Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, UP, using ...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 2, No 4, 2012

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on April 2012 published on May 2012 924

Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using

Remote Sensing Techniques Narayan Chopra

Sr. Astt. Prof., C.G.O. Gp „A‟,

Department of Geography, National Defence Academy,

Khadakwasla, Pune – 411023

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Of late, growing population pressure and human activities are increasing the demand on the

limited land resources, both for agricultural and other land uses. To meet this unprecedented

demand of land for various pursuits, reliable and comprehensive information on the spatial

distribution of land use/land cover categories and their status under the present usage is a

prerequisite for planning, utilisation and management of land resources of the region.

Precisely, for this very reason the present study, through visual interpretation, aims to obtain

the information on the status of land resources in the region south of the River Son,

Sonbhadra District, U.P. Remote Sensing data in the form of FCC on 1:50,000 of 1RS-1A

(LISS-II) for the entire study area for the period of Feb. 1991 (consisting of 14 scenes) have

been used in the study. Maps on various themes, viz, Land Use/Land Cover, Geomorphic

Units, Soils, Ground Water Potential, and Environmental Degradation have been generated

using aforementioned satellite data coupled with ground truth. All these maps were critically

evaluated and the problem areas were identified and land use plan has been suggested for the

overall development of the study area. The present study highlights the great merit of

recording land use pattern on maps are that each parcel of land can be precisely located and

the aerial relationships of different uses analysed in a way that is not possible with a variety

of other methods, viz. statistical data, etc., often collected for quite different purposes.

Keywords: Land Use Planning, Land Resource Management, Natural Resource

Management, Sustainable Resource Management, Sustainable Land Use, Alternative Land

Use, Remote Sensing Techniques.

1. Introduction

Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, associated flora and

fauna involving the total ecosystem and on which all man‟s activities are based. Owing to

ever increasing population pressure on land for meeting the growing demand for food, fuel

and fiber proper management of this vital natural resource is of paramount significance for

sustenance. Inappropriate land use leads to inefficient exploitation of natural resources,

degradation and destruction of the land resource, poverty and other social problems. The

sustainable development of land resources calls for optimal utilization of the land based on

their potential and limitations. In a country like India, with growing population pressure, low

man-land ratio and increasing land degradation, the need for optimum utilization of land

assumes much greater significance. This calls for land use planning, in order to realise the

short and long term benefits and setting of priorities. Land use planning is a highly complex

process influenced by basic needs of the people, government policy and resources condition

Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques

Narayan Chopra

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 925

of the area. Land-use planning has been defined as "the systematic assessment of land and

water potential, alternative patterns of land use and other physical, social and economic

conditions, for the purpose of selecting and adopting land-use options which are most

beneficial to land users without degrading the resources or the environment, together with the

selection of measures most likely to encourage such land uses" (FAO, 1999). International

Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (1977) has emphasised the land use

planning in the following words: “The land use planning may be concerned with putting

environmental resources to new kinds of productive use. The need for land use planning is

frequently brought about, however, by changing needs and pressures; involving competing

uses for the same land. The function of land use planning is to guide decisions on land use in

such a way that the resources of the environment are put to the most beneficial use for man,

whilst at the same time conserving those resources for the future”. It emphasizes the appraisal

processes for selecting the most appropriate, sustainable land-use from among the ones

considered relevant within the physical, economic and social context of an area under

consideration (e.g. FAO, 1993-a, -b; 1995; 1997, FAO/UNEP, 1995; 1997; 1999). Thus,

planning for development of natural resources without endangering the environment is a

crucial issue, which the world is facing today (Kachhwaha, 1985; Sharma, et.al., 1989;

Khorram and John, 1991).

This issue of sustainability of land use is based on the evaluation of estimated future stability

of a range of selected factors (physical, biological, economic and social) that either

individually, or in combination, exerts a significant influence on the suitability of a defined

land use within a given local context (FAO, 1993-b). The integrated natural resource

management requires an assessment of the appropriateness of existing forms of land use and,

if considered desirable or necessary, the introduction of improved or more beneficial forms of

land use. One of the basic requirements for land use planning is the availability of timely,

accurate and up to date information on land use at the shortest possible time. Conventionally,

land use surveys are undertaken by conjunctive use of cadastral and topographical maps

accompanied by questionnaires to collect the data on various aspects of land utilization. But

usually this process is found to be time consuming (Sharma, et.al., 1984) and thus the data

and maps become outdated by the time they are published and circulated (Gautam & Narayan,

1983) due to very dynamic nature of changes in utilization pattern (Saxena et.al., 1983).

Remote Sensing is the most efficient tool in the bag of geoscientists for geological,

geomorphological and soil resource mapping with respect to their nature, extent, spatial

distribution, potential and limitations for optimal utilization of natural resources on

sustainable basis. Many studies conducted in India as well as abroad have proved this (Cipra

et.al., 1971 ; Lindberg & Synder, 1972 ; Nunally, 1974;Langlois et al., 1976; Westin &

Frazee, 1976; Karale et al., 1978; Stoner et.al., 1980 ; Stoner & Bacumgardner, 1981 ;

Dwivedi et.al., 1981 ; Raghavswamy, 1982; Gautam & Narayan, 1983; Sinha A.K., 1986 ;

Sehgal et al., 1988; Chatterjee et.al., 1990 ; Govardhan, V., 1991; Singh & Dwivedi, 1986;

Sharma, et.al., 1989; Roy, et.al., 1991; Ahuja et al., 1992; Rao et. al., 1997 ). In the present

study an attempt has been made to inventorize the land resources using remote sensing data

& finally a land use plan for the study area has been suggested to achieve maximum returns

in terms of sustainable production.

1.1 Study Area

The area of study which is a part of Sonbhadra district in Uttar Pradesh lies south of the river

Son and extends between Lat. 23052'55" to 24

037' N and Long. 82

040' to 83

027'20" E. It is


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covered in 14 topographical sheets of Survey of India on 1:50,000 scale 63 P/2, P/3, P/4, P/7,

P/8, 63 L/10, L/11, L/12, L/14, L/15, L/16; 64 M/1, M/5 and 64 I/13. It covers about 4205

km2 of area.

Sonbhadra district in Uttar Pradesh in general and its southern part in particular are backward

in development. Majority of population in the southern part which forms the study area,

depend on agriculture and daily wages for their livelihood. And, agriculture, unlike in plains

is not easy and profitable because of unfavourable terrain conditions and scarcity of water.

The farming output is not sufficient to meet the food energy requirements of the villagers

(Singh et al., 1991). Moreover unscientific agriculture practices have resulted in degradation

of the existing land resources of the area (Pandey, 1990). Since the function of land use

planning is to guide decisions on land use in such a way that the resources of the environment

are put to sustainable use, the present study has been undertaken with an aim not only to

evaluate the potential of land resources of the region but to suggest alternative use for

sustainability in the present environmental set up.

2. Materials & Methods

2.1 Data Sets

In the present study, data of February, 1991 in the form of Geocoded False Colour

Composites (FCC‟s) of IRS-1A (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) of LISS-II with standard

colour combination of blue, green and red for green (Band 2), red (Band 3) and infra-red

(Band-4) spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 36.25 meters is used.

Figure 1: Study area map


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Along with data of Feb. 1991, multi-temporal data of April 1990, September 1991 and

November 1991, for a part of the study area (63 P/7), for the purpose of standardising the

interpretation key has also been used. Secondary data in the form of Survey of India (SOI)

topographical maps on 1:50,000 scale (of as many no.‟s as FCC‟s on similar scale) covering

the entire study area were used to prepare base maps.

2.2 Methodology

Visual interpretation, of 1RS-1A (LISS-II) standard False Colour Composites (FCCs) for the

period of Feb. 1991 on 1:50,000 scale for the entire study area (consisting of 14 scenes) have

been undertaken for evaluation of land resources of the area. Secondary data in the form of

Survey of India (SOI) topographical maps on 1:50,000 scale (of as many no.‟s as FCC‟s on

similar scale) covering the entire study area were used to prepare base maps.

Using remotely sensed imagery of IRS IA data of LISS II on 1: 50, 000 scale and base map of

the same scale, various thematic maps such as Geomorphological, Lineaments, Land Use &

Land Cover, Soil map of the study area have been constructed through visual interpretation

and digitized in Arc Info (8.1) software. The identification and delineation of various units

have been based on the variation in tone, texture, shape, association, pattern and differential

erosional characteristics along with sufficient ground truth and local knowledge to finalize

these maps. Adequate field checks have been conducted to derive information on landforms

and to establish the relationship between the image elements and landform characteristics.

Using the landform map as a base, information on soil depth and qualitative erosion status of

each geomorphic unit has been collected following the standard soil survey procedures

(AISLUS, 1970) and Land Degradation map of the study area showing the extent & level of

degradation has been formulated.

By Integrating the Geomorphological, Land Use & Land Cover, lineaments,

Hydrogeomorphology, Soil, Land degradation map and ground truth data, composite land

units map have been arrived at showing different land units with varying capability. Sample

strips covering various mapping units were selected under different lithology and

physiographic units, soil types to study the existing pattern of land use & the environmental

degradation prevalent in the area so as to draw inferences about their predicted behavior in

meeting the various planning goals. After, post-field interpretation and finalization, an action

plan for the study area has been suggested for land use planning of the study area.

3. Result & Discussion

The optimal land use planning calls for identifying the activities or action plan for natural

resources development based on potential and limitations of available resources while taking

into account socio-economic conditions and aspirations of the people. The details of thematic

maps which were used as input for generating action plan are as under:

3.1 General Land Use/Land Cover:

In order to show data at a glance, General Land Use/Land Cover map on 1: 50,000 was

prepared by clubbing related categories (Figure.2). The various categories, their extent of

coverage in terms of area and percentage is as described below:


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Forests

a) Very Dense to Dense Forest: This category has been formed by clubbing Very Dense

Forest (with > 65% Canopy Cover) and Dense Forest (with 40-65% canopy cover)

together. The total area under this category has been estimated as 1382 km2

computing to

32.87% of the total study area.

b) Open Forest with Blanks: This land use category has been formed by putting both the

classes of Open Forest & Open forest with blanks, together. The total area under this category

of land use has been computed as 512 km2

accounting for 12.18% of the total geographical

area of study.

c) Degraded Forest/Scrub: Degraded Forest is estimated to encompass an area of 170 km2

forming about 4.04% of the total study area.

Agricultural Land with Mixtures: It is the land primarily used for farming and for

production of food, fiber and other commercial & horticultural crops. The agricultural land

use in the study area is complex with varieties of mixtures (Chopra & Prudhvi Raju, 2009).

The agricultural land were identified and separated into seven distinct units based on the

extent of various types of mixtures. All the seven categories of Agricultural land have been

put together under one unit in this map i.e., Agricultural Land with mixtures. Thus, the total

extent of land being used for agriculture and is estimated to encompass an area of 1485 km2

forming about 35.31% of the total area under study.

Rest of the categories viz.

Wasteland: It occupies 170 km2

i.e. 4.04 percent of the total study area.

Tanks/Ponds: It is a natural or manmade enclosed water body. Many tanks/ponds are found

scattered all over the study area. They cover an area of 8 km2

accounting for only 0.19% of

the gross area.

Major Rivers/Reservoir: Main channels of major rivers namely Son, Rihand and Kanhar

flowing through the study area along with part of G.B. Pant Sagar Reservoir, are included in

this category. This category is estimated to cover an area of 409 km2

computing to 9.72% of

the geographical area of study.

Mines/Quarries: Mining is a major activity of the region with open cast coal mining at

Singrauli. Many small scale rock quarries (i.e., stone crusher units) are also found around

Dala and Obra region. Mining areas occupy an area of 10 km2

i.e., 0.24% of the total study

area.

Plantations: It is an area predominantly under trees planted adopting certain management

techniques but outside the notified forest boundary. The area under this category is computed

as 23 km2

which form 0.5% of the gross area.

Built-up Area: This type covers human habitation with buildings, transport, communication

utilities in association with water, vegetation and vacant lands occurring within the precincts

of this zone. Only large urban areas like Renukoot, Shaktinagar and Obra have been


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delineated/demarcated in the study accounting for 31 km2

i.e., nearly 0.73% of the

geographical area of study.

Figure 2: Landuse/ Land cover map

Ash Ponds: These are associated with power plants situated along the bank of G.B.Pant

Sagar reservoir and are built for dumping burnt coal ash. They are estimated to cover an area

of 5 km2

accounting to nearly 0.12% of the total geographical area of study.

3.2 Geomorphic map

Visual interpretation of satellite data in conjunction with drainage, slope and lithology reveals

following distinct Geomorphic units (Figure 3). Ridges/Hills/Rock Outcrops, covering an

area of 2004 km2 comprising to 47.6% of the total study area, Colluvial Plain occupies an

area of 338 km2 accounting to 8.04% of the gross area. Wash Plain having total area of 443

km2, which approximately comes to about 10.54% of the total area of study. Stream-built

Alluvial Plain occupies an area of 116 km2

or 2.76 percent of the study area. Terrace Plain,

confined to the Son valley covers only 54 km2 which is 1.28% of the total geographical area.

Dissected Terrace Plain occupies very limited area of about 35 km2

which forms only 0.83%

of the gross area. (Buried) Pediment Plain/Pediplain occupies an area of 496 km2 accounting

nearly 11.8% of the total geographical area of study. Rolling Plain with Rock Outcrops

covers a very limited area and is about 27 km2

which is 0.64% of the gross area. Inter-

Valley fill plain with low Hills/Ridges is estimated to cover an area of 261 km2 forming 6.2%

of the total study area. Valley Fill covers an area of 22 km2

or 0.52% of the total area of


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study. Major Rivers/Reservoir together is estimated to cover an area of 409 km2

accounting to

nearly 9.73% of the gross area.

Figure 3: Geomorphic map

3.3 Soil Map

Soil classification was undertaken with an objective to organise and group soils into defined

units to understand their relationship with landscape as per USDA soil taxonomy 1996 up to

family level on the basis of soil characteristics. The various soil taxonomic units encountered

in the study area (Figure. 4) are:

Lithic Ustorthents: These are associated with Hills/Ridges/Rock outcrops and occur in

recently exposed or as thin regolith over hard rocks. They are most extensively found in the

study area and occupy an area of 2004 km2 which amounts for nearly 47.66% of total

geographical area.

Typic Ustorthents: These soils are not so extensive and are found in association with

colluvial plain areas, are estimated to occupy an area of 318 km2

accounting to 7.56% of the

total study area.

Typic Ustropepts: They are mostly associated with Wash Plains and occupy an area of 443

km2

accounting to nearly 10.54% of the total study area.

Typic Ustifluvents: These are extensively found along stream-built alluvial plain and cover

an area of 116 km2

which approximately amounts to 2.76% of the gross area.


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Aquic Ustropepts: They are found to be associated with terrace plain and are slightly eroded,

are estimated to occupy an area of 89 km2

amounting to nearly 2.11% of the gross area.

Figure 4: Soil map

Arenic Haplustalfs: These are found to be associated with (Buried) Pediment

Plain/Pediplain and are estimated to occupy an area of 516 km2 about 12.27% of the total

study area.

Lithic Rhodustalfs : They are associated with Rolling Plains with rock outcrops, Inter-

Valley fill plain with hills/ridges and Valley fill areas and happen to cover an area of 310 km2

accounting to nearly 7.37% of the gross area.

The soil composition in the study area appears to have been mainly influenced by the

topographic variations. The hill slopes representing rough broken terrain are characterised by

shallow, coarse textured and skeletal soils influenced by erosion and favouring transportation

of fines to the lower reaches. The pediplains have moderately deep medium textured soils.

The valleys and flood plains have developed deep profiles. Most of the mapping units the soil

pattern conforms to the physiography.

3.4 Ground water potential map

Thematic maps on geology, hydro-geomorphology, lineaments were integrated &

counterchecked with the well inventory and field investigations to formulate the ground water

potential map depicting seven different ground water potential zones (Figure. 5). There is


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broad correlation of different geomorphic units, their lithology and corresponding ground

water potential zones.

Figure 5: Groundwater potential map

The integrated map comprising ground water potential zones indicate that Stream-built

Alluvial Plain, Terrace Plain are very good to good comprising 192 km2 & 4.57 % of the area,

Wash Plain, (Buried) Pediment Plain/Pediplain and Inter-Valley fill plain with low

Hills/Ridges fair to moderate accounting for 1200 km2

& 28.54 % of the area and Hills and

Ridges, Colluvial Plain, Dissected Terrace Plain & Rolling Plain with rock outcrops are poor

to very poor covering 2404 km2

& 57.16 % of the area. Thus, the major part of the study area

has poor ground water potential, Northern part being more critically poised than its Southern

counterpart.

3.5 Land Class & Capability

The grouping of soils into capability classes and sub-classes is made on the basis of their

capability to produce crops and pasture biomass without adversely affecting the productivity

over a long period of time. There are eight land capability classes. The land capability classes

I to IV are arable and Classes V to VIII are non-arable. Those soils having highest capability

and least limitations are grouped in class-I and those having least capability and some

limitations are grouped in class - VIII. The study area could be classified in to eight classes of

land designated by numerals from I to VIII. The first four classes are suitable for agriculture

accounting for 1083 km2 occupying 25.75% of the study area in which the limitation on their

use and necessity of conservation measures requires a careful management increase from I to

IV. The remaining four classes, V to VIII, occupy 2122 km2 accounting for 74.25% of the

study area are not to be used for agriculture, but may have uses for pasture, range, woodland,

grazing and wildlife purposes.


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4. Action plan

As discussed earlier the information on soils, current land use/land cover, ground water

potential were integrated taking landform as a reference. Based on soil and land

characteristics, their problems and potentials, a master plan has been framed to overcome the

problems and to generate a land use plan of the area. The action plan for natural resource

development consisting of alternate land use practices like agriculture plantation, agro-

horticulture, agro-forestry, intensive agriculture, afforestation, fodder and fuel and dryland

horticulture were suggested after considering the current situations.

Sufficient care was taken not to disturb the existing land use in a large scale so that the

suggested land use is technically feasible, economically viable and socially acceptable for the

local farming community.

4.1 Description of alternate land use practices

4.1.1.1 Forest & Wildlife Conservation: This constitutes ecologically stable areas and

comprises of Dense to Very Dense Forests. Forest & Wildlife conservation is suggested in

1382 km2 accounting for 32.87% of the study area.

4.1.1.2 Afforestation: The pressure on forests ecosystem of the study area is tremendous

resulting in poor crown cover (Pandey, 1990; Singh et al., 1991). Afforestation with suitable

species of economic importance is suggested in open forests with blanks having spatial extent

of 512 km2 amounting to 12.18% of the study area.

4.1.1.3 Fodder and Fuel wood Plantations: The analysis of demand and supply of fodder

and fuel wood resources shows deficit of both the resources in the study area (Pandey, 1990;

Singh et al., 1991). The area of degraded forests land where there is a gravelly soil on varying

slope with poor ground water potential the above system was recommended to meet the

demand of fodder and fuel wood constituting 170 km2, i.e., 4.05% of the total geographical

area of study.

4.1.2.1 Intensive agriculture: This is also called multiple cropping system where more than

one crop in one or more seasons in a year is advocated, enabling higher cropping intensity in

a given area. This class mostly confined to valleys fills, alluvial tracts and colluvial plain

areas with moderate to good ground water conditions. Simple land management methods &

tapping of ground water by deep bores is suggested to enhance productivity in 194 km2 which

forms 4.62% of the gross area.

4.1.2.2 Agro-horticulture: It is also known food-cum-fruit system in which short duration

arable crops are raised in the interspaces of horticulture crops like fruits, vegetables, spices,

flowers to enhance sustainability where production of annual crops is inefficient. The fruit

trees like tamarind, ber, mango, guava and shesham or teak plantations with pulses if suitably

integrated would add significantly to overall production including food, fuel and fodder are

suggested in 174 km2 which accounts for 4.14 % of total geographical area.

4.1.2.3 Agro-forestry: It is an integrated self-sustained land management system, which

involves introduction of woody plants (trees and shrubs) with agricultural crops on the same

unit of land. Different tree species like, Acacia nilotica, Acacia albida, Azadirachta indica,

Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora etc., are recommended which utilize underground water


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efficiently as their root system is well developed. An area of about 327 km2 accounting for

7.78 % of the gross area of study was suggested for this category.

4.1.2.4 Dryland horticulture: It is a system where in horticulture plantations, which can

sustain under long dry spells are planted in large tracts in the rainfed areas. This class covers

an area of about 790 km2 amounting to 18.80% of total geographical area.

4.1.3.1 Plantations: Plantations fall on government lands and in some cases are undertaken

by NCL for stabilizing the over-burden dumps. These areas are transferred as it is from land

use maps on to action plan maps. It is suggested to adopt better management practices

especially over the O.B. dumps for the improvement of plantations & reduce sediment flow

to the reservoir during rainy season. It is estimated to cover 23 km2

accounting for 0.55 % of

the gross area.

4.1.4.1 Natural Regeneration: The degraded lands in the study area have a spatial extent of

170 km2 accounting for 4.04 % of the total geographical area of study. Natural revitalization

along with site specific management in some cases is suggested to arrest further deterioration.

Figure 6: Action plan

4.1.5.1 Concrete Wall Enclosures: These are suggested in areas in and around ash ponds.

These are situated along the bank of G.B.Pant Sagar reservoir and are built for dumping burnt

coal ash generated from the thermal power plants disposed through pipelines into them. The

ash finds its way into the reservoir and then into Son River system (Majumdar and Sarkar,

1994; Gautam, 1995; Singh et al., 1997). Concrete Wall Enclosures are suggested to check

sedimentation from ash ponds estimated to cover an area of 5 km2

accounting to nearly 0.12%

of the total geographical area of study.


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4.1.6.1 Desiltation: Many tanks/ponds are found scattered all over the study area, but only a

few major tanks are shown in the map. They cover an area of 8 km2

accounting for only

0.19% of the gross area. Desiltation of Tank bed is suggested in order to maintain the surface-

ground water interaction mechanism over a long period of time.

4.1.7.1 Mines/Quarries: Mining is a major activity of the region with open cast coal mining

at Singrauli. Many small scale rock quarries (i.e., stone crusher units) are also found around

Dala and Obra region. It is suggested to monitor the rock quarries in particular owing to their

ignorance towards the environment. However, Open cast coal mining should be continued as

it has given fillip to industrial activities in the otherwise backward region. Moreover, NCL

has shown sensibility towards environment by taking appropriate measures to prevent

deterioration. Mining areas occupy an area of 10 km2

i.e., 0.24% of the total study area.

4.1.8.1 Built-Up Area: It covers human habitation with buildings, transport, communication

utilities in association with water, vegetation and vacant lands occurring within the precincts

of this zone. Only large urban areas like Renukoot, Shaktinagar and Obra have been

delineated/demarcated in the study accounting for 31 km2

i.e., nearly 0.73% of the

geographical area of study. Regular monitoring of Built-up area is suggested so as to avoid its

encroachment on the rural agricultural land, as land resources of the study area are limited

and strained in the present circumstances.

5. Conclusion

The study revealed that satellite remote sensing technique has been found to be most essential

tool for natural resource appraisal of the study area. The visual interpretation of the FCC

supplemented with sufficient ground truth is found to be most efficient & effective way of

delineating, demarcating, characterizing & classification of the landscape units.

Based on the interaction among the basic resources of land, water and vegetation which form

the major components of primary production system, useful inferences are drawn about the

predicted behavior of these units in meeting the various planning goals. Natural resource

development plan, i.e., Action Plan, thus prepared is spatially shown in Figure. 6 suggesting

alternate land use practices for the study area.

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2. All India Soil & Land Use Survey (AISLUS), (1970), Soil Survey Manual, Indian

Agricultural Research Institute, Publication, New Delhi.

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Soil Physiography relationship in Mahanadi Delta (Part) Using Landsat Imagery,

Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 18(4), pp 15-23.


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