61
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship Programme in Research and Leadership Poster Brochure 2015
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship Programmein Research and Leadership
Poster Brochure2015
Introducing the projectThe Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship Programme in Research and Leadership is an exciting opportunity, designed to allow undergraduates at the University of St Andrews to lead a summer research project of their choosing.
In the summer of 2015, forty-nine interns designed, pursued and reported on a research question of their own devising, working with an academic in their chosen School. The internships lasted between eight to ten weeks, and interns worked fulltime on their project over the summer months.
In addition, interns completed two intensive, bespoke leadership training weekends to help equip them with the skills and values to become leaders in their chosen occupations beyond university.
The Programme is generously sponsored by Lord Laidlaw of Rothiemay.
Laidlaw interns 2015Arts
Intern Project Title Project SupervisorCourtney Barnard The Legacy of British Imperialism in the
Construction of Apartheid in South AfricaDr Stephen Tyre
Samantha Bennett A Philosophy of the Predictability of Stock Markets Dr Patrick GreenoughLaura Brassington Reading Philosophical Transactions in Nineteenth-
Century ManchesterDr Aileen Fyfe
Sarah Chan Yun Yu Is the Idea that ‘Laws of Nature govern’ a Conceptual Truth?
Dr Aisling Crean and Prof Jessica Brown
Agnes Chauvet Othering in the United States’ Presidential Speeches and Visual Propaganda during World War II and the War on Terror
Prof Andrew Williams
Ambra D’Antone Translating Dante: A Linguistic and Visual Approach Dr Claudia RossignoliAlice Devlin The Christianization of the Cyclades: New
FoundationsDr Rebecca Sweetman
Toby Emerson What Effect did Western Imperialism have on State Formation in the Levant?
Dr Kristen A Harkness
Francis Ferrone Medieval Remains: The Impact of the Reformation on Scottish Ecclesiastical Architecture
Prof Richard Fawcett
Charlotte Gorman Experiences of Women and Gender in the American Folk Music Revival, 1900 -1980
Dr Gillian Mitchell
Michael Grieve Earworms: A Fritillarian Reading of Muldoon’s Maggot
Prof Don Paterson
Marianna Lanza Contemporary Memorials in Edinburgh Dr Catherine SpencerGareth Lavan If I have No Desire to be Moral, then I have No
Reason to be Moral. An Exploration of Internal Reasons for Action
Dr Justin Snedegar
Maebh Martin Musical Leadership in Opera, Concert and Recording: an Observation of Period Instrument Performers
Dr Michael Downes
Sam Mills First Flickers: The Curation of an Accessible, Digital Database on Early Cinema
Dr Tom Rice
Gareth Owen ‘History Education as National Identity Construction: How Britain’s Elites Portrayed the History of the British People through the National Education System, c. 1944 -1999’
Dr Riccardo Bavaj
Nefeli Piree Iliou The Christianization of the Cyclades. A Transformation of Religious Space: Kea, Andros, Tenos, Delos, Sikinos & Folegandros
Dr Rebecca Sweetman
Katerina Sanchez-Schilling
The Construction of the Self and Class Representations Through Food: A Global Multi-Media Culture Obsessed with Food
Dr Sabine Hyland
Dorian Stone Theological Perspectives on Social Media and the Culture of Sousveillance
Dr Eric Stoddart
Raymond Wang Writing in the Towers’ shadow – American Self-Perception and Remember 9/11
Prof Gerard De Groot
Eva Wewiorski Film Sound Design and How it Contributes to Sensory Properties
Dr Lucy Donaldson
Alice Zamboni Grand Tour at the Mirror: a Ceremonial Regatta Seen Through the Eyes of British Travellers and Venetian inhabitants
Dr Elsje van Kessel
Science
Intern Project Title Project SupervisorSean Bourelle Disorder Correlations in Quantum Quenches of Cold
Atom systemsDr Chris Hooley; Prof Andrew Cameron
Stuart Burrell Exploring the Interplay of Topology, Dynamical Systems and Abstract Algebra on a Useful Class of Transformations
Dr Collin Bleak
Iain Campbell A Thin Film Sensor System for Dual-Phase Explosives Detection
Dr Graham Turnbull
Thomas Doherty Computer Generated Holograms Dr Donatella Cassettari
Stefan Farsang Life on Mars: Manganese (bio)mineralization Dr Tim RaubWilliam Gray The Formation of the Spectacular Blue Gemstone
Lapis LazuliDr Harry Oduro
Mohammed Khan Preclinical Assessment of Combinatorial Therapy of Cancer
Prof David Harrison
Jessica Lee Identifying the Recurrence of Bladder Cancer via the Integration of Nuclear Morphology and Cellular Expression of the MCM2 Proliferation Marker
Mr Peter Caie
Margot McLauchlan
A New Approach to the Use of Mass Spectrometry in Microbiology
Dr Matthew Holden
Cameron McNicol Improvement of Optics in Light Sheet Microscopes and their Applications in Cell Biology & Neuroscience
Prof Kishan Dholakia
Andrew Millar What Causes the Binding of High-energy Fermions in a Deformable Space-time?
Dr Chris Hooley
Cameron Okoth Making and Testing Surface Wave Cloaks using Metamaterials
Dr Andrea Di Falco
Connor Powell Synthesis of various analogues of the lead compound MMV006169 to find a greater degree of potency as an inhibitor of the malarial parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Prof Nicholas Westwood
Callum Reekie Oxidation of the Oceanic Lithosphere: Evaluating the Influence of Water upon Plate Tectonics
Dr Tim Raub
Amy Sheader Super-resolution Microscopy with Optical Trapping Prof Kishan DholakiaConor Stevenson Thermal Quantum Diodes in Nanostructures Dr Bernd BrauneckerLiam Sutton Modelling Spontaneous Vortex Formation in Lasers
and Photon CondensatesDr Jonathan Keeling
Amol Thakkar The Conversion of Renewable Feedstock to Unnatural Amino Acids and Cyclopeptides: Application of Phenolic Monomers Isolated from Lignin.
Prof Nicholas Westwood
Liam Walker A Laser Cooling Experiment for the Teaching Lab Dr Donatella Cassettari
David Weston Modelling Energy and Information Transfer along a Chain of Two Level Systems
Dr Brendon Lovett
Social Science
Intern Project Title Project SupervisorVanya Metodieva The Potential of an Old Ethno-remedy as a New
Dementia Drug: The Neuroprotective Properties of Ptychopetallum Placiodes
Dr Gayle Doherty
Konstantina Stefanova
Should we Listen to Background Music while we Perform Cognitively Demanding Tasks?
Dr Ines Jentzsch
Euan Dowers Understanding the Relationship between Inequality and Growth
Dr Gonzalo Forgues-Puccio
Olga Loza Constructing Graduate Identities: the Performativity of Job Application Processes
Dr Philip Roscoe
Joanna Moodie Adaptive Interaction as an Intervention for Individuals with Advanced Dementia: Investigating Physiological Changes
Dr Maggie Ellis and Dr Karen Spencer
Roxana Shafiee How Does Deforestation Influence the Climate – by Impacting the Carbon Cycle or by Altering the Reflectivity of the Land Surface?
Dr Timothy Hill
Sarah Alexander Natural History Educational Apps Dr Ruth Robinson
The Laidlaw interns blogged about their research projects throughout the summer. To read more about how they found the process of research, and developed their leadership skills, visit: laidlawuginternships.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk
Experiencing leadershipAs an important part of their internships, a four-day intensive leadership programme was provided to help develop the interns as future leaders in their fields.
The aims of the leadership programme were to allow the interns to:
• Better understand their own leadership style.• Develop their ability to reflect, and derive learning from this.• Lead a small team and receive feedback on their performance.• Hear from experienced academic leaders.• Understand the importance of research methods and ethics.• Develop a sense of team amongst the Laidlaw interns.
The leadership programme was delivered by staff from the Centre for Academic, Professional and Organisational Development (CAPOD) and comprised a mixture of input, discussion, guest speakers, practical activities and individual reflection.
The first two days of the programme took place before the internships began and focused on introducing the interns to leadership theory and key leadership skills. The final two days took place after the internships had been completed, and focused on reviewing the experience and developing further leadership skills for the short and longer term.
Weekend 1:
• Leadership traits• Values• Social identity• Reflection• Giving and receiving feedback• Academic leadership• Authentic leadership• Leadership styles• Research ethics• Personal development planning
Weekend 2:
• Briefing and communication skills• Thinking styles• Team dynamics and effective followers• Resilience in leadership• Collaborative leadership
“It was a great opportunity to mix with people from different departments and disciplines and to step out of your comfort zone and get exposed to alternative ways of approaching tasks etc.”
(Anonymous feedback)
“Seeing academics and hearing that they were once just like us… I can do it too.”
Cameron Okath, Physics & Astronomy
“We were trusted to do well. It was empowering”
(Anonymous feedback)
Towards the futureLord Laidlaw has generously funded the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship Programme in Research and Leadership for an additional two years, and applications are open for students who wish to apply for an internship for summer 2016: www.st-andrews.ac.uk/students/involve/laidlaw
The interns taking part in the 2015 programme write:
“The Laidlaw internship has provided two avenues of development – at the personal level and in terms of wider benefits to the academic community.
Firstly, for those pursuing research careers, the internship has been invaluable in providing our interns with an incomparable research experience. The freedom to pursue our own research question and objectives is unrivalled. Furthermore, the fact that some of our interns are currently in the process of publishing their work speaks to the lasting impact for their future career.
In terms of value to the wider academic community the internship has reinforced the value of academic freedom. The fact that the programme is not tied to a specific industry or discipline enables the pursuit of a diverse, unbiased range of research.
Thanks to the range of leadership tasks and eight to ten weeks of individual research, interns have learned the value of grit and resilience. At the same time, they have learnt how to be flexible in their approach in order to maximise performance and positive outcomes.
In terms of benefits to the intellectual environment, the contribution of 49 projects across the sciences, social sciences and arts promises to contribute to academia more broadly in the future. Over half the interns report that they now wish to apply to further educational programmes.”
“I grew more passionate and I know I want to go forward even though research can be scary and challenging”
Alice Zambini, Art History
“It has taught me the vital skill of reflection – useful for all walks of life”
Thomas Doherty, Physics & Astronomy
“The Laidlaw programme has really cemented the idea that I want to pursue research”
Michael Grieve, English
“We
hear
peo
ple
spea
king
of
‘equ
al ri
ghts
.’ Th
at is
a c
atch
ph
rase
and
not
pra
ctic
al p
oliti
cs in
th
is c
ount
ry”
Fina
nce
Min
iste
r H
aven
ga, 1
929
“Thi
s ap
peal
…is
on
the
beha
lf of
five
m
illio
n lo
yal B
ritis
h su
bjec
ts w
ho
shou
lder
the
‘Bla
ck M
an’s
bur
den’
ev
eryd
ay”
Sol P
laat
je 1
916
‘The
Cap
e Fr
anch
ise’
H
owev
er, t
he p
roje
ct a
lso
foun
d ev
iden
ce to
sugg
est t
hat
Impe
rialis
ts w
ere
mor
e co
ncer
ned
with
the
wel
fare
of t
heir
Nat
ive
subj
ects
than
man
y A
frik
aans
pol
itici
ans;
I.
The
‘Cap
e Fr
anch
ise’
; the
Brit
ish
esta
blis
hed
in th
e C
ape
Col
ony
a no
n-ra
cial
fran
chis
e. T
his m
eant
that
any
mal
e
who
met
a p
rope
rty q
ualif
ier w
as e
ligib
le to
vot
e fo
r the
Cap
e Le
gisl
ativ
e C
ounc
il, re
gard
less
of h
is sk
in c
olou
r.
II.
Pat
erna
lism
; rhe
toric
ally
, Wes
tmin
ster
adv
ocat
ed
pro
tect
ion
of ri
ghts
for N
ativ
e su
bjec
ts, p
rote
stin
g w
hen
A
frik
aans
pol
itici
ans t
ried
to in
trodu
ce ra
cist
law
s, an
d
p
rom
isin
g N
ativ
e su
bjec
ts th
at th
ey w
ould
pro
tect
the
ir in
tere
sts…
Prom
ises
they
faile
d to
kee
p.
Brit
ish
impe
rialis
m h
ad c
reat
ed a
te
nse
polit
ical
situ
atio
n by
the
1920
s, w
hen
early
Apa
rthei
d le
gisl
atio
n w
as in
trodu
ced.
C
olon
ialis
m w
as a
pre
cede
nt fo
r Apa
rthei
d po
licie
s lik
e ra
cial
segr
egat
ion
and
labo
ur e
xplo
itatio
n.
How
ever
, im
peria
lists
wer
e le
ss o
vertl
y
raci
st th
an th
eir N
atio
nalis
t hei
rs, a
nd th
e
Cap
e C
olon
y w
as a
wor
king
exa
mpl
e of
a
non-
raci
al fr
anch
ise.
Non
ethe
less
, the
B
ritis
h tie
d th
eir o
wn
hand
s whe
n th
ey
allo
wed
‘Res
pons
ible
Gov
ernm
ent’
to
dom
inat
e po
licy,
leav
ing
them
selv
es n
o ch
oice
but
to a
ppro
ve ra
cist
legi
slat
ion
Res
earc
h by
Cou
rtney
Bar
nard
, sup
ervi
sed
by D
r. St
ephe
n Ty
re in
the
Scho
ol o
f Mod
ern
His
tory
. Fu
nded
by
the
Laid
law
Und
ergr
adua
te In
tern
ship
in R
esea
rch
and
Lead
ersh
ip P
rogr
amm
e.
Briti
sh ro
ots
to A
parth
eid?
Th
e 19
48 e
lect
oral
vic
tory
of A
frika
ans N
atio
nalis
ts in
Sou
th A
frica
us
here
d in
the
perio
d of
Apa
rthei
d, u
ntil
Libe
ratio
n in
199
3. T
his
proj
ect r
esea
rche
d th
e le
gacy
of B
ritish
Impe
rialis
m in
Sou
th A
frica
fro
m 1
815,
find
ing
the
follo
win
g ex
ampl
es th
at th
e Co
loni
al p
erio
d pr
ovid
ed p
rece
denc
e fo
r Apa
rthei
d po
licie
s;
I.Se
para
tism
; und
er th
e co
loni
al g
over
nmen
t, N
ativ
es w
ere
mov
ed in
to se
para
te, d
esig
nate
d ar
eas o
f lan
d, e
spec
ially
i
n N
atal
und
er S
ir Th
eoph
ilus S
heps
tone
’s di
rect
ion
II.La
bour
exp
loita
tion;
impe
rialis
ts co
erce
d N
ativ
e
la
bour
ers t
hrou
gh ta
xatio
n an
d la
nd d
epriv
atio
n in
to
man
ual l
abou
r in
Briti
sh-o
wne
d m
ines
III
.Le
gal;
Briti
sh le
gisla
tion
prov
ided
Nat
iona
lists
with
a b
luep
rint f
or fo
r rac
ially
-mot
ivat
ed la
ws
Con
text
; fou
ndat
iona
l Apa
rthei
d le
gisl
atio
n w
as
pass
ed in
the
1920
s, du
ring
the
last
dec
ades
of
Brit
ish
cont
rol.
This
was
not
a c
oinc
iden
ce; B
ritis
h po
litic
ians
en
able
d ea
rly A
parth
eid
legi
slat
ion
by;
I.‘R
espo
nsib
le g
over
nmen
t’; p
art o
f Brit
ish
deco
loni
satio
n w
as to
del
egat
e m
ore
pow
er to
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
, onl
y in
terv
enin
g in
ext
rem
e ci
rcum
stan
ces.
App
aren
tly, t
his
excl
uded
raci
st N
atio
nalis
t leg
isla
tion
II.
Pow
er; i
mpe
rialis
ts li
ke L
ord
Miln
er k
now
ingl
y ha
nded
po
wer
to a
gen
erat
ion
of W
hite
Sou
th A
fric
ans d
edic
ated
to
pur
suin
g ra
cial
segr
egat
ion
III.
Nat
ive
Res
ista
nce;
show
n by
the
atte
mpt
s of N
ativ
e So
uth
Afr
ican
s, lik
e So
l Pla
atje
, to
appe
al to
Brit
ish
prom
ises
, fa
ith in
Brit
ish
inte
rven
tion
hind
ered
Nat
ive
resi
stan
ce
Reading Philosophical Transactions in Nineteenth-Century Manchester
Laura Brassington � Supervised by Dr. Aileen Fyfe � School of History � Funded by Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
References: 1 D. Allan, ‘Politeness and the Politics of Culture: An Intellectual History of the Eighteenth-Century Subscription Library’, Library & Information History, 29.3 (September 2013), 159-169. 2 J. Topham, ‘Science and Popular Education in the 1830s: The Role of the Bridgewater Treatises, The British Journal for the History of Science, 25.4 (December, 1992), 397-430
I. Background Journals are key to the making of knowledge and the reputations of individual scholars. The world’s oldest surviving scientific journal, the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions, was first published on 6th March 1665. Its writing styles, citation methods, and collaboration patterns have been widely studied. Yet the meaning and significance of books and journals depend upon their readers’ interpretations. Who was reading the Phil Trans and similar publications? How did they get hold of them? Why did they choose to consider these articles authoritative? The aim of this project was to contribute to scholarship by answering these important but seemingly inaccessible questions.
“By Wisdom and Effort”
Manchester City’s contemporary motto aptly reflects the hard work and dedication of its Victorian citizens
VI. Conclusion
Founded on liberality; funded by the taxpayer. England’s first Free Library was opened in 1852 and its collections were moved to this impressive site in St Peters Square in 1934.
II. Manchester Free Library
v The lack of readership of Philosophical Transactions attests to its reputation as an exclusive journal that did not circulate far beyond Fellows of the Royal Society.
v The popularity of fiction may be interpreted as attesting to literary scholars’ depiction of the Victorian period as ‘The Age of The Novel’.
v Yet more significantly, it speaks to scholarship which interprets the history of readership along political lines. It provides further evidence that non-polemical reading was promoted as a method to avoid politico-religious factionalism in society.
v The prevalence of Edinburghian rather than London periodicals in the Lending registers of both libraries also characterises Manchester’s political or regional identity as a ‘northern’ city.
v The historiography would benefit from further research which takes into account the socio-political backgrounds of the readers and evidence of their interpretations of these works.
III. The Portico Library
The registers detail the date, name and address of the borrower, title of the work borrowed, and confirmation of its return.
The Archives also contain Lending Registers for the Lending Department of the Library for 1882.
In archival research, it is important to demonstrate flexible leadership. The researcher must be guided by the primary sources, meaning that the end result may differ considerably from the project’s original objectives. The nature of this project changed accordingly. The Lending Registers of both libraries revealed a huge bias towards literary rather than scientific works. As such, the final result became a comparison of readers not only of science, but of news, satirical journals, and literary fiction.
The project began at Manchester Free Library, where extensive searches through their vast archives recovered the first two Lending Registers from the Reference Department of the Library, dated September 1852.
Founded in 1806, this exclusive, subscription library, which admitted only male readers, predates the Free Library by half a century. The Library retains an extensive collection of its ‘Issue Books’, or Lending Registers, for the nineteenth century, allowing for a comparison of readers and their borrowing patterns with those of the Free Library for September 1852.
Manchester is home to the first Free Library in England and some of the most beautiful literary and scientific collections. This project recovered important yet unused archival material, and therefore broadens the scope of existing scholarship outside of London.
V. Historiographical Significance
v The project recovered and used Lending Registers outside of the usual focus on the London and Innerpeffray Libraries.
v Extends the relevance of the “exclusivity-inclusivity thesis.”1 This argues that exclusive Georgian libraries encouraged inclusivity by promoting the reading of literary fiction instead of politically-divisive science or religion. This project found the same to be true of nineteenth-century subscription and free libraries.
v Extends the definition of “safe science.”2 This pertained not only to science informed by theology, but also science not informed by a theory at all – such as the works read at the Free Library with a practical application.
IV. A Comparison of Readers at a Free and a Subscription Library
~ Similarities ~
v No readers of Philosophical Transactions
v Science works significantly less popular than literary fiction
v Edinburghian rather periodicals favoured over London journals
v Minority of female readers
Portico
v Most readers favoured novels
v Had access to the latest fiction
v Read scientific biographies rather than practical works
v ‘Catchment area’ of readers comparatively small
v Fewer repeated borrowings
The lending registers at the two libraries: similar in appearance, but leading to very different conclusions about the reading habits of two groups of Victorian Mancunians.
Free Library
v More readers of practical science
v Readers travelled long distances to access the Library
v Select number of highly dedicated readers returned daily to consult the same volumes from the Reference Department
Representation of Threat in Presidential Speeches and Visual Media in the lead up to World War II and the War on Terror
Agnès Chauvet: [email protected] - University of St Andrews - School of International Relations - Supervisor: Pr. Andrew Williams - Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership
According to thinkers such as Michel Foucault, the only way one can know the world is through discourse and representa8on. Discourse has a performa8ve func8on, it does not simply describe the experience of reality, but it forms the object of which it speaks by represen8ng it. Hence, the object of discourse does not exist as already formed, but is the result if complex rela8ons such as norms, ins8tu8ons, economic and social processes, not present in the object itself—”rules of forma8on”. Discourse is inter-‐textual, It is not contained in one delimited text. Rather texts always refer to other texts (Foucault 2002; Doty 1993). Danger, for example is not an objec8ve condi8on that exists independently of the people to whom it becomes a threat. It is an effect of interpreta8on resul8ng from a material struggle. Similarly, iden8ty is not fixed by nature, it is cons8tuted by crea8ng a boundary between the Self and the Other by an act of interpreta8on. The discourse of danger is a condi8on for maintaining an unstable and unfixed state iden8ty by delimi8ng inside from outside (Campbell 1992; Hansen 1997). Looking at the Second World War and War on Terror through this theore8cal lens, means that the existence of a threat or an enemy is not granted. Rather, the Other, the enemy or the threat are created through discourse which is itself the result of complex rela8onships of power or rules of forma8ons which have allowed this specific discourse rather than another to occur. Therefore, if we are to understand the causes of war, we need to analyze the discourse through which the Other is delimited form the Self and presented as a threat.
Democracy under attack
Facing opposi8on to the New Deal from the Supreme Court, Congress, the Republicans and his party, FDR used the threat of dictatorship to advocate the con8nua8on of reforms. He presented his reforms as the only way to sustain democracy and peace against the threat dictatorship. In 1939, he invoked the threats of military and economic aggression from abroad to call for “adequate defence”. A key pillar of his defence policy was na8onal unity (or labour and capital solidarity) and could be a\ained through the reforms of the New Deal. America was at the peak of isola8onism and with the coming of presiden8al elec8ons in 1940, war was not on FDR’s agenda. Therefore, the threat of aggression by European dictatorship served to promote na8onal unity behind domes8c policies.
“Fifth Column” and “Dupes of Foreign Powers”
In 1940, FDR introduced “The Fi`h Column”, a technique based on the dissemina8on of discord through emo8onal appeals, aimed at defea8ng the na8on from within. Therea`er, FDR argued that the Fi`h Column was behind all of American social conflicts. The actors of these conflicts were presented as “dupes of foreign powers”, lacking the common sense to discern truth form propaganda. In fact, The threat of the Fi`h Column was exaggerated and served to discredit social conflicts and poli8cal opposi8on. Furthermore, it posed the US as already the vic8m of foreign aggressors to legi8mate US non-‐belligerent help to Great Britain. The US was divided by racial, sec8onal and class conflicts, which retarded defence produc8on and US’s ability to help Britain. For instance, the labour movement, led by John Lewis, mobilized through strikes and work stoppages, for be\er wages and working condi8ons.
Literature And Speeches Campbell, D. (1992) Wri$ng security: United States foreign policy and the poli$cs of iden$ty. Manchester: Manchester University Press Doty, R. L. (1993), Foreign Policy as Social Construc$on: A Post-‐Posi$vist Analysis of U.S Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines. Interna8onal Studies Quaterly, 37(3). Foucault, M. (1979) Discipline and punish. New York: Vintage Books Foucault, M. (2002) Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Routledge FDR and Bush Speeches. The American Presidency Project: h\p://www.presidency.ucsb.edu Political Cartoons Fig 1: Sroboda, The Envy of All, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, New York) ·∙ Tue, Nov 4, 1941 ·∙ Page 10. Brooklyn Public Library Online Fig 2: Sroboda, Kamera, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, New York) ·∙ Wed, Nov 19, 1941 ·∙ Page 10. Brooklyn Public Library Online Fig 3: Dr Seuss, Ho hum, when he’s finished pecking down that last tree he’ll quite likely be $red . April 29, 1941, Dr. Seuss Poli8cal Cartoons. Special Collec8on & Archives Fig 4: Dr Seuss, Master! What do I do when they won't come across?, December 5, 1941, Dr. Seuss Poli8cal Cartoons. Special Collec8on & Archives, UC San Diego Library Fig 5: Mike Keefe, Shave, Denver Post. 19 December 2001. h\p://www.intoon.com. Fig 6: Mike Keefe, Message, Denver post. 12 October 2001. h\p://www.intoon.com. Fig 7: Mike Lane, Saddam vo$ng Machine, 15 October 2002. h\p://www.caglecartoons.com. Fig 8: Larra Wright, Saddam Lives, 8 July 2003. h\p://www.caglecartoons.com.
Moral Threat, Modern Warfare and the Ostriches
In 1940, Churchill asked FDR for help. However, isola8onists recognized no ideological or material interest in Europe. FDR had to convince Americans that Hitler cons8tuted a threat to US security in order to jus8fy involvement into a “foreign war”.
Therefore, FDR emphasized new methods and modern of warfare. This implied that old defences such as the ocean could no longer provide an adequate security to the US if Europe was conquered.
Furthermore, Hitler is demonized as a freedom-‐hater, an enemy of God, whose aim is to forbid freedom of religion and establish a the rule of force in the world. This discourse obscures the poli8cal and historical reasons for Hitler’s aggression and denies the possibility to nego8ate with Hitler, making war the only solu8on.
Finally, he delegi8mized isola8onists by portraying them as ostriches burying their heads into the sand, lacking the common sense to iden8fy danger.
Hitler and his “Chessmen”
With Pearl Harbour American’s focus could have shi`ed away from Germany, who FDR considered the main enemy. However he lacked evidences to show Americans that Hitler planned to invade or physically a\ack the US.
Therefore, following Pearl Harbour before Germany’s declara8on of war, Hitler was described as the mastermind behind the a\ack, designed at distrac8ng the US from its main enemy. Japan in turn is portrayed as a pawn execu8ng Hitler’s plan, a monkey imita8ng its master
Furthermore, Japanese were portrayed as treacherous people, having a\acked US by surprise while pretending they wanted to achieve peace. This obscured any responsibility that the the Roosevelt administra8on had in provoking the a\ack and Japan’s poli8cal reasons for a\acking. For example, the US embargo on oil exports to Japan and lack of will to nego8ate.
WORLD WAR II
WAR ON TERROR
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
Freedom Under Attack George W Bush portrayed the September 11th 2001 a\ack as one against freedom, democracy and American way of life. The cause for the a\ack was, according to him, the enemy’s hatred of freedom and America’s values. This allows Bush to portray the terrorist as “evildoers”, standing outside of the moral community and threatening not only the US but all the freedom loving na8ons. Therefore, it calls for interna8onal unity in the fight against terrorism. This discourse obscures Al-‐Qaeda’s poli8cal reasons, notably US Foreign policy in the Middle East, and denies any US responsibility. Furthermore, it poses war and elimina8on of the terrorists as the only solu8on to provide security. This echoes FDR’s descrip8on of Hitler as a freedom-‐hater in the Second World War.
REFERENCES
A New Type of War and Enemy
The enemy and the war are portrayed as “new” or “different” from the past, calling for new methods of warfare. For example, terrorists are portrayed as religious extremist, following a fake version of Islam, with disregard for any human life. This discourse represents the enemy as irra8onal and amoral, depoli8cizes and de-‐historicizes the cause of the a\ack. Furthermore, it denies nego8a8on as a solu8on and jus8fies military ac8on and the incarcera8on of terrorists following military trials, in Abu Ghraib or Guantanamo. The enemy is also portrayed as different because he hides and ran away. This means that a range of methods (diploma8c, financial and military) should be applied against the enemy demanding interna8onal coopera8on.
Saddam and his Terrorist Rats
A`er the war, no links were found between Saddam and Al-‐Qaida and we found Iraq did not have nuclear weapons. However, Iraq was created as a threat to US security through Bush’s speeches. This discourse linked Iraq to the War on Terror and legi8mized a “preven8ve” military interven8on. To start with, by the end of 2001 Bush claimed that Al-‐Qaida would like to obtain weapons of mass destruc8on and would no hesitate to use them. The idea that terrorist seek to acquire weapons of mass destruc8on or use them has since then been contested by many scholars. In January 2002, Bush linked regimes seeking to obtain weapons of mass destruc8on to terrorists. According to him, the Iraqi regime had used biological weapons against its own people and hence would not hesitate to use nuclear weapons against other countries or help terrorists acquire such technologies.
Saddam and the Oppressed people of Iraq Military interven8on in Iraq was legi8mized by describing the Iraqi regimes as a dictatorship, oppressing the Iraqi people. The regime was represented as cruel, treacherous at home and hence capable of using the same methods abroad. When it was found that Iraq did not own nuclear weapons, emphasis sh i`ed to the need for democra8za8on of Iraq and libera8ng its people form Saddam’s oppression. This discourse echoes FDR’s discourse during the Second World War when he linked Hitler’s domes8c terror as a proof of its aggressive inten8ons towards the Unites States.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
Despite the fact almost 50 years separate the Second World War from the War on Terror and the very different interna8onal and domes8c context of the two wars, there are some striking similari8es in the ways in which discourse is used to jus8fy military ac8on. In both eras, facts did not speak for themselves and the threat was created through discourse. In both cases, the enemy is demonized as an evil threat endangering the fundamental values of the US, and placed outside the moral community. Meanwhile, the US is represented as the innocent vic8m of a treacherous a\ack and forced to react to a threat that would otherwise bring chaos and destruc8on to the world and compromise peace . There are also similari8es in the way Japan was linked to Germany and Saddam to Al-‐Qaida and the emphasis of both presidents on the fact the threat was different or “new”. Finally, the themes of dictators oppressing their popula8on in other countries and the US as guardian of the Civiliza8on and liberator of the oppressed are present in both the Second World War and the War on terror.
ell
or I
nfe
rno?
T
he
dif
ficu
ltie
s of
tra
nsl
ati
ng
Da
nte
Am
bra
D’A
nto
ne
Supe
rviso
rs: D
r Cla
udia
Ros
signo
li (S
choo
l of M
oder
n La
ngua
ges)
& P
rofe
ssor
Bre
ndan
Cas
sidy
(Sch
ool o
f Art
Hist
ory)
Laid
law U
nder
grad
uate
Inte
rnsh
ip in
Res
earc
h an
d Le
ader
ship
Pro
gram
me
My
aim
was
to
find
prac
tica
l an
swer
s to
th
eore
tica
l qu
esti
ons
whe
n tr
ansl
atin
g D
ante
: w
heth
er t
o ch
oose
ve
rse
or p
rose
, how
fai
thfu
l to
be t
o th
e or
igin
al, h
ow to
inte
grat
e alle
gory
, whe
ther
to
foot
note
or n
ot. I
n do
ing
so I
wan
ted
to
lay t
he fo
unda
tion
for a
pos
sibl
e tra
nsla
tion
of m
y ow
n. M
y re
sear
ch a
lso
invo
lved
th
e vi
sual
art
s, an
d th
eref
ore
cons
ider
ed
ma
nu
sc
rip
ts
and
othe
r vi
sual
isat
ions
of
th
e po
em,
whi
ch
I tr
ied
to
see
as
tran
slat
ions
in
th
eir
own
righ
t.L
astl
y, I
hope
d to
be
able
to in
terv
iew
S
cott
ish
pain
ter
Pete
r How
son,
who
has
show
n in
tere
st in
th
e C
omed
y in
his
wor
k: t
his
conn
ecti
on
wit
h th
e vi
sual
art
s co
nsti
tute
d th
e m
ost
sign
ifica
nt p
iece
of e
vide
nce o
f the
poe
m’s
re
leva
nce
for
a co
ntem
pora
ry a
udie
nce.
I wou
ld li
ke to
than
k m
y su
perv
isor
s, D
r C
laud
ia
Ros
sign
oli
and
Pro
f. B
rend
an C
assi
dy, f
or t
rust
ing
me
in t
his
proj
ect
and
prov
idin
g pr
icel
ess
guid
ance
. I
am
grat
eful
to
M
r Pe
ter
How
son,
fo
r gr
anti
ng
me
an
inte
rvie
w
and
allo
win
g m
e a
peek
into
a c
onte
mpo
rary
ar
tist
’s
wor
ld.
Als
o,
for
bein
g a
very
st
imul
atin
g in
terl
ocut
or.
A b
ig ‘t
hank
you
’ to
Han
nah
Coo
k, fo
r her
ex
pert
ise
in g
raph
ic d
esig
n an
d he
r he
lp.
Thi
s pro
ject
wou
ld h
ave b
een
impo
ssib
le
wit
hout
the
gre
at o
ppor
tuni
ty g
iven
to
me
by L
ord
Lai
dlaw
and
the
Lai
dlaw
R
esea
rch
Inte
rnsh
ip P
rogr
amm
e at
the
U
nive
rsit
y of
St A
ndre
ws.
I am
pro
ud to
ha
ve b
een
a pa
rt o
f it.
Res
ult
sIn
trod
uct
ion
Man
usc
ript
Illu
min
atio
ns:
◆14t
h- c
entu
ry m
inia
ture
s ar
e cr
uder
in
tech
niqu
e, y
et m
ore
fait
hful
to te
xt th
an
15th
-ce
ntur
y on
es.
◆Cha
nge
of a
ttit
ude
duri
ng H
uman
ism
: th
e C
omed
y los
t lit
erar
y and
inte
llect
ual
auth
orit
y be
caus
e of
its
lan
guag
e an
d it
s th
eolo
gica
l con
tent
. ◆M
oral
isin
g:
the
min
iatu
res
beco
me
a vi
sual
ai
d to
m
emor
isin
g th
e te
xt’s
eth
ical
teac
hing
. ◆T
he
occa
sion
al
odd
elem
ents
sh
ow
that
art
ists
oft
en d
id n
ot f
ollo
w t
he
sour
ce
text
, bu
t co
mm
enta
ries
or
ic
onog
raph
ic p
arad
igm
s. ◆A
s tr
ansl
atio
ns, t
he m
inia
ture
s do
not
ex
haus
t th
eir
job:
the
y ca
nnot
be
free
-st
andi
ng w
orks
, as
too
muc
h of
the
text
w
ould
be
lost
to a
n un
awar
e re
ader
. ◆T
hey
wor
k as
tra
nsla
tion
s in
the
sen
se
that
they
are
a tr
ansp
osit
ion
of th
e te
xt
to d
iffe
rent
cul
tura
l nor
ms
and
valu
es.
◆Onl
y ce
rtai
n ep
isod
es a
re r
epre
sent
ed,
part
icul
arly
th
e on
es
whi
ch
carr
y st
rong
er m
essa
ges
of s
in a
nd v
irtu
e.
Ack
now
ledg
men
ts
Images: © The British Library Board, Yates Thompson 36, f.62v, © Peter Howson - All rights reserved
Lite
rary
tra
nsl
atio
ns
◆“P
rose
or v
erse
” deb
ate:
vers
e m
aint
ains
th
e rh
ythm
ical
flow
and
yie
lds
mor
e in
tere
stin
g ou
tcom
es.
◆Fid
elit
y to
text
/ Fr
eedo
m o
f tra
nsla
tor:
ne
ed fo
r an
org
anic
bal
ance
of t
he tw
o. ◆I
nter
pret
atio
n of
obs
cure
pas
sage
s: th
e en
gage
men
t w
ith
scho
larl
y tr
adit
ion
shap
es th
e tr
ansl
ator
’s c
hoic
es.
◆Dea
ling
wit
h al
lego
ry:
leav
ing
it u
p to
the
rea
der,
wit
h th
e he
lp o
f so
me
foot
note
s, se
ems
to
bett
er
rend
er
the
orig
inal
te
xt
and
allo
win
g fo
r pe
rson
al in
terp
reta
tion
. ◆C
onve
ying
Dan
te’s
vigo
ur, h
is id
iom
atic
ex
pres
sion
s and
the v
arie
ty o
f dia
lect
s and
lin
guis
tic im
puls
es: o
ccas
iona
l sla
ng c
an
be in
tere
stin
g, y
et it
is b
ette
r to
exp
lore
th
e m
ultic
ultu
ral
natu
re o
f th
e E
nglis
h la
ngua
ge to
ach
ieve
sim
ilar
effe
cts.
◆Foo
tnot
es: t
he te
xt in
trod
uces
con
cept
s an
d hi
stor
ical
fig
ures
un
fam
iliar
to
us
, w
hich
can
mak
e th
e po
em q
uite
ob
scur
e, y
et f
ootn
otes
sho
uld
be k
ept
at a
min
imum
to im
prov
e le
gibi
lity.
The Christianization of the Cyclades: New Foundations
Intern: Alice Devlin, School of Classics. Supervisor: Dr Rebecca Sweetman. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme for
generously funding and supporting this project.
Summary of project: This research project centred around one key question – “How and when did Christianity spread to the Cycladic islands?”. In spite of the inestimable global and historical significance of the spread of Christianity, no one has yet considered this question in detail. With the aid of my fieldwork partner Nefeli Piree Iliou, I focussed on finding the earliest Christian churches which were built on new land on six of the Cycladic islands (see below). These churches represent the main body of archaeological evidence for early Christianity, and offer a wealth of architectural, topographical and chronological information. After a very successful fieldwork trip, I applied the data I gathered to the research question, resulting in a complete findings report for submission to my supervisor. My main findings and conclusions are presented here.
Project Aims
• To study and locate early Christian churches on Delos, Folegandros, Sikinos, Tinos, Andros and Kea which were built on new land in the late antique period (4th-7th centuries).
• To visit and carefully record these churches using photography, GPS logging
and context sheets during three weeks of fieldwork. • To use this evidence (in addition to pre-existing reports and publications)
to investigate the processes and chronology of Christianisation on the Cycladic islands.
These goals were successfully met. A total of forty-six sites were located and recorded during the fieldwork period. Of these sites, seven proved very
promising and were considered in detail in my extended findings report.
Key Sites Located
1. The Palaiopolis basilica, Andros
2. Aghios Yiannis Theologos, Andros
3. Chapel of St John the Baptist, Tinos
5. Church of the Panaghia, Folegandros
4. Aghios Kyrikos, Delos²
Conclusions
• The chronology of new church foundations There is no discernible chronological distinction between the Christianisation of these six islands. Christianisation appears to be happening at the same time on them all. This suggests a high degree of connectivity and interaction between the islands, particularly from the 5th century. However, some variety in architectural form (compare fig. 2 and fig. 4) implies that the very earliest churches might have been built over or replaced. • Strategic change as a driving force The idea of deliberate and emergent change has recently been applied to Christianisation in mainland Greece.¹ These two modes of change can be roughly described as ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’/‘grass-roots’. It seems that both occurred during the Christianisation of the Cyclades. Local community churches were small and compromised on space and orientation (fig. 4), while more metropolitan churches were large, lavishly decorated and occupied prime ‘real estate’ (fig. 1). Both small congregations and wealthy authority sources were founding new churches, if in different ways. • The significance of topography A number of churches found were located in commanding, hill-top sites close to the sea and towns (fig. 5; also true of the chapel in fig. 3), suggesting that lines of visibility and an imposing architectural presence were key features (fig. 6). Only two were located within large urban centres (Aghios Kyrikos and Palaiopolis), which implies that proximity to a major settled Christian community was not the most important component in choosing where to found a new church. Ultimately a range of interacting factors led to each new foundation, with no single,
repeated process occurring.
Key sites, clockwise from left: 1. Vathypotamos basilica, Kea* 2. Palaiopolis basilica, Andros 3. Aghios Yiannis Theologos, Andros 4. Chapel of St John the Baptist, Tinos 5. Aghios Kyrikos, Delos 6. Episkopi ‘mausoleum’, Sikinos* 7. Church of the Panaghia, Folegandros * Church on reused temple space, so not considered further here
New Church Foundations Located
1 – See R. J. Sweetman, 2015. ‘The Christianization of the Peloponnese: the case for strategic change’ Annual of the British School at Athens 110. 2 – Plan after P. Bruneau and J. Ducat, 1983. Guide de Délos (Athens), 212. All photographs are my own. Map imagery from Google Earth,
6. Lines of visibility from the Church of the Panaghia
Wha
t Eff
ect d
id W
este
rn I
mpe
rialis
m h
ave
on S
tate
For
mat
ion
in th
e Le
vant
? To
by E
mer
son
Scho
ol o
f In
tern
atio
nal R
elat
ions
, Uni
vers
ity o
f St
And
rew
s
Intr
oduc
tion
beco
min
g Sh
iites
tan.
Wrig
ht d
oes
not c
omm
ent o
n th
e ex
trem
ely
dive
rse
Leba
non
(alth
ough
her
e co
nsoc
iatio
nal d
emoc
racy
app
ears
to b
e w
orki
ng),
Jord
an, I
srae
l, or
Pal
estin
e, b
ut h
er p
redi
ctio
n go
es s
ome
way
to s
ugge
st w
hat
the
Leva
nt m
ay h
ave
look
ed li
ke h
ad th
e im
peria
l pow
ers
had
take
n tim
e to
co
nsid
er tr
ibal
, eth
nic,
and
relig
ious
fact
ors,
rath
er th
an s
impl
y ho
w s
tate
bo
unda
ries
coul
d be
dra
wn
in o
rder
to b
est b
enef
it th
ese
colo
nial
ove
rlord
s. T
his
has
left
inte
rnal
ly d
ivid
ed s
tate
s w
hich
– in
the
larg
e pa
rt –
onl
y re
mai
n st
able
und
er a
sec
taria
n, a
utho
ritar
ian
rule
r. T
he p
oliti
cal e
lite
wer
e ke
en to
take
adv
anta
ge o
f th
e cr
umbl
ing
Otto
man
E
mpi
re, w
hich
had
left
the
Mid
dle
Eas
t rip
e fo
r low
-cos
t acq
uisi
tion;
the
plet
hora
of
railw
ay li
ne m
aps
in th
e N
atio
nal A
rchi
ves
in c
ompa
rison
to th
e lit
tle a
ttent
ion
devo
ted
to tr
ibal
cus
tom
and
loca
l div
isio
ns in
dica
tes
whe
re
Brit
ish
inte
rest
s la
y. M
oreo
ver,
the
few
Wes
tern
sou
rces
that
do
expl
icitl
y di
scus
s th
e A
rab
trib
es te
nd to
eng
age
in th
e pr
actic
e of
‘oth
erin
g’, d
escr
ibin
g th
em a
s la
zy, c
owar
dly,
or g
reed
y, no
t tak
ing
into
acc
ount
fore
ign
cust
oms
or
the
ratio
nal t
houg
ht p
roce
ss o
f in
divi
dual
s w
ho h
ad b
een
caug
ht in
a w
ar-z
one
on th
eir g
razi
ng la
nd a
nd w
ere
atte
mpt
ing
to s
urvi
ve d
ay to
day
. T
he S
ykes
-Pic
ot A
ct –
the
agre
emen
t bet
wee
n B
ritai
n an
d Fr
ance
to d
ivid
e up
th
e Fe
rtile
Cre
scen
t (w
hich
is c
ompo
sed
larg
ely
of th
e Le
vant
regi
on) b
etw
een
them
selv
es –
mak
es v
ery
clea
r the
impe
rial a
mbi
tions
of
thes
e st
ates
. Thi
s is
on
ly c
ompo
unde
d by
the
Bal
four
Dec
lara
tion,
inst
igat
ing
the
crea
tion
of th
e Is
rael
i sta
te; d
ispl
acin
g tr
ibes
and
ups
ettin
g et
hno-
relig
ious
sta
bilit
y in
the
regi
on fo
r dom
estic
gai
n. T
hese
inte
rven
tions
pre
vent
ed th
e Le
vant
from
de
velo
ping
pol
itica
lly b
y its
elf.
With
out s
uch
impe
rial i
nter
vent
ion,
we
coul
d ha
ve s
een
an in
depe
nden
t pan
-Ara
b st
ate,
or p
erha
ps s
tate
s fo
rmed
alo
ng m
ore
natu
ral –
and
sta
ble
– et
hno-
relig
ious
line
s. In
deed
, the
impo
rted
Wes
tpha
lian
mod
el m
ay n
ot h
ave
even
dev
elop
ed, a
nd w
e co
uld
have
a L
evan
t def
ined
not
by
sta
te li
nes,
but b
y di
ffer
ent t
ribal
gro
ups.
A p
aral
lel c
an b
e dr
awn
with
m
oder
n K
urdi
sh tr
ibes
. Whi
lst a
spiri
ng to
ach
ieve
sta
teho
od, t
he K
urds
in
Syria
and
Ira
q cu
rren
tly o
pera
te o
utsi
de th
e ju
risdi
ctio
n of
thes
e st
ates
, and
in
stea
d go
vern
them
selv
es th
roug
h a
trib
al s
yste
m. W
hils
t the
gov
ernm
ents
of
Syria
and
Ira
q fa
il to
dea
l eff
ectiv
ely
with
Dae
sh, t
he K
urdi
sh tr
ibes
hav
e re
pelle
d th
em, w
ith K
urd
popu
late
d ar
eas
the
safe
st in
bot
h st
ates
. It
is c
lear
that
the
curr
ent m
odel
of
the
Leva
nt is
ver
y m
uch
one
built
by
Wes
tern
col
onia
l pow
ers
for t
heir
own
bene
fit. T
he s
tate
s he
re w
ere
draw
n al
ong
arbi
trar
y ‘li
nes
in th
e sa
nd’ f
or s
hort
-ter
m im
peria
l ben
efits
, res
ultin
g in
th
e lo
ng-t
erm
pro
blem
s w
e se
e in
the
Leva
nt to
day.
The
Mid
dle
Eas
t as
we
curr
ently
kno
w it
is d
efin
ed n
ot
by a
long
his
tory
of
trad
ition
, as
is th
e ca
se –
for
exam
ple
– w
ith W
este
rn E
urop
ean
stat
es. I
nste
ad it
was
de
fined
by
Brit
ish
and
Fren
ch c
olon
ial c
ivil
serv
ants
an
d po
litic
ians
dis
trac
ted
by th
e m
ore
imm
edia
te
impa
ct o
f th
e Fi
rst W
orld
War
and
the
mai
nten
ance
of
Em
pire
. Thu
s, be
twee
n 19
18 a
nd 1
922
the
mod
ern
Mid
dle
Eas
t – s
peci
fical
ly th
at o
f th
e Le
vant
– w
as
draw
n th
roug
h a
serie
s of
‘lin
es in
the
sand
’, m
ost o
f w
hich
dis
rega
rded
out
of
hand
the
relig
ious
, eth
nic,
an
d tr
ibal
iden
titie
s of
thos
e pe
ople
who
live
d th
ere.
T
he m
ain
aim
s of
this
pro
ject
wer
e to
inve
stig
ate
how
W
este
rn im
peria
lism
sha
ped
the
mod
ern
Mid
dle
Eas
t an
d th
e la
stin
g ef
fect
of
this
on
the
regi
on. T
he fo
cus
was
on
ethn
o-re
ligio
us a
nd tr
ibal
iden
titie
s, an
d w
heth
er th
ese,
as
fund
amen
tally
impo
rtan
t asp
ects
of
the
stat
e bu
ildin
g pr
oces
s, w
ere
cons
ider
ed b
y th
e im
peria
l pow
ers,
espe
cial
ly B
ritai
n (a
s m
y ac
cess
to
Fren
ch s
ourc
es a
nd w
orki
ng k
now
ledg
e of
the
Fren
ch
lang
uage
was
too
limite
d).
Con
clus
ions
con
tinue
d M
aps
Fund
ed b
y th
e La
idla
w U
nder
grad
uate
Int
erns
hip
in
Res
earc
h an
d Le
ader
ship
Pro
gram
me
Met
hod
To c
ondu
ct m
y re
sear
ch, I
spe
nt ti
me
at th
e U
nive
rsity
of
St A
ndre
ws
libra
ry,
in a
dditi
on to
vis
iting
the
Brit
ish
Libr
ary
in L
ondo
n, a
nd th
e N
atio
nal A
rchi
ves
at K
ew. I
n ad
ditio
n to
this,
I h
ad h
oped
to v
isit
the
Mid
dle
Eas
t Cen
tre
Arc
hive
at
St A
ntho
ny’s
Col
lege
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Oxf
ord,
how
ever
this
arc
hive
was
cl
osed
dur
ing
the
perio
d of
tim
e I
had
avai
labl
e to
rese
arch
ther
e. B
oth
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y in
form
atio
n di
rect
ly re
late
d to
the
trib
al s
yste
m it
self
w
as n
ot fo
rthc
omin
g. H
owev
er, i
nfor
mat
ion
rela
ting
to im
peria
l int
eres
ts in
the
regi
on w
ere
far m
ore
acce
ssib
le. M
ore
mod
ern
sour
ces
wer
e ab
le to
sho
w h
ow
the
curr
ent e
thno
-rel
igio
us m
akeu
p of
the
Leva
nt is
far r
emov
ed fr
om th
e st
ate
boun
darie
s se
t out
bet
wee
n 19
18 a
nd 1
922
– th
is d
espi
te n
early
a c
entu
ry in
w
hich
indi
vidu
als,
fam
ilies
, and
trib
es h
ave
had
chan
ce to
mov
e an
d co
ngre
gate
.
Ref
eren
ces
Wor
k th
at d
irect
ly c
ontr
ibut
ed to
this
pos
ter:
Bar
r, J.
(201
1) A
Lin
e in
the S
and,
Lon
don:
Sim
on &
Sch
uste
r H
art,
J. (2
008)
Em
pire
s and
Colo
nies,
Cam
brid
ge: P
olity
Pre
ss
Izad
y, M
. (20
13) L
evan
t (al
-Sha
am) –
Syr
ia, L
eban
on, I
srae
l, Pa
lestin
e and
Jord
an E
thni
c Com
posit
ion (s
umm
ary)
,
acc
esse
d 25
th A
ugus
t 201
5: h
ttp:/
/gul
f200
0.co
lum
bia.
edu/
map
s.sht
ml
Izad
y, M
. (20
13) L
evan
t (al
-Sha
am) –
Syir
a, L
eban
on, I
srae
l, Pa
lestin
e and
Jord
an R
elgiou
s Com
psot
ion (s
umm
ary)
,
acc
esse
d 25
th A
ugus
t 201
5: h
ttp:/
/gul
f200
0.co
lum
bia.
edu/
map
s.sht
ml
Rei
d, W
. (20
11) E
mpi
res o
f Sa
nd, E
dinb
urgh
: Birl
inn
Rob
erts
, P (2
010)
The
Mid
dle E
ast,
Oxf
ord:
One
wor
ld
Roy
al G
eogr
aphi
c So
ciet
y (1
912)
Map
of
easte
rn T
urke
y in
Asia
, Syr
ia a
nd w
ester
n Pe
rsia
, sho
wing
the d
istrib
ution
of
the d
iffer
ent r
aces
and
relig
ious
s
ects,
1:2,
000,
000,
[map
], N
atio
nal A
rchi
ves,
Kew
, FO
925
/171
05
Shla
im, A
. (20
07) L
ion o
f Jo
rdan
: the
Life
of
Kin
g Hus
sein
in W
ar a
nd P
eace,
Lon
don:
Pen
guin
Boo
ks
Wrig
ht, R
. (20
13) ‘
Imag
inin
g a
Rem
appe
d M
iddl
e E
ast’,
New
Yor
k Ti
mes
,
acc
esse
d 9th
Aug
ust 2
015:
http
://w
ww.
nytim
es.c
om/2
013/
09/2
9/op
inio
n/su
nday
/im
agin
ing-
a-re
map
ped-
mid
dle-
east
.htm
l?pa
gew
ante
d=al
l&_r
=0
Con
clus
ions
U
ltim
atel
y, it
is a
ppar
ent t
hat W
este
rn im
peria
l int
eres
ts w
ere
fund
amen
tal i
n th
e st
ate
form
atio
n pr
oces
s of
the
Leva
nt a
nd th
e M
iddl
e E
ast a
s a
who
le. T
he
map
s pr
esen
ted
here
sho
w th
e di
scre
panc
y be
twee
n th
e et
hnic
and
relig
ious
m
ake
up o
f th
e Le
vant
regi
on in
com
paris
on to
sta
te b
ound
arie
s. T
hese
imag
es
do n
ot ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt tr
ibal
iden
tity
– so
met
hing
arg
uabl
y m
ore
sign
ifica
nt
that
eith
er re
ligio
us o
r eth
nic
iden
tity.
A
n op
inio
n pi
ece
for t
he N
ew Y
ork
Tim
es b
y R
obin
Wrig
ht s
ugge
sts
divi
ding
, fo
r exa
mpl
e, S
yria
in th
ree,
by
com
bini
ng c
erta
in a
reas
of
terr
itory
with
Ira
q to
fo
rm a
n A
law
itest
an o
n th
e M
edite
rran
ean
coas
tline
, in
addi
tion
to p
art o
f a
Kur
dist
an s
tate
in th
e K
urdi
sh in
habi
ted
Nor
ther
n Sy
ria, a
nd th
e m
ajor
ity o
f th
e te
rrito
ry c
ombi
ning
with
Eas
tern
Ira
q to
form
a S
unni
stan
– W
este
rn I
raq
Medieval Rem
ains: The survival of pre-Reform
ation Scottish ecclesiastical architecture Francis Ferrone
Supervised by Richard Fawcett; School of Art History
2015 Laidlaw U
ndergraduate Program in Research and Leadership
Introduction M
ethodology Results
Aims
Sources & Scope of Research
Conclusion
Acknowledgem
ents
1 2
3 4
5 I would like to thank a num
ber of bodies and individuals for their support of this study. First and forem
ost a warm
thanks to The Rt Hon Lord Laidlaw
of Rothiemay, w
hose financial support and vision for the expansion of undergraduate research m
ade this project possible. Second, special thanks go to the U
niversity of St Andrews and its
Center for Academic, Professional and O
rganizational Development,
whose help and assistance are m
uch appreciated. Finally, I am
particularly grateful to Professor Richard Fawcett w
ho graciously agreed to supervise this project and w
hose advice and support have been instrum
ental in my developm
ent as a student and researcher.
Until recently it w
as widely believed that the reduction of
medieval ecclesiastical architecture after the Reform
ation was
so great that insufficient evidence survived for a complete
understanding of the pre-Reformation Scottish church.
To test this assumption a four year study w
as launched in 2008 w
ith the financial support of the Arts and Humanities Research
Council. Beginning with the dioceses of Dunblane and Dunkeld
and gradually expanding to adjacent dioceses such as St Andrew
s and Brechin, the project’s aim w
as to analyze the architecture of parish churches of m
edieval origin and determ
ine the extent to which m
edieval fabric has survived. [1] W
hile the results from the initial phases of the project provide
valuable information regarding m
edieval churches in the form
er dioceses, it remained to be seen how
these structures com
pared to those of similar origin in the neighboring dioceses
of St Andrews and Brechin. The focus of the
present study,
therefore, is to expand upon our knowledge of m
edieval churches in these tw
o dioceses and contribute to what m
ay potentially develop into a national survey.
1) Develop a method for the identification and classification
of surviving medieval fabric in Scottish churches.
2) Apply this methodology to churches in the adjacent
dioceses of St Andrews and Brechin, com
paring the results w
ith those from the dioceses of Dunblane and Dunkeld.
3) Obtain a better understanding of post-Reform
ation architectural changes and the extent to w
hich they affected the survival of m
edieval fabric.
Part I •
Churches were first classified into one of eleven categories based on
their extant medieval fabric. This m
ay include the building’s orientation, size and relative proportions, as w
ell as any architectural details or liturgical fixtures.
•Classifications represent different levels of surviving m
edieval fabric.
1A 1B 2
Part II: Thirty-five architectural changes were identified and grouped
into four categories: •
Additions (#1 – #18) pertain to architectural expansion. •
Reductions (#20 – #26) pertain to architectural contraction. •
Relocations (#30 – #36) relate to the physical relocation of the church. •
Re-applications (#40 – #42) relate to a shift in the use of the building. Churches w
ere assigned various numerical com
binations based on the changes they underw
ent. Abdie Church: 1B •
12 (unkown date)
•2 (1661)
•13 (1697)
•31 (1827)
Part I •
The most com
mon classification in St Andrew
s and Brechin was 4A –
churches that were rem
odeled or replaced after the Reformation.
•The m
ost comm
on classifications in Dunblane and Dunkeld were 1A
and 1B – churches with significant levels of surviving, highly visible
medieval fabric.
relatively com
plete structure rem
odeled or replaced
minim
al rem
ains
3A 3B 4A 4B 5
6A 6B 7
1A Dalmeny
4A Foulden
6A Dunipace
St Andrews
Brechin
Dunblane Dunkeld
Part II •
The most frequent change to occur in both dioceses w
as #15 – to rebuild a church on the sam
e or similar foundations.
•The period of greatest architectural change w
as between 1760 and 1840.
•Architectural changes in the reduction category (i.e. 20s) have a m
uch higher probability of occurring in churches w
ith surviving medieval
fabric (green). •
Conversely, changes #14, #15 and those in the relocation category (i.e. 30s) have the highest probability of occurring in churches w
ith little or no surviving m
edieval fabric (red).
•The m
ost comm
on classification of church in St Andrews and Brechin is 4A. Churches
in these dioceses contain fewer sites w
ith visible medieval fabric than their
neighboring dioceses of Dunblane and Dunkeld.
•In the diocese of St Andrew
s the decades between c.1780 and c.1840 experienced the
greatest concentration of change, with 25%
of all changes occurring during this period. Sim
ilarly, the greatest concentration of change in the diocese of Brechin occurred in the decades around 1800, w
ith nearly 50% of all changes occurring
between 1790 and 1850.
•The architectural changes belonging to the Addition and Relocation categories appear to have been the m
ost harmful to the long-term
survival of medieval fabric.
Coincidentally, it was found that the m
ajority of these changes occurred between
1770 and 1850 – the peak time of church renovation in all four dioceses.
This project focuses exclusively on churches in the dioceses of Brechin and St Andrew
s after 1560, the year of the Reformation Parliam
ent that m
arked a significant turning point in attitudes towards church buildings
and the ways in w
hich they were used for w
orship. [1] All data and im
ages were acquired from
the Corpus of Medieval Parish
Churches: http://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/corpusofscottishchurches/index.php
St Andrews
Brechin
Classification
University of
St Andrews
Lateral aisle added
Classification
EARWORMS: A Fritillarian Reading of Muldoon’s Maggot
WHAT DOES ‘FRITILLARIAN’ MEAN? Paul Muldoon describes his critical method in The End of the Poem as ‘a little fritillarian (in the dicey sense which underlies both the butterfly and the flower)’. He draws on the ‘fritillus’ (Latin for dice box) to capture the ludic way he moves among texts and forges unlikely relationships between them. His obsessions with the surface elements of language, the poetic tradition, and historical and cultural trivia saturate his poetry, and the aim of my project is to examine the poetic strategy of his tenth collection Maggot by reading it through his own playful, associative lens.
DIGRESSION: METAPHOR AND ISOLOGUE A metaphor has two parts: the tenor (what you’re really talking about) and the vehicle (what you compare it to). For example, ‘All the world’ is Shakespeare’s tenor, and ‘a stage’ is his vehicle. ‘All the men and women’ are like ‘players’ because of the roles they adopt and the tragedies they face. However, the ‘players’ on a stage are not like ‘All the men and women’ – they have learned lines, know what will happen to their characters, and easily leave their roles behind at the end of the play. The comparison only really works one way . The tenor, carried by the vehicle, is in a privileged position.
However, Muldoon eschews the standard metaphor in favour of what Don Paterson terms an isologue. Here, there is no distinguishable tenor or vehicle because no component is privileged and there is no clear syntactic comparison – the reader has to ‘stay alert enough to forge a relationship between them’. The isologue resists conventional interpretation, instead it relies on more equivocal, contextual discourses that disallow a dominant frame.
T VMetaphor
T-V V-TIsologue
MAGGOT Maggot, is a remarkably cohesive text. Its 39 poems and sequences are linked by shared epigraphs, related subject matter, repeated phrasing, and intertextual references. By following these links through each poem in the collection, Muldoon’s poetic strategy becomes clear. Many of the poems are too long or too involved to discuss here, but one fairly self-contained example is the following sonnet, which Muldoon says allowed him to ‘touch on some aspects of No’r’n Ir’n’:
Quail Forty years in the wilderness of Antrim and Fermanagh where the rime would deliquesce like tamarisk-borne manna
and the small-shot of hail was de-somethinged. Defrosted. This is to say nothing of the flocks of quail now completely exhausted
from having so long entertained an inordinately soft spot for the hard man like Redmond O’Hanlon or Roaring Hanna
who delivers himself up only under duress after forty years in the wilderness of Antrim and Fermanagh.
Muldoon employs O’Hanlon (a Catholic outlaw whose gang resisted the English in Ireland) and Hanna (a Presbyterian Belfast preacher) as representatives of Irish sectarian rhetoric which proliferated during Forty years in the wilderness between the start of The Troubles in 1968 and the poem’s first publication in 2008, a time period which also draws together the thematic domains of Ireland and the Israelites wandering in the desert.
The sixth line draws attention to the word frost by ‘forgetting’ it, which, through a fritillarian slip, points the reader to one of Muldoon’s most important influences, Robert Frost. The poem critiques hardline rhetoric by alluding to Frost’s well-known and oft-quoted condemnation of teachers ‘that fill you with so much quail shot that you can't move’. However, this quote is of spurious origin. Muldoon critiques flawed pedagogy with deliberately flawed scholarship, thus acknowledging the imperfections of such criticism, and disallowing any party to hold a privileged position.
The poem also interacts with various others in (and out of) the collection, including a ten-part sequence (‘The Side Project’) where each section begins ‘Forty years…’; Muldoon’s translation of ‘Wulf and Eadwacer’ (published alongside ‘Quail’ in 2008); and Maggot’s numerous references to Frost or quail, as well as poems that directly explore Irish and Jewish nationhood.
These themes and texts form isologous relationships with one another around the nexus of the poem, a technique repeated throughout Maggot to construct a complex matrix of isologues.
CONCLUSIONS By operating in an isologous rather than a metaphoric mode, both locally and across the volume, Muldoon eschews traditional interpretation. However, any poem’s relationship to other texts, through quotation, shared subject matter, and tonal similarity is concrete and verifiable. Through these relationships Muldoon creates a sense of poetic unity. Therefore, he can question the notion of interpretation, moving it away from a privileged assertion of meaning towards an equivocal, discursive process, without resorting to the inherently discontinuous strategies of poets like J.H. Prynne. His ludic and associative technique is paired with remarkably precise deictic, intertextual and formal factors, which constructs a poetics that engages in postmodern play, destabilising traditional poetic meaning, while maintaining links to traditional practice where interpretation can be verified by the text. Muldoon’s stance is shown to be inherently conditional, where any stance is qualified by another in the overarching isologous structure.
SUMMARY Paul Muldoon’s poetry is characterised by a playful attitude to the rhymes and chimes of language, as well as its engagement with history and literature. This variety and playfulness is also evident in Muldoon’s critical method, which he describes as ‘fritillarian’. My research project was a reading of Muldoon’s 2010 collection Maggot through this fritillarian lens.
By following the links between the extremely referential poems of Maggot (often engaging in playful and chancy readings as Muldoon does) his poetic strategy becomes clear. Instead of operating in a metaphoric mode, Maggot makes extensive use of the isologue – a discursive and equivocal trope that destabilises traditional meaning. However, this destabilisation is not conducted through discontinuous strategies common to other postmodern poetry. The complex web of intertextual references that saturate Maggot create a sense of poetic unity by establishing clear and verifiable links between the poems, as wel l as expanding the isologous relationships beyond any individual text. Muldoon creates a unique and distinctive poetics that sits within tradition while simultaneously questioning it through postmodern play – a stance that shows the importance of context and conditionality in Muldoon’s poetic project.
REFERENCES Paul Muldoon, When the Pie Was Opened (Lewes: Sylph Editions, 2008) Paul Muldoon, The End of the Poem (London: Faber & Faber, 2009) Paul Muldoon, Maggot (London: Faber & Faber, 2010) Don Paterson, Reading Shakespeare’s Sonnets (London: Faber & Faber, 2010) Don Paterson, The Domain of the Poem (London: F a b e r & Faber, forthcoming)
IMAGE CREDITS Paul Muldoon, Oliver Morris, dlr Poetry Now, <https://dlrpoetrynow.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/paul-muldoon-by-oliver-morris1.jpg>
M a g g o t s , K n o c k o u t P e s t C o n t r o l , < h t t p : / /www.knockoutpest.com/NewWordpress2015/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/fly-maggots.jpg>
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme for funding my project, and thank the School of English for supporting me – particularly Professor Don Paterson, without whom this project would not have been possible.
Michael Grieve, supervised by Prof. Don Paterson
Contemporary Memorials in Edinburgh
The topic can be initially approached from a theoretical perspective. Recent developments in critical debates around memorialisation indicate that a space for monuments can be maintained in the contemporary world if artists are able to conceive works employing a renewed aesthetic language. The renewal begins with the avoidance of traditional monumentality, which comes to be considered a product of the ideologies causing 20th century wars and therefore is charged with political overtones. However, the conception of contemporary memorials is also inextricably linked with the continuously evolving trends in the arts. In particular, social art practices, performance art and land art come to play an important role in shaping the aesthetics of contemporary memorials.
As a result, it can be argued that contemporary memorials tend to • Avoid rhetoric and triumphalism in order to function as tools towards reClection and not
as precise political statements. • Interact with the audience through performative elements. • Assume a variety of formats.
Jochen Gerz and Ester Shalev Gerz, Monument against Fascism, Hamburg-‐Harburg, 1986.
It is equally important to assess the speciCic qualities of the city of Edinburgh before proceeding to an examination of its contemporary memorials. These characteristics contribute to nuance Edinburgh’s case: • It was only marginally involved in World War II and was not directly attacked ever since. No deportation or signiCicant
bombings took place, which means that no memorial could have been constructed directly substituting a destroyed building, as it happened in many European towns.
• This also means that Edinburgh’s architecture has remained unchanged and consistent. The potential conception of contemporary memorials is therefore complex. Finding a suitable location and employing a contemporary aesthetic language are both challenging tasks to be conducted in a speciCic, well preserved and historically relevant urban environment.
• Memorialisation is deeply intertwined with identity politics. As Scotland’s capital city, Edinburgh has been and still is one of the centres for the establishment, the discussion and the evolution of nation-‐based matters. This is bound to inCluence the conception of memorials, in that the objects and the means of memorialisation are often related to Scottish locality and more generally to Scottish traditions, which motivates choices in terms of both aesthetics and politics.
Do contemporary memorials in Edinburgh display the
outcomes of the theoretical debates despite the
challenging structure of the city itself?
Although only a few memorials in Edinburgh display all the characteristics highlighted by theoretical debates, most of them are strongly implicated with the de:inition of Scottish national identity and carry a speci:ic political message communicated through aesthetic choices.
This monument was built on Calton Hill in 1998 in memory of the events leading to the establishment of the Scottish Parliament. It is deCined as a cairn – a man-‐made pile of stones, used in the Gaelic tradition for multiple purposes including that of commemoration. It is signiCicant in terms of the examination of contemporary memorials that the aesthetic choice of the form of the monument, although extremely recent, is deeply rooted in the past and in the Scottish vernacular. This can be seen as a an attempt at linking present experiences of the nation to past struggles for self-‐determination and freedom, especially as commemorative stones for personalities such as Burns are also present.
The commemorative stones placed on the cairn reference international events, such as the Holocaust, as in the plaque placed in memory of Jane Haining. It is worth noticing that through the placement of the stone, her sacriCice is ideally associated to those Cighting for freedom rather than to the horror of the genocide perpetuated. This attitude to highlight self-‐determination and tradition above all is also visible in the Scottish National War Memorial in the Castle. It is to date where all the Scottish war casualties are memorialised in a Roll of Honour. Originally conceived after World War I, the monument is placed in a highly symbolic location, the centre of the Castle, communicating both the continuation of a past through a uniCied location and the memory of a grandiose legacy not to be forgotten.
Summary
Jochen Gerz’s Monument against Fascism (1986) emerges from theoretical debates and illustrates their practical outcomes, in fact it
• Rejects traditional monumentality by adopting the recognisable column format and then abandoning it. The memorial is progressively sunk into the ground and throughout the completion of the project, the column is buried and therefore disappears.
• The monument is also performative. The visitors are invited to sign, comment or draw on the empty surface of the column, which is then lowered to allow more people to interact with the memorial by leaving their mark.
Marianna Lanza School of Art History Supervised by Dr Catherine Spencer Funded by Laidlaw Undergraduate Internships in Research and Leadership.
Alec Finlay’s National Memorial for Organ and Tissue Donors (2014) shows awareness of contemporary debates on memorialisation in a comprehensive way. The memorial is conceived as a collaborative process, meant to involve not only the artist but also the families of the donors and the recipients of the transplants, so that a place for common re:lection and remembrance could be effectively representative of the people it should speak to rather than being imposed. It is relevant that it is the artist himself that insists on the importance of reClection and silence for his memorial, as he speciCies in his blog, thereby highlighting his familiarity with contemporary theory. He also elaborates on the choice of location.
Situated in the Royal Botanic Gardens, in a relatively hidden space, the work completely rejects traditional categories of monumentality, in that it is not a grand, public monument but rather a small, discreet memorial perfectly integrated with the natural surroundings. The work also recuperates Scottish locality in a similar way to the Vigil memorial. The artist describes the form of the item chosen to memorialise as a tigh -‐ a stone structure with a turf roof, used as a burial chamber in the vernacular tradition. Constructing a contemporary memorial by repeating a traditional building is a sign of the intention to keep a legacy alive and to integrate it with the compelling concerns of the time.
One of the characteristics of contemporary memorials is that they can assume a variety of formats. Memorialmania (2014) by Ruth Ewan and Astrid Johnston is in fact a collection of audio tracks, and yet it could be argued that it constitutes a form of memorial to the history of Calton Hill, as well as a way of engaging the wider public with the location, whose monuments are often overlooked. Conceived as an audio guide to the monuments of Calton Hill, Memorialmania is part of the series of the Observers’ Walks, commissioned by the Collective Gallery which is itself located on the hill and is actively working towards the redevelopment of the site. Through its 8 audio tracks, the work takes the public on a walk to then explain and illustrate important historical aspects. To the performative element of effectively engaging the public with an action that is part of the work, Memorialmania can also be linked to concerns with identity politics. In fact, with its intent to recuperate an engagement with locality, the work is offering a renewed take on the historical past in an explicitly contemporary art form.
Scottish National War Memorial (1927 – ongoing) Image licensed under Creative Commons by saturdave on Clickr.
The relevance of architecture for the transmission of memory is often highlighted in contemporary theory, in that buildings such as the Jewish Museum in Berlin were conceived to express feelings of anxiety and disquiet – with the form of the construction reinforcing the content’s message. This can be applied to a discussion of the Scottish Parliament, completed in 2004, situated in the centre of Edinburgh at the end of the Royal Mile and projected by the Spanish architect Eric Miralles. Despite having been vastly criticised for its aesthetics, the project was chosen by the Scottish people, in that after shortlisting Cive of them, the evaluating board exposed them around the country and asked the citizens to express their preference. Miralles’ ideas were favoured. It can be argued that the project attracted preferences because of its memorialising status. It is the only work among the Cive selected, in fact, that explicitly describes the Parliament as a symbol for the entire Scottish land and heritage. On the contrary, the other projects focused on how to integrate the new building in Edinburgh’s urban environment. Despite their showcasing of careful planning, Edinburgh-‐centred projects were probably considered not representative of the wider Scottish population. Instead, Miralles chose to construct the Parliament around what the Scottish land produces, therefore he employed local rocks and wood for the building and explicitly claimed to be intending to represent what the country is really made of, beyond any regionalism, in terms of shared values and histories. Like other memorials, the Scottish Parliament is speciCically constructed to reference what are perceived as the most inherent and deepest characteristics of the country, not by mirroring a traditional Gaelic form but rather by employing local materials and explicitly declaring that the work should ‘sit in the land’, to use Miralles’ words.
Ø Contemporary theoretical debates on the status of memorials suggest that they should depart from traditional categories of monumentality, in order to be more representative of the changed characteristics attributed to memory. It is in fact to be considered a tool towards reDlection and not towards propaganda.
Ø This renewal is difDicult to achieve in Edinburgh because the city substantially maintains a Georgian architecture that is complex to modify with contemporary artistic interventions.
Ø Artists have dealt with the problem in different ways. However, they all decided to highlight within their work Scottish traditions and locality through their aesthetic choices, even when commemorating contemporary events.
Ø It can be argued that this is partly to do with the practicality of adhering to Edinburgh’s architecture, but also with the pressing issue of Scottish identity politics, that is constantly highlighted and interrogated through forms, materials and often even contents.
Ø Overall, contemporary memorials in Edinburgh show awareness of the changing aesthetic canon but maintain a strongly local dimension.
What reason do I have to be m
oral, if I don’t w
ant to be ?
Gareth Lavan. Laidlaw
Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership.School of Philosophical, Anthropological and Film
Studies. Supervisor: Dr Justin Snedegar.
Acknowledgem
ents: I am deeply grateful for the
funding donated by Lord Laidlaw, the support given by Cat W
ilson and her team at CAPO
D, and indeed the w
onderful support and intellectual guidance given to m
e by my supervisor, Dr Justin
Snedegar.
1) Introduction: N
ormative Reasons, W
hat?
This project is concerned with norm
ative reasons and their connection to morality. Norm
ative reasons are considerations w
hich count in favour of, or against, the comm
itting of certain actions.
They make people’s actions rational, for exam
ple:
•Let’s say that you w
ant a pint of milk, and that the local shop sells m
ilk. All things being equal, the fact that the local shop sells m
ilk seems to be a reason for you to go to the local shop and
buy some m
ilk. Indeed, it would seem
rational for you to go to the local shop, given your stated aim
s.
This obvious, yet important consideration is w
hat lies behind one of the most interesting
theories in practical rationality, known as the Hum
ean Theory of Reasons (HTR)…
2) The Humean Theory of Reasons:
HTR: An agent has a normative reason to do som
ething, only if that agent has a desire that w
ould be satisfied by their doing it.
HTR is an appealing theory about the nature of normative reasons, for it seem
s to capture our intuitions over w
hat it is for someone to have a reason to do som
ething;
•…
That what you have reason to do depends on w
hat you aim or desire to do.
•…
That your actions are rational just so long as you take the necessary means to your desired
ends. •
…That hum
ans are rational creatures, and it would seem
odd if what you have reason to do is
not connected in any way to w
hat you desire to do.
All things considered then, HTR seems quite a com
mon-‐sense theory about w
hat it is for an agent to have a norm
ative reason.
3) But There’s a Problem, a big one…
HTR faces a huge, possibly devastating objection, which w
e can call the Moral Reasons Problem
.
The Moral Reasons Problem
:
It seems an unfortunate, but necessary, cost of acting m
orally that it sometim
es prevents us from getting
what w
e want, rather than furthering our aim
s. Indeed, if some action is m
orally wrong, then w
e have a reason not to do it, irrespective of w
hether we desire to or not.
BUT: since HTR claim
s that the only reasons that we have are those w
hich further or satisfy our desires, then it looks as if HTR can’t account for our reasons to act m
orally!
Diagnosis of the problem:
The problem, essentially, is that m
oral reasons seem to be paradigm
atic examples of w
hat we call
AGEN
T-‐NEU
TRAL REASONS.Agent-‐neutral reasons are reasons that everyone has, no m
atter what they
desire. But since HTR states that all of your reasons depend on your desires, then it casts all reasons as AGEN
T-‐RELATIVE, and so doesn’t seem to capture the unique character of m
oral reasons.
My aim
in this project was to explore w
hether a version of HTR could be developed that is robust and sophisticated enough so as to alleviate it from
the Moral Reasons Problem
, yet still retain the original appeal of the theory.
Surely it is wrong to eat people, even if you really w
ant to…
4) Schroeder’s Solution? In his book, Slaves of The Passions, M
ark Schroeder attempts to defend HTR in the follow
ing way:
Reasons are facts that explain why doing som
ething will increase the likelihood of our desires being
satisfied –even if the action increases the likelihood just a little bit.
Example: Let’s say I have a desire to play m
onopoly. Given that the likelihood of my playing
monopoly is increased for every friend that I have w
ho wants to play w
ith me, then Schroeder’s
theory entails that I have a reason to make friends. By that sam
e logic, given that my ability to m
ake friends is increased if I am
not a vicious murderer w
ho eats people, then Schroder’s theory entails that I have a reason not to be a vicious m
urderer who eats people.
So… given that w
e all have lots of desires, and since it is conceivable that acting morally could in
theory increase the likelihood of at least one of our desires being satisfied, then our reasons for acting m
orally will indeed be agent-‐neutral. Just so long as everyone has som
e desire that could be furthered even just a little bit by acting m
orally, then everyone will have m
oral reasons.
5) Solved? Probably not…The trouble w
ith this solution however, is that w
e can surely still conceive of an absolutely im
moral agent, purged of all good desires and possessing only the
most invidious ones, for w
hom acting m
orally simply w
ill not satisfy any of their desires.
In which case, it doesn’t appear that the M
oral Reasons Problem has been
solved by Schroeder’s theory; for it seems possible that reasons for acting
morally aren’t reasons for everyone –
the absence of any good desires by a select few
can still mitigate them
.
6) A suggestion, and a concession:
Give up trying to develop a HTR theory that generates agent-‐neutral reasons, but in doing so try to establish that m
oral reasons aren’t actually agent-‐neutral. In doing so, w
e take most of the bite out of the Too Few
Reasons Problem
.
Big question 1: An 11 year old child, in a fit of rage, starts a fist fight with his
classmate. An adult, in a fit of rage, starts a fist fight w
ith his co-‐worker. All
things being equal, who deserves the m
ore condemnation and blam
e?
An answer to 1: Surely w
e would norm
ally admonish adults for im
moral actions
to a greater extent than we w
ould young children. Surely the moral reason
applies with greater force to the adult than to the child. Do you agree?
Big question 2: Are very small children, or the m
entally disabled, really the sort of agents w
ho can and should be expected to respond to moral reasons?
An answer to 2: Probably not, it is not at all clear that w
e should expect moral
reasons to apply to EVERYONE. Do you agree?
What these considerations m
ay show us:
•O
ur ordinary practice concerning moral education does indeed have an
agent-‐relative factor to it. This seems to im
ply that the force with w
hich m
oral reasons apply to agents comes in varying degrees.
•That m
oral reasons may not really be reasons for everyone, no m
atter what
they are like.
In establishing this, we can at least unburden HTR from
the requirement of
generating agent-‐neutral moral reasons in the first place -‐because it seem
s that a good case can be m
ade for moral reasons being not agent-‐neutral, but
agent-‐relative.
Don’t be too hard on young Dennis.
M
usic
al le
ader
ship
in o
pera
, con
cert
and
reco
rdin
g:
an
obse
rva6
on o
f per
iod
inst
rum
ent p
erfo
rmer
s
Cl
ose
obse
rva6
on o
f reh
ears
als
and
perf
orm
ance
s
Inte
rvie
ws w
ith p
rofe
ssio
nal a
nd
non-‐
prof
essio
nal m
usic
ians
Firs
t han
d ex
perie
nce
of
perf
orm
ing
in a
per
iod
ense
mbl
e
Exte
nsiv
e re
view
of e
xis6
ng
liter
atur
e
How
doe
s mus
ical
lead
ersh
ip d
iffer
in d
iffer
ent
cont
exts
: ope
ra, c
once
rt a
nd re
cord
ing?
In w
hat w
ay d
o pe
riod
inst
rum
ents
and
Bar
oque
pi
tch
affec
t eac
h of
thes
e pr
oces
ses?
Is m
usic
al le
ader
ship
in a
mix
ed p
rofe
ssio
nal,
stud
ent a
nd a
mat
eur g
roup
diff
eren
t fro
m th
at
of a
non
-‐mix
ed g
roup
?
Ac
know
ledg
emen
ts
I w
ould
like
to th
ank
Mic
hael
Dow
nes f
or h
is su
ppor
t and
gui
danc
e. I
am v
ery
grat
eful
to B
yre
Ope
ra a
nd th
e By
re T
heat
re, t
he F
itzw
illia
m S
trin
g Q
uart
et, A
rs E
loqu
en6a
e, T
om W
ilkin
son,
St
Salv
ator
’s C
hape
l Cho
ir an
d th
e Ke
llie
Cons
ort f
or
prov
idin
g in
spira
6on
and
won
derf
ul m
usic
th
roug
hout
.
This
proj
ect w
as fu
nded
by The Laidlaw
Undergraduate Internship in Research and
Leadership Program
me.
Maebh Mar<n
, Mus
ic D
epar
tmen
t and
Sch
ool o
f Mod
ern
Lang
uage
s
supe
rvise
d by
Dr M
ichael Dow
nes,
Dire
ctor
of M
usic
and
Ar6
s6c
Dire
ctor
, Byr
e Th
eatr
e
“…a performance that
highlighted the suppleness and
subtlety of the music
”
(Ope
ra re
view
of ‘
Iphi
géni
e en
Ta
urid
e’, The Scotsman
)
“[The Kellie Consort]
provides a plaForm for
young ScoH
sh musicians
s<ll geHng to know period
instruments and trying
their voices out on the
subtle<es of baroque style.
It’s a great endeavour”
(M
usic
revi
ew o
f The
Kel
lie
Cons
ort, The He
rald
)
The
styl
e of
lead
ersh
ip o
bser
ved
varie
d bo
th b
etw
een
diffe
rent
con
text
s and
acc
ordi
ng to
the
par6
cipa
nts o
f eac
h pr
ojec
t. Di
rect
lead
ersh
ip fr
om o
ne p
erso
n w
as su
cces
sful
with
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he C
D re
cord
ing,
whe
reas
dur
ing
the
rehe
arsa
l and
st
agin
g of
the
oper
a -‐ a
muc
h lo
nger
pro
cess
-‐ se
vera
l inp
ut so
urce
s of l
eade
rshi
p an
d gr
oup
par6
cipa
6on
com
plem
ente
d ea
ch o
ther
with
impr
essiv
e re
sult.
W
orki
ng w
ith p
erio
d in
stru
men
ts a
t Bar
oque
pitc
h br
ough
t its
ow
n in
tric
acie
s and
diffi
cul6
es; c
ruci
al to
the
succ
ess o
f the
op
era
and
CD re
cord
ing
was
the
pres
ence
of B
aroq
ue sp
ecia
lists
. With
out t
heir
know
ledg
e of
and
exp
erie
nce
in th
is fie
ld, t
he
qual
ity o
f the
pro
ject
s wou
ld u
ndou
bted
ly h
ave
been
com
prom
ised.
Ex
perie
nce
leve
ls w
ithin
pro
ject
s ran
ged
from
non
e to
seas
oned
pro
fess
iona
l, w
hich
requ
ired
care
ful m
anag
emen
t and
st
rate
gic
dire
c6on
to d
raw
the
best
from
all
perf
orm
ers.
Eac
h un
ique
situ
a6on
nee
ded
an a
ppro
ach
whi
ch w
as fl
exib
le
enou
gh to
ada
pt a
s the
pro
ject
wen
t on.
To
conc
lude
: in
orde
r for
bot
h pr
ofes
siona
l and
am
ateu
r per
form
ers t
o fe
el fu
lfille
d an
d pe
rfor
m to
the
best
of t
heir
abili
ty, c
ompl
ex le
ader
ship
is in
here
nt in
pro
ject
s suc
h as
thes
e.
Sum
mar
y
Aim
s M
etho
ds
Visual Media in St Andrews 1850-1890
Sam Mills, Supervisor: Dr Tom Rice. Department of Film Studies, Funding Source: Laidlaw Internship Programme. *Thanks to the Bill Douglas Collection for the images provided
Findings An abundance of photography shops opened in the period I studied. They may well have been connected to the pioneering photographers of the 40s. These photographers were able to take the travelling shows of their era, and bring them to life for the people of St Andrews.
Untold History • In the 1840s, St Andrews became the first town
to be fully photographed. • Our photographic heritage is world famous,
but what followed? • The period between the photograph and the
cinema (1850-1880) is an often ignored part of cinema’s history.
Skills Learned
Diagram of a “Diorama”, a moving painting that appeared in St Andrews*
Pepper’s Ghost Show In St Andrews, Town Hall*
QR Code, visual essay
Early Photograph of North Street
Screenshot from an interactive map of St Andrews’ Cinematic History
•Ability to use Mapping and Editing software •Experience Designing seminar plans •Writing for different audiences. •National and Local Archival Research •Liaising with public bodies
© Lawrence Levy Photographic Collection. All rights reserved. Image courtesy of the University of St Andrews Library, [ALB-17-11.2].”
History Education as National Identity Construction: How Britain’s Elites Portrayed the History of the British People through the National
Education System, c. 1944-1999
Gareth Owen, School of History Supervisor: Dr Riccardo Bavaj
Funded by: Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
Aims Findings My research proposal began with the assumption
that between 1944 and 1999, the British history curriculum underwent a process of thematic and geographical pluralisation. At some point in the last century there was a departure from ‘traditional’ (i.e. male-dominated, socio-economic, religious, and political) history to a more diverse representation of Britain’s national identity to include the histories of national, ethnic and gender minorities. The principle aim of my research was to discover whether this hypothesis could be proven by a survey of the examination papers that students sat and the textbooks they studied.
Overall, I was impressed with the breadth of history that was offered. Students could elect to answer questions on wide range of historical topics, including religion, politics, education, culture, society, economics, architecture, linguistics, biography, diplomacy, science, crime, war and conflict, literature, sport, gender, and migration. However, it would be misleading to suggest that all or even most of these options were available from the 1940s. My research proved that there was indeed a process of pluralisation in British history teaching that gradually recognised the validity and value of setting questions on less ‘traditional’ aspects of history. I emphasise the word ‘process’ because there is no evidence for a radical change in the syllabus in any one year, or indeed in any one decade.
With special thanks to… The Rt Hon Lord Laidlaw of Rothiemay Dr Riccardo Bavaj, School of History The Staff of the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth
A Transformation of Religious Space
In Late Antiquity, roughly from the 3rd to the 7th centuries A.D., the Cycladic islands experienced striking, but variably felt, religious changes that were brought about by the move from polytheism to Christianity. A prevalent part of this development was the transformation of certain pre-Christian sacred sites into new loci of Christian worship. My aim was to investigate when and how these religious transformations occurred, and whether the conversion process in the Cyclades indicated assimilation with the polytheistic tradition, or a rejection of it.
In some cases, Christianity tapped into large sanctuary sites like that of Apollo and Artemis on Delos, where churches (4th-6th centuries A.D.) were gradually erected near the once polytheistic cult area. In other cases, temples were directly converted into Christian establishments. For instance a temple at Karthaia in Kea was adapted as a church sometime in the 6th century A.D. Direct temple conversions occurred from the late 5th/6th centuries AD, after the construction of newly founded churches near sanctuaries (e.g. from the 4th/early 5th centuries at Delos), or at non-cultic locations (e.g. from the 4th and 5th centuries in the towns of Paroikia on Paros and Palaipolois on Andros, respectively). This diachronic progression suggests that Christianity was first introduced through the construction of new churches in the Cyclades, before temples, once symbolic of polytheism, could be made into churches, emblematic of the new religion. However, this apparent chronological sequence of temple conversions post-dating the erection of new foundation churches in the greater area of the Cyclades is not precisely reflected within the trajectory of individual islands. At Gyroulas (late 5th/6th) and Palatia (5th) on Naxos, and at Karthaia (6th) in Kea temples were transformed into churches concurrently or even before the construction of newly founded churches on these islands (5th and 6th A.D.). This variability reflects the inconsistent nature of the island landscape, within with each isle behaves in terms of its particular community’s needs and desires. For example on Naxos, the earlier conversion of temples situated at highly visible points, and altered only minimally and economically, likely stemmed from the desire of a local Christian community, with relatively low resources, to situate itself within the Naxian landscape (Figure 1).
The construction of a Christian church next to or on top of a polytheistic site could stem from differentially applicable factors, such as location, architectural layout, availability of resources, and the level of the site’s and its island’s connectedness. For instance Christianity did not tap into the previously famed sanctuary of Poseidon and Amphitrite on Tenos, abandoned in the late 3rd/4th A.D. (Figure 2). The island’s participation in local maritime networks declined, probably leading to the late arrival (6th A.D.) of Christianity on Tenos. Contrastingly, Christianity reached Delos organically as early as the 4th A.D., because of the island’s good participation in wider networks; Delos was a local trading hub in Late Antiquity (Figure 3). Once the Christian faith had arrived it was seemingly strategically implemented, through the placement of churches at oft-visited locations, e.g. on routes. In the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. those locations were the traditionally called upon entrances to the previously polytheistic sanctuary of Apollo (Figure 4, 5). This practical placement of churches near frequented areas, where Christianity could tap into a given location’s visitors, was paralleled at Karthaia, Kea where the converted temple was located near the road or entrance to the city. Practicality was a paramount factor in these religious transformations. It was also seen in the limited alterations that temples, like those of Naxos and Kea, as well as non-cultic structures, like the mausoleum on Sikinos, experienced during their conversions (Figure 6, 7a, 7b).
The religious conversions of the Cyclades were primarily pragmatic. However, the result of these transformations often indicated integration between the once polytheistic and now Christian landscape, rather than an outright rejection of the past. Assimilation was suggested by the Christian re-use of locations that had been significant throughout the Delian sanctuary’s prior history; the traditional entrances to the sanctuary were tapped into. At Karthaia in Kea, Christian burials (6th A.D.) were placed within the temple of Apollo, and on the plateau of the temple of Athena (Figure 7). At Ekatontapyliani on Paros, reliefs from the sanctuary of the Parian poet-hero Archilochos were incorporated into the walls of the late antique basilica there. Integration was also indicated in the minimal alterations to temples, which retained their architectural integrity to a certain extent. Quite often the pronaos (or temple’s porch) became the church’s narthex (or vestibule), and the interior arrangement of temples remained mostly unchanged (e.g. at Yria, Gyroulas, and Palatia on Naxos, and at Karthaia in Kea). The move from polytheism to Christianity, as observed in these buildings, was a transition that still maintained some important aspects: it was a subtle change.
Cyclades: From Polytheism to Christianity
Figure 1: The archaic temple of Apollo turned into a Christian church in the 5th century A.D. The structure sits on the highly visible small islet of Palatia, situated at the maritime entrance to the Late Antique coastal city of Naxos.
Figure 2: The impressive remains of the sanctuary of Poseidon and Amphitrite on Tenos. The site fell into disuse after the early 3rd A.D., and no Christian churches were constructed here.
Figure 3: Delos, once the sacred island of Apollo and his sister Artemis. At least five churches were built on the island during Late Antiquity.
Figure 4: The lavish Aghios Kyrikos (early-mid 5th A.D.) at Delos. The church, situated on slightly elevated and highly visible ground, was located right next to the Delian Agora, opposite the southeastern Entrance to the sanctuary area.
Figure 5: Plan of the sanctuary of Apollo on Delos, pinpointing the three churches (i.e. blue dots) built next to the cultic area: Aghios Kyrikos (early 5th AD), church in the middle of the Stoa of Philip, and church next to the Ecclesiasterion. Potential entrances to the sanctuary area suggested with the red dots. (plan taken from Bruneau and Ducat 2005, fold out 5)
Figure 8: Late Antique Christian burials on the plateau of the temple of Athena at Karthaia in Kea.
1 2
4 3
5
8
6 7a
7b
Figure 6: The church of Episkopi on Sikinos, which was converted in the 7th or 8th centuries A.D., from a Roman mausoleum. As was observed in the transformations of temples, the conversion involved only limited changes that can be seen in the images to the right. The current state (e.g. the belfry, the stone walls between the columns and the structure’s sides) results from 17th A.D. renovations to the church.
Figures 7a, 7b: The plan of the Roman mausoleum (above), and of the Late Antique church (below) at Episkopi, Sikinos. Only two new entrances were created in the conversion. The pronaos became the narthex, and the interior remained mostly unchanged. This was also often the case with the temple conversions. (plans taken from Frantz, Thompson and Travlos 1969, figs. 61 and 67).
This project was generously funded by the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme By Nefeli Eleni Piree Iliou Supervised by Dr. Rebecca Sweetman, within the St Andrews School of Classics
“You are what you eat”apear to
How people construct identities and class representations through food; a global multi-media
culture obsessed with food
by Katerina Sanchez-Schilling Under the supervision of Professor Sabine Hyland of the Social Anthropology Department
Thanks to the Generous Funding by The Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
The objective of this project was to research how we construct our identity and
project class representations through food. This is based on the idea that food can be
seen as a universal source, and tool, of class identification.
Specifically, I sought to address the way we project the foods we eat through social
media outlets, and the implicit links this has to class identities. In doing so we
contribute to our “doing [preforming/producing] class”. This notion is based on
work by West and Fenstermaker’s, “Doing Difference” (1995), which attributes a
great deal of agency to individuals when establishing class, gender and race.
The research was conducted in Singapore and Cambridge, England
West and Fenstermaker’s view is that the individual actively constructs their particular
identity markers, this is similar to Goffman’s view that we posses a perception of the
ourselves which we project or “preform” in social settings to give a desired impression.
In both instances we must convince others of this conception we have of ourselves in
order to achieve our desired social status. What I found was that this performance now
goes beyond the immediate social interaction as Goffman discussed and is played out on
social media such as Facebook and Instagram. These serve as platforms which we are
able to tailor and construct to our liking. A sort of 24/7 personal advertisement.
“hum, this meal looks
fancy” …..
“I had better take a
picture to let people know”
Findings
People do project a favourable image of themselves
on Instagram which is not necessarily their reality
though they seek to give the impression that it is.
People are often unassuming about their own
choices but are quick to point out the efforts made
by their peers.
The foods that are presented serve to demonstrate
that the user posses social and economic capital,
features which Bourdieu associated with attaining
greater social status.
Image Courtesy of Nicole Pretorious.
Image Courtesy of Niki Davies
illustration by Leigh Wells, http://leighwells.com
^
“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights...and should act towards one another in a spirit of brother-hood.” (Article 1, UN Declaration of Human Rights)
“The dignity of the human is rooted in his creation in the image of God...life is made up of divine charity and human solidari-ty.” (Catechism of the Catholic Church, sec. 1700 & 1699)
Rights and duties in the age of social media “Interest in the common good has priority over individual interest—as long as personal dignity and hu-man rights are preserved.” (Hans Kung, Theologian)
“All ethical principles are principles for all.” (Onora O’Neill, Philosopher)
The Dignity of our online selves Our ‘friends’ and ‘followers’ can shape our online persona almost as much as we do.
“We expect a boundary that separates our online and offline lives, but this is no longer the case.” (Daniel Trottier, Sociologist)
“These instruments have an impact on the psychology of those who use them...over the emotions and the intellect.” (Pope Paul VI)
On the other hand, social media can facilitate a sense of community.
“The development of social networks calls for com-mitment: people are engaged in building relation-ships and making friends, in looking for answers to their questions and being entertained, but also finding intellectual stimulation and sharing knowledge and knowhow.” (Pope Benedict XVI)
Summary of this section: “participation in [social media] involves reflection, ethical awareness, and care” (Jean Burgess, Social Media scholar)
“self care [online] should be supplemented by care for the oth-er” (Daniel Trottier)
“There is the need to set the contemporary vehicles of infor-mation…for the strengthening of...the dignity of the human per-son, justice, [and] universal brotherhood” (Pope Paul VI)
Social Media, sousveillance and the ‘prosumer’
Social media relies on users to provide the content.
Neutral? Impartial? Democratic? does this make social media more
than traditional media?
Compare:
Uploader: Pittsburgh Indymedia.
Upload date: October 4th, 2009
Uploader: Vevo (jointly owned by Universal, Sony, and Google).
Upload date: November 10th, 2014
Some studies show that we are still turning to established media outlets, even on social media. (Jose Van Dijck, Social Media scholar)
On the one hand, established media organisations are still mediating much of the media we see on
social media. Organisations such as:
On the other hand, the potential for the circula-tion of independent/amateur media is greater
than ever before.
“The fundamental moral requirement of all com-munication is respect for and service of the
truth.” (Pope John Paul II)
One avenue offered by social media is sousveillance
Sousveillance means using technology to mirror and confront bureaucratic organisations, especially those responsible for un-wanted surveillance. (Vian Bakir, Media scholar)
Twitter was used effectively to draw attention to unreported po-lice brutality during the protests in Tahrir Square in 2011.
Acts of sousveillance have prompted conversation about accountability in the past, as in the case of the Edward Snowden revelations.
“Only when people have free access to true and sufficient infor-mation can they pursue the common good and hold public au-thority accountable.” (Pope John Paul II)
On the other hand: “Not only can we never be fully informed, but...we cannot be fully informed about uninformed we are.” (Mark Andrejevic, Sociologist)
How can we handle the mass of information available through social media?
“Audiences need to become more media literate...a literacy which will involve a critical and empathetic interpreta-tion.” (Jolyon Mitchell, Theologian and Media Ethicist)
Conclusions:
Religious and secular commentators agree that users of social media must be active, not merely passive recipients. This may in-volve integrating critical engagement with social media into for-mal education (Van Dijck). Users are urged to be discerning and reflective towards the media they encounter. Service of the truth in communication may facilitate its ultimate end, namely the building up of human dignity and community.
Catholic Theological Perspectives on Social Media and Sousveillance By: Dorian Stone
Supervisor: Dr. Eric Stoddart
St Mary’s College, Faculty of Divinity
Funded by the Laidlaw Undergraduate Research and Leadership Programme
Printing:This poster is 48” w
ide by 36” high. It’s designed to be printed on a large
Customizing the Content:
The placeholders in this form
atted for you. placeholders to add text, or click an icon to add a table, chart, Sm
artArt graphic, picture or m
ultimedia file.
Tfrom text, just click the Bullets
button on the Hom
e tab.
If you need more placeholders for
titles, m
ake a copy of what you need and
drag it into place. PowerPoint’s
Smart G
uides will help you align it
with everything else.
Want to use your ow
n pictures instead of ours? N
o problem! Just
rightChange Picture. M
aintain the proportion of pictures as you resize by dragging a corner.
FILM SO
UN
D D
ESIGN
AN
D SEN
SOR
Y PR
OPER
TIESEva W
ewiorski, supervised by D
rLucy Fife Donaldson, D
epartment of Film
Studies, funded by Laidlaw
Undergraduate Internship in R
esearch and Leadership Programm
e
PR
OJ
EC
T O
UT
LIN
E
Film is fallaciously considered a
primarily visual art form
, and the sensory contribution of sound is overlooked. In order to uncover a new
understanding of the sensory pow
er of film, this
project incorporated a range of research strategies including film
analysis, literature review
s, and interview
s with sound personnel.
OB
JE
CT
IVE
S
To uncover the extent to w
hich film sound is
designed to affect the view
er.
To analyse
how sound
designers and technological developm
ent achieve sensory im
pact.
The image on the right depicts a cinem
a auditorium
equipped with advanced D
olby surround sound technology.]
CO
NC
LUS
ION
S
Film
Sound is used to evoke intricate em
otional responses, and aural expectations are played w
ith to challenge the view
er emotionally.
Technology such as D
olby Surround sound m
akes film sound exist in
spaces beyond the screen, engulfing the view
er.
Sound and image are not
separate components.
They work in conjunction
to engage other senses –taste, sm
ell, touch –to
evoke sensory response.
“The emotional, physical and aesthetic
value of a sound is linked not only to the causal explanation w
e attribute to it but also to its ow
n qualities of timbre and
texture, to its own personal vibration” –
Michel C
hion, sound and film theorist.
[Voice][Sound Effects]
[Music]
[Silence]
Grand Tour in the mirror: a ceremonial regatta seen through the eyes of British travellers and Venetian inhabitants
Alice Zamboni; supervised by Dr Elsje van Kessel, School of Art History The Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
2. The spectacles of Venice: contemporary Venetian voices
The ephemeral splendour of the feast and a more prosaic daily life:
Francesco Guardi: ‚Design for a festival boat‘ (left) and a ‚Gondola in the Lagoon‘ (right)
In June 1775 a regatta, the first of its kind, took place at Ranelagh Gardens. Among its organisers were gentlemen returned from their Grand Tour, and various aspects of the entertainment echoed the Venetian model. The day was opened by a parade
of boats, and just as on the Grand Canal, an elegant temporary architecture representing the temple of Neptune was built to house the prizes. Most viewers appreciated the show, but asserted that the magnificence of Venetian regattas
remained incomparable.
…a regatta, a novel entertainment was exhibited on the river Thames , in imitation of some of those splendid shows exhibited in Venice, on their grand festivals. It proved, however, a very humble imitation indeed!....4
3. A beauty beyond imagination: Venice and British travellers While some visitors saw in Venice solely the city of pleasures, others proved to be more attentive observers, and recorded their impressions in travel journals and long letters. They commented on the rigorousness of Venetian authorities and expressed their surprise at the money spent on the entertainment of the Duke, but were unable to appreciate the contrast that this splendour constituted with the progressive decline. Among tourists, the fascination with the regatta was however unanimous. The actor David Garrick, in Venice at the same time as the Duke, wrote enthusiastically to a friend:
I have seen here such sights I had no conception of but in Fairy land, & have seen the Visions of the Arabian Night realiz’d by the Venetian ‘Regate’; […] I shall be a Week in telling you all I saw & felt that day. Such Elegant luxury! 3
1. Summary and aims of the research
v Venice and its ceremonies in satirical poems and chronicles
.
On 4 June 1764 a magnificent regatta took place on Venice’s Grand Canal in honour of Edward Augustus Duke of York, then on a Grand Tour of Italy. Far from unusual, similar water parades were organised throughout the century to celebrate the visits of notable travellers. British visitors were attracted by the myth surrounding Venice, described by guidebooks as a city floating on the lagoon where endless ceremonies and entertainments such as regattas animated daily life. In fact, those lavish festivities were increasingly at odds with the inexorable political and economic decline faced by Venice in the eighteenth century. Striving to uphold to the image of the Serenissima, Venice continued to be the backdrop of splendid entertainments organised for the visit of foreign guests, to recreate an impression, albeit short lived, of that serene Republic the city had long been. This research analyses the reception of the 1764 regatta from a twofold perspective: the impressions of British travellers are juxtaposed with the less explored view of the Venetians. They too became part of the phenomenon of the Grand Tour, by witnessing the same spectacles while at home. Were the Venetians more sceptical of the array of satin and velvet drapes and of the thin layer of gold covering a much less sparkling reality? And to what extent was Venice successful in perpetuating its myth?
v Grand Tour letters from Venice
v The British fascination for the regatta beyond the Grand Tour
The Venetians were critical of the excessive expenditure associated with the regatta, rather than of the entertainment itself. Poets also mocked the authorities’ superficial concern with Venice’s honour, the few resources of the city, and even the libertine nature of the Duke, who was said to be more attracted by Venetian women than by the sights of the city.2
Venetian authors expressed their concern for their contemporaries’ preoccupation with appearances, indulgence in pleasures, and obliviousness to the progressive decline. Their words reveal an image of a city less dazzling and glorious than the one perceived by tourists.
References: [1]: Venetian State Archive, Cerimoniali, XII Register: Scritture ed Inserte sopra Cerimoniali; [2]: Biblioteca Museo Correr, MS Gradenigo Dolfin Notatori XI; Antonio Pilot, Antologia della Lirica Veneziana (Venezia, 1913); [3] D. Little & G. Kahrl (eds), The Letters of David Garrick , vol. 1, (London, 1963), p. 416; [4]: The Gentleman‘s Magazine on 23rd June 1775.
v For a revision of the Ceremonials
An interesting contribution to the Italian perspective is provided by Andrea Memmo, a nobleman who suggested amendments to the increasingly burdensome protocol employed for the reception of
notable visitors. His official report reveals the contrast with the joyful atmosphere of the past centuries, characterised by celebrations
spontaneously organised by the Venetians and enjoyed by foreign visitors. In the late eighteenth century Venice can no longer afford
those entertainments. Wealthy patricians are therefore asked by the Senate to bear the expenses, a decision of which Andrea Memmo was
rather critical.1
4. Conclusions:
² Venetian and British viewers appreciated the regatta, regarded as a traditional competition by the former –hence in no need of opulent decorations– and as a spectacle with no equals by the foreigners.
² A carefully orchestrated ceremonial, the patricians’ funding and regulations limiting the interaction with foreigners enabled Venice to convey a positive image to the British audience.
Giandomenico Tiepolo, ‚Meeting at the Pier‘ (detail)
Francesco Guardi, ‚Regatta on the Grand Canal‘ (detail)
Ticket for the regatta with River Thames and Nereids
In the background: Cugini Gerolimi Mauri, Parade Boat representing the element of ‚Water‘ designed for the 1764 regatta
A classical analogue to a Quenched Fermionic cloud in a harmonic trap
Physics and Astronomy Sean Bourelle—Under the supervision of Dr Chris Hooley and in collaboration with Maximilian Schulz
Fermions can be confined to an optical trap using laser beams. A quench is a rapid change in boundary conditions, like tempering steel. In order to quench the fermionic cloud, this experimental design is to “jump” the optical trap to the side.
The fermions follow a cosine dispersion relation, i.e. their energy-momentum relationship is confined to lie on the cosine curve in Figure 3. Clearly this requires that the fermions cannot acquire more than 4t (energy to move lattice site) in kinetic energy, or the gradient changes sign and thus so does the velocity—a change in direction. This is Bragg Localisation.
No two identical fermions can sit at the same energy level (quantum state)— Pauli exclusion principle.
Local Density Peaks
To represent the centre of mass motion using a classical analogue, I used a double mass/spring system. Spring K1 represents the harmonic trap— as compressions and extensions of a spring follow the same x2 force law as the trap. M1 represents the CoM (Centre of Mass) of the system, while the second spring and mass allows for energy transfer from the motion of M1 to M2, in the same manner that the CoM motion of the fermionic cloud transfers energy from bulk motion to com-pression waves, and finally to individual fermion vibrations.
The fraction of localised particles is shown in the above plot . It depends on the size of the harmonic trap “jump fraction” —simply a standardised jump size given by (Jump Size)/ L, where L is the length scale of the system. Thus, for a particular jump size and system size, I know what fraction of the CoM is localised (effectively stationary) in my classical model.
CoM motion follows the path shown on the left. The beating expected by this system is clearly demonstrated, re-flecting the similarity between it, and the CoM motion of the fermionic cloud, which beats likewise.
In order for the spring-mass system to undergo a beating effect, as opposed to a more chaotic motion, we must enter one of the Eigen-mode solutions. To do so, we must choose appropriate values of M1, M2, K1, and K2, that will lead to the beat and oscillation frequencies that match the motion of the fermionic clouds CoM motion after the quench.
There are only a small range of values, for a given K1, to which M1, M2 and K2 can take, (Figure 9). To achieve positive Y values (Y= K2 / M2), and thus physical (positive) K2 and M2 values we have a small range of M1 values to choose from. I chose the minimum in the graph above, for simplest detection.
In the end, my classical model does give similar motion to the fermionic system that I first modelled, if given the correct beat and oscillation frequencies. However, it requires running the fermionic trap jump model first, to obtain these frequencies—thus we do not yet have a faster method of finding the CoM motion. However much was learned in the process of building this model, such as how to determine localisation fractions, and the length scales within the system. This was a great experience for putting my skills to use, and learning more about research itself. I developed my programming, problem solving, and organisational skills over the course of the 8 weeks.
Thank you Lord Laidlaw!
Looking at the density profiles in Figures 10 and 11, there is consistently a peak, at the outer edges of the cloud. This can perhaps be explained by the individual fer-mion wave functions at the edges at the cloud. The further from the trap centre we look, the higher in energy we are looking (following the harmonic optical trapping potential, Figure 1). Thus, at the edges of the cloud, far from trap centre, we only see the most excited fermions, thus only their wave function probability density contributes to the total density profile at this point. These wave function probabilities all peak far from the trap centre, as shown in Figure 12.
Trap Jumped Model Classical Analogue
Figure 10: Different size density dist. Figure 11: More density distributions
Figure 9: Determining positive K1, M1, M2 and K2 . Y= K2 / M2 and X=M1
Figure 8: CoM oscillation. Oscillation distance, the y-axis, is in lattice sites, and x-axis is in time.
Figure 7: Double mass-spring system as a classical analogue to Figure 1
Energy
Space
Optical
Trap
Figure 1: Fermionic cloud in an optical trap
1 2 3 4 5
Jump Size
L
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Localisation Fraction
Figure 5: Localisation fraction for jump size 0 1 2 3 4 5
Jump Size
L0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
CoM lattice site
Total lattice sites
Figure 6: CoM position for jump size
Wave function probabilities for particles in a quantum harmonic oscillator. This image was created October 20, 2007, and was accessed on July the 10th 2015 from
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum harmonic oscillator , Author: Allen McC
Figure 12: HO wave functions
photo.net/canon-eos-digital-camera-forum/00ad6T?start=40 “tempering steel”, Daniel Harris, Jul 20, 2012; 10:41 a.m.
Figure 2: Tempering steel
Bragg turning point of lowest energy Bragg localised particles.
Figure 4: Determining fraction of Bragg localised fermions
Classical turning point of lowest energy Bragg localised particles.
Particles to the left are Bragg localised, as they have more than 4t of potential energy in the new tap.
XCut is the distance from the new trap centre, X1, to the classical turning point of Bragg localised particles— those with energy greater than 4t.
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
In order to determine a lower bound on the fraction of particles that experience Bragg localisation, we look at the portion of the cloud that is necessarily greater than 4t in potential energy within the new trap, Figure 4. Particle kinetic energy within the trap is:
These particles have classical turning points, xc, that occur at a crystal momentum K=0, and Bragg turning points, XB, that occur when K=Pi/2a. We see these when:
Thus:
So any particles further than 2L from the new trap centre are Bragg localised.
−
−
− −
Summary
Figure 3: Fermion cosine dispersion relation
4 t
2 1 1 2Crystal Momentum K
2
1
1
2
Energy in units of t, the hopping integral
Fermionic cloud (Grey) density distribution, pre quench.
Transform 1: Evaporate to T~5TBE, then adiabatically reach BEC transition Transform 2: Evaporate to T ~ TBE, then adiabatically increase BEC fraction
We use our SLM to generate optical traps with intensity decaying as a power-law from a central maximum [4]. A sequence of these can be used as a time-dependent optical dipole trap for all-optical production of BECs in two stages.
a = 2 1.5 1 0.5
0
rU Ar
a
Efficient evaporative cooling in a trap with
adjustable strength and depth
Adiabatic transformation of trap order to cross the BEC transition reversibly.
BEC in a Variable Power-law Trap
T. H. Doherty, G. D. Bruce and D. Cassettari
Cold Atoms Group, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
www.st-andrews.ac.uk/coldatoms
This project was supported Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
[1] Lin, J. et al. Opt. Express 20 1060 (2011) [2] Richards, B et al. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Sci. 253 (1274), 358-379 (1959) [3] Shabtay, G. Opt. Commun. 226 33 (2003) [4] Whyte, G. et al. New. J. Phys. 7 (2005) 117
Both approaches give larger BECs than evaporation alone, and the adiabatic transform allows reversible crossings of the BEC transition
Extending Ultracold Holographic Atom Trapping to the Third Dimension
Introduction
Trapping a Bose Einstein Condensate
A Kinoform for Two Dimensions
Next Steps
Volumetric Propagation
The Shabtay Method
The physical laws which govern the classical and quantum mechanical worlds are vastly different. Our power to intuitively understand the nature of stars, planets and much of nature does not extend into the microcosmos. There seems to be an inexplicable barrier to our perception of reality as one looks at smaller and smaller objects. However, through the use of extensive cooling techniques, we are able to send a sample of rubidium atoms over this border. Here they no longer exist as distinct objects, but collapse into a single entity, a Bose Einstein condensate. It is through the production and manipulation of these condensates that we probe the quantum world. A deeper understanding of their universe may help is to rationalize our own.
We need to examine Bose Einstein condensates in a landscape that we control. To do this, we rely upon the inherent ability of laser light to exert a force. If we can sculpt the laser into any form we require we can therefore dictate the world seen by the condensate.
The device we use to sculpt our laser is a spatial light modulator (SLM). The SLM has a grid of rotatable crystals that alter the speed of the rays passing through. We use this to change the progress of each ray in its oscillation. The individual strands of light are then brought together by a focusing lens. Here they interact and interfere into the profile that we desire.
The method we employ to mathematically propagate the beam is a 2D Fourier Transform. The use of this allows us only to define the intensity distribution of our laser in a single 2D slice. For full volumetric control a new method must be sought.
In order to form the laser intensity into the correct profile, we have to supply the SLM with a mapping of the crystal rotations. This description is a called a kinoform, and its calculation is the key to our manipulation of condensates.
Figure: Kinoform into Output Beam
We know the intensity shape we desire to emerge from the focusing lens, but unfortunately we are unable to work backwards to give the required input. Instead we must make guesses as to the required kinoform and iteratively propagate it through the lens until we arrive at an output accurate enough for our requirements.
Perform Spectral Analysis
Apply Physical
Constraints
Reverse Spectral Analysis
Apply Desired Output
Guess Kinoform
Output Kinoform
The Shabtay method avoids the issue of propagation by working solely in the output plane. However, the problem with such an approach is that the intensity we desire may not be physically realizable. We can use spectral analysis and filtering iteratively to ensure this is the case.
In order to define the intensity distribution of light in the full focal volume, our mathematical propagation must now consider in detail the geometry of the optics, the changes in polarization and the energy conservation of the system.
These considerations are encapsulated within the Deybe-Wolf integral. This can be modified to fit our requirements through marrying a three dimensional Fourier transform and a strength factor matrix. As the laser light splits into three polarizations upon hitting the lens, we can perform this algorithm as three numerical integrations.
We now have the ability to know the intensity of light at any position in the system. This allows us to reuse the iterative computational algorithms designed for two dimensional traps in our three dimensional setting.
One is therefore presented with the choice to implement either the Shabtay method, or employ volumetric propagation in existing two dimensional algorithms.
Volumetric propagation requires significantly larger computational power than most previous methods. This may be reduced with the implementation of a Chirp – z Transform instead of a Fast Fourier Transform.
The Shabtay method has a high degree of simplicity, however the results thus far obtained lack quality. This may well be improved by the style of improvements one can make in a 2D setting.
Trapped Atoms
[1]
[1]
Life on Mars? Detec0ng manganese biomineralisa0on
Stefan Farsang, supervised by Dr Timothy Raub
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews
• Manganese is significantly more abundant in the Mar@an regolith (~0.45%) than in the Earth’s upper crust (~0.1%).1,2
• On Earth, Mn-‐minerals can form either abio@cally or biogenically, primarily as a result of bacterial cycling. Manganese oxida@on can also be catalysed by fungi, algae, and eukaryotes.
• The aim of this project is to inves@gate whether electron paramagne@c resonance (EPR) is a reliable technique to dis@nguish between biogenic and abio@c Mn-‐minerals and whether it can be used in search for life on the red planet.
Introduc0on
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). An FEI Quanta 200 3D instrument was used to study the morphology and elemental composi@on of manganese phases.
Methods
I would like to thank Dr Timothy Raub and Dr Diane Johnson (The Open University) for their help throughout my internship and Dr Bela Bode (Chemistry) for EPR spectrometer access. This project was funded by the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme.
Acknowledgements
Photo: NASA JPL
• The conclusion of Kim et al., 2011 that EPR linewidth is narrower for biogenic Mn-‐oxides than for abio@c Mn-‐oxides is not universally supported.
• This study supports the “likely biogenic” zone of medium-‐linewidths for clearly, and likely-‐biogenic rock and mineral samples. However, it also shows that some defini@vely abio@c Mn-‐minerals have linewidths as narrow as bacterially-‐cultured Mn-‐oxides.
• Clearly it is important to ascertain whether this conclusion is robust against mul@ple component mixing in natural rather than synthe@c samples, which are obviously dominantly/wholly single-‐component.
Conclusions
Results
Sixty Mn-‐mineral samples ranged from clearly biogenic (fig. 1) through likely biogenic to definitely demonstrably high-‐temperature abio@c. Representa@ve Samples: These images, from deep-‐sea nodules, also point out a poten@al complica@on to this, and previous studies. Most natural Mn-‐enriched rock samples contain mul@ple minerals, commonly including iron oxides. Previous studies (e.g., Kim et al., 2011) have not aeempted to tease apart spectral signatures of iron versus manganese oxides. A robust study would take this into account.
Fig. 1 SEM back-‐scaeered electron images and element maps (red: manganese, green: iron, blue: silicon) of manganese nodules from N 10.24 W 108.26 (A,B) and N 30.006 W 145.124 (C).
A B C
1Kieffer, H.H. et al., 1992. The planet Mars: from an@quity to the present. In Mars, edited by H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, and M.S. Maehews, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1–33. 2Rudnick, R.L. & Gao, S., 2003. Composi@on of the con@nental crust. In The Crust, edited by R.L. Rudnick, Vol. 3 of Trea@se on Geochemistry, edited by H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, Elsevier-‐Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 1–64. 3Kim, S.S. et al., 2011. Searching for Biosignatures Using Electron Paramagne@c Resonance (EPR) Analysis of Manganese Oxides. Astrobiology, 11(8), pp.775–786.
References
Samples
Fig. 4 EPR spectra of abio@c samples: braunite, Langban, Vermland, Sweden (blue), ΔH=492G, g=1.997; hausmannite, Langban, Vermland, Sweden (red), ΔH=492G, g=2.008; kutnohorite, Near Levane, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy (yellow), ΔH=492G, g=2.006; rhodochrosite, MT, USA (purple), ΔH=492G, g=2.001.
Fig. 5 EPR spectra of poten@ally biogenic samples: pyrolusite, Wolf Mine (blue), ΔH=241G, g=2.003; romanechite, Socorro, NM, USA (red), ΔH=704G, g=2.068; SIO JLK Mn-‐nodule interior (yellow), ΔH=1073G, g=1.981; earthy psilomelane (green) ΔH=569G, g=2.013.
Fig. 6 EPR spectra of biogenic samples: Mn-‐nodule from N 10.24 W 108.26, core (blue), ΔH=1279G, g=1.967; crust (red), ΔH=1009G, g=1.976; Mn-‐nodule from N 30.006 W 145.124 crust (yellow) ΔH=921G, g=1.998; core (purple) ΔH=909G, g=1.902.
Electron Paramagne7c Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy is a method to study chemical species with unpaired electrons. A Bruker CW X-‐band 3.8K -‐ 350K EPR spectrometer was used. Biogenic Mn-‐oxides have abundant layer site vacancies and edge termina@ons and are mostly of single ionic species, i.e., Mn4+, so they exhibit only narrow EPR spectral linewidths at ~500 G. Abio@c manganese oxides have fewer latce vacancies, larger par@cle sizes, and mixed ionic species, i.e. Mn3+ and Mn4+, so they produce broader linewidths that range from 1200 to 3000 G3 (fig. 2, 3). This study has two mo@va@ons: 1) to test a wider range of natural rock and mineral samples than Kim et al., 2011 did and 2) to discriminate Fe-‐oxides from Mn-‐oxides signatures (both have similar g-‐values).
Fig. 3 The EPR parameters (at 290 K) of all the manganese oxide samples studied by Kim et al., 2011 ploeed as g-‐value versus spectral linewidth.
Fig. 2 EPR spectra of bacterial manganese oxides, field samples, and synthe@c/mineral manganese oxides studied by Kim et al, 2011. The red lines mark the g = 2 posi@on; and EPR linewidth, ΔH, is shown in the top spectra.
Abio@c samples
Biogenic samples
Poten@ally biogenic samples
Abio@c: Poten@ally biogenic: Biogenic: Braunite Mn2+Mn3+6(SiO4)O8 Pyrolusite MnO2 Mn-‐nodule (todorokite) Hausmannite Mn2+Mn3+2O4 Romanechite (Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10 Kutnohorite Ca(Mn,Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 Psilomelane similar to (K,Ba,H2O)Mn2+2Mn4+6O16 Rhodochrosite MnCO3 Todorokite (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12·∙3H2O
Fig. 7 The EPR parameters (at 290 K) of representa@ve Mn-‐mineral samples studied by us ploeed as g-‐value versus spectral linewidth, ΔH.
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
2.05
2.1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
g-‐va
lues
EPR Linewidth, ΔH (Gauss)
Abio@c
Pot. Biogenic
Biogenic
A Preclinical Assessment of Combination Therapy in Ovarian Cancer
Combination therapy
• CI values suggest synergy at low doses in Acelarin/Abraxane combinations
• Appears to be no synergy in Acelarin/Cisplatin combinations
• Increase in concentration of drug leads to antagonistic effects
Ateeb Khan, Peter Mullen, Prof. David HarrisonSchool of Medicine, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TFFunded by Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research andLeadership Programme
Introduction• Ovarian Cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women1• It has a five year survival rate of less than 50%2• Recurrence of multi-drug resistant tumours is a key obstacle to successful treatment• Combination treatments may be useful to help prevent resistance developing,
and also reduce side effects in patients due to toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs3/4.
Experimental Setup• Samples of cells from the PE01 and PE04 cell lines were put into small wells in a 96 well plate,
at a density of 5000cells/200µl of media.• The cells were left for one day to adhere to the floor of the wells.• After 24hrs, the media was washed away, and replaced with various media at a constant concentration,
but each column containing a different concentration and combination of drug• After a further 24hrs, the media containing drug was washed away and replaced with stock media.• 72 hours later, a Sulphorhodime B assay was carried out, to determine the number of cells present in each well.• Data was then analysed using CalcuSyn (to determine synergy by calculating CI values), Graphpad
(to determine the IC50 value of a drug) and Excel to determine effects drugs and combinations had on cell death*.Results
Fig1: Graph Showing effect of Acelarin on PE01 and PE04 cell lines
Fig 2: Graph Showing effect of Abraxane on PE01 and PE04 cell lines
Fig 3: Graph Showing effect of Cisplatin on PE01 and PE04 cell lines
Fig 5: Bar chart showing effect of combinatorial therapy involving Acelarin and Cisplatin in PE01 and PE04 cell lines
Single Drug Curves• PE01 cells are more responsive than PE04 cells.• Increased concentration of drug results in
increased cell death• Cell death in controls was larger than low
doses of drug • This result may not be real, and may be due to
control wells having exhausted nutrient supplies
Fig 6: Bar chart showing effect of combinatorial therapy involving Acelarin and Cisplatin in PE01 and PE04 cell lines
Drug/Cell line IC50 valuePE01-Acelarin 41.59nMPE04-Acelarin 64.29nMPE01-Cisplatin 6.36µMPE04-Cisplatin 12.18µMPE01-Abraxane 967nMPE04-Abraxane 421nM
Drug Combination Drug Combination
Acelarin Abraxane CI value PE01
CI value PE04
Acelarin Cisplatin CI value PE01
CI value PE04
25nM 50nM 0.730 0.690 25nM 1µM 1.067 0.874
25nM 250nM 1.092 1.140 25nM 2µM 1.959 1.645
25nM 500nM 0.993 1.013 25nM 5µM 1.318 1.738
25nM 750nM 1.395 1.360 25nM 10µM 1.655 2.084
CI values: <1 – Synergy >1 - Antagonism =1 - Additive effect
Scheduling• Exposing cells to Cisplatin prior to Acelarin appears
to cause increased cell death• Potentially due to Cisplatin potentiating the effects
of Acelarin
Discussion and Future Work• Combination therapy involving Acelarin/Abraxane may be critical for the future, as the presence of synergy
at lower concentrations may be of clinical relevance.• Synergy at lower concentrations means that patients may be able to receive lower doses during treatment,
which may help to reduce toxic side effects often caused by the lack of target specificity of chemotherapeutic drugs.
• The scheduling experiment is also critical, as it may alter therapy programmes in clinical settings, and may direct further research into finding the mechanism responsible for the potentiation
• All results are from experiments carried out in 2D planes of cells. The next step would be to improve tumour models by creating microspheroids in order to get 3D clumps of cells, which can then be treated and analysed.
• Measuring cell death is common practise in industry in order to quantify the effect of a drug. However cell deathmay actually not be as important as first thought, rather the stemness of cells killed may be of more clinicalinterest. However currently there is no reliable method of determining the clonegenicity of a tumour, but a testwhich may well prove useful if developed.
• Hypoxia experiments may also be useful to simulate cells found in the centre of a tumour, as often angiogenesis is poorer towards the centre of the tumour, meaning oxygen and nutrient supply is reduced.
• Immunofluoresence may also be useful to study the mechanism of cell death, be it from apoptosis or necrosis, and may also help in understanding the efficacy of drug.
References1. Cancer Research UK http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence/common-cancers-compared#heading-Two July 20152. Cancer Research UK http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/ovarian-cancer/survival#heading-Zero July 20153. Nab-paclitaxel potentiates gemcitabine activity by reducing cytidine deaminase levels in a mouse model of pancreatic cancerFrese K Neesse A Cook N Bapiro T Lolkema M Jodrell D Tuveson 4. Notch3-specific inhibition using siRNA knockdown or GSI sensitizes paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells Haeyoun Kang, Ju-Yeon Jeong, Ji-Ye Song, Tae Heon Kim, Gwangil Kim, Jin Hyung Huh, Ah-Young Kwon, Sang Geun Jung and Hee Jung An5. Application of ProTide technology to gemcitabine: a successful approach to overcome the key cancer resistance mechanisms leads to a new agent (NUC-1031) in clinical development.
Slusarczyk M1, Lopez MH, Balzarini J, Mason M, Jiang WG, Blagden S, Thompson E, Ghazaly E, McGuigan C*All experimentl methods were in accordance with SOPs in lab 248 of St Andrews Medical School
SRB assay of plates at day 4 Incubating Cell Lines to provide optimal growth conditions
Fig 4: Graph showing effects of combination and scheduling exposureof Cisplatin and Acelarin on PE01 and PE04 cell lines.
Table 2: showing CI values calculated with data extracted from Fig 5 and Fig 6
Table 1: IC50 values calculated from Fig 1, Fig 2 and Fig 3
Jessie Lee, Supervisor: Peter Caie Laidlaw Internship Program, School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews
4. Results
v It was possible to co-‐register MCM2 with Haematoxylin without the biomarker occluding nuclear texture (Fig A) v However, when we co-‐registered MCM2 with Hoechst we found we could more clearly separate the two layers of staining (for individual analysis) v Unfortunately though, through using Hoechst we lost some nuclear texture. We solved this and achieved clearer nuclear texture and layer separation by combining
Haematoxylin with a Gluorescent counterstain for MCM2 (Fig B). A novel technique, we found that haematoxylin Gluoresced but only in the DAPI/ Hoechst channel (ex365/em445/50). This allowed us to image it by Gluorescence, whilst ensuring that it wasn’t interfering with the signal from MCM2.
v After optimizing our staining techniques, preliminary image analysis was performed on cell lines and then negative patient samples. Through this analysis we accurately segmented the nuclei to allow us look at their texture and we also quantiGied their level of expression of MCM2 (see Fig C). Looking at levels of expression helped us begin to discern differences between and within populations of urine cells. We then successfully co-‐registered the aforementioned parameters.
v We found image analysis of immunoGluorescent stains yielded fewer artifacts than image analysis of purely non-‐Gluorescent ones (see Fig D). Key points: ü We successfully optimized protocols to achieve co-‐registration of our proliferation marker with our stain for nuclear texture. ü Clear visualization of nuclear texture was maintained despite co-‐staining in both cell lines and negative patient samples, and preliminary image analysis was performed.
Fig D: Images 1-3 show stages of nuclear description by image analysis; 3 reveals an artifact (cytoplasm that has been incorrectly identified as nucleus due to its color). This artifact is shown in blue, highlighted the by orange arrow Fig A: Clear nuclear texture (purple), and biomarker (brown) Fig B: Nuclear texture (blue) and proliferation biomarker (green) Fig C: Image analysis- expression of proliferation biomarker
red=very high; orange=high; yellow=medium; blue=neg;
3. Methods
From samples to cells: 1. Urine collected: Urine was collected from 10 participants (so far). Positive samples
were collected from patients with a previous diagnosis of bladder cancer, by a research nurse pre-‐cystoscopy. Negative samples were from individuals with no prior history of bladder cancer.
Urine was Gixed in a preservative Gluid, and then centrifuged to Gilter out the cells. These cells were then stained, Girstly with the proliferation marker, and then with a nuclear stain. Two nuclear stains were used: Haematoxylin and Hoechst. Plated, stained slides were then imaged and the images processed using image analysis software. Cells were differentiated based on a) the amount of nuclear staining present and b) presence or absence of the proliferation marker.
3. Samples centrifuged to isolate cells Fixed urine samples spun down and supernatant removed
2. Fixative added SurePath® Preservative Gluid
4. Cells plated onto slides Surepath PrepStain™cell preparation platform
5. Cells stained Nuclear stains: Hematoxylin or Hoechst, Proliferation markers: • MCM-‐2 A: Rabbit AntiMCM-‐2 (#4007; Cell Signaling
Technology) • MCM-‐2 B: Mouse AntiMCM-‐2 (Company
manufactured reagent; Cytosystems Ltd)
6. Cells imaged Leica SCN400 whole slide scanner HistoRx ®PM-‐2000 AQUA scanner
7. Images analysed DeGiniens cell image analysis software
1. Summary v Urine cytology detects abnormal cells in urine. This study stained, imaged and
analysed cells collected from urine with the aim to advance cytological diagnosis of cancer.
v Numbers of proliferating cells were identiGied and this information co-‐registered with image-‐based analysis of whether their nuclei showed cancerous changes.
v A marker for proliferation was used (MCM2) that has shown potential in cytological diagnosis, but never before been co-‐registered with image analysis.
v Urine samples positive for cancer were collected pre-‐cystoscopy from patients with a previous bladder cancer diagnosis and negative samples were collected from healthy volunteers. (10 participants as of 21/8/15)
v Co-‐registration of MCM2 and nuclear staining was achieved in both cell lines and negative patient samples, and preliminary image analysis begun to calculate cancerous and non-‐cancerous cells
v This work, if successful, will allow quantiGication of bladder cancer cells from urine, in an automated fashion, by image analysis.
Most cases of bladder cancer involve superGicial, non-‐muscle invasive disease, but over two thirds of cases recur. Thus, follow up is rigorous and involves frequent cystoscopies (1) where a camera is passed up into the bladder (2). Cystoscopies are considered the gold standard for diagnosis, but are invasive and associated with high costs and discomfort (3). Cytology is an alternative, but currently lacks sensitivity in detection of low-‐grade tumors (4). However, when combined with other, non-‐invasive methods, such as urine staining markers, cytology shows predictive potential (5). MCM2 is a proliferation marker that shows potential for accurate detection of bladder cancer cells in urine (6). In this study, we aim to differentiate between cancerous, non-‐cancerous and other types of proliferating cells by co-‐registering their expression of this marker with analysis of their nuclear “texture”. Development of this technique will address the clinical need for a less invasive, cheaper diagnostic test.
2. Introduc9on and Aims
5. Conclusion and Discussion References
This project has: v Combined two techniques for bladder cancer detection in urine by co-‐registration of the MCM2 proliferation marker with stains
for nuclear texture v Used cutting edge cellular imaging to visualize and quantify these parameters v Started to characterize and integrate the biomarker with image-‐derived nuclear texture parameters using image analysis What next? More optimization on positive samples is needed before the image analysis software may accurately be used to stratify patients with no cancer to forgo cystoscopy surveillance. With some reGinement this work will allow the quantiGication of bladder cancer cells from urine in an automated fashion, reducing the need for invasive cystoscopies. Further reGinement may allow this technique to be used in the primary diagnosis of bladder cancer, or in the diagnosis of other cancers (e.g. prostatic).
1. Babjuk M, Burger M, Zigeuner R, Shariat SF, van Rhijn BWG, Compérat E, et al. EAU guidelines on non-‐muscle-‐invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: update 2013. Eur Urol [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2015 Jun 29];64(4):639–53. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0302283813006015
2. Karaoglu I, van der Heijden AG, Witjes JA. The role of urine markers, white light cystoscopy and Gluorescence cystoscopy in recurrence, progression and follow-‐up of non-‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol. 2014;32(3):651–9.
3. Svatek RS, Sagalowsky AI, Lotan Y. Economic impact of screening for bladder cancer using bladder tumor markers: a decision analysis. Urol Oncol. 2006;24(4):338–43.
4. Van Rhijn BWG, Burger M, Lotan Y, Solsona E, Stief CG, Sylvester RJ, et al. Recurrence and Progression of Disease in Non-‐Muscle-‐Invasive Bladder Cancer: From Epidemiology to Treatment Strategy. Eur Urol. 2009;56(3):430–42.
5. Planz B, Jochims E, Deix T, Caspers HP, Jakse G, Boecking a. The role of urinary cytology for detection of bladder cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005;31(3):304–8.
6. Saeb-‐Parsy K, Wilson a, Scarpini C, Corcoran M, Chilcott S, McKean M, et al. Diagnosis of bladder cancer by immunocytochemical detection of minichromosome maintenance protein-‐2 in cells retrieved from urine. Br J Cancer [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2012;107(8):1384–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.381
Sources funding: • Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership
Programme • Melville Trust for the Care and Cure of Cancer
1 2 3 BEFORE AFTER NUCLEI
ARTIFACT
Can we detect cancer using urine?
A New Approach to the Use of Mass Spectrometry in Microbiology
Margot McLauchlan*, Matthew TG Holden* *School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, KY16 9TF
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous bacterium that is becoming increasingly resistant to routinely prescribed antibiotics. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become a major problem worldwide for the following reasons: • Indiscriminate use of antibiotics • Spread of healthcare-adapted, community-adapted and
even livestock-adapted MRSA clones • No new antibiotic classes developed for over two decades Current diagnostic culture and sensitivity techniques require a minimum of 48 hours. Rapid identification would be obviously beneficial. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is starting to be used for this purpose but it is costly and not widely available. A cheaper and alternative diagnostic technique known as Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) is available but to date is chiefly used for species identification only.
Goal The main objective was to study the data generated from a panel of genetically characterised (previously WGS) isolates and their MALDI-TOF data, to see if there is additional resolution that can be extracted from MALDI-TOF other than species identification.
Obtain S. aureus isolates
WGS MALDI-TOF
Obtain genetic profile of each
isolate and assign to a clonal complex
Obtain mass spectrograph of selected isolates
Compare
Experimental Plan
Summary • These data demonstrate that it is possible to identify the clonal complex to which a S.
aureus belongs using MALDI-TOF. • It is known that similar clonal complex have similar antibiotic resistance profiles. • In conclusion, a new approach to establish the identification of MRSA, which is both
cheap and rapid, has been described. • The clinical implications could be far-reaching.
Acknowledgements & Contact I would like to thank: • Dr. Matthew Holden for supervision • The Laidlaw Internship in Leadership and Research for
funding • Erika Tranfield of Bruker Daltonics for providing the
MALDI-TOF at the Liverpool Hospital • Addenbroke Hospital for providing WGS sequenced
isolates Contact: [email protected]
Method
107 isolates of S. aureus cultured on Brain Heart
Infusion Agar
Select 24 samples for MALDI-TOF based on
genetic profile
Run samples in triplicates
through MALDI-TOF
Analyse for ribosomal protein
spikes
Results
Figure 2: Heat map. Similarity between samples is represented by colours in the visible spectrum, from dark red (most similar) to violet (least similar).
Figure 3: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) plot. This technique reduces the vast quantities of data obtained by Mass Spectrometry for each species to their "principal components" which can ultimately be displayed in a 3-D format (as seen on left). This enables visual comparisons which would be impossible by other means.
Figure 1: A core genome phylogeny of S. aureus isolates, representative of the species. Isolates examined by MALDI-TOF are indicated in red text, non-MALDI-TOF isolates are blue.
Figure 4: Flex analysis. Two samples with similar ribosomal protein spikes from identical clonal clusters in an excerpt from the entire read. Mass in Daltons on the x-axis, intensity on the y-axis.
Overview:
Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy: Benefits of Wavefront Coding Cameron McNicol, Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme Supervised by Prof. Kishan Dholakia
1. Summary
3. Set-Up
Acknowledgements
5. 3D Deconvolution
►Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) has proven be the focal point
for advanced biological imaging research as by only illuminating a thin plane
of the sample you gain a clear optical sectioning ability and also reduce the
photo bleaching of your sample. This allows longer exposures at a greater
depth of field (DOF) and reduced photoxicity to biological samples.
►There is a trade-off between resolution and DOF as they inversely depend
on the numerical aperture of the illumination objective. Alternate beam
profiles, generated via wavefront coding, have shown to improve the DOF.
Although the images need processing to remove distortion due to these
beam profiles, which I have shown in this case to be possible for 3D images.
LSFM set-up:
►Laser is expanded in the illumination
arm, shutter reduces the beam size to
that of the PM. Cylindrical lens focuses
beam down to a plane, then it is focused
down to the sample.
►Fluorescence is recorded in the
detection arm containing a PM.
The tube lens focuses the light
down to the camera. Sample Chamber:
►Sample held in a agarose gel, allowing imaging in 3D.
Gel is within a syringe that is clamped in place on a
motorised stage.
►Sample is held in water immersed chamber and
illuminated from one objective and imaged from the
detection objective ninety degrees to this.
►A 1D cubic PM, Figure 4, is added to the illumination arm.
►Code is updated to 3D deconvolution as Airy profile is present
in all three axis and the light sheet PSF has lobes now also.
►With the new code the data can be deconvolved, Figure 5.
►For future experiments the process could be further refined
due to some lobes still being present in the z axis.
Figure 4: The optical profile of the 1D cubic phase mask used in the illumination arm.
6. Conclusion
Figure 5: Data from 2D phase mask in illumination arm & 1D in detection arm.
►By using simple PMs an Airy profile was able to be created, and also the image
deconvolved via computer processing, verifying wavefront coding's viability.
►Further time could be spent refining the deconvolution, especially in the 3D case. From
this the deconvolution could be taken from what it currently is, spatially invariant, and be
made spatially variant which would improve the technique off the central focal point.
►With additional time also images of biological samples could have been taken which
would provide a better visualisation as to the power of this technique.
I wish to thank the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship Programme for the funding to make
this project possible and also Kishan Dholakia for the opportunity work within his research
group and labs. I would also like to thank the following people for their contribution and
support: Tom Vettenburg, Johnathan Nylk, Zhengyi Yang and Peeter Piksarv.
2. Wavefront Coding
Gaussian beam
Airy beam
►Wavefront coding can improve the DOF of LSFM and thus solve the issue of the trade-off
between resolution and DOF, this can be done via glass phase masks (PM), Figure 1.
►Standard LSFM set-ups use a Gaussian beam for illumination, Figure 2. Using an Airy
beam, created from a PM, instead gives a larger DOF as the point of focus is much larger.
►The beam profile is convolved with the sample when incident. Airy beams bring more in
to focus but have an asymmetric lobe structure, which has to be removed through a
computational deconvolution process. Figure 2: Gaussian and Airy beam profiles.
Image adapted from: Vettenburg, T., et al, Nature Methods,11, 541-544 (2014)
4. 2D Deconvolution ►The 2D PM placed in the detection arm, Figure 1. Results in the Airy lobe pattern in the x
and y axis, Figure 3.
►Airy image pattern created via the convolution between the sample and the point
spread function (PSF) of the set-up.
►The Program was adapted from 1D to 2D so to compute each xy plane separately and
remove the airy pattern.
►The light sheet PSF is a focused down Gaussian beam, while the detection PSF has a
cubic phase due to the mask and the PSF is calculated from both of these.
►Once deconvolved the Airy structure is removed and the point samples are clear.
Figure 3: Data from 2D phase mask in illumination arm.
Agarose with sample
Water immersed chamber
Illumination Objective
Detection Objective
Cells
Light Sheet
Beam from Laser
Illumination objective
Figure 1: The optical profile of a 2D cubic PM used in the experiment.
Schrӧdinger-Newton Equations• Solitons can be found where the natural dispersion of a
wave is balanced by effects arising from nonlinearity.• In our case we are considering a particle to be only
under the influence of quantum and gravitational effects.• The wave’s regular quantum dispersion is counteracted
by the nonlinear gravitational forces present in the system.
Mathematically our particle is described by the Schrӧdinger-Newton equations.
For simplicity we reduce these equations to those for a spherically symmetric stationary state.
Code was written in Mathematica which could solve these equations for any of the stationary states of the system. An example of one of these states is plotted above.
Solitons in the Schrӧdinger-Newton EquationsAndrew Millar
Supervised by Chris HooleySchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews
Solitons• In 1834 Scottish engineer John Scott Russell firstobserved what he called the “wave of translation”.
• This form of wave was the first known observation of a soliton and since then these types of waves have been found to have relevance in various areas of Physics.
A soliton is a wave which satisfies two necessary conditions.• The wave is localised, that is, it falls off exponentially at its
edges.• The wave is self reinforcing, i.e., it retains its shape over
time.
Summary• Solitons are waves which are localised and
self-reinforcing.• Solitons can arise by considering only the
quantum nature of a particle coupled with gravitation.
• The project successfully recreated the stationary states of the Schrӧdinger-Newton equations.
• Considerable progress was made in deriving corrections for the Schrӧdinger-Newton equations from principles of general relativity.
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
The 5th stationary state of the system
Scott Russell’s soliton recreated on the union canal
General Relativity Corrections• We look to Einstein’s theory of general relativityto find corrections for theSchrӧdinger-Newtonequations.
• The particle wave functioncan be considered as the source of a mass density. The smaller parts of this wavefunction will be attracted to the peaks.
• We looked to calculate a first correction to the Schrӧdinger-Newton equations from a coupled pair of Einstein’s equation and a covariant form of the Schrӧdingerequation.
The conditions for a soliton
A strongly peaked wavefunction provides a similar gravitational force to that of a point mass
BackgroundThe motivation for this project was get long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LR-SPP) to propagate along a flexible membrane. Flexible films are beneficial as they allow us to move something completely confined to a 2-dimensional surface in a 3-dimensional space, like drawing a line on a piece of paper and then flexing the paper, thus controlling the path of the line
ResultsFig.3
Plasmon excitation along metal surfaceFig.4
Plasmon excitation, with an inset showing the m-line spectrum of the waveguide modes
References[1] Optical properties of silicon nanocrystals in silica: Results from spectral filtering effect, m-line technique, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Leonid Khriachtchev et al., J. Appl. Phys. 104, 104316 (2008);[2] Determination of Guided and Leaky Modes in Lossless and LossyPlanar Multilayer Optical Waveguides: Reflection Pole Method and Wavevector Density Method,Emmanuel Anemogiannis, Elias N. Glytsis and Thomas K. Gaylord, J. Light. Tech. 17, 929 (1999)[3] Plasmonics: fundamentals and applications, Stefan A. Maier, New York , Springer, 2007 [4] Transformational Plasmon Optics, Yongmin Liu, Thomas Zentgraf, Guy Barta and Xiang Zhang, Nano Lett 10, 1991[5] Perfect SurfaceWave Cloaks, R. C. Mitchell-Thomas, T. M. McManus, O. Quevedo-Teruel, S. A. R.Horsley and Y. Hao, PRL 111, 213901 (2013)
Nano Lett. 10, 1991
Nano Lett. 10, 1991
Nano Lett. 10, 1991
Fabrication and Modellinga)
b)c)
Fig.1
Figures 1a), b) and c) depict the analyticsolution to finding the effective index of thepropagating modes (peaks correspond tocoupling), electric field of the plasmon and anexample of a waveguide mode found in adielectric material, respectively. The geometryof the model is formed by a 20nm Ag layercladded in PMMA and surrounded by air. Thedielectric mode interacts with the airboundary and is therefore less confined
The fabrication process is shown in figure 2. The sample is cleaved off the glass plate and the Pedot layer is dissolved in water and the film can be manipulated using hydrophobic suspension techniques.
Fig.2
Cameron Okoth, Andrea Di FalcoUniversity of St [email protected]
Flexible Waveguides and Plasmonic Films
Any electromagnetic wave that is confined to a media is said to be a guided wave. Optical fibers are a common example, however plane surfaces can also be used (as are the cases we will be looking at)
Examples of geometries that allow electromagnetic waves to propagate without interaction[5]
A LR-SPP is a surface plasmonwith a large propagation distance. By reducing the metal thickness down to a few nanometres we force the electric field into the surrounding media . This means less energy is lost in the metal layer increasing propagation distance
LR-SPP and Guided Modes
SummaryWe were able to couple light to LR-SPP’s successfully for different cladding thickness. The next step is to try deforming the films around an object for cloaking applications.
With special thanks to Laidlaw summer internship project
https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/synthopt/
Connor Powell*, Fanny Tran*, Jenna Foderaro**, Gary Ward** and Nick Westwood* *School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, UK;
**University of Vermont, USA
Which targets? -Hydrogen (H) -Chlorine (Cl) -Bromine (Br)
-Nitro group (NO2)
The Fume Cupboard
Personal Development
Development of Scientific Techniques
MMV006169
2 4 6 8
-50
0
50
100
15015.92 uM7.96 uM3.98 uM1.99 uM1.00 uM0.50 uM0.25 uM0.12 uM0.06 uM0.03 uM0.00 uM
Days Post Infection
PP
IC50 MMV006169
-2 -1 0 1 2-50
0
50
100
150
log[MMV006169] uM
% In
hibitio
n
IC50=1.150μM
Figure 2 – Growth Curves
• The compound which required the lowest concentration to kill half of the parasite population (IC50) was the bromo analogue 3 (Figure 4, Table 1).
The activity of the lead compound MMV006169 will be further optimized (SAR) to achieve the lowest possible IC50 values and thus greatest potency against Toxoplasma gondii based on our most active compound 3.
Patience It is so vital that the quality of the science comes before one’s own personal ambition, natural pace or drive for a smooth trouble free project with ideal results.
The Laidlaw Leadership Development Weekend I became aware of: • VUCA leadership qualities, such as clarity of vision and dilemma flipping; • Dr Bak-Maier’s Get Productive Wheel®, which helped me identify that eliminating information
that doesn’t serve purpose is paramount to success.
Figure 3 – IC50 Curve
Table 1 – IC50 values
Figure 1 – MMV006169
• Hydrophobic nature of the binding pocket may explain the activity observed as this would favour a bulky bromine atom better than chlorine or a nitro group.
• Third most likely parasite to be responsible for food-related deaths in the US along with being one of the main diseases associated with mortality in AIDS patients.2
• Transplacental infection occurs in 1 in 1000 births in the US, leading to birth defects and possible termination of pregnancy.2
• Perhaps, most alarming is the risk of the disease to bone marrow transplant patients where post-infection mortality rates reach over 90%.3
• The T.gondii parasite is in the same family as Plasmodium falciparum - the causing agent of malaria
Malaria Box was screened against T.gondii, and a lead compound MMV006169 was identified as a moderate growth inhibitor.
I gained further insight into practical tasks carried out by medical and synthetic chemists: • 3D NMR analysis; • Mass spectrometry analysis; • Experimental techniques; • Literature research; • Rigorous process of laboratory book keeping.
Leadership Skills: Able to identify issues with the synthesis and provide alternative route to reach my set objectives.
7. A. Lehane, et al., Molecular Microbiology, 2014, 94, 327-339. 8. K. Ingram-Sieber, et al., PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014, 8, e2610.
Compounds R IC50 (mM)
1 H 2.226
2 Cl 8.665
3 Br 0.2245
4 NO2 1.053
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-50
0
50
100
150
Days Post Infection
PP
CP01007
0.00µM0.02µM0.04µM0.07µM0.14µM0.28µM0.57µM1.14µM2.27µM4.55µM9.09µM18.18µM
Figure 5 – Growth Curve
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
What is The Malaria Box ? The Malaria Box is a collection of 400 compounds showing activity against the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
Why was it created? Due to lack of investment required to develop the necessary drugs for treatment of disease that affect poor countries4
How do people use The Malaria Box ? Tested against: • Cryptosporidium parvum (cryptosporidiosis)5 • Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis)5 • Schistosoma mansoni (schistosomiasis)6 • Compounds affected Na+ and pH regulation in P.falciparum7 • Targeted autophagy proteins in P.falciparum8
How do use it ? As a library of compounds to identify an inhibitor of related parasite T. Gondii
To synthesise various analogues of our lead
compound MMV006169 to improve potency against
T.gondii.
References 1. E. Yong, Phenomena, 2013; 2. A. Tenter, A. Heckeroth and L. Weiss, International Journal for Parasitology, 2000, 30, 1217-1258; 3. V. Carruthers, Acta Tropica, 2002, 81, 111-122.; 4. C. Adams and V. Brantner, Health Affairs, 2006, 25, 420-428.; 5. K. Bessoff, et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2014, 58, 2731-2739; 6. F. Boyom, et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2014, 58, 5848-5854.; 7. A. Lehane, et al., Molecular Microbiology, 2014, 94, 327-339; 8. K. Ingram-Sieber, et al., PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014, 8, e2610.
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
•How do you make them? In a four step process
(Scheme 1), where by varying the R group on the aniline
reactant determines which of the four analogues are
synthesised
The 1H NMR above shows the chemical shifts and
coupling between different hydrogen environments in
the chloro-analogue.
13C NMR and 2-dimensional NMR techniques such as
COSY, HSQC and HMBC were used to assign the
carbons in the compounds.
Hydrogens are colour coded to their assigned
peaks.
I am grateful to Professor Westwood and his Research Group for allowing me to work alongside them, particularly to Dr Tran who spend a large part of her summer teaching and guiding me through various practical techniques and ensuring that I got the most out of this project. I would also like to thank the Laidlaw Research and Leadership Programme for giving me this opportunity.
Figure 4 – Bromo analogue
• Four novel compounds, potential inhibitor of the parasite T.gondii, were successfully synthesised and tested in growth assay.
• The most potent compound was shown to be the bromine analogue 3, with the lowest IC50 value measured of 0.2245 μM.
• An extensive literature search was also carried out to investigate how other research groups have used The Malaria Box.
2km
harz
burg
ite
gabb
ro
cont
inen
tal
Sedi
men
tary
Cap
Pi
llow
Bas
alts
Shee
ted
Dyke
s
Mas
sive
Gabb
ro
with
Ultr
amaf
ic
Cum
ulat
es
Duni
te C
umul
ate
Harz
burg
ite
SOC Exposure SE
NW
Penr
ose
Conf
eren
ce (1
972)
Fl
inn
(200
1)
ww
w.rm
ets.
org
Uns
t
Mantle Sequence Crustal Sequence
0 km
3 km
6 km
Oxi
datio
n of
the
Oce
anic
Lith
osph
ere
Qua
ntify
ing
Serp
entin
isatio
n of
th
e Sh
etla
nd
Oph
iolit
e w
ith M
agne
tic S
usce
ptib
ility
Cal
lum
D.J.
Ree
kie
& T
imot
hy D
. Rau
b Sc
hool
of
Geo
grap
hy a
nd G
eosc
ienc
es
Fina
ncia
l su
ppor
t fr
om t
he L
aidl
aw U
nder
grad
uate
Int
erns
hip
in
Rese
arch
and
Lea
ders
hip
Prog
ram
me
is ki
ndly
ack
now
ledg
ed.
Ackn
owle
dgm
ents
Dr
. Tim
Rau
b is
than
ked
for
the
prov
ision
of t
his
rese
arch
top
ic a
nd t
he t
ools
and
know
ledg
e ne
cess
ary
to e
nsur
e its
succ
ess.
Figu
re 1
|
Rapi
d in
situ
mea
sure
men
t can
be
achi
eved
with
a h
andh
eld
devi
ce.
Rese
arch
Sum
mar
y Th
e hy
drat
ion
of E
arth
’s oc
eani
c lit
hosp
here
is re
cogn
ised
as a
fund
amen
tal p
roce
ss
of
crus
tal
recy
clin
g,
oper
atin
g th
roug
hout
pe
trog
enes
is an
d th
e su
bseq
uent
st
ruct
ural
, pe
trol
ogic
al,
and
geoc
hem
ical
adj
ustm
ents
tha
t de
fine
this
dyna
mic
co
mpo
nent
of
Eart
h’s
oute
r sh
ell.
How
ever
, di
scer
ning
the
con
trib
utin
g ge
olog
ic
proc
esse
s w
hich
cau
se s
uch
hydr
atio
n, c
oupl
ed w
ith d
irect
qua
ntifi
catio
n, p
rove
s a
diffi
cult
task
. M
agne
tic s
usce
ptib
ility
, a
char
acte
risat
ion
of t
he a
bund
ance
and
di
strib
utio
n of
mag
netit
e w
ithin
a r
ock,
can
pro
xy h
ydra
tion.
Mag
netit
e de
velo
ps in
re
spon
se to
flui
d-as
siste
d ox
idat
ion
of th
e ul
tram
afic
lith
olog
ies
whi
ch c
onst
itute
the
low
er h
orizo
ns o
f the
oce
anic
lith
osph
ere.
Thi
s pr
oces
s is
know
n as
ser
pent
inisa
tion
and
proc
eeds
via
the
follo
win
g re
actio
n: o
livin
e +
wat
er =
mag
netit
e +
serp
entin
e.
Thus
, in
ophi
olite
s, s
ectio
ns o
f oce
anic
lith
osph
ere
expo
sed
on E
arth
’s su
rface
, fie
ld
mea
sure
men
ts
of
mag
netic
su
scep
tibili
ty
tran
sfor
med
in
to
‘deg
ree
of
serp
entin
isatio
n’ m
ay b
e co
mpa
red
with
map
obs
erva
tions
to
cons
trai
n th
e tim
ing
and
proc
esse
s of
hyd
ratio
n. T
o te
st th
is ap
plic
atio
n, 1
4 da
ys w
ere
spen
t in
nort
hern
Sh
etla
nd e
xam
inin
g th
e be
st-p
rese
rved
oph
iolit
e in
NW
Eur
ope.
Rese
arch
Aim
s Th
e Sh
etla
nd O
phio
lite
Com
plex
(SO
C) is
def
ined
by
a su
ite o
f ul
tram
afic
to
maf
ic
litho
logi
es e
xpos
ed a
cros
s th
e isl
ands
of
Uns
t an
d Fe
tlar
of t
he S
hetla
nd I
sles,
Sc
otla
nd (
Figu
re 2
). Go
od e
xpos
ure
esta
blish
es t
he S
OC
as a
sui
tabl
e op
hiol
ite f
or
test
ing
whe
ther
fie
ld
mea
sure
men
ts
of
mag
netic
su
scep
tibili
ty
reve
al
new
in
form
atio
n ab
out o
phio
lite
hydr
atio
n. P
roje
ct a
ims w
ere
as fo
llow
s:
1.To
att
ain
and
inte
rpre
t tr
ends
in
mag
netic
sus
cept
ibili
ty a
cros
s fo
ur s
elec
t tr
anse
cts o
f the
SO
C.
2.To
exp
lore
the
str
uctu
ral a
nd p
etro
logi
cal c
ompo
nent
s of
the
oph
iolit
e so
as
to
defin
e th
e ge
olog
ical
ex
pres
sion
of
varia
ble
mag
netic
su
scep
tibili
ty
signa
ture
s.
3.To
del
inea
te t
he m
echa
nism
s an
d st
ate
of h
ydra
tion
in t
he S
OC
thro
ugh
care
ful i
nter
pret
atio
n of
mag
netic
susc
eptib
ility
dat
a.
Met
hodo
logy
Colle
ctio
n of
pr
imar
y m
agne
tic
susc
eptib
ility
da
ta
acro
ss
four
se
lect
tran
sect
s of t
he S
OC.
GIS-
base
d vi
sual
isatio
n of
dat
a an
d co
uplin
g w
ith t
he s
truc
tura
l an
d pe
trol
ogic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
the
op
hiol
ite.
Stat
istic
s-ba
sed
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
re
cogn
ised
visu
al tr
ends
with
in th
e da
tase
t.
Defin
ition
of
di
scre
te
hydr
atio
n ev
ents
as
siste
d by
re
view
of
cu
rren
t lite
ratu
re.
Qua
ntifi
catio
n of
th
e de
gree
to
w
hich
the
SOC
has b
een
hydr
ated
.
GIS
-ass
iste
d In
terp
reta
tion
of M
agne
tic S
usce
ptib
ility
The
Basa
l Ser
pent
inite
s In
terp
olat
ion
of m
agne
tic s
usce
ptib
ility
ac
ross
th
e se
rpen
tinise
d (h
ydra
ted)
up
per m
antle
hor
izon
of th
e SO
C at
test
s to
inc
reas
ed s
usce
ptib
ility
adj
acen
t to
th
e lo
wer
thr
ust.
This
is su
gges
tive
of a
co
uple
d re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n hy
drat
ion
and
tran
slatio
n al
ong
the
low
er t
hrus
t of
the
SO
C an
d is
thus
dist
ingu
ished
fr
om p
rimar
y ne
ar-a
xis h
ydra
tion.
Oph
iolit
e Tr
anse
ct
Tren
ds in
mag
netic
sus
cept
ibili
ty a
cros
s a
vert
ical
op
hiol
ite
sect
ion
exhi
bit
enha
ncem
ent
acro
ss t
he b
asal
hor
izon
coup
led
with
re
lativ
ely
ubiq
uito
us
serp
entin
isatio
n ac
ross
th
e lo
wer
op
hiol
ite.
This
conc
lusio
n su
ppor
ts t
he
perv
asiv
e an
d un
iform
ser
pent
inisa
tion
that
is d
escr
ibed
fro
m t
he p
etro
logy
of
the
SOC
(Flin
n an
d O
glet
horp
e, 2
005)
.
Hill
of C
libbe
rsw
ick
A pa
rabo
lic tr
end,
cen
tred
on
the
uppe
r th
rust
of
the
SOC,
def
ines
hyd
ratio
n co
ncom
itant
with
rene
wed
com
pres
sion
and
stac
king
of
th
e op
hiol
ite.
This
hydr
atio
n, n
ot re
adily
reco
gnise
d w
ithin
th
e pe
trol
ogy
at t
his
loca
lity,
is so
lely
m
arke
d by
va
riatio
ns
in
mag
netic
su
scep
tibili
ty
evid
enci
ng
furt
her
hydr
atio
n po
st-o
bduc
tion.
40-6
0 SI
(x10
-3)
10-3
0 SI
(x10
-3)
0.3-
0.5
Si (x
10-3
)
‘Low
er’ O
phio
lite
‘Upp
er’ O
phio
lite
Stat
istic
al In
terp
reta
tion
of M
agne
tic S
usce
ptib
ility
Figu
re 3
Figu
re 4
Figu
re 5
Figu
re 6
Figu
re 7
Basa
l Dim
inis
hmen
t Bi
n op
timisa
tion
reve
als
rela
tive
dim
inish
men
t of
m
agne
tic
susc
eptib
ility
aga
inst
the
low
er
thru
st.
This
beha
viou
r is
attr
ibut
ed
to
enha
nced
di
ffusio
n w
ith
resu
ltant
ch
emic
al
equi
libra
tion
durin
g re
crys
talli
satio
n of
pr
imar
y se
rpen
tine
(Eva
ns, 2
010)
.
The
Upp
er T
hrus
t Th
e pa
rabo
lic
tren
d de
fines
di
min
ishin
g su
scep
tibili
ty d
istal
to
the
upp
er t
hrus
t. Cu
rious
ly,
little
sus
cept
ibili
ty i
s ob
serv
ed
dire
ctly
al
ong
the
faul
t an
d lik
ely
reco
rds
late
r de
hydr
atio
n of
se
rpen
tinise
d ha
zrbu
rgite
di
rect
ly
adja
cent
to
the
faul
t pl
ane.
Figu
re 8
| R
ecry
stal
lised
ser
pent
ine
adja
cent
to th
e lo
wer
thru
st o
f the
SO
C.
Qua
ntify
ing
Lith
osph
eric
Hyd
ratio
n M
affio
ne e
t al
. (2
014)
def
ine
a re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n qu
antit
ativ
e m
agne
tic
susc
eptib
ility
and
deg
ree
of s
erpe
ntin
isatio
n en
ablin
g qu
antif
icat
ion
of m
olar
w
ater
hel
d w
ithin
the
serp
entin
ised
rock
s of t
he S
OC:
1.
Volu
me
of se
rpen
tinise
d ho
rizon
= 2
72km
3 2.
Mea
n de
gree
of s
erpe
ntin
isatio
n =
75%
Th
eref
ore:
serp
entin
e ab
unda
nce
= 20
4km
3
Whe
re H
2O in
serp
entin
e =
12.5
%, w
ater
abu
ndan
ce =
2.5
5x10
13 L
=1
.415
mol
of H
2O, i
ndic
atin
g ~0
.62M
a of
serp
entin
isat
ion
Conc
lusi
ons
Q
uant
itativ
e m
agne
tic s
usce
ptib
ility
mea
sure
men
ts o
f th
e Sh
etla
nd O
phio
lite
Com
plex
hav
e en
able
d de
finiti
on o
f th
e tim
e-se
para
ted
oxid
ativ
e re
actio
ns
whi
ch h
ave
influ
ence
d th
is se
ctio
n of
oce
anic
lith
osph
ere.
Com
paris
on b
etw
een
the
mol
ar w
ater
con
tent
of t
he S
OC
and
the
mod
ern
day
serp
entin
isatio
n flu
x in
dica
tes
that
ser
pent
inisa
tion
is un
likel
y to
be
entir
ely
seco
ndar
y in
orig
in h
ighl
ight
ing
the
influ
ence
of n
ear-
axis
hydr
atio
n.
Refe
renc
es
—An
on.,
1972
, Pen
rose
Fie
ld C
onfe
renc
e. O
phio
lites
: Geo
times
, v. 1
7, p
. 24-
25.
—An
on.,
2001
, Ant
igor
ite: M
iner
al D
ata
Publ
ishin
g. A
vaila
ble
at h
ttp:
//rr
uff.i
nfo/
docl
ib/h
om/a
ntig
orite
. —
Anon
., 20
01, L
izard
ite: M
iner
al D
ata
Publ
ishin
g. A
vaila
ble
at h
ttp:
//rr
uff.i
nfo/
docl
ib/h
om/li
zard
ite.
—Fl
inn,
D.,
2001
, The
bas
ic ro
cks
of th
e Sh
etla
nd O
phio
lite
Com
plex
and
thei
r bea
ring
on it
s gen
esis:
Sco
ttish
Jour
nal o
f Geo
logy
, v. 3
7, p
. 79-
96.
—Fl
inn,
D.,
and
Ogl
etho
rpe,
R.J.
D., 2
005,
A h
istor
y of
the
Shet
land
Oph
iolit
e Co
mpl
ex: S
cott
ish Jo
urna
l of G
eolo
gy, v
. 41,
p. 1
41-1
48.
—Ev
ans,
B.W
., 20
10, L
izard
ite v
ersu
s ant
igor
ite se
rpen
tine:
mag
netit
e, h
ydro
gen
and
life(
?): G
eolo
gy, v
. 38,
p. 8
79-8
82.
—M
affio
ne, M
., M
orris
, A.,
Plüm
per,
O.,
and
van
Hins
berg
en, D
.J.J.,
201
4, M
agne
tic p
rope
rtie
s of
var
iabl
y se
rpen
tinise
d pe
ridot
ites
and
thei
r im
plic
atio
n fo
r th
e ev
olut
ion
of o
cean
ic c
ore
com
plex
es: G
eoch
emist
ry, G
eoph
ysic
s, G
eosy
stem
s, v.
15,
p. 9
23-9
44.
Figu
re 2
| L
ocat
ion
and
simpl
ified
geo
logi
cal m
ap o
f th
e SO
C, s
outh
Uns
t, th
e Sh
etla
nd Is
les.
The
Pen
rose
oph
iolit
e m
odel
(rig
ht) p
lace
s map
ped
units
with
in th
e co
ntex
t of o
cean
ic li
thos
pher
e.
moh
o
Super-Resolution Microscopy with Optical Trapping A. A. Sheader1, J. Nylk1, F. E. Goff1,2, F. Gunn-Moore2, K. Dholakia1
1SUPA & School of Physics and Astronomy, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK 2School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
References ![1] M. G. L. Gustafsson, Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 198, Pt 2, pp. 82-87, 2000[2] L. Schermelleh et. al., Science, Vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1332-1336, 2008[3] Nikon N-SIM product specifications[4] A. Ashkin et. al., Optics Letters, Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 288-290, 1986[5] K. Kataoka et. al., JSRM, Vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 10-14, 2010
Project Aims:
Integrated optical tweezers into SIM system.Realise 2 fully-steerable traps: single cell manipulation, lateral & axial control.3D imaging & positioning via optical micromanipulation.
Acknowledgements: Supporting funding for summer research from the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme.
Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM)
Conventional microscopy: resolution is diffraction-limited. ! Using SIM: surpass lateral
resolution limit by factor of 21. Minimum spatial resolution:
115nm (x-y) and 269nm (axial)3- beat diffraction limit.!!
Structured illumination: obtain conventionally unavailable high frequency info by illuminating sample with laser light through a diffraction grating. Produces (observable) low frequency Moiré fringes.Computational analysis to construct image of sample, this time containing more detail than conventional microscopy provides.
Conventional light microscopy vs. SIM: (L) Actin cytoskeleton of HeLa cell1 (R) Pores on C2C12 nuclear envelope2.
Optical Trapping & Optical Tweezers
Light exerts 2 forces:Radiation pressure- photons imparting momentum on the particles from which they scatter or reflect.Gradient force- created by photons refracting through a particle.!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Laser has a Gaussian profile- maximum intensity at centre.Particle away from the centre feels a restoring kick back into the centre of the trap as light rays refract on entering trapped particle.Particles therefore attracted to region of highest intensity- creating well of stability4. Can trap & manipulate position of particles up to 100um in size.
(L) Forces balanced when bead in centre of trap. (R) Particle off axis feels restoring force back to centre of trap.
(L) Bench set-up (Mid) Nikon N-SIM (R) Aspheric lens suspended from above sample.
x [um]-5 0 5
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000x-axis line profile
y [um]-5 0 5
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000y-axis line profile
z [um]-10 0 10
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500z-axis line profile
x-z cross-section
x [um]-10 -5 0 5 10
z [u
m]
-5
0
5
y-z cross-section
y [um]-10 -5 0 5 10
z [u
m]
-5
0
5
x [um]-5 0 5
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000x-axis line profile
y [um]-5 0 5
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000y-axis line profile
z [um]-10 0 10
Inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000z-axis line profile
x-z cross-section
x [um]-10 -5 0 5 10
z [u
m]
-10
-5
0
5
10
y-z cross-section
y [um]-10 -5 0 5 10
z [u
m]
-10
-5
0
5
10
Beam Profiling:
Beam profiles of (L) Transmitted trap: 2.09um (x), 2.63um (y), depth 4.65um. (b) Reflected trap: diameter 2.26um (x), 2.24um (y), depth 7.19umNon-interfering as different polarisation- can have arbitrarily close without loss of trapping capabilities.
!Optical Setup:
Aspheric lens: NA=0.77 (working distance 1.59mm.)Using near-IR laser light as biological samples almost transparent at that wavelength so less affected by presence of trap.Trapping from above in liquid medium & imaging from below through 100x oil immersion objective.
Future Work:
Attach beads to SH-SY5Y cells (using non-specific binding or by neutral antibody coating.Position motorised actuator to quantify cell stretching.Trap 2 attached beads & examine cell behaviour as a function of stretching. SH-SY5Y cells5.
SIM Images:
Examples of SIM imaging. RPE cell stained with DAPI (blue) to show nucleus, FITC (green) to show cell cytoskeleton and TRITC (red) for cell proteins. Left: cell protein structure (top), nuclear detail (bottom). Centre & right: three excitation channels together.
bead trapped in trans. trap
bead trapped in ref. trap
‘stuck' reference bead
Traps in Action: ,
Two traps created from one laser beam. “Transmitted trap” formed from transmission through PBS1&2;“Reflected trap” from reflection at beam splitters.
Trap Configuration & Project Summary:
200mm
x-y (bench)
trapping laser (1064nm) x-z (periscope)
Dielectric mirror
Lens (near-IR coated)
Polarising Beam Splitter (PBS)
f=500mm
f=300mm
1:1 relay telescope (f=35mm)
PBS1
PBS2
aspheric lens & mount
objective
sample in liquid medium
Trapping in action.
Thermal quantum diodes in nanostructuresConor Stevenson, Dr Bernd Braunecker
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews
Summary Quantum wires – density waves● Effective heat conduction is crucial for the miniaturisation of electronics
● We show that heat rectification is possible using many-body quantum effects in nanoscale conductors
● We have developed a concise formalism that expresses energy and heat currents in a way that is adjusted to interacting 1D quantum conductors
● Our formalism builds the foundation for a further detailed investigation of heat transport by collective quantum excitations
Rectification – the 'diode effect'
● Diodes are devices which block current flowing in one direction.This is known as rectification.
Input
Response
● Considering one-dimensional pure quantum wire – known as a ballistic conductor. Only transports left and right modes which are expressible by local densities.
Injected
LostGained
Total density split into left- and right- moving carriers. 1D means no 'passing around'.
Density at
● Barrier and electron collisions transfer densities from one stream to another. Must satisfy mass/charge conservation.
Reflection coefficient
● Left- and right-movers have same velocity to an extremely good approximation. Therefore, net particle current concisely written as:
Net current
Fermi velocity of quantum wire
A
Diode
Cu
rre
nt
Vo
lta
ge
Time
Time● Countless applications in modern electrons, usually for charge current rectification however, e.g., AC to DC converter.
● Circuit above utilises diode to rectify an input alternating current (AC) source. The negative voltage bias results in no response in the current.
Diodes stops response induced by negative voltage bias – current remains at zero.
Laidlaw undergraduate internship in research and leadership programme
● Due to screening, electron-electron interactions are short ranged. Thus the energy density becomes proportional to the density squared.
Energy density and energy currentEnergy densityEnergy density Kinetic contribution
Interaction contribution
●The quantum wire rectifies by scattering electrons off impurity barrier – entirely differently from conventional diodes.
'Likelihood' of reflection at :
- enhanced due to interactions:
- due to only embedded impurity:
More enhancement on steep side of barrier. Electrons are impeded more and become closely packed.
Barrier is asymmetric by design – required for there to be rectification of the current through quantum wire.
Incident R-movers Incident L-movers
Reflected L-movers Reflected R-movers
Total effect encoded in reflection coefficient:
Barrier impedes flow: exists a drop in density across length of wire:
Similarly true for energy density:
Backscattering current and energy current opposing the flow in the wire
Energy current defined analogously to particle current:
Heat current
●Heat current subtle in its definition. Additionally in a pure ballistic conductor, the thermodynamic limit cannot be applied. The reservoirs which supply the wire, however, can be treated with classical thermodynamics.
● Determining is a challenging, mathematically self-consistent problem. However, we can approximate:
Proportional to density drop and interaction energy – larger drop must imply larger likelihood of reflection.
Measure of precise configuration of electrons. In general
Hard to solve exactly, Taylor expand for small :
Neither density drop nor reflection coefficient can be determined without first determining the other. By approximating, we break this infinite chain of reasoning.
Can now determine , .
Quantum wire has rectified particle and energy current
Thermodynamic identity for reservoir:
Internal energy change
Heat supplied
to reservoir
Particle number
supplied to reservoir
Chemical potential of either reservoir. Describes how much energy is added per particle. These particles are supplied by .
●Found to be written concisely in terms of and . Therefore, because we know that the quantum wire can rectify both of these quantities, it can also rectify the heat transported away from a classical reservoir.
Currents - differentiate w.r.t. time:
When we cool down certain types of matter called Bosons, they form a Bose-Einstein Condensate . Photons (particles of light) are a type of boson, so this is achievable for photons too. However, it leads to a whole host of other problems as photons are much harder to trap than matter. Partly, this is because photons are normally massless, though they gain an effective mass when trapped. These traps are quite shallow and this shallow trap regime is known as the Thomas-Fermi regime In the models of these condensates, we find that the condensate is not stationary and vortexes form spontaneously. This is not expected and hasn’t been observed in real condensates yet.
These photon condensates bear many similarities to Lasers. In fact, the aim of this project is to use a theoretical model of Lasers see if these vortexes form in them as well. This should give us some hints as to how the vortexes form in photon condensates
Modelling spontaneous vortex formation in lasers and photon condensates By Liam Sutton Supervised by Dr Jonathan Keeling
The numerical model was created using XMDS, a programming language for solving differential equations. We first found the effect of adding a detuning term to the equations. This shifted the energy of the state. Which can easily be seen due to a similar effect in the quantum harmonic oscillator.
Numerical Method: Detuning
Quantum Harmonic Oscillator Energy Levels Results
Finally, we ran the model with no detuning for a trap in the Thomas-Fermi regime. Here we found that the laser settles to a steady state for a while, and then some instabilities begin to emerge .
Numerical Method: Time evolution
We also found that the phase of the light also had a more complex time dependence than we had expected at the beginning of the project. These two results showed us that not all of the Maxwell-Bloch equations are satisfied when we try to find a solution that does not vary over time. This is what allows the instabilities to appear and grow.
When a BEC is formed, everything in it has the same energy. For light, this means that it all has the same wavelength, just like the light from a laser. This leads to the previously mentioned similarities between lasers and photon condensates. The equations that govern Lasers are known as the Maxwell-Bloch equations . These tell us the time evolution of the light field, the polarisation field and the inversion (the amount of electrons excited minus those in the ground state).
The Maxwell-Bloch Equations
In theoretical models of photon condensates in a trap, we find that the condensate changes over time. This instability causes the formation of vortexes that have yet to be detected. Using the similarities between photon condensates and Lasers, this project has modelled the effects of a similar trap on the light in a Laser. This showed that there are instabilities in the Laser that could be the same as the vortexes that are formed in the photon condensates. Our result could lead to a deeper understanding of the causes of these vortexes. This also makes it seem more likely that we will find them in the photon condensates if we manage to perfect methods of detecting them.
Summary
References & Acknowledgements 1.M.O. Borgh, G.Franchetti, J. Keeling, N.G. Berloff, “Robustness and observability of rotating vortex-lattices in an exciton-polariton condensate” Physical Review Letters, volume 86, issue 3 (2012) 2. J Keeling, NG Berloff, “Spontaneous rotating vortex lattices in a pumped decaying condensate” Physical Review Letters, volume 100, issue 25 (2008) I would like to thank Dr Jonathan Keeling for his help and support throughout the whole project. I would also like to thank Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme for the funding that allowed me to complete this project.
Introduction
We tried to use the same method to find vortexes as was used in Ref[1] but for the Maxwell-Bloch equations rather than the Gross Pitaevksii equation. This led to an equation for the amplitude of the light:
However, this diverges at r2=-μ so cannot be a physical solution.
Analytic Method
Below is the standard form of the Maxwell-Bloch equations and a diagram showing where each term comes from
As was mentioned earlier, we need to trap the photons. This modifies the equations and gives them an effective mass. This means we need to add a potential term and a kinetic energy term to one of the equations:
We also added a detuning term to the polarisation equation so we could see the effects on the light in the trap:
∆= −9
∆= −5
∆= −1
Scheme of Work
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internshipin Research and Leadership Programme
The conversion of renewable feedstock to unnatural amino acids and cyclopeptides:Application of phenolic monomers isolated from lignin.
Amol Thakkar, Professor N. J. Westwood
Background:• The chemical industry relies heavily on fossil fuels for chemical feedstock,
placing a strain on crude oil reserves.• Alternative renewable sources must be considered for future chemical
feedstock.• Lignocellulosic biomass shows promise as an alternative renewable source of
chemical feedstock.• Lignin is the second most abundant source of carbon after cellulose and is a
by-product of the paper and pulping industry, which has grown in the lasttwo decades.
• Due to it's availability and abundance, lignin is a reliable source for the futureof chemical feedstock.
Aim:Produce two keto-alcohols previously isolated from lignin and apply them to thesynthesis of amino acids, to enable synthesis of bio-active cylcopeptides.
Biomass Lignin+ Cellulose + Hemicellulose
Keto-alcoholsUnnaturalAmino Acids
School of Chemistry
Website Development:
A website was created with the aim of expanding research into the applications of theketo-alcohols isolated from lignin. The website provides background information on ligninas a sustainable resource and its current use.
Using the website, interested researchers may obtain samples of the S and G monomersfor use in their research. Thus expanding and speeding up the process of ligninvalorization.
This will allow development of new processes for the valorisation of lignin, in addition topromoting research into the replacement of existing processes with sustainablechemistry. It is hoped that the website can be used as a platform for future collaborationsboth within academia and industry to further develop the role of biomass, particularlylignin in the chemical industry.
Website: https://phenolicmonomers.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/
Summary
Compounds 5a and 6b were successfully synthesized in addition to the intermediate species 2a,b-5a,b and 7a. The initial route used proved challenging on the multi-gramscale, resulting in low yields in the later syntheses. In addition product was easily lost during purification and formation of 4a became hazardous on scales above 10 g. Thus itwas necessary to decide on an alternative route. Although discovered late in the project, the alternate route allowed 4a to be obtained without difficulty on a small scale (2g). On a larger scale (20 g), formation of impurities due to excess reagent resulted in lower yields. Future studies could explore the use of different conditions to identifythose optimal for large scale synthesis.
Deviating from the original plan, a website dedicated to supplying the monomers to interested researchers was successfully developed. This was due to a lack of materialavailable to produce unnatural amino acids required to synthesise bio-active cyclopeptides.
Shown above is the synthetic scheme used for the production of the S and G monomers. An alternate route was developed after multi gram scale synthesis was attempted onthe original route.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Dr Stephen Ojo, Dr Christopher Lancefield and the Westwood group for their help and support. I amgrateful for the funding received by the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in research and leadership, without whose supportthis project would not have been possible.
Arbitrary Phase Manipulation in Optical Traps
L. Walker, G.D. Bruce, D. Cassettari Cold Atoms Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews
www.st-andrews.ac.uk/coldatoms
Introduction: Cold atoms can be confined using scattered laser light, falling towards and away from regions of varying intensity. It was the aim of this project to be able to generate arbitrary trapping profiles with control of the intensity and also the phase. The light was modelled using the principles of Fourier optics as well as with the Helmholtz propagation method. The traps were generated using two different iterative computational processes.
University of St Andrews
Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme
The traps were to be created by adjusting the optical path of laser light and imparting a phase profile onto the beam. This is achieved using a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM); a grid of pixels where by applying a voltage you can change the refractive index in a layer of liquid crystal. The incident laser light is scattered by these pixels and interferes much like diffracted light through a grating. If the diffracted light is then focused by a lens, the Fourier transform of the phase imparted by the SLM will describe the intensity profile in the focal plane.
A 𝝓𝝓
The required modulation of light to create an arbitrary pattern can be easily solved analytically but is hard to implement in practice. With control only over the initial phase (and a restricted amplitude), iterative algorithms must be used to program the SLM and create the desired taps.
Modulating Light
Illustration of an SLM and interfering waves
Iterative Algorithms Two computational methods were used to generate traps, IFTAs and a gradient descent algorithm. The first of these methods separates the desired output into an enforced signal region and a free noise region. By repeatedly transforming the light to and from the focal plane and enforcing the desired pattern, the algorithm converges towards the correct phase needed at the SLM.
Input Amplitude and Phase Output Amplitude and Phase
Target flat top pattern
Constrained regions shown in purple
Fourier Transform to
incident / focal plane
The second method looked to minimise a cost function expressing the differences in the target and predicted output.
Applications • Phase manipulation allows potential wells (spots of high intensity) to be brought very close together. Usually these spots would blur together at the limit of diffraction. However by introducing a phase slip at the boundary we can create destructive interference that clearly separates the two wells.
• The phase of light can also be used to apply a force to atoms. For example a vortex like phase could be used to stir atoms in an optical trap. • Ring like lattices of potential wells can be used as quantum gates with condensates flowing round them. The operation of these gates relies on quantum tunnelling effects between wells. Phase engineering destructive interference could allow ring traps to be much more closely packed improving their speed.
Summary
Colour representation of trapping profiles generated. Intensity is shown on the left and phase on the right
• Cold atoms can be trapped using laser light. Different intensity profiles are created using scattered light from a controlled liquid crystal surface. • This scattering is modelled and controlled using iterative computational methods. • This project demonstrated control over a further feature of light, it’s phase. This will hopefully open paths to further areas of research for the cold atoms group.
Shown above is a novel demonstration of phase and amplitude control. The target symbols for amplitude and phase are drawn in the top two grids. The modelled amplitude and phase profiles can be seen below.
Modelling Energy and Information Transfer in a Chain of Two Level
Systems David Weston
Organic photovoltaic cells are cheap, flexible and clean alternatives to traditional silicon devices. In organic photovoltaic cells, unlike in inorganic cells, the creation of an electron and hole pair and the separation of said pair do not occur at the same place. Instead, first an exciton is generated, which makes its way to an electron acceptor by means of randomly diffusing through the system. My main goal in this project was to develop a quantum mechanical model to investigate the possibility of adding directionality into this movement by using an energy gradient. Having directionality in a quantum system would also be useful for the transportation of qubits, a key step in building a quantum computer.
The next path this project would take would be to input a coherent qubit at one end of the system and observe how well it is preserved in its transfer through the model, as effective qubit transportation is an vital part of making a complete quantum computer. It could also be extended into three dimensions, however as the dimensions increase, the number of sites would also increase. This would mean that running the simulation would require more machine hours. One could also add more vibrational modes and higher lying vibrational states of the same mode.
My code was written in python and utilised the NumPy, SciPy, PyLab, MathPlotLib and Quantum Toolbox in Python Libraries. Some of the starting values for initial simulations were taken from A Simple Model for Solar Energy Harvesting in Organic Materials by David Reichmuth. With thanks to Brendon Lovett for many discussions and to the Laidlaw programme for making this project possible to undertake.
[1] - Physical Review Letters 111, 253601 (2013), Efficient Biologically Inspired Photocell Enhanced by Delocalized Quantum States, C. Creatore et al
[2] - The Theory of Open Quantum Systems, Breuer and Petruccione, Chapter 3
I began with a single chain system in which the energy of an exciton decreases in uniform steps as a function of distance, and looking at if varying the step size might be able to increase power output from the model. Power output was derived using the steady state population in a trap site placed at the end of the chain. Voltage and current from the trap is defined as follows[1]:
Start with coherent interactions between excited states
Add vibrational modes and their coherent interactions
A vibrational mode is one that the system can move to provided it has the energy
Add dissipative processes, here they are of phonon emission and absorption
The rates are defined by the energy difference, system temperature, and the constant of phonon interaction
Add a ground state, its associated decays, and the effect of pumping
The rates here are different from earlier. Now there is a constant of photon interaction and the temperature is that of the photon bath (i.e. the temperature of the sun)
Finally, add a trap with which to derive voltages and currents from your system
The rates of the decays relating to the trap all have their own constants
How to Build a Model for Exciton Diffusion
Expectation Levels of Each Site Diagram of the System
TeI ρβ, ρα are the populations of the upper and lower trap sites.
e is the magnitude of the charge of an electron
Eα, Eβ are the energies of the upper and lower trap sites
γT is the internal decay rate of the trap
T is the temerpature of the system
k is the boltzman constant
e
EEkTV
ln
Looking at 2D chains of systems, I foresaw a problem with there being an additional degree of freedom in which the exciton could move. My solution was to have a staggered effect in the steps such that it would funnel the exciton into a chain from which it could not leave.
Chain
Power as a Function of Step Size
As can be seen in this graph, the funnel design provides an improved power output over both single chains and a sheet.
The method I used for simulating the system was by using the master equation as defined by[2]:
jjj DiHi ,
The first part covers the coherent interactions and the second part describes the dissipation. As a whole it defines how the system evolves.
7000 GHz Step Size
Sheet Funnel
Future Work
Diagrams of 2-D systems
Methods
Cell death w
as induced in SH-SY5Y neuroblastom
a cells by culturing them
in serum-free m
edium. They w
ere compared to
serum-free cells treated w
ith 225mg/L com
mercially available
Ptychopetalum olacoides alcoholic extract and norm
al serum-
treated cells.
Effects on overall cell morphology, survival, structure and function
were further investigated through a m
ix of viability assays, phase-contrast and fluorescent confocal m
icroscopy.
Introduction D
ementia is one of the m
ost prevalent types of neurodegenerative diseases in the w
orld, expected to affect more than 130 m
illion people by 2050. O
ne alternative for modern pharm
acology is to look for potential therapies in old ethno-rem
edy practices that have been used by local com
munities for decades.
Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham
, also known as M
arapuama is a
traditional Brazilian medicinal plant. Am
azonian comm
unities use alcoholic extract from
this herb to treat many central nervous system
problem
s, including recovery after stroke and cognitive decline in elderly. It is also included in m
any comm
ercially available herbal supplem
ents claimed to enhance physical and cognitive
performance.
A small num
ber of studies using animal m
odels have indicated that adm
inistration of the herbal extract improves m
emory in rats and
has antioxidant and anti-amnesic properties. H
owever, the current
project aimed to investigate the question in m
ore depth and find out w
hether Ptychopetallum olacoides can protect hum
an neuroblastom
a cells from dam
age and investigate the potential m
echanisms involved.
Do they look different?
Figure 2: Cell m
orphology of healthy, apoptotic and cells treated w
ith herb extract for 96 hours. Unlike the control (A) and the
serum-free condition (B), cells treated w
ith the herb extract started acquiring neuron-like m
orphology.
Am
azonian Ethno-remedy as a P
otential Therapy for Dem
entia A
uthor: Vanya Metodieva Supervisor: D
r Gayle D
oherty School of Psychology and N
euroscience, University of St Andrew
s
Acknow
ledgements
Conclusions
Ptychopetalum olacoides alcoholic extract protects SH
-SY5Y cells from
serum-deprivation induced cell death.
It also triggers differentiation in those cells and preserves m
itochondria both structurally and functionally.
It shows antioxidant properties as evidenced by its N
O-scavenging
action and decreased amount of oxidatively dam
aged proteins via S-nitrosylation.
Do they survive better?
Are they different?
Figure 4: Nitric oxide (N
O) generation and protein S-
nitrosylation. The serum deprived cells (A) also have higher N
O
levels (B) than those treated with the herb (C
). This is yet another subcellular hallm
ark of stress that seems to be resulting in
elevation of the amount of S-nitrosylated, or dam
aged proteins in the cell (D
). Laidlaw
Undergraduate Internship in R
esearch and Leadership Program
me for funding the current project
All mem
bers of the Neuroscience and C
ell Signalling Lab, particularly D
r Gayle D
oherty and Lisa Strother
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
Norm
alRounded
Poorlylabelled
Strings
Cells with different mitochondrial morphology [%]
Serum free
Herb
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
Serum free
Herb
Cells with compromised mitochondrial potential [%]
0 20 40 60 80
100
120
Serum free
Herb
Viability [% serum control]
Figure 1: MTT viability assay.
Cells treated w
ith 225mg/L extract
survived better than untreated cells follow
ing serum w
ithdrawal.
This demonstrates that
Ptychopetalum olacoides protects
neurons from cell death.
Figure 3: Mitochondrial structure and function in serum
-free and cells treated w
ith herb for 24 hours. Mitochondrial
morphology of serum
-free cells (B) differs from that of herb-treated
cells (C). As show
n in A, normal m
itochondrial morphology
predominates in herb-treated cells, w
hereas poorly labelled m
itochondria and string assemblies are m
ainly observed in serum-
free conditions. JC-1 analysis (D
) revealed that more serum
-deprived cells have dysfunctional m
itochondria as compared to the
herb-treated condition. What is m
ore, acute 1-hour treatment w
ith the herb after 24-hour serum
deprivation (F) resulted in increased num
ber of functional mitochondria (in red) as com
pared to dysfunctional (green) w
hich predominate in the serum
-deprived cells (E).
0 50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Serum free
Herb
DAF2-DA intensity [% serum control]
A A
B
C
B
C
D
F E
A C
D
B
Shou
ld w
e lis
ten
to b
ackg
roun
d m
usic
whi
le w
e pe
rfor
m
cogn
itive
ly d
eman
ding
task
s?
Ko
nsta
ntin
a St
efan
ova,
Sup
ervi
sor:
Dr In
es Je
ntzs
ch
Scho
ol o
f Psy
chol
ogy
& N
euro
scie
nce,
Uni
vers
ity o
f St A
ndre
ws
Br
ain
mus
ic is
a ty
pe o
f cla
ssic
al m
usic
, whi
ch h
as g
aine
d po
pula
rity
amon
g st
uden
ts in
the
last
cou
ple
of y
ears
.
List
enin
g to
it w
hile
wor
king
is su
ppos
ed to
impr
ove
conc
entr
atio
n an
d en
hanc
e m
enta
l per
form
ance
. Non
e of
thes
e pr
oper
ties h
as
been
scie
ntifi
cally
est
ablis
hed
thou
gh.
Th
is st
udy
aim
ed to
test
Bra
in m
usic
’s ef
fect
iven
ess b
y un
dert
akin
g a
nove
l app
roac
h ba
sed
on b
ehav
iour
al te
st sc
ores
, cou
pled
with
el
ectr
ophy
siol
ogic
al re
cord
ings
.
Pers
onal
ity d
iffer
ence
s wer
e al
so ta
ken
into
acc
ount
.
Intr
oduc
tion
& A
ims
24
stud
ents
did
a c
ompu
ter
task
in w
hich
they
had
to
resp
ond
to le
tter
and
col
our
stim
uli b
y pr
essin
g ke
ypad
bu
tton
s.
M
eanw
hile
, el
ectr
oenc
epha
logr
am (E
EG)
reco
rdin
gs w
ere
obta
ined
fr
om th
eir s
calp
.
All p
artic
ipan
ts co
mpl
eted
a
pers
onal
ity q
uest
ionn
aire
at
the
end.
Br
ain
mus
ic d
id n
ot si
gnifi
cant
ly in
fluen
ce te
st sc
ores
or a
tten
tion,
as
infe
rred
from
bra
in a
ctiv
ity (f
ig.1
). H
owev
er, p
artic
ipan
ts sh
owed
a
sligh
t im
prov
emen
t in
perf
orm
ance
whe
n lis
teni
ng to
mus
ic
com
pare
d to
sile
nce
(fig.
2).
St
uden
ts a
lso re
spon
ded
fast
er to
com
patib
le th
an in
com
patib
le
stim
uli a
nd to
stim
uli s
epar
ated
by
a lo
nger
tim
e in
terv
al.
N
euro
ticis
m a
nd e
xtra
vers
ion
inte
ract
ed w
ith ta
sk c
ondi
tions
, so
that
intr
over
ts a
nd n
on-n
euro
tics s
core
d sig
nific
antly
bet
ter i
n th
e pr
esen
ce o
f mus
ic in
one
of t
he e
xper
imen
tal c
ondi
tions
(fig
.3).
Resu
lts
Mat
eria
ls &
Met
hods
The
fact
that
Bra
in m
usic
is a
wea
k co
gniti
ve e
nhan
cer
mig
ht b
e du
e to
its s
low
tem
po a
nd/o
r soo
thin
g na
ture
, w
hich
redu
ces e
mot
iona
l aro
usal
and
pos
sibly
low
ers
atte
ntio
n (a
rous
al-a
nd-m
ood
hypo
thes
is: M
amm
arel
la
et a
l., 2
007)
Pers
onal
ity’s
influ
ence
on
the
resp
onse
to B
rain
mus
ic,
as o
bser
ved
here
, is c
onsis
tent
with
pre
viou
s wor
k on
ot
her m
usic
styl
es (F
urnh
am &
Str
bac,
201
0).
He
nce,
per
sona
lity
shou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
whe
n tr
ying
to
impr
ove
wor
k pr
oduc
tivity
and
con
cent
ratio
n by
m
eans
of b
ackg
roun
d m
usic
, so
that
:
Extr
aver
ts a
void
slow
-tem
po p
iece
s;
N
euro
tics w
ork
in si
lenc
e;
N
on-n
euro
tics a
nd in
trov
erts
cho
ose
rela
mus
ic.
Disc
ussi
on
Fig.
1 ER
P pl
ot s
how
ing
reco
rdin
gs fr
om F
Cz e
lect
rode
in th
e tim
e in
terv
al b
etw
een
490-
540
mse
c. B
lack
an
d re
d co
lour
s ar
e us
ed to
dist
ingu
ish b
etw
een
brai
n im
pulse
s ge
nera
ted
in re
spon
se to
com
patib
le a
nd
inco
mpa
tible
stim
uli,
resp
ectiv
ely.
The
rese
arch
was
fund
ed b
y La
idla
w U
nder
grad
uate
Inte
rnsh
ip in
Re
sear
ch a
nd Le
ader
ship
Pro
gram
me.
M
amm
arel
la, N
., Fa
irfie
ld, B
., Co
rnol
di, C
. (20
07).
Does
mus
ic e
nhan
ce p
erfo
rman
ce in
he
alth
y ol
der a
dults
? Th
e Vi
vald
i effe
ct. A
ging
Clin
ical a
nd E
xper
imen
tal R
esea
rch,
19,
39
4-39
9.
Furn
ham
, A.,
Strb
ac, L
. (20
10).
Mus
ic is
as d
istra
ctin
g as
noi
se: t
he d
iffer
entia
l dist
ract
ion
of b
ackg
roun
d m
usic
and
noi
se o
n th
e co
gniti
ve te
st p
erfo
rman
ce o
f int
rove
rts a
nd
extr
aver
ts. E
rgon
omic
s, 45
, 203
-217
. El
ectr
odes
: htt
p://
ww
w.b
iose
mi.c
om/a
ctiv
e_ca
p.ht
m
Mus
ic: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.look
book
.id/m
usik
-unt
uk-d
i-kan
tor/
Pe
rson
ality
: htt
p://
ww
w.m
yadd
ictio
nhel
p.co
.uk/
addi
ctiv
e-pe
rson
ality
/per
sona
lity-
type
/
Ackn
owle
dgem
ent &
Ref
eren
ces
Fig.
3 Ba
r cha
rt s
how
ing
the
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
mus
ic, e
xper
imen
tal c
ondi
tions
and
per
sona
lity
(left
–
extr
aver
sion
& ri
ght –
neu
rotic
ism).
Back
grou
nd m
usic
was
mos
t ben
efic
ial f
or in
trov
erts
and
non
-neu
rotic
s,
espe
cial
ly in
one
of t
he e
xper
imen
tal c
ondi
tions
(SO
A1),
as m
usic
was
ass
ocia
ted
with
fast
er p
erfo
rman
ce.
Tim
e (
ms)
0200
400
600
Amplitude at FCz (V)
-4-3-2-1012
First stimulus onset
Com
patib
le
In
com
patib
le
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Resp
onse
to le
tter
Resp
onse
to c
olou
r
Mean Reaction Time (msec)
Mus
icN
o M
usic
Fig.
2 Ba
r cha
rt c
ompa
ring
the
late
ncy
of p
artic
ipan
ts’ r
espo
nses
(mea
n±SE
) in
mus
ic a
nd n
o m
usic
con
ditio
ns fo
r let
ter (
left
) and
col
our (
right
) stim
uli.
In b
oth
case
s, st
uden
ts w
ere
sligh
tly fa
ster
whe
n lis
teni
ng to
mus
ic.
Euan Dowers
Supervisor: Gonzalo Forgues-Puccio
Understanding the relationship between Inequality and Growth
LAIDLAW UNDERGRADUAT E INTERNSHIP IN RESEARCH AND LEADERSHIP
Interest in the study of the inequality-growth relationship has arguable never been greater, with Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the 21st Century reaching the New York Times best-seller list and authors such as Joseph Stiglitz relating high inequality in developed economies to the financial crisis of 2007/08.
The theoretical mechanisms by which inequality is thought to affect growth are many and varied, and have evolved considerably over time.
THEORY
This positive mechanism comes from the supposed positive relationship between individual income and saving rate. As wealth is concentrated at the top-end of the income spectrum the overall level of savings in the economy is greater, and so the level of investment is greater, leading to higher growth.
MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO SAVE
The political economy channel relies on redistribution having a negative effect on growth. Given the median voter theorem, the tax rate is determined by the preferences of the median voter . Given higher inequality, the median voter holds less wealth, and so will choose a higher rate of tax on wealth, leading to lower growth
POLITICAL ECONOMY
Perhaps the most popular effect of inequality on growth is through the accumulation of human capital. If credit markets are imperfect, individuals may face a choice between investing in human capital and working in a low-skill job. If the cost of borrowing is high, then individuals with low wealth will take the job, and individuals with high wealth will invest in human capital. Higher inequality will therefore lead to fewer individuals investing in human capital, leading to lower investment in human capital across the economy, leading to lower growth.
CREDIT MARKET IMPERFECTIONS AND HUMAN CAPITAL
There is clearly debate regarding the effects of inequality on growth, so empirical investigation is necessary to obtain a clearer picture of this relationship.
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
In the 1990s many authors used cross-country growth regressions to try and illuminate the inequality-growth relationship. These regressions found a significant negative relationship between inequality and growth. What these were measuring, however, was the fact that countries with low inequality tended to have high growth and countries with high inequality low growth. This does not answer the pertinent question of whether a country could, by attempting to lower inequality, stimulate growth. Furthermore, the inequality data used had severe limitations, which cast doubt on the authenticity of the measured negative relationship. The use of panel data techniques and an improved dataset provided by Deininger and Squire (1996) to investigate the inequality-growth relationship overcomes the issue described in the previous panel by using variations within a country’s inequality over time and how these variations affect growth rather than just pointing at a correlation between inequality and growth rates. Forbes (2000) and Li and Zou (1998) using panel techniques, find a significant short run positive relationship between inequality and growth. Furthermore, Banerjee and Duflo (2000) use panel data methods to analyse the inequality-growth relationship and find a non-linear relationship by which any change in inequality is accompanied by a decrease in growth. These results highlight the complex nature of the inequality-growth relationship.
EARLY RESULTS AND ADVANCES
The previously described theoretical effects suggest that each inequality could affect growth differently over different lengths of time, for example with the human capital channel affecting long run growth and the political economy channel short-run growth. Halter, Oechslin and Zweimuller (2014) estimate a model that allows for different effects of inequality over the long or short run. They find a positive effect of inequality in the short run and a positive effect in the long run, consistent with the described theoretical effects. The long-run negative effect is also found by Cingano (2014), Herzer and Vollmer (2011) and Wan, Lu and Chen (2006). The effect of inequality on growth as estimated by Cingano is shown in Figure 1.
EFFECTS OVER TIME LAGS
The inequality-growth relation is complex, and there are mechanisms by which inequality is thought to harm growth and mechanisms by which it is thought to help growth. The effects of inequality on growth may be conditional on the size of inequality or its precise makeup. Furthermore, these effects are thought to be relevant over different time periods, with an increase in the level of investment relevant to short run growth but a decrease in human capital investment relevant to long-run growth. It may therefore be impossible to answer the question “is inequality good or bad for growth?” with a simple answer.
CONCLUSION
Another possible reason for the ambiguous results obtained is that the precise composition of inequality matter more for growth than the overall level of inequality. Voitchkovsky (2005), using panel data, finds that top-end inequality is good for growth and bottom-end inequality is bad for growth. Cingano (2014) uses panel data from OECD countries and finds that by reducing bottom end inequality by one standard deviation would increase annual growth by 0.3 percentage points over the succeeding 25 years, a very significant increase.
INEQUALITY ACROSS INCOME SPECTRUM Selected References
Banerjee, A. & Duflo, E. (2003), Inequality and growth: what can the data say, Journal of Economic Growth, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp 267-299 Cingano, F. (2014), Trends in Income Inequality and its impact on economic growth, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 163 Forbes, K. (2000), A Reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth, The American Economic Review, Volume 90, No. 4, pp. 869-887 Halter, D., Oechslin, M. & Zweimueller, J. (2014), Inequality and Growth: The neglected Time Dimension, Jour nal of Economic Growth, Volume 19, Issue 1, pp 81-104 Herzer, D. & Vollmer, S. (2011), Inequality and growth: evidence from panel cointegra-tion, The Journal of Economic Inequality, Volume 10, Issue 4, pp 489-503 Li, H. & Zou, H. (1998), Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth: Theory and Evi-dence, Review of Development Economics, Volume 2, Issue 3, pages 318–334 Voitchovsky, S. (2005), Does the Profile of Income Inequality Matter for Economic Growth? Journal of Economic Growth, Volume 10, Issue 3, pp 273-296 Wan, Lu, Chen (2006), The inequality–growth nexus in the short and long run: Empirical Evidence from China, Journal of Comparative Economics, Volume 34, Issue 4, December 2006, pages 654–667
Figure 1: Estimated effect of Income Inequality on Growth (Cingano, 2014)
Investigating the effects of social interaction, prior to a stressful task, on cortisol and oxytocin levels
R
esearcher: Joanna Moodie.
Supervisors: Dr Maggie Ellis and Dr K
aren Spencer School of Psychology and N
euroscience Funding provided by Laidlaw
Undergraduate Internship in R
esearch and Leadership Programm
e
References
Acknow
ledgements
Maria Larriva H
ormigos (Lab Technician) gave m
e lab training and supervised me while
I ran the samples in the lab.
Methods
Participants: 23 adults over the age of 65. A
pparatus: Four cognitive tasks (see Figure 1 and Figure 2) provided by C
ambridge C
ognition Ltd. were
delivered via iPad. Figure 1: Task 1 - Participants w
ere required to touch the flashing crosses as quickly as possible. Figure 2: Task 3 – The boxes open in a random
order to reveal patterns. Then, each pattern is show
n in the centre of the screen and participants m
ust touch the box where that pattern appeared.
Design:
IV: Whether participants took part in a getting-to know
you task or w
ere asked not to interact. D
V: Differences betw
een baseline hormone levels and
hormone levels during the stressful task.
Procedure: -
Participants gave their first saliva sample.
-Participants in the interaction condition com
pleted an icebreaker task.
-All participants com
pleted 4 cognitive tasks (stressful task).
-Participants com
pleted word searches for 45
minutes (neutral task).
-Participants gave their second saliva sam
ple.
Horm
one Analysis
1: Concentrate horm
ones 2: Measure horm
one
concentration
Figure 3: A vacuum w
as used Figure 4: Enzyme
to concentrate hormones from
the imm
unoassays specific to sam
ples.
cortisol and oxytocin
were used to m
easure
concentrations in the sam
ples.
Conclusions
There were no significant results for
the main hypotheses in this study. This
could be because: - D
ifferences between participants
could not be well-controlled for due to
the small sam
ple size. - H
ormones could have been affected
by, for example, additional interactions
and familiarity w
ith word searches and
iPads. - Participants interacted in the non-interaction condition despite being asked not to - M
any participants knew each other
prior to the experiment
Overall, this experim
ent does not support the predictions but nor does it contest them
. Further research with a
larger sample size and better-controlled
conditions is needed.
Predictions It w
as predicted that salivary cortisol levels w
ould be lower and oxytocin levels w
ould be higher in the social interaction condition com
pared to the non-interaction condition.
Main A
im
To investigate the effect of social interaction, prior to a stressful task, on cortisol and oxytocin levels in healthy adults over the age of 65. Findings could provide a basis for future research that w
ill investigate the physiological effects of Adaptive Interaction (Ellis & Astell, 2011) for people w
ith advanced dementia.
Background
Social interaction can decrease cortisol concentrations in saliva (Kirschbaum
et al. 1995) w
hich could be an indicator that the individual is experiencing less stress (M
cEwen, 1998). Furtherm
ore, oxytocin, has been found to increase w
ith social bonding (G
impl & Fahrenholz, 2001).
Rationale
If social interaction decreases cortisol and increases oxytocin levels in healthy older adults during a stressful experience, then w
e might also expect people w
ith advanced dem
entia, who often experience
stressful situations, to have decreased cortisol and increased oxytocin levels after they have experienced Adaptive Interaction. This, in turn, w
ould support that Adaptive Interaction is a successful com
munication technique for people w
ith advanced dem
entia (Ellis & Astell, 2011).
1. Kirschbaum, C
., Klauer, T., Filipp, S. H. & H
ellhamm
er, D. H
. (1995) Sex specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Biological psychiatry, 54(12), 1389-1398
2. McEwan, B. S. (1998) Protective and dam
aging effects of stress mediators. N
ew
England Journal of Medicine, 338(3), 171-179
3. Gim
pl, G. & Fahernholz, F. (2001) The oxytocin receptor system
: structure, function and regulation. Physiological R
eviews, 81(2), 629-683
4. Ellis, M. & Astell, A. (2011) Adaptive Interaction: a new approach to com
munication.
Journal of Dem
entia Care, 19(3)
Results
Results (cont.)
There was no significant effect of social
interaction/non-interaction on differences in cortisol levels during a stressful event: F(1, 15) = 1.430, p = 0.250, np
2 = 0.087. In addition, there w
as no significant effect of social interaction/non-interaction on differences in oxytocin levels during a stressful event: F(1, 13) = 0.417, p = 0.530, np
2 = 0.031.
Figure 5: Mean difference in cortisol levels in the social interaction and
non-interaction conditions with standard error bars.
Figure 6: Mean difference in oxytocin levels in the social interaction and
non-interaction conditions with standard error bars.
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
InteractionN
on-Interaction
Difference in Cortisol Levels (nM)
Condition
-1
-0.5 0
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5
InteractionN
on-interaction
Difference in Oxytocin Levels (pg/ml)
Condition
How does deforestation cool the climate?
Satellite data shows that restoration increases albedo
Satellite albedo data (MODIS MCD43A3 ) was obtained in order to see how albedo changed after land was deforested and restored into a peat bog environment. Figure 2 highlights that the albedo of restored land changes dramatically following restoration to a peat bog environment.
For comparison, the theoretical amount of carbon that would need to be taken up by biomass to have the same effect as an increase in albedo (which has a cooling effect) was calculated. The greater the change in albedo, the more carbon needs to be stored to have the same cooling effect.
Albedo is a value between 0 and 1 indicating the amount of the sun’s radiation which is reflected off the surface of the land. The lower the albedo, the more incoming solar radiation is absorbed which leads to a greater warming effect (Figure 1). If the land colour lightens due to deforestation, then the albedo of the land also increases, leading to a cooling effect. Figure 1. Albedo explained
Figure 3 indicates than on average , ~30gC/m2/year needs to be sequestered in order to have the same cooling effect as a change in albedo. As the actual net respiration flux (how much CO2 is released) of this ecosystem is ~50-70gC/m2/year , this indicates that the albedo cooling effect is significant in the short term and should be considered when evaluating the climatic impact of restoration projects.
Figure 2. Change in albedo following restoration (deforestation)
Background - It has been shown that the cooling effect of an increase in the reflectivity (albedo) of the land surface can outweigh global warming effects arising from deforestation1. This research aimed to investigate whether the albedo
cooling effect is applicable to local-scale deforestation projects such as those undertaken by the RSPB in the Flow Country, Scotland.
Key finding - The initial findings of this research suggest that the increase in land surface reflectivity due to restoration projects has a short term cooling effect which outweighs the impact of any warming effect arising from the deforestation. This result highlights the importance of accounting for the albedo effect when considering the climatic
impact of deforestation and afforestation.
Roxana Shafiee Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences
Funded by the Laidlaw Undergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership Programme. Supervised by Dr Tim Hill, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences
Figure 3. The amount of carbon that needs to be sequestered by biomass to have the same cooling effect as an increase in albedo
Image courtsey of RSPB
Equivalent carbon storage for the same cooling effect
Albedo cooling effect is shown to be significant
References 1. Betts, R. A. (2000). Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo. Nature, 408(6809), 187-190. RSPB (2013). RSPB Forsinard Situated In The Flow Country. Web. 23 Aug. 2015.
Summ
ary The geology of the Fife Coastal Trail is fascinating, but is often overlooked by the general public. The aim
of the project was to
create an app highlighting key features at several localities so that the inform
ation would be w
idely accessible. Through a program
me called Q
rarqbox the material w
ill also soon be available from
wifi hubs along the trail.
Conclusion To learn m
ore about this fascinating geology you can now
download the app for free on Android and iO
S by searching for Fife Coastal Geo Trail in the app store. Look out for w
ifi boxes along the Fife Coastal Trail too!
Figure 1. Location of sites marked by star sym
bol
Volcanoes –Rock and Spindle •
Volcanic neck with colum
nar jointing in a radiating spindle pattern
•Em
placed around 289 million years ago
•M
ultiple eruptions produced layer upon layer of ash deposits
Rivers –Crail Harbour •
Preserved tracks of 6ft long ancient arthropods draw
fossil hunters from as far aw
ay as Australia! •
Fossilised tree stumps can also be seen
Fife Coastal Geo Trail
Figure 3. Fossilised tree stump at Crail Harbour
Faults and Corals- Pittenweem
•
Several normal faults are exposed along the shore
•These occur w
hen one section of the crust moves dow
n relative to another section due to brittle fracturing
•Ancient coral reefs are exposed nearby on the rocks by Pathhead N
ursery
Folds and Deltas-St Monans
•Rocks in the harbour area are folded into a distinctive plunging syncline, m
eaning that the rocks in the centre are the youngest
•The paleoenvironm
ent here would have been a deltaic
system like the Rhone delta in France, w
ith a hot humid
climate
Figure 4. Cellardyke Rose
Earthquakes – Cellardyke •
Deformed rock layers such as the Cellardyke Rose are
likely to be the result of seismic w
aves passing through the area
Figure 5. Trace of fault at Pittenweem
Harbour
Sarah Alexander Supervisor: Dr Ruth Robinson Departm
ent of Earth and Environmental Science
Funding: Laidlaw U
ndergraduate Internship in Research and Leadership
Figure 2. Rock and Spindle
Figure 6. St Monans syncline
The University of St Andrews is a charity registered in Scotland, No: SC013532
