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LAN 404 BEGINNING HEBREW II
Class IV: Definite Article and Conjunction Waw
Dr. Esa Autero
Definite article and conjunction Waw
1.1 Introduction Definite and indefinite article in English
Noun is definite when preceded by “the” (definite article) The teacher, the mountain
Noun is indefinite when preceded by “a/an” or no article An apple, a teacher (indefinite article) OR apple, teacher (no article)
Definite article in Hebrew There is only definite article in Hebrew (no indefinite article in Hebrew)
�מ� ל�ך may be translated as “king” or “a king”
Hebrew words w/o definite article are indefinite Exceptions: proper nouns (e.g. Egypt) & nouns w/ possessive pronouns (my ear)
Definite article and conjunction Waw
2.1 Hebrew Definite Article Form of Hebrew definite article
�מ� ל�ך “king” or “a king”
A noun is made definite by adding the Hebrew definite article (ה�) in front of the noun AND adding Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun
� ל�ך � “king” or “a king” מ� ל�ך מ�ה� “the king”
Definite article
ל� �מ�ה� ך
Add the definite article = ה�־ ־־
+ Daghesh Forte in the first letter
Definite article and conjunction Waw
Hebrew words with a definite article – examples
Indefinite noun Definite noun
�ב י אנ A prophet ��ב י אה�נ The prophet
�ק� ןז An elder ק��� ןה�ז The elder
�ס סו A horse �ס ה�ס�ו The horse
ש��פ�ט A judge פ�ט���ה�ש The judge
Definite article and conjunction Waw
The article and initial begadkephat consonants With begadkephat initial Daghesh Lene changes into Daghesh Forte
Nothing visibly changes, but Daghesh Lene is now Daghesh Forte
Indefinite noun Definite noun
ית ב� A house ית ה� ב� The house
ר� �ד� ך A road ר� ה� �ד� ך The road
ב�ו�ר� ג A warrior ב�ו�ר � ה�ג The warrior Daghesh Lene changes
into Daghesh Forte
no visible changes
Definite article and conjunction Waw
The article and initial guttural consonants What to do with Daghesh Forte when first consonant is guttural (or ר)?
guttural consonants do not take Daghesh Forte
1) Compensatory lengthening
Initial Pathach (short a) of the definite article ( lengthens (ה�
to Qamets (long a) ה�
Definite article compensates for the loss
of Daghesh Forte by lengthening vowels
Basic patterns for compensatory vowel lengthening:
1) Pathach to Qamets (�� (ב�� ב
2) Hireq to Tsere ( � (ב�� ב
3) Qibbuts to Holem ("� (ב�� ב
Definite article and conjunction Waw
Examples of vowel lengthening
Indefinite noun Definite noun
יש�א A man א יש�ה� The man
ש���הא A woman א ש���הה� The woman
אש�ר� A head/leader אש�ה�ר� The head
ירע A city ע ירה� The city
Definite article and conjunction Waw
2) Virtual doubling
When ה or ח is the first consonant of a noun virtual doubling
Nothing happens – (rejection of Daghesh Forte w/o the lengthening of Pathach)
Pathach does not lengthen in either example
Indefinite noun Definite noun
ה�יכ�ל A palace ה�ה�יכ�ל The palace
חו�מ�ה A wall ה�חו�מ�ה The wall
Definite article and conjunction Waw
3) Irregular Seghol vowel Unaccented nouns that begin with ה�, �ע or ח� ( ח�may also be accented),
have Seghol (short e) without the Daghesh Forte ( ה� )
Indefinite noun Definite noun
םח�כ� Wise man םה�ח�כ� The wise man
Definite article and conjunction Waw
The article with initial � מ� and י With few exceptions, words that begin with � .give up Daghesh Forte מ� or י
Daghesh Forte given up but Pathach is not lengthened This is similar to virtual doubling with gutturals – however, the Shewa under
the first consonant is Vocal per similarity to basic form of the article w/ Daghesh Forte
Indefinite noun Definite noun
י �ל�ד םי Boys י �ל�ד םה�י The boys
��ל י ר�ג םמ� Spies י ��ל ר�ג םה�מ� The spies
Definite article and conjunction Waw
Vowel changes Basic rules (see previous slides) + exceptions NOTE: concentrate on stable elements – things that do not change
prefix (vowels and Daghesh change) ה� - Stem of the word does not change (almost always)
Examples of words that have slight irregularities (Qamets under 1st consonant)
Indefinite noun Definite noun
ר�ץא � Earth ר�ץה� א� The earth
�םע People ע�םה� The people
�� ןג Garden �� ןה�ג The garden
ה�ר Mountain ה�ה�ר The mountain
רו�ןא Ark א�רו+ןה� The ark
Definite article and conjunction Waw
2.2 The Conjunction � ו � is the most frequent word in the Hebrew Bible (<50,000x) ו
On average 2.5x per verse Always prefixed to another word (never stand-alone)
has four basic spelling possibilities depending on the word it is attached to ו
1) Before most consonants, the conjunction appears as � ו ב�ד � ו ע� and a servant
�א ש���ה and a woman ו
�ה�א ש���ה and the woman ו
Definite article and conjunction Waw
2) Two situation when the conjunction appears differently
a) It is spelled � “BUMP” rule (פ, מ, ב) before labials ו begadkephat consonants will loose the Daghesh Lene with the conjunction
Conjunction Waw and the “BUMP” rule
���י � + ב ןו �ב�י ןו and between
ית + � ו ב� ית � ו ב� and a house
ל� + � �מ�ו ך ל� �מ� �ו ך and a king
+ � ו�ר� ע�הפ�
�פ�ר� ע�הו and Pharaoh
Definite article and conjunction Waw
b) The conjunction ו is also spelled as Shureq (� before most (וconsonants having Vocal Shewa
Exception to the rule: if the conjunction ו is prefixed to a word that
begins with the syllable � then the syllables contract to י
�ד�ה �הו � + י �ד�ה ו הו ו and Judah
Conjunction Waw and Shureq
� � + נ ע�ר יםו � �נ ע�ר יםו and young men
� � + ז ע�ר יםו � �ז ע�ר יםו and seeds
+ � ופ�ר י םס�
פ�ר י �ס� םו and books
+ � ו� א�לש��מו
� �ש��מו א�לו and Samuel
Definite article and conjunction Waw
3) Before a reduced Hateph vowel – the conjunction is spelled with the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel.
One important exception: ים + ו �אל�ה ים א.ל�ה ו
Conjunction Waw and Hateph volwels
+ � ו ים��ש אנ
� יםו��ש אנ and men
+ � א.מ�תו � א.מ�תו and truth
� + ח/ל י ו �ח/ל י and sickness ו
Definite article and conjunction Waw
4) The conjunction may be spelled with a Qamets � before וmonosyllabic words and certain word with initial accent
How do you know when a word starts with ו and when it is a conjunction? Only six words in the Hebrew Bible that start with the consonant ו The words occur only 18x in the Hebrew Bible in total
When you see a word with an initial ו it is most likely the conjunction ו
Conjunction Waw and Qamets vowel
� + צ� אןו Sheep צ�� אןו and sheep
+ � וח� םל�
Bread ח� � םל�ו and bread
Definite article and conjunction Waw
Practice Workbook p. 21, no: 1-5, 10-15
p. 22, no: 1-10
Homework Workbook p. 23, no:1-9 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 5) on words pp. 46-47 (5.9)
EXAM I POSTPONED BY ONE WEEK Exam I: Tue 9/29/2015