LAN Switching and Wireless

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE I Chapter 6 1

LAN Switching and Wireless

Implement Spanning Tree Protocols (STP)

Chapter 5Modified by Pete Brierley

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 2

Objectives

Explain the role of redundancy in a converged network

Summarize how STP works to eliminate Layer 2 loops

Explain how the STP algorithm uses three steps to converge on a loop-free topology

Implement rapid per VLAN spanning tree (rapid PVST+) in a LAN to prevent loops between redundant switches.


Chapter 5 Key Terms

Spanning Tree Protocol

Redundancy

Failover

Bridge

BPDU

PVST

PVST+

RSTP

MSTP

801.Q

BID

Root Ports

Designated Ports

Non-designated Ports

Forwarding Ports

Blocking Ports

Edge Ports

Alternate Port

Discarding

Learning

Forwarding

PortFast-enabled ports

Port States

Blocking state

Listening state

Learning state

Forwarding

state

Disabling state

Timers

Hello Timer

Forward Delay

Max Age


Explain the Role of Redundancy in a Converged Switched Network

The role of redundancy in a hierarchical network


Explain the Role of Redundancy in a Converged Switched Network

Redundancy can disable a hierarchical network


What is wrong with this Picture?

X

Does this help?


Explain the Role of Redundancy in a Converged Switched NetworkHow do Layer 2 loops occur in well managed networks


Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

STP runs on bridges and switches that are 802.1D-compliant. There are different flavors of STP, but 802.1D is the most popular and widely implemented.

You implement STP on bridges and switches in order to prevent loops in the network.

STP is used in situations where you want redundant links, but not loops.


Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Redundant links are as important as backups in the case of a failover in a network.

A failure of your primary activates the backup links so the network continues to function.

Without STP on the bridges and switches, such a failure can result in a loop.

If two connected switches run different flavors of STP, they require different timings to converge, because it creates timing issues between Blocking and Forwarding states.

Therefore, it is recommended to use same flavors of STP.


Summarize How STP works to Eliminate Layer 2 Loops in a Converged Network What is the STP algorithm


Bridge

A device that connects two local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that use the same protocol, such as Ethernet.


BPDU

Acronym for bridge protocol data unit.

BPDUs are data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN that uses a spanning tree protocol topology.

BPDU packets contain information on ports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it was intended to go.

BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in a network topology.

The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridge interfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state.


Summarize How STP works to Eliminate Layer 2 Loops in a Converged Network


Port States

STP determines the logical loop-free path throughout the broadcast domain.

The spanning tree is determined through the information learned by the exchange of the BPDU frames between the interconnected switches.

To facilitate the learning of the logical spanning tree, each switch port transitions through five possible port states and three BPDU timers.


Port States

The spanning tree is determined immediately after a switch is finished booting up.

If a switch port were to transition directly from the blocking to the forwarding state, the port could temporarily create a data loop if the switch was not aware of all topology information at the time.

For this reason, STP introduces five port states.

The following provides information on how the port states ensure that no loops are created during the creation of the logical spanning tree.


Port States

1) Blocking

2) Listening

3) Learning

4) Forwarding

5) Disabling


Port States - BLOCKING

Blocking - The port is a non-designated port and does not participate in frame forwarding.

The port receives BPDU frames to determine the location and root ID of the root bridge switch and what port roles each switch port should assume in the final active STP topology.

.


Port States - LISTENING

Listening - STP has determined that the port can participate in frame forwarding according to the BPDU frames that the switch has received thus far.

At this point, the switch port is not only receiving BPDU frames, it is also transmitting its own BPDU frames and informing adjacent switches that the switch port is preparing to participate in the active topology.


Port States - LEARNING

Learning - The port prepares to participate in frame forwarding and begins to populate the MAC address table.


Port States - FORWARDING

Forwarding - The port is considered part of the active topology and forwards frames and also sends and receives BPDU frames.


Port States - DISABLED

Disabled - The Layer 2 port does not participate in spanning tree and does not forward frames.

The disabled state is set when the switch port is administratively disabled.


Port States

Blocking

Listening

Learning

Forwarding

Disabling


Summarize How STP works to Eliminate Layer 2 Loops in a Converged Network The role of the Bridge ID (BID) in STP







How port roles support the operation of STP


Summarize How STP works to Eliminate Layer 2 Loops in a Converged Network The role of STP port states and BPDU timers in the

operation of STP - Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)


Summarize How STP works to Eliminate Layer 2 Loops in a Converged Network The role of STP port states and BPDU timers in the

operation of STP - Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)



The role of STP port states and BPDU timers in the operation of STP - Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)


Explain How the STP Algorithm Uses Three Steps to Converge on a Loop-Free Topology

Summarize the 3 step process STP uses to create a loop free topology

STP convergence Steps1. Elect a Root Bridge

2. Elect the Root Port

3. Elect the Designated and Non-designated ports


Explain How the STP Algorithm Uses Three Steps to Converge on a Loop-Free Topology The STP decision sequence is used to elect a root bridge for a network


Explain How the STP Algorithm Uses Three Steps to Converge on a Loop-Free Topology The process of electing a root port on a switch


Explain How the STP Algorithm Uses Three Steps to Converge on a Loop-Free Topology The process of electing designated ports and non-

designated ports


Implement Rapid per VLAN Spanning Tree (rapid PVST+) in a LAN


Implement Rapid per VLAN Spanning Tree (rapid PVST+) in a LANFeatures of PVST+








Edge Port

Edge ports, the equivalent of PortFast-enabled ports, and point-to-point links are candidates for rapid transition to a forwarding state.

However, before the link type parameter is considered, RSTP must determine the port role.


Edge Port

Root ports do not use the link type parameter. Root ports are able to make a rapid transition to the forwarding state as soon as the port is in sync.

Alternate and backup ports do not use the link type parameter in most cases. Designated ports make the most use of the link type parameter.

Rapid transition to the forwarding state for the designated port occurs only if the link type parameter indicates a point-to-point link.


Implement Rapid per VLAN Spanning Tree (rapid PVST+) in a LAN RSTP edge ports


Implement Rapid per VLAN Spanning Tree (rapid PVST+) in a LAN RSTP link types


RSTP port states and port roles



How to configure rapid PVST+




How to design STP to avoid problems




Summary

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from being formed on redundant networks

STP uses different port states & timers to logically prevent loops

There is at least one switch in a network that serves as the root bridge - Root bridge is elected using information found in BPDU frames

Root ports are determined by the spanning tree algorithm and are closest to the root bridge


Summary

STP lengthy convergence time (50 seconds) facilitated the development of:

RSTP

convergence time is slightly over 6 seconds

Rapid PVST+

adds VLAN support to RSTP

the preferred spanning-tree protocol on a Cisco switch network


The EndChapter 5

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