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Mrunal

  polity | 21  9 months ago[Land Reforms] Role of 

Indian Congress in Landreforms during the British Raj, Gandhi’s

Views on Land Reforms, All India Kisan

Sabha

 

1. Prologue

2. #1: Land reforms Congress in

Provincial Governments 1937

1. @Bihar

2. @Uttar Pradesh

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3. @Bombay

4. @Other Provinces

5. Overall Limitations

3. #2: Congress Resolutions 4farmers

1. @Karachi session, 1931

2. @Firozpur Session, 1936

3. @election manifesto,1937

4. Other resolutions/Manifestos

4. Rise of All India Kisan Sabha

1. Kisan Manifesto, 1936

2. Limitation of All India Kisan Sabha

5. Gandhi’s Views on Land Reforms

6.  Justice Ranade’s Views on Land

reforms

7. Mock Question

Prologue

so far we’ve seen

1. Three land tenure system of the British:

Their features, implications .

2. Peasant struggles for land reforms in

British Raj: causes and consequences .

Now in this article we’ll see Role of Indian Congress

in Land reforms during the British Raj. This can be

studied under two heads:

1. When Congress formed ministries in the

different provinces (1937), what did they do?

2. What resolutions did they pass in various

sessions?

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+ additional topics: Gandhi’s views on Land reforms,

Ranade’s view on Land reforms and the rise of All

India Kisan Sabha.

#1: Congress Provincial Governments

1937

After the provincial elections in 1937, Congress

formed government in

first

1. Madras

2. Bombay

3. Central Provinces

4. Orissa

5. Bihar

6. UP

later Assam, North West Frontier Province

And they implemented certain land reforms in these

provinces:

@Bihar

Good

1. Enacted “Restoration of Bakasht Land Act”- to

give back land to farmers who were evictedbetween 1929-1937.

2. enacted Bihar Tenancy Act

3. Reduced the salami rates.

4. Abolished all increases in rent since 1911. As a

result, rents were reduced by ~25%

5. gave under-ryots occupancy rights after twelve

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In question no 9 Statement

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isn't if person want to clear

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years of cultivating the land.

6. rents had to be reduced if soil degraded, owner

didn’t provide irrigation etc.

7. Existing arrears of rent reduced.

8. interest on rent-arrears reduced from 12.5 to

6.25%9. Debt Relief act: Reduced interest rate on debts to

9%

10. Prohibited all illegal exactions. if landlord

charged illegal dues, he could be jailed for 6

months.

11. In sharecropping, landlord’s maximum share

was kept at 9/20 part of the produce.

12. if tenant doesn’t pay rent- he cannot be arrested,

his property cannot be attached

Not-Good

Kisan leaders wanted Congress government to

abolish zamindari and redistribute the land

among poors.

But the Congress Government in Bihar was

backed by the zamindars

Therefore, zamindari abolition law couldnot be

made.

Bihar Kisan Sabha resorted to militancy- use of 

Lathis and violence to prevent rent payments,forcibly occupying Zamindari land etc. Congress

government resorted to use of police and

section 144=> relations between Kisan Sabha

and Congress deteriorated.

@Uttar Pradesh

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Good:

The Congress leaders was more ‘leftist’ than in

Bihar. Hence laws/regulations were more pro-

farmer

Reduced rentsTenants of Awadhs and Agra were given

hereditary occupancy. (Meaning Zamindar can’t

evict family’s farm if the father died.)

Rent of hereditary tenant can be changed only

after 10 years.

Tenant cannot be arrested, if he doesn’t pay rent.

Nazrana (forced gifts) and Begari (Forced labour)were abolished.

Not-Good:

Governor did not give his assent to the Tenancy

Bill even after two years of its passage. Hence

most reforms couldn’t be implemented.

@Bombay

During Civil Disobedience movement (CDM) the

British had attached lands of farmers who did

not pay Revenue

The congress Government restored the land

back to those farmersForest Grazing fees were abolished.

40,000 bonded labour (Dubla/serfs) were

liberated

Debt Relief act: Reduced interest rate on debts to

9%. Although it was opposed by Lawyers who

supported Congress. (Because lawyers earned a

penal authority in selection

of Judges of Supreme

court.Here What executive

did is ethically seemed to...

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lot from debt related court cases).

@Other Provinces

Orissa

Passed: Tenancy act to reduced interest rate

on arrears from 12.5 to 6% and provide for

free transfer of occupancy holdings.

Failed: bill to reduce rents in Zamindari areas.

because governor didn’t give assent.

Kerala

Congress Socialist Party and Communists

had setup peasant associations (Krishak

Sangathan)

organized a campaign towards

amendment of the Malabar Tenancy Act.

Andhra

Congress ministry passed law to give debt

relief to farmers

Bengal

agitations against Canal Tax

Hat Tola Movement: in north Bengal

against a levy collected by the landlords

from peasants at Hat (weekly market).

Punjab

Agitation against the Union Ministry

dominated by landlords of western Punjab

for resettlement of land revenue and

against increase in canal tax and water

rate.

Grazing fees reduced.

Debt Relief act: Reduced interest rate on

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Madras

debts to 6.25%

Committee under Revenue minister

T.Prakasam, made recommendations to

reduce Zamindar’s rent by 75% (and thus

virtually abolishing Zamindari).

CM Rajagopalachari planned to implement

this reform, withou paying Zamindars any

compensation. But before a bill could be

drafted, the ministry resigned.

most

states

laws regulating the activity of the

moneylenders and providing debt relief.

Over all Limitations

1. Time limit: They were in power for barely 28

months. They had resigned in 1939. So, long

term reforms could not be carried out. Example:

In Madras State CM Rajagopalachari planned toreduce rents by 75%, abolish Zamindari without

paying Zamindars any compensation. But before

a bill could be drafted on the, the ministry

resigned.

2. Vote power: In Orissa the British governor

refused assent to a bill that aimed to reduce

Zamindar’s income by 50-60%.3. Appeasement: Had to maintain unity for anti-

British struggle. so, could not afford to annoy

upper caste/rich farmers beyond a level.

Congress ministries did not pursue abolition of 

zamindari in UP and Bihar (despite resolutions

from Congress PCCs in UP and Bihar).

30-Jun: Delhi Doctors

30-Jun: Medical Officer

Chandigarh(10)

30-Jun: AIIMS Jodhpur

L e g a l

07-Jul: Haryana Attorney

S c i e n c e / A gr i . G r a d s .

30-Aug: Lab Attendent NIFFT

Ranchi

25-Jul: Himachal

Tech.Assistants

14-Jul: IHBT Himachal

10-Jul: Karnataka lab

assistant10-Jul: Karnataka Horti.Field

Asst.

10-Jul: Scientist MP

05-Jul: DRDO scientists

05-Jul: SAIL technician

03-Jul: NIFTEM technician

04-Jul: Scientist Tamilnadu

003Jul: Dehradun

Scientist/Asst.

04-Jul: Assistants Tamilnadu

S p e c . O th e r s

07-Jul: Haryana Town planner

M i s c . D e s k j o b s

30-Aug: clerks NIFFT Ranchi

31-Jul: NGT

Secretary,Steno,Translators

21-Jul: NIT Warangal asst.

10-Jul: NIT Patna Asst.

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4. Power Limit: Under the Act of 1935, Provincial

governments lacked the power to abolish

Zamindari, even if they wanted.

5. Creamy Layer: By and large only superior

tenants benefited from these Acts/laws. The

subtenants/inferior tenants/agri.labourers wereoverlooked. May be because they did not form

‘vote-bank’ as Act of 1935 provided for a

restricted franchise.

#2: Congress Resolutions 4farmers

@Karachi session, 193 1

list of ‘Fundamental Rights and Economic

Programme’ for future India,

Deskjobs

L e c t u r e / P r o f .

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02-Jul: Baroda Univ.

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b4 deadline.

DONOT forget/misplace

registration/roll

number/hall ticket after

exam is over.

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drafted by Dr.Rajendra Prasad. It included following

provisions for land reforms:

1. Reduction in agricultural rent or revenue paid by

the peasantry

2. Farmers with uneconomic holdings, will beexempted from rent payment

3. Debt Relief for farmers. control of Usury

4. Serfdom/Bonded labour will be abolished.

5. Farmers and workers will have right to form

unions to protect their interests.

6. Progressive income tax on agricultural income.

Limitation: Didn’t include the demand to abolish

Zamindari / Estates of landlords.

@Kisan

Conference, 1935

President: Sardar Patel. passed

resolution for:

zamindari abolition

peasant proprietorship without

intermediaries

@Firozpur Session, 1936

thirteen point program for All India agrarian

reforms

Reduction in rent and revenue,

exemption from rent on uneconomic holdings,

Reduce canal and irrigation rates

living wage for agriculture labors

recognize of peasant associations

introduce cooperative farming

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In a way, this Firozpur session’s Agrarian reform

program= repeating Karachi Session’s points + some

new demands from All India Kisan Sabha’s

manifesto.

@election manifesto,1937

1. The appalling poverty, unemployment and

indebtedness of the peasantry is resulted from

antiquated and repressive land tenure and

revenue systems.

2. We will give immediate relief to farmers for

revenue, rent and debt burden.

3. Structural reform of the land tenure, rent and

revenue systems

Other resolutions/Manifestos

1938 National Planning Committee. Chairman: Nehru

1944 Bombay Plan

1945Election manifesto by Congress Working

Committee

All of above talked about:

1. abolish intermediaries between farmer and state

(Zamindar, Jagirdar, Talukdar etc)2. Cheap loans to solve the problem of rural

indebtedness

3. Collective farming should be encouraged.

Although collective farming did not gain much

attention because there was hardly any peasant

mobilization for this.

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194 6 Provincial Election

An interim government headed by Nehru was

formed at the Centre and the Congress

governments in the provinces

They set up committees to draw up bills forabolition of the zamindari system.

Rise of All India Ki san Sabha

1920Awadh Kisan Sabha formed with support of Nehru

and Ram Chandra.

1923 NG Ranga formed first Ryot’s association in

Guntur, Andhra.

1928

Bihar Kisan Sabha formed by Swami

Sahajanand Saraswati.

Akali leaders formed Punjab Riyasati Praja

Mandal.

1929 Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha

1931 Krushak Sangha throughout Orissa

1935South Indian federation of Peasants and

agri.laborers with NG Ranga as Secretary.

Up to 1920, the peasant leaders were associated

with the Congress. But later the rift widened

because:

1. In Eastern UP, the Kisan groups wanted

government to convert Sharecroppers

(Bargadars) into tenants. So they can get all legal

protections available under Tenancy laws.

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2. But the Swarajist group did not want such

reform. (due to pressure from Zamindar/rural

elite groups)

3. differences of opinion between the supporters of 

Non-Cooperation and those who preferred

constitutional agitation4. In the princely states, Congress followed the

policy of non-interferance and did not help

farmers against high Revenues.

5. In Ryotwari areas- Government itself collected

taxes. So Gandhi would ask farmers to stop

paying rent. But in case of Zamindari areas,

Gandhi would ask farmers to continue paying

rent to the Zamindars and Talukdars.

6. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, prominent Kisan

leader from Bihar- was turning towards leftist-

militant type of agitation. He advocated use of 

Lathis (sticks) against Zamindars and their

goons. Hence Congress stopped supporting him.

As a result, by mid 30s, the peasant leaders and

unions became disillusioned with Congress. They

felt a need to setup a Kisan Sabha at the national

level, to coordinate the efforts of regional Kisan

Sabhas/associations.

1st

 Sept 1936: First All India Kisan Congress@Lucknow. All India Kisan Day was celebrated on

1st September every year.

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati (of Bihar) as its

President and N.G. Ranga (of Andhra) as General

Secretary.

1938: Became All India Kisan Sabha

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Launched campaigns in Andra, Bihar and UP

started Kisan Bulletin, editor Indulal Yagnik.

Gave Kisan Manifesto:

Kisan Manifesto, 193 6

1. Protect farmers for from economic exploitation,

2. 50% reduction in land Revenue

3. security of tenure for tenants,

4. reduction in interest rates charged by

moneylenders

5. abolition of begar (forced labour)

6. reasonable wages for labourers,

7. promote cooperative farming

8. transfer uncultivated government land, and

Zamindari lands to poor and landless farmers.

Limit ation of All India Kisan Sabha

1. leadership was concentrated in the hands of 

Bhumihar and other rural elites2. landless, SC, ST found no representation in its

leadership

3. Kisan Sabha wanted abolition of Zamindari but

not abolition of Sharecropping (Bargadari)

4. As Swami Sahjanant turned towards militant

methods of protest, the Congress ordered its

workers not to participate in any activities of 

Kisan Sabha.

5. Congress ministries in Provinces used section

144, police force to curtail the activities of Kisan

Sabha. (especially in UP, Bihar, Orissa and

Madras)

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Gandhi’s Views on Land Reforms

‘Land and all property is his who will work it’, =

similar to concept of land to the tiller.

During Non-cooperation movement

he asked tenants and landlors to join andfight against the most powerful zamindar-

the British.

In the Ryotwari regions (where British directly

collected taxes), Gandhi asked farmers to

stop paying revenue.

but in Zamindari areas, Gandhi did not ask

farmers to stop paying rent. (Because he didnot want to antagonize those

Zamindars/intermediaries). He explicitly

industructed UP farmers….”We want to turn

Zamindars into friends. Therefore we many

not withhold taxes from Government or rent

from landlord.”

During Civil Disobedience movement,

he issued a manifesto to the Uttar Pradesh

farmers asking them to pay only 50 per cent

of the legal rent.

During Gandhi-Irwin Pact:

Gandhi’s demandIrwin’s

response

wanted Irwin to return the land confiscated

from farmers. And if such land was sold to

third parties then original farmer be paid

some compensation.

didn’t

agree

agreed

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7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://mrunal.org /2013/10/land-reforms-role-of-indian-congress-in-land-reforms-during- the-bri tish-raj-gandhis-views-on-land-reforms-all-india-kisan-sabha.… 15

reduce land revenue in all areas for only

some

areas.

In Early 30s to UP farmers, “non-occupancy

tenants should pay 8 anna rent to the Zamindarand occupancy tenant should pay 12 anna rent

to Zamindar. Let me warn you against listening

to any advice that you have no need to pay the

zamindars any rent at all.”

Quote: Peasants could seize the zamindar’s

lands and, while there could be some violence,

but the zamindars could also ‘cooperate by

fleeing’.

Quote: After Independence, the zamindars’ land

would be taken by the state either through their

voluntary surrender or through legislation and

then distributed to the cultivators. BUT It would

be fiscally impossible to compensate the

landlords.

 Justice Ranade’s Views on Land reforms

Once UPSC asked about Sir Tejbahadur Sapru’s

views on Indian Nationalist. (2006) So similar to

that…What were Justice Ranade’s views on Land

reforms?

1. Replace the existing semi-feudal agriculture with

capitalist agriculture.

2. Transform rich peasants into capitalist farmers.

3. Transform tenants to independent proprietors –

subjected to low tax and cheap loans.

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8/10/2019 Land Reform in India_ Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/land-reform-in-india-role-of-indian-national-congress-4upsc 17/23

7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://mrunal.org /2013/10/land-reforms-role-of-indian-congress-in-land-reforms-during- the-bri tish-raj-gandhis-views-on-land-reforms-all-india-kisan-sabha.… 17

pre-independent India.

6. “We want to turn Zamindars into friends.

Therefore we many not withhold taxes from

Government or rent from landlord.” Comment

7. “A complete divorce from land of those who

cultivate it is a national evil, and no less an evil isit to find one dead level of small farmers all over

the land.” Comment.

8. Write a note on the Congress resolutions for

Land reforms in British India.

15 marks

1. In a sense this brief interlude of Congress rule

served as a mirror of the future for both the

dominant classes in rural India and the

oppressed and both learnt their lessons though

perhaps somewhat unevenly. Comment

2. Write a note on the bitter sweat relations

between All India Kisan Sabha and Congress.

In the Next article, we’ll start with the land reforms

in India after independence.

Previously in this category

[Land Reforms] Consolidation of Land

Holdings, Cooperative Farming,Computerization of Land records:

features, benefits, limitations

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7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://mrunal.org /2013/10/land-reforms-role-of-indian-congress-in-land-reforms-during- the-bri tish-raj-gandhis-views-on-land-reforms-all-india-kisan-sabha.… 18

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Objective General Eng...

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[Land Reforms] Bhoodan, Gramdan, JanSatyagraha 2012 & other Non

Governmental Movements:

Achievements, obstacles, limi tations

[Land Reforms] Tenancy Reform,

Tenancy protection Acts in India,

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7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://mrunal.org/2013/10/land-reforms-role-of-indian-congres s-in-land-reforms-during-the-british-raj-gandhis-views-on-land-reforms-all-india-kisan-sabha.…   19

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Tags:   Land Reforms

अब   तक  21 कमस  िलखी   गयी 

features, benefits, obstacles,

limi tations, impact, evaluation

[Land Reforms] Ceiling on Land

holdings: Reasons, Impact, Obstacles,

Limitations, Achievements

[Land Reforms] Post Independence:

Abolition of Zamindari, Reasons,

Impact, Obstacles, Limitations, First

Amendment

sagar    22/10/2013 at 01:11

Reply

Thank you very much mrunal.I am preparing for

maharashtra pcs and without forgeting everyday i visit

mrunal.org.all the posts are quite helpful for upsc or other

pcs aspirants.

Kamal Kishor    22/10/2013 at 08:43

Reply

Sir please upload answer key of CAPF AC exam 2013…

Mrunal    22/10/2013 at 09:23

Reply

CAPF Answer 2013 answer key will be

published soon

rohith    22/10/2013 at 21:16

8/10/2019 Land Reform in India_ Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

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7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://mrunal.org /2013/10/land-reforms-role-of-indian-congress-in-land-reforms-during- the-bri tish-raj-gandhis-views-on-land-reforms-all-india-kisan-sabha.… 20

Reply

eagerly waiting sir….

Anand    22/10/2013 at 12:41

Reply

Thanks a lot Mrunal Sir.It’s very helpful in this crucial

time,when we don’t have time to collect and summarise

syllabus in sharp time.

Swapnil    22/10/2013 at 13:08

Reply

Hi Mrunal,

I sincerely feel the punch lines are missing nowadays from

your blogs …. please insert the punch lines of hindi

dialogue or whatever you feel…that binds us with the

article …. and helps to remember the crux of the article

…..Like the moment i try to recall LAF i remember the punch

line “In the old Bollywood movies, international smugglers

often come to main villain’s hideout with suitcases loaded

with cash” ….. makes it simple to relate things….

Subhash    22/10/2013 at 16:30

Reply

Is UPSC shifting to computer based exam for prelims next

year… they have put up a demo on their website….

sanjay    22/10/2013 at 23:25

Reply

dear the demo is just for recruitment exams for

some posts with few vacancies

SPANDANA    22/10/2013 at 19:19

Reply

hiiii Mrunal,I am a begginner in preperation for civils. Plz help me in

learning every subject from the basics. Plzz suggest me the

basic books i have to refer to. help me out plzzzz.

expecting a reply, thankyou.

AJAY KR. SINGH  22/10/2013 at 23:15

unexceptional articles mru sir…..

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7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://mrunal.org /2013/10/land-reforms-role-of-indian-congress-in-land-reforms-during- the-bri tish-raj-gandhis-views-on-land-reforms-all-india-kisan-sabha.… 2

Reply

AWESM

Amit    24/10/2013 at 13:23

Reply

Sir

Please please upload a similar article for culture , heritage

, ethics

i am not able to concentrate on my other topics pending

the preparation for these topics.

Please just give a assurance that before mains-2013 you

will publish articles on these topics will also help.

I dont have time to thoroughly suty the vajiram’s notes on

ethics . Culture and Heritage is so boring and too much of 

 jargons. Not able to cope up with so much of names.

Please Please help

Thanks

manee    24/10/2013 at 14:46

Reply

any info about mains time table……

rahul    26/10/2013 at 09:34

Reply

no rumours around but may be second week of dec..no one is picking phone at upsc.

Anshul    24/10/2013 at 15:56

Reply

I have just quit my preparation and want to sell my books.

I have all major books/notes for GS/History/Philosophy

in Hindi Medium. I have few books in English Medium also.

I also have printouts of Mrunal Sir articles on Economics.

Interested aspirants please contact me.Anshul Verma

9650033367

Anshul    24/10/2013 at 15:57

 just quit my preparation, books available.

I have all major books/notes for GS/History/Philosophy

in Hindi Medium. I have few books in English Medium also.

8/10/2019 Land Reform in India_ Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

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7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

http://mrunal.org /2013/10/land-reforms-role-of-indian-congress-in-land-reforms-during- the-bri tish-raj-gandhis-views-on-land-reforms-all-india-kisan-sabha.… 22

Reply

I also have printouts of Mrunal Sir articles on Economics.

Interested aspirants please contact me.

My mobile no is 9650033367

Amitabh    25/10/2013 at 07:56

Reply

I think its Faizpur session of 1937 and not Firozpur session

of 1936!

Vandana Singh    29/10/2013 at 11:55

Reply

plz provide me the answer for this question

In Montague Chelmsford reforms , communal

representations were not only retained but considerably

extended. Comment

rohit kundu    29/10/2013 at 16:57

Reply

Hi Thanks mrunal , for the wonderful article. I am

preparing for upsc2014 without coaching and looking for

some partners online who can study together . If anyone

thinks the same please let me know.

Mail id doctorrohit88@yahoo.com

 pratyush    04/11/2013 at 12:16

Reply

i am preparing for upsc 2014 without coaching and looking

for some partners online..so that we can discuss and do

some combined work…m an mech engg graduate –mail id

pratyush18april@gmail.com

RAFIUL    05/11/2013 at 10:55

Reply

Hello friend, I also need one online friend who is preparingfor CSE. May I help you?

 pratyush    06/11/2013 at 18:57

Reply

ya y not …mail me on my id…thn we can talk bot it..like

regarding strategies and how wd we proceed n all..

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7/4/2014 Land reform in India: Role of Indian National Congress 4UPSC

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