calculate the power required by the dynamometer is also available. Besides that, torque measuring instrument and tachometer to measure the speed is also available.

3. INTRODUCTION Turbine is used to transfer energy from a high pressure to a low pressure flow. Because of that there will be a decrease in enthalpy while converting the energy to the mechanical work. Steam will accelerate when it flows into sets of fixed nozzle, which change the kinetic energy. The steam will then be deflected by the curvature of the turbine blade and causes a force that is equivalent to the change of the momentum. This force will rotate the rotor and it will transfer work through its shaft.


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4. THEORY

Ideally we always assume that the expansion process in turbine is an adiabatic process since the velocity of steam is extremely high. However, due to friction the process is irreversible. From the steady flow energy equation, the shaft work is equal to the steam mass rate multiply with the change of enthalpy at the inlet and outlet of the turbine. Theoretically, the work in turbine is maximum when the process is isentropic (Figure1).

In Figure 1, state 1 shows the condition at inlet of the turbine and state 2 shows the actual outlet condition. If an isentropic process was to be happened, the condition at the outlet of the turbine will be at state 2s.

1

2 S 2

isobars

Inlet

Outlet

h

s

For turbine

Process 1-2 shows the actual turbine work and process 1-2s shows the isentropic work of the turbine. Turbine efficiency can be define as

t work turbineisentropic work turbineactual =

12

12

hhhh

s

4.1 GOVERNING EQUATION To evaluate the performance of the turbine, several parameters should be calculated:

Condensate mass flow rate (kg/min)

(min) collection of Time(kg) condensate collected of Mass

Figure 1: h-s diagram showing expansion process in turbine

kJ/kg

kJ/kgK


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To convert steam and exhaust pressure to abs. (bar.abs)

750

mmHg pressure Barometricreading gauge pressure

Brake power (kW)

6010001 x 2

xNT where N (rpm) and T (Nm)

Power of electrical generator (kW)

1000r voltagedynamomete x amperer Dynamomete

Specific steam consumption (kg/kW)

power Brakehourper rate nconsumptio Steam

Supplied steam energy (kJ/min)

Inlet steam enthalpy x steam consumption rate

Supplied steam energy at the nozzle (kJ/min) Enthalpy at nozzle x steam consumption rate

Supplied exhaust energy (kJ/min)

Enthalpy at exhaust x steam consumption rate

Decrement of energy at the control valve (kJ/min) Supplied steam energy - Supplied steam energy at the nozzle

Decrement of turbine energy (kJ/min) Supplied steam energy Supplied exhaust energy

Energy of brake power. (kJ/min)

Brake power (kW) x 60

Energy of friction and loses (kJ/min) Reduction of energy at turbine Energy of brake power

Energy of cooling water (kJ/min) Cooling water mass rate x 4.18 x temperature rise

Energy of condensate (kJ/min) Cooling water mass rate x 4.18 x temperature of condensate


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Isentropic energy decrement (kJ/min)

Supplied steam energy at the nozzle (Isentropic exhaust enthalpy x steam consumption rate)

Supplied Rankine energy (kJ/min)

Supplied steam energy at the nozzle Energy of condensate.

Mechanical efficiency (% me )

100 x in turbineenergy ofReduction power brake ofEnergy

Isentropic efficiency ( iso %)

100 x reductionenergy Isentropic

in turbineenergy ofReduction

Rankine efficiency( R %)

100 x energy Rankine

in turbineenergy ofReduction

Electrical conversion efficiency ( E %)

100 x power brake Turbinegenerator electrical ofPower

Thermal efficiency ( th %)

100 x energy Rankine

power brake ofEnergy

Relative efficiency ( lRe %)

100 x efficiency Rankineefficiency Thermal

Energy consumption rate (kJ/kW-min)

power Brake

energy Rankine Supplied

Energy of cooling water (kJ/min)

Exhaust energy Energy of condensate

Radiation energy (kJ/min) Supplied steam energy (Energy of brake power+ energy of

friction and losses + energy of cooling water + energy of condensate)


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4.2 GRAPHS a. Characteristic of curves Form the analysis; parameters as follows could be plotted against inlet nozzle pressure. This is to describe the characteristic of the turbine visually. The parameters are:

Steam consumption rate Brake power Electrical power Specific steam consumption Thermal efficiency

Example of the graph is shown in Figure 2

Brake power

Steam consumption rate

Thermal efficiency

Specific steam consumption

Inlet nozzle pressure

Figure 2: Characteristic of a steam turbine b. Distribution of energy Besides looking at the characteristic of the curve, this experiment also gives information on the energy distribution in the turbine and condenser. Energy in turbine consist of:

Supplied steam energy Supplied steam energy at nozzle Exhaust energy Reduction of energy at the control valve Energy of brake power Energy of friction and losses Energy of cooling water Energy of condensate Losses due to radiation


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Figure 3 shows the energy distribution.

5000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Radiation Loses And friction

Brake power Condesate Water Cooling

Figure 3: Energy distribution

4.3 ADDITIONAL THEORY (10%)


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5. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES

a. Boil water in boiler and set the temperature at superheater. On the superheater.

b. Ensure that the inlet temperature and pressure is 230oC and 8.6 bar before starting the experiment.

c. Open the turbine exhaust fully and allow cooling water to condenser. d. On the vacuum pump motor. e. Set the draincock to open. f. Open the drain cock a little bit to allow drainage of water and when all

water is drained and steam is generated, close back the drain cock. g. Open the stop valve to a condition where maximum inlet pressure and

velocity is obtained h. Record the following data:

Steam temperature and pressure Nozzle temperature and pressure Exhaust temperature and pressure Condenser temperature and pressure Velocity Torque load Voltage and current Cooling water flow rate Temperature and pressure of cooling water Condensate temperature No of nozzle Barometric pressure Time

i. Repeat the experiment using different number of nozzle and different inlet

pressure to obtain the optimum condition at a given speed.

6. EXPERIMENT DATA

Please refer to the data sheets provided in Appendix A and B. 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

a. Calculate the required parameters. b. Draw the characteristic curves as per Figure 2. c. Sketch the energy distribution.


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7.1 OBSERVATION (20%)


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7.2 CALCULATION (10%)


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7.3 DISCUSSIONS (25%)


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8. QUESTIONS

a. Describe the factors that affect the experimental result.

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b. Give any suggestion to improve the experiment. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................

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9. CONCLUSION (15%)

Deduce conclusions from the experiment. Please comment on your experimental work in terms of achievement, problems faced throughout the experiment and suggest recommendation for improvements.


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10. REFERENCES (5%)

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STEAM TURBINE AND CONDENSER APPENDIX A

DATA SHEET1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average

Time secBarometric pressure mmHgTurbine: Steam Pressure bar.gTurbine: Steam Temperature oCTurbine: Steam Pressure at nozzle bar.gTurbine: Steam Temperature at nozzle oCTurbine: Nozzle Pressure bar.gTurbine: Exhaust Temperature oCTurbine: Speed rpmTurbine: Torque NmCondenser : Inlet Steam temperature oCCondenser : Inlet Steam Pressure bar.gCondenser : Inlet water temperature oCCondenser : Outlet water temperature oCDynamometer: Current ampsDynamometer: Voltage VCondensate : Temperature oCCondensate : Measuring time secCondensate : Measurement quantity ltr

Condensate : Initial water level ltr m3

Condensate :Final water level ltr

Name : .Nozzle Code No Outlet

DiameterThroat

DiameterOpen / Close

Nozzle Code No Outlet Diamete

Throat Diamete

Open / Close

1-5Date : . 6 8

7 9

Cooling Water quantityDryness factor at the inlet of turbine


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APPENDIX B

DATA SHEET

Observe Data1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average

Number of opened nozzle and its locationTime secBarometric pressure mmHgTurbine: Steam Pressure bar.gTurbine: Steam Temperature oCTurbine: Steam Pressure at nozzle bar.gTurbine: Steam Temperature at nozzle oCTurbine: Nozzle Pressure bar.gTurbine: Exhaust Temperature oCTurbine: Speed rpmTurbine: Torque NmCondenser : Inlet Steam temperature oCCondenser : Inlet Steam Pressure bar.gCondenser : Inlet water temperature oCCondenser : Outlet water temperature oCDynamometer: Current ampsDynamometer: Voltage VCondensate : Temperature oCCondensate : cooling water flow secDryness factor at the inlet of turbine


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DATA SHEET

Calculated Data

Cooling water flow rate kg/minInlet steam pressure bar.absNozzle steam pressure bar.absExaust pressure bar.absSteam consumption rate kg/minInlet steam enthalpy kJ/kgSteam enthalphy at nozzle kJ/kgExaust enthalpy kJ/kgIsentropic Exaust enthalpy kJ/kgBrake power kWElectrical genarator power kWspecific steam consumption kJ/kWSupplied steam energy kJ/minSupplied steam energy at nozzle kJ/minSupplied Exaust energy kJ/minDecrement of energy at the control valve kJ/minDecrement of energy at turbine kJ/minEnergy of brake power kJ/minEnergy of friction and loses kJ/minEnergy of cooling water kJ/minEnergy of condensate kJ/minIsentropic energy decrement kJ/minSupplied Rankine Energy kJ/minMechanical efficiency %Isentropic efficiency %Rankine efficiency %Electrical conversion efficiency %Thermal efficiency %

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Labsheet Steam Turbine and Condenser

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