LabVIEW based Advanced Instrumentation Systems

123

S. Sumathi and P. Surekha

LabVIEW based Advanced Instrumentation Systems

With 488 Figures and 34 Tables

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Preface

Information is a valuable resource to an organization. User-friendly, computer-controlled instrumentation and data analysis techniques are revolutionizingthe way measurements are being made, allowing nearly instantaneous comp-arison between theoretical predictions, simulations, and actual experimentalresults. This book provides comprehensive coverage of fundamentals of advan-ced instrumentation systems based on LabVIEW concepts. This book is forthose who wish a better understanding of virtual instrumentation concepts,its purpose, its nature, and the applications developed using the NationalInstrument’s LabVIEW software.

The evolution and pervasiveness of PCs as cost-effective computing plat-forms, recently joined by workstations with more powerful software tools,has resulted in a virtual explosion in data acquisition, signal processingand control systems from laboratory to industry including field applications.An ever-increasing array of industry-standard design and simulation toolsprovides the opportunity to fully integrate the use of computers directly inthe laboratory. Advanced techniques in instrumentation and control such asDistributed Automation and SCADA are dealt in this book.

The current trends in instrumentation like Fiber optic instrumentation,LASER instrumentation, Smart Transmitters, and CASE have made virtualinstrumentation to support high availability, and increase in popularity.

This text discusses a number of new technologies and challenges of virt-ual instrumentation systems in terms of applications in the areas includingcontrol systems, power systems, networking, robotics, communication, andartificial intelligence.

About the Book

The book is meant for wide range of readers from College, University Studentswishing to learn basic as well as advanced concepts in virtual instrumenta-tion system. It can also be meant for the programmers who may be involved

VI Preface

in the programming based on the LabVIEW and virtual instrumentationapplications.

Virtual Instrumentation System, at present is a well developed field, amongacademicians as well as between program developers. The various approachesto data transmission, the common interface buses and standards of instru-mentation are given in detail.

The solutions to the problems in instrumentation are programmed usingLabVIEW and the results are given. An overview of LabVIEW with exam-ples is provided for easy reference of the students and professionals. Thisbook also provides research projects, LabVIEW tools, and glossary of virtualinstrumentation terms in appendix.

The book also presents Application Case Studies on a wide range of connec-ted fields to facilitate the reader for better understanding. This book can beused from Under Graduation to Post-Graduate Level. We hope that the readerwill find this book a truly helpful guide and a valuable source of informationabout the advanced instrumentation principles for their numerous practicalapplications.

Salient Features

The salient features of this book includes:

– Detailed description on virtual instrumentation system concepts.– Worked out examples using LabVIEW software.– Application case studies based on LabVIEW in various fields like Instru-

mentation and Control, Power Systems, Robotics, Networking and Comm-unication, and Artificial Intelligence.

– LabVIEW Tools, Research Projects, and Glossary.

Organization of the Book

The book starts with the introduction to virtual instrumentation and coversin detail on the advanced virtual instrumentation concepts, techniques, andapplications.

– Chapter 1 presents an introduction to virtual instrumentation concepts,architecture of a virtual instrumentation system and the role of variouscomponents in the architecture. It introduces the concept of distributedvirtual instrumentation systems and conventional virtual instrumentationsystems. The advantages of virtual instrumentation is discussed and com-pared with the conventional virtual instrumentation systems.

– Chapter 2 provides an overview of virtual instruments such as the frontpanel and the block diagram in virtual instrumentation software, Lab-VIEW. It discusses the menus used by the virtual instruments, ‘G’ Prog-ramming concepts, Data flow model in the block diagram, and the datatypes and its representation. The VI libraries and creation of a SubVI arealso investigated here.

Preface VII

– Chapter 3 describes the structures available in LabVIEW such as Forloop, While loop, Case structures and Sequence structure. This chapteralso addresses issues related to arrays, clusters and formula node. Besidesthese aspects, data displaying elements on the front panel such as wave-form charts, waveform graphs, XY graphs, and intensity plots are alsoillustrated with suitable examples.

– Chapter 4 deals with the components of a typical measurement system,origin of signals and the various types of signal acquiring devices suchas sensors and transducers. The concepts of signal conditioning and theSCXI, a signal conditioning and front end fore plug in DAQ boards arealso discussed. The output of the sensors are in analog form, hence toprocess them analog to digital converters are used. Conversions back toanalog signals are accomplished using digital-to-analog converters.

– Chapter 5 describes the operation and characteristic feature of serialcommunication devices such as 4–20, 60 mA current loops along with theRS232C standard. The IEEE standard GPIB is also detailed in later partof this chapter. VISA, which is a high level API is capable of controllingVXI, GPIB, or Serial instruments is also delineated.

– Chapter 6 focusses on the most common and latest PC interface busessuch as USB, PCI, PXI, PCMCIA, VXI, and LXI. Modern computerbuses can use both parallel and bit-serial connections, and can be wiredin either a multidrop or daisy chain topology, or connected by switchedhubs.

– Chapter 7 touches the aspects related with signal grounding and digi-tal I/O techniques. The approach of data acquisition in LabVIEW iselaborated with the DAQ components and the Hardware and Softwareconfiguration.

– Chapter 8 encompasses the operation and characteristic features of datatransmission such as pulse codes, analog and digital modulation, wirelesscommunication, RF analyser, distributed automation, and SCADA. Datatransmission plays a very important role in all kind of digital equipmentsas it is the responsibility of these devices to transmit the data withoutbeing lost.

– Chapter 9 elaborates on the current trends in instrumentation such as fiberoptic and laser instrumentation. The various types of fiber optic sensorsincluding voltage, pressure, stress, temperature, and laser sensors includ-ing velocity, distance, and length are also discussed. The later sections ofthis chapter presents on the concepts of smart transmitter and CASE.

– Chapter 10 presents the recent approaches of LabVIEW in Virtual instru-mentation with application examples in the areas of instrumentation,control systems, power systems, and robotics.

– Chapter 11 illustrates the application examples based on LabVIEW in theareas of communication, networking, artificial intelligence, and biomedicalinstrumentation.

VIII Preface

About the Authors

S. Sumathi completed B.E. (Electronics and Communication Engineering),M.E. (Applied Electronics) at Government College of Technology, Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, and Ph.D. in data mining. Currently, working as AssistantProfessor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PSGCollege of Technology, Coimbatore with teaching and research experienceof 16 years. She received the prestigious gold medal from the Institution ofEngineers Journal Computer Engineering Division for the research papertitled, “Development of New Soft Computing Models for Data Mining” andalso best project award for UG Technical Report titled, “Self-OrganizedNeural Network Schemes: As a Data mining tool”; Dr. R. Sundramoorthyaward for Outstanding Academic of PSG College of Technology in the year2006. She has guided a project which received Best M. Tech Thesis award fromIndian Society for Technical Education, New Delhi. In appreciation of pub-lishing various technical articles she has received National and InternationalJournal Publication Awards. She has prepared manuals for Electronics andInstrumentation Lab and Electrical and Electronics Lab of EEE Department,PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore and also organized second NationalConference on Intelligent and Efficient Electrical Systems in the year 2005and conducted Short-Term Courses on “Neuro Fuzzy System Principles andData Mining Applications.” She has published several research articles inNational and International Journals/Conferences and guided many UG andPG projects. She has also published three books on, “Introduction to NeuralNetworks with MATLAB,” “Introduction to Fuzzy Systems with MATLAB”and “Introduction to Data mining and its Applications.” She reviewed papersin National/International Journals and Conferences. The Research interestsinclude Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems and Genetic Algorithms, PatternRecognition and Classification, Data Warehousing and Data Mining, Opera-ting systems and Parallel Computing, etc.

Surekha P. completed her B.E. Degree in Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering in PARK College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, and Masters Degree in Control Systems at PSG College ofTechnology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. She was a Rank Holder in both B.E.and M.E. programmes. She has received Alumni Award for best performancein curricular and cocurricular activities during her Masters Degree prog-ramme. She has presented papers in National Conferences and Journals.She is currently working as a programmer analyst in Cognizant TechnologySolutions, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Her research areas include robotics, virtualinstrumentation, neural network, fuzzy logic theory and genetic algorithm.

Acknowledgement

The authors are always thankful to the Almighty for perseverance and achieve-ments. They wish to thank Mr. G. Rangaswamy, Managing Trustee, PSGInstitutions and Dr. R. Rudramoorthy, Principal, PSG College of Technology,Coimbatore, for their whole-hearted cooperation and great encouragementgiven in this successful endeavour. They also appreciate and acknowledgevery much to Mr. K.K.N. Anburajan, Lab-in-Charges of EEE Department,PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore who have been with them in all theirendeavours with their excellent, unforgettable help, and assistance in the suc-cessful execution of the work. Sumathi owes much to her daughter, Priyanka,who has helped and to the support rendered by her husband, brother, andfamily. Surekha would like to thank her parents, brother, and husband whoshouldered a lot of extra responsibilities during the months this was beingwritten. They did this with the long-term vision, depth of character, andpositive outlook that are truly befitting of their name.

Contents

1 Introduction to Virtual Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 History of Instrumentation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Evolution of Virtual Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 Premature Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.5 Virtual Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.5.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5.2 Architecture of Virtual Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5.3 Presentation and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.5.4 Functional Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.6 Programming Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.7 Drawbacks of Recent Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.8 Conventional Virtual Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.9 Distributed Virtual Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.10 Virtual Instruments Versus Traditional Instruments . . . . . . . . . 171.11 Advantages of VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.11.1 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.11.2 Platform-Independent Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.11.3 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.11.4 Lower Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.11.5 Plug-In and Networked Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.11.6 The Costs of a Measurement Application . . . . . . . . . . 201.11.7 Reducing System Specification Time Cost . . . . . . . . . . 201.11.8 Lowering the Cost of Hardware and Software . . . . . . . 201.11.9 Minimising Set-Up and Configuration Time Costs . . . 201.11.10 Decreasing Application Software Development

Time Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.12 Evolution of LabVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.13 Creating Virtual Instruments Using LabVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.13.1 Connectivity and Instrument Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.13.2 Open Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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1.13.3 Reduces Cost and Preserves Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.13.4 Multiple Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.13.5 Distributed Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.13.6 Analysis Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.13.7 Visualization Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.13.8 Flexibility and Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.14 Advantages of LabVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.14.1 Easy to Learn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.14.2 Easy to Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.14.3 Complete Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.14.4 Modular Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1.15 Virtual Instrumentation in the Engineering Process . . . . . . . . . 271.15.1 Research and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.15.2 Development Test and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.15.3 Manufacturing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.15.4 Manufacturing Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.16 Virtual Instruments Beyond the Personal Computer . . . . . . . . 29

2 Programming Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.2 Virtual Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.2.1 Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.2.2 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.3 LabVIEW Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.3.1 Startup Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.3.2 Shortcut Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.3.3 Pull-Down Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.3.4 Pop-Up Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.3.5 Palletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.4 Dataflow Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.5 ‘G’ Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

2.5.1 Data Types and Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632.5.2 Representation and Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642.5.3 Creating and Saving VIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.5.4 Wiring, Editing, and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.5.5 Creating SubVIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732.5.6 VI Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3 Programming Concepts of VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.2 Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

3.2.1 The For Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823.2.2 The While Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883.2.3 Shift Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953.2.4 Feedback Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Contents XIII

3.3 Selection Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003.3.1 Case Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013.3.2 Sequence Structures (Flat and Stacked Structures) . . 107

3.4 The Formula Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113.5 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

3.5.1 Single and Multidimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133.5.2 Autoindexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153.5.3 Functions for Manipulating Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173.5.4 Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

3.6 Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263.6.1 Creating Cluster Controls and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . 1283.6.2 Cluster Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303.6.3 Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

3.7 Waveform Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383.7.1 Chart Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423.7.2 Mechanical Action of Boolean Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

3.8 Waveform Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463.8.1 Single-Plot Waveform Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473.8.2 Multiple-Plot Waveform Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3.9 XY Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483.10 Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

3.10.1 Creating String Controls and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . 1553.10.2 String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

3.11 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613.12 List Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633.13 File Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

3.13.1 File I/O VIs and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633.13.2 File I/O Express VIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

4 Inputs and Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1734.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1734.2 Components of Measuring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1744.3 Origin of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

4.3.1 Transducers and Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1784.3.2 Acquiring the Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1794.3.3 Sampling Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1804.3.4 Filtering and Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1804.3.5 Triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1834.3.6 Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

4.4 Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1844.4.1 Selecting a Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1854.4.2 Electrical Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

4.5 Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964.5.1 The Nose as a Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984.5.2 Sensors and Biosensors: Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

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4.5.3 Differences Between Chemical Sensors, PhysicalSensors, and Biosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

4.5.4 Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014.5.5 RTD: Resistance Temperature Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . 2034.5.6 Strain Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

4.6 General Signal Conditioning Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2064.6.1 Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2064.6.2 Filtering and Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2074.6.3 Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2074.6.4 Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2074.6.5 Digital Signal Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2084.6.6 Pulse Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2084.6.7 Signal Conditioning Systems for PC-Based

DAQ Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2084.6.8 Signal Conditioning with SCXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

4.7 Analog-to-Digital Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2104.7.1 Understanding Integrating ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2104.7.2 Understanding SAR ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2144.7.3 Understanding Flash ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2184.7.4 Understanding Pipelined ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

4.8 Digital-to-Analog Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

5 Common Instrument Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2395.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2395.2 4–20 mA Current Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

5.2.1 Basic 2-wire Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2415.2.2 4–20 mA Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425.2.3 3 V/5 V DACs Support Intelligent Current Loop . . . . 2455.2.4 Basic Requirements for 4–20 mA Transducers . . . . . . . 2455.2.5 Digitally Controlled 4–20 mA Current Loops . . . . . . . 245

5.3 60 mA Current Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475.4 RS232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2495.5 RS422 and RS485 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2535.6 GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

5.6.1 History and Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2555.6.2 Types of GPIB Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575.6.3 Physical Bus Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575.6.4 Physical Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2615.6.5 IEEE 488.2 STANDARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2615.6.6 Advantages of GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

5.7 VISA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2645.7.1 Supported Platforms and Environments . . . . . . . . . . . 2655.7.2 VISA Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2655.7.3 DEFAULT Resource Manager, Session,

and Instrument Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Contents XV

5.7.4 VISAIC and Message-Based Combination . . . . . . . . . . 2715.7.5 Message-Based Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2725.7.6 Register-Based Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2745.7.7 VISA Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2755.7.8 Advantages of VISA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

6 Interface Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2816.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2816.2 USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

6.2.1 Architecture of USB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2826.2.2 Need for USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2836.2.3 Power Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2846.2.4 Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2866.2.5 Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2886.2.6 Electrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2896.2.7 Suspend Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2916.2.8 Cables or Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2916.2.9 USB Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2926.2.10 USB Descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2936.2.11 Advantages of USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

6.3 PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2956.3.1 A 32-Bit Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2966.3.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2966.3.3 Architecture of PCI with Two Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2976.3.4 Features of PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2976.3.5 Low Profile PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3006.3.6 PCI-X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3006.3.7 PCI for Data Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3016.3.8 PCI IDE Bus Mastering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3026.3.9 PCI Internal Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3036.3.10 PCI Bus Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3036.3.11 PCI Expansion Slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3046.3.12 Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3056.3.13 Using PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

6.4 PCI Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3066.4.1 Need for PCI Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3066.4.2 Types of PCI Express Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3066.4.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3076.4.4 Express Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

6.5 PXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3086.5.1 PXI Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3086.5.2 Interoperability with Compact PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3116.5.3 Electrical Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3126.5.4 Software Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

6.6 PCMCIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

XVI Contents

6.6.1 Features of PCMCIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3166.6.2 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3176.6.3 Board Layout and Jumper Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3176.6.4 Types of PC Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3176.6.5 Features of PC Card Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3186.6.6 Utilities of PCMCIA Card in the Networking

Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3186.7 SCXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

6.7.1 SCXI Hardware and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3196.7.2 Analog Input Signal Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3206.7.3 SCXI Software-Configurable Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3226.7.4 Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3256.7.5 Typical Program Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

6.8 VXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3326.8.1 Need for VXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3326.8.2 Features of VXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3336.8.3 VXI Bus Mechanical Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3336.8.4 Noise Incurred in VXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3346.8.5 Hardware Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3356.8.6 Register-Based Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3366.8.7 Message-Based Communication

and Serial Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3366.8.8 Commander/Servant Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3366.8.9 Three Ways to Control a VXI System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3386.8.10 Software Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

6.9 LXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3386.9.1 LXI Modular Switching Chassis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3396.9.2 LXI/PXI Module Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

7 Hardware Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3457.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3457.2 Signal Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

7.2.1 Single-Ended Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3467.2.2 Differential Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3477.2.3 System Ground and Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3487.2.4 Wiring Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

7.3 Digital I/O Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3527.3.1 Pull-Up and Pull-Down Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3527.3.2 TTL to Solid-State Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3537.3.3 Voltage Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

7.4 Data Acquisition in LabVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3557.5 Hardware Installation and Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

7.5.1 Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3567.5.2 Triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Contents XVII

7.6 Components of DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3577.6.1 System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3577.6.2 NI-DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

7.7 DAQ Signal Accessory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3597.7.1 Function Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3617.7.2 Microphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3627.7.3 Thermocouple and IC Temperature Sensor . . . . . . . . . 3637.7.4 Noise Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3637.7.5 Digital Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3637.7.6 Counter/Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3637.7.7 Quadrature Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

7.8 DAQ Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3647.8.1 MAX-Based Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3667.8.2 Steps to Create a MAX-Based Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3667.8.3 Project-Based Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3677.8.4 Steps to Create a Project-Based Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3677.8.5 Project-Based and MAX-Based Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3697.8.6 Edit a Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3717.8.7 Copy a MAX Task to Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

7.9 DAQ Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3727.9.1 Windows Configuration Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3727.9.2 Channel and Task Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3737.9.3 Hardware Triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3737.9.4 Analog Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3747.9.5 Analog Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3757.9.6 Digital Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3767.9.7 Counters and Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

7.10 DAQ Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

8 Data Transmission Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3818.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3818.2 Pulse Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

8.2.1 RZ and RB Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3828.2.2 NRZ Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3858.2.3 Phase Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

8.3 Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3908.3.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3928.3.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3948.3.3 Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3968.3.4 Need for Digital Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3978.3.5 Digital Modulation and their Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3988.3.6 Applications of Digital Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

8.4 Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4018.4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4028.4.2 Wireless Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

XVIII Contents

8.4.3 Trends in Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4048.4.4 Software Defined Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

8.5 RF Network Analyser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4078.6 Distributed Automation and Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

8.6.1 Distributed Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4138.6.2 Computers in Industrial Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4148.6.3 Applications of Computers in Process Industry . . . . . 4158.6.4 Direct Digital and Supervisory Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 4168.6.5 Architecture of Distributed Control Systems . . . . . . . . 4178.6.6 Advantages of Distributed Control Systems . . . . . . . . 4208.6.7 CORBA-Based Automation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

8.7 SCADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4238.7.1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4248.7.2 Security Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4308.7.3 Analysis of the Vulnerabilities of SCADA Systems . . 4318.7.4 Security Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

9 Current Trends in Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4379.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4379.2 Fiber-Optic Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

9.2.1 Fiber-Optic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4389.2.2 Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4419.2.3 Fiber-Optic Voltage Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4429.2.4 Fiber-Optic Liquid Level Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4449.2.5 Optical Fiber Temperature Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4479.2.6 Fiber-Optic Stress Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4499.2.7 Fiber-Optic Gyroscope: Polarization Maintaining . . . 4569.2.8 Gratings in Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4629.2.9 Advantages of Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

9.3 Laser Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4659.3.1 Measurement of Velocity, Distance, and Length . . . . . 4659.3.2 LASER Heating, Welding, Melting, and Trimming . . 4749.3.3 Laser Trimming and Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

9.4 Smart Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4839.4.1 Smart Intelligent Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4839.4.2 Smart Transmitter with HART Communicator . . . . . 491

9.5 Computer-Aided Software Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4959.5.1 The TEXspecTool for Computer-Aided Software

Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

10 VI Applications: Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50710.1 Fiber-Optic Component Inspection Using Integrated Vision

and Motion Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50710.1.1 Fiber Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50810.1.2 Fiber-Optic Inspection Platform Overview . . . . . . . . . 509

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10.1.3 Inspection Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50910.1.4 Optical Inspection Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50910.1.5 Real Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50910.1.6 IMAQ Vision Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51010.1.7 Motion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

10.2 Data Acquisition and User Interface of BeamInstrumentation System at SRRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51410.2.1 Introduction to SRRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51410.2.2 Outline of the Control and Beam Instrumentation

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51410.2.3 Specific Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

10.3 VISCP: A Virtual Instrumentation and CAD Toolfor Electronic Engineering Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51910.3.1 Schematic Capture Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52010.3.2 Netlist Generation Tool: Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52110.3.3 Virtual Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52210.3.4 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52310.3.5 Available Virtual Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52410.3.6 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

10.4 Distributed Multiplatform Control System with LabVIEW . . 52610.4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52610.4.2 The Software Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52710.4.3 Software Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52810.4.4 The New ODCS with the LabVIEW VI Server

ODCS on Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52810.5 The Virtual Instrument Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

10.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53110.5.2 System Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53110.5.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

10.6 Controller Design Using the Maple Professional MathToolbox for LabVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53610.6.1 The Two Tank System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53710.6.2 Controller Parameter Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53910.6.3 Deployment of the Controller Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 541

10.7 Embedding Remote Experimentation in Power EngineeringEducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54210.7.1 Virtual Laboratories in Power Engineering . . . . . . . . . 54310.7.2 Remote Experiments Over the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

10.8 Design of an Automatic System for the Electrical QualityAssurance during the Assembly of the Electrical Circuitsof the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54910.8.1 Methodology of Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55010.8.2 Technical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

10.9 Internet-Ready Power Network Analyzer for Power QualityMeasurements and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

XX Contents

10.9.1 Computer-Based Power Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55610.9.2 Instruments Implemented in the Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . 55610.9.3 Measured Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55910.9.4 Supervising Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55910.9.5 Hardware Platforms for the Virtual Analyzer . . . . . . . 56010.9.6 Advantages of the Virtual Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56010.9.7 Future Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

10.10 Application of Virtual Instrumentation in a PowerEngineering Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56110.10.1 Lab Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56110.10.2 Single and Three phase Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56210.10.3 DC Generator Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56510.10.4 Synchronous Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56710.10.5 Induction Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

11 VI Applications: Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57111.1 Implementation of a Virtual Factory Communication

System Using the Manufacturing Message SpecificationStandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57111.1.1 MMS on Top of TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57211.1.2 Virtual Factory Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . 57411.1.3 MMS Internet Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

11.2 Developing Remote Front Panel LabVIEW Applications . . . . . 58011.2.1 Reducing the Amount of Data Sent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58111.2.2 Reducing the Update Rate of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 58111.2.3 Minimizing the Amount of Advanced

Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58311.2.4 Functionality to Avoid with Web Applications . . . . . . 58411.2.5 Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

11.3 Using the Timed Loop to Write Multirate Applicationsin LabVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58611.3.1 Timed Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58711.3.2 Configuring Timed Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58811.3.3 Selecting Timing Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58811.3.4 Setting the Period and the Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58811.3.5 Setting Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58911.3.6 Naming Timed Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59011.3.7 Timed Loop Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59111.3.8 Configuring Modes Using the Loop Configuration

Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59211.3.9 Configuring Modes Using the Input Node . . . . . . . . . . 59211.3.10 Changing Timed Loop Input Node Values

Dynamically. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59311.3.11 Aborting a Timed Loop Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59311.3.12 Synchronizing Timed Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59411.3.13 Timed Loop Execution Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

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11.4 Client–Server Applications in LabVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59511.4.1 Interprocess Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59611.4.2 A Simple Read-Only Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59711.4.3 Two Way Communication: A Read–Write Server . . . . 59811.4.4 The VI-Reference Server Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60011.4.5 The VI-Reference Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60011.4.6 Further Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

11.5 Web-Based Matlab and Controller Design Learningwith LabVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60111.5.1 Introduction to Web-Based MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60211.5.2 Learning of MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60211.5.3 Learning of Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

11.6 Neural Networks for Measurement and Instrumentationin Virtual Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60511.6.1 Modeling Natural Objects, Processes,

and Behaviors for Real-Time Virtual EnvironmentApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

11.6.2 Hardware NN Architectures for Real-TimeModeling Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

11.6.3 Case Study: NN Modeling of ElectromagneticRadiation for Virtual Prototyping Environments . . . . 614

11.7 LabVIEW Interface for School-Network DAQ Card . . . . . . . . . 62311.7.1 The WALTA LabVIEW Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

11.8 PC and LabVIEW-Based Robot Control System . . . . . . . . . . . 62711.8.1 Introduction to Robot Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62711.8.2 The Robot and the Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62811.8.3 PCL-832 Servomotor Control Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62911.8.4 Digital Differential Analysis (DDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62911.8.5 Closed-Loop Position Control of the Control Card . . 63011.8.6 Modified Closed-Loop Position Control

of the Control Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63111.8.7 Programming of the Control Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63111.8.8 Optimal Cruising Trajectory Planning Method . . . . . 633

11.9 Mobile Robot Miniaturization: A Tool for Investigationin Control Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63411.9.1 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63511.9.2 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63911.9.3 Experimentation Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64011.9.4 Experimentation in Distributed Adaptive Control . . . 644

11.10 A Steady-Hand Robotic System for MicrosurgicalAugmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64611.10.1 Robotically Assisted Micromanipulation . . . . . . . . . . . 64711.10.2 A Robotic System for Steady-Hand

Micromanipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64911.10.3 Current Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654

XXII Contents

A LabVIEW Research Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657A.1 An Optical Fibre Sensor Based on Neural Networks

for Online Detection of Process Water Contamination . . . . . . . 657A.2 An Intelligent Optical Fibre-Based Sensor System

for Monitoring Food Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657A.3 Networking Automatic Test Equipment Environments . . . . . . . 658A.4 Using LabVIEW to Prototype an Industrial-Quality

Real-Time Solution for the Titan Outdoor 4WD MobileRobot Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

A.5 Intelligent Material Handling: Developmentand Implementation of a Matrix-Based Discrete-EventController . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

A.6 Curve Tracer with a Personal Computer and LabVIEW . . . . . 659A.7 Secure Two-Way Transfer of Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 659A.8 Development of a LabVIEW-Based Test Facility

for Standalone PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660A.9 Semantic Virtual Environments with Adaptive Multimodal

Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660A.10 A Dynamic Compilation Framework for Controlling

Microprocessor Energy and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661A.11 A Method to Record, Store, and Analyze Multiple

Physiologic Pressure Recordings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661A.12 Characterization of a Pseudorandom Testing Technique

for Analog and Mixed-Signal Built-in Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662A.13 Power-Aware Network Swapping for Wireless Palmtop PCs . . 662A.14 Reducing Jitter in Embedded Systems Employing

a Time-Triggered Software Architecture and DynamicVoltage Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

A.15 End-to-End Testing for Boards and SystemsUsing Boundary Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

A.16 An Approach to the Equivalent-Time Sampling Techniquefor Pulse Transient Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

A.17 Reactive Types for Dataflow-Oriented SoftwareArchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

A.18 Improving the Steering Efficiency of 1x4096 Opto-VLSIProcessor Using Direct Power Measurement Method . . . . . . . . 665

A.19 Experimental Studies of the 2.4-GHz IMS Wireless IndoorChannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

A.20 Virtual Instrument for Condition Monitoring of On-LoadTap Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

A.21 Toward Evolvable Hardware Chips: Experimentswith a Programmable Transistor Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

A.22 Remote Data Acquisition, Control and AnalysisUsing LabVIEW Front Panel and Real-Time Engine . . . . . . . . 666

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B LabVIEW Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667B.1 DIAdem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667B.2 Electronics Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667B.3 DSC Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668B.4 Vision Development Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668B.5 FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669B.6 LabWindows/CVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670B.7 NI MATRIXx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670B.8 Measurement Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671B.9 VI Logger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672B.10 Motion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672B.11 TestStand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672B.12 SignalExpress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

C Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711