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SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN LAND
OWNERSHIP IN INDIA
A STUDY WITH PARTICULARREFERENCE TO WEST BENGAL
Aparajita Bakshi
Junior Research Fellow
Indian Statistical Institute
Kolkata, India
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Objectives
Assess the inequalities in access to land betweenthe different social groups, especially Dalits andAdivasis in rural India
A case study of the impact of land reforms inWest Bengal, a State in Eastern India on theland holding among Dalit and Adivasihouseholds
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Secondary data sources on land holdings in
India
National Sample Survey Land and LivestockHoldings Surveys
48th round (1992)
National Sample Survey Employment
Unemployment Surveys50th round (1993-94)
61st round (2004-05)
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Definitions of land holdings
Land and Livestock Holding surveys
Ownership holdings of agricultural land
Employment Unemployment Surveys
Land cultivated by households
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Households that do not cultivate land, India and States, 1993-94 and 2004-05 per
thousand rural households
States 1993-94 2004-05
Dalit All Dalit All
Andhra Pradesh 604 495 747 607
Assam 444 294 272 243
Bihar 676 375 679 464
Gujarat 713 463 745 506
Haryana 886 515 945 593
Himachal Pradesh 140 133 225 189Karnataka 516 383 622 461
Kerala 811 694 550 364
Madhya Pradesh 385 249 464 335
Maharashtra 597 430 676 480
Orissa 515 354 534 415
Punjab 949 615 941 683Rajasthan 279 189 451 260
Tamil Nadu 770 634 845 718
Tripura 567 521 566 541
Uttar Pradesh 296 229 364 282
West Bengal 471 416 486 474
India 528 387 574 428
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Index of Access
Index of Access for the social group j, denoted asAj can be represented as;
Aj = Percentage of total extent ofownership/operational holdingsowned/operated by group j Percentage ofhouseholds in group j in total households
Relative access index A = Ai/Aj
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Index of access to agricultural land by social groups, 1992
States Ownership holdings
ST SC Others
Andhra Pradesh 1.0 0.4 1.2
Assam 1.3 0.8 1.0
Bihar 1.7 0.2 1.1
Gujarat 0.5 0.5 1.2
Haryana 0.0 0.2 1.3
Himachal Pradesh 1.2 0.6 1.1
Jammu & Kashmir 0.4 0.7 1.1
Karnataka 0.8 0.6 1.1
Kerala 1.2 0.2 1.1
Madhya Pradesh 0.8 0.7 1.2
Maharashtra 0.7 0.5 1.2
Orissa 1.3 0.5 1.0
Punjab 0.0 0.1 1.6
Rajasthan 0.6 0.6 1.2
Tamil Nadu 0.7 0.4 1.3
Tripura 1.4 0.9 0.9
Uttar Pradesh 0.8 0.5 1.2
West Bengal 1.0 0.8 1.1
India 1.1 0.5 1.2
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Relative Index of Access to agricultural land, 1992State Ownership holdings
ND/Dalit ND/Adivasi
Andhra Pradesh 3.0 1.2
Assam 1.3 0.8
Bihar 5.3 0.6
Gujarat 2.5 2.2
Haryana 6.0
Himachal Pradesh 1.8 1.0
Jammu & Kashmir 1.7 2.9Karnataka 1.8 1.4
Kerala 6.4 0.9
Madhya Pradesh 1.7 1.5
Maharashtra 2.2 1.6
Orissa 2.1 0.8
Punjab 13.0
Rajasthan 2.1 2.1
Tamil Nadu 3.4 2.0
Tripura 1.0 0.6
Uttar Pradesh 2.6 1.5
West Bengal 1.3 1.1
India 2.5 1.1
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TENTULTALA
DALKATI
KALINAGAR &
BIDYANIDHI
AMARSINGHI
THUTHIPAKAR
KALMANDASGURI
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Social composition in the study villages, May June
2005
Village District As percentage of total householdsMuslim Non-Dalit Dalit Adivasi
Tentultala North 24Parganas
59.4 1.2 39.0 0.4
Amarsinghi Malda 0.0 66.4 32.7 0.9
Thuthipakar UttarDinajpur
0.0 7.9 36.2 55.9
Kalmandasguri Koch Bihar 39.8 8.6 46.1 5.5
Bidyanidhi Barddhaman 18.3 33.8 47.9 0.0
Kalinagar Barddhaman 0.0 28.4 32.8 38.8
Dalkati WestMedinipur
30.73 69.27
Source: Survey data
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Land reform benefits - Share of different social groups in agricultural land
distributed in the study villages, May June 2005
Village Percentage of total agricultural land distributed Total land
distributed (in
acres)Muslim Non-Dalit Dalit Adivasi
Tentultala 29 0.0 71 0 6.5
Amarsinghi 95 5 0 11.64
Thuthipakar 46 8 45 9.72
Kalmandasguri 40 17 19 25 19.01
Bidyanidhi 18 0.0 82 2.8
Kalinagar 11 39 50 4.52
Dalkati 27 73 476
Source: Survey data
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Index of access to agricultural land in study villages, by social groups, May June2005
Village Access Index - ownership holdings
Muslim Non-Dalit Dalit ST
Tentultala 0.6 2.3 1.5 5.8
Amarsinghi 1.3 0.5 0.0
Thuthipakar 1.4 1.3 0.8
Kalmandasguri 0.5 1.1 1.4 1.2
Bidyanidhi 0.4 2.4 0.2
Kalinagar 2.8 0.3 0.3
Dalkati 1.8 0.6
Source: Survey data
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Land reform benefits Share of different social groups in homestead landdistributed in the study villages, May June 2005
Social group Number of
households
that gained
homestead
As percentage
of all
household
s
Extent of
land
acquired
(in
acres)
As percentage
of total
land
acquired
Muslim 50 23.8 5.1 21.5
Non-Dalit 20 9.5 2.28 9.6
Dalit 44 21.0 3.93 16.6
Adivasi 96 45.7 12.38 52.3
All 210 100.0 23.69 100.0
Source: Survey data
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Net purchase of land in the last 15 years (1990 2005) in the survey villages, bysocial groups, in acres
Caste Tentult
ala
Amarsin
ghi
Thuthipa
kar
Kalmandas
guri
Bidyani
dhi
Kalinag
ar
Dalkati
Muslim 6.3 0.0 0.0 15.8 2.6 0.0
Non Dalits 1.0 -9.6 -3.4 -1.8 -0.8 -2.5 4.2
Dalit 11.0 -0.6 14.9 14.3 8.6 0.2
Adivasi -0.5 0.0 -20.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 5.8
All 17.7 -10.2 -9.3 28.3 10.3 -1.5 10.0
Source: Survey data
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Dalits in rural India have far less access to land than any other social group. There is
an increase in landlessness among Dalits in India in the previous decade.
Secondary data show the Dalits in West Bengal have better access to land compared toother Indian States. This is indicated by the fact that the proportion of landless Dalithouseholds is lower in West Bengal than the national average and the Index of Accessis higher.
The increase in the incidence of landlessness among Dalits in West Bengal in the
previous decade is lower than that in India. Also, the increase in the incidence oflandlessness in West Bengal is higher for non-Dalits than Dalits.
Village level data show that Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim households have been majorbeneficiaries of land reforms in West Bengal. These social groups have gained accessto agricultural and homestead land through the process of land reforms. The directpolicy of land reform implemented by the Government of West Bengal, though in a
limited way, have contributed to lowering inequalities among the deprived socialgroups in the State and that is also reflected in the secondary data.
Increased purchasing power among the poor in Bengal facilitated by land distributionhas increased the participation of Dalit and Muslim households in land markets.