Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-1
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Project Proponent for this development is Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan
Tempatan (KPKT), through the Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara (JPSPN). The
proposed project involves the construction of a Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak,
Daerah Muar, Johor Darul Ta‟zim (hereinafter referred to as the “Project” or “Sanitary
Landfill”). The proposed landfill will be incorporated with material recovery facilty (MRF)
and is designed with a capacity of 400 tonnes per day of solid waste to serve the District of
Muar.
The proposed Project will be developed in two phases namely Phase 1 and 2. This
Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) report assesses the environmental
impacts from the whole Project area covering both phases. In order to address the urgent need
of new landfill site for District of Muar, the Project Proponent, JPSPN plans to start
construction with Phase 1 first. Hence, JPSPN has appointed design consultant, Engineering
and Environmental Consultants Sdn Bhd (EEC) to provide detail design for Phase 1.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) through the Bureau of Innovation and
Consultancy has been appointed by JPSPN to undertake the DEIA study with respect to the
proposed development of Sanitary Landfill.
2.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)
The TOR for this DEIA study was presented to Department of Environment (DOE)
Putrajaya on 4th
May 2010 and approved on 29th
June 2010.
3.0 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS
The construction of Sanitary Landfill is a Prescribed Activity under Item 18 (b) (iv) of
the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment)
Order, 1987 made under Section 34 A of the Environmental Quality Act.
18. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
(b) Municipal Solid Waste -
(iv) Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility
Hence, a DEIA study is required to be conducted for this Project and the report to be
submitted and approved by the Director General before any development can take place
[Section 34A, Environmental Quality Act (Act 127), 1974].
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-2
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
4.0 STATEMENT OF NEEDS
Currently Bukit Bakri landfill is serving the District of Muar but the landfill has
exceeded its full capacity. In addition, some parts of Batu Pahat also send their wastes to
Bukit Bakri landfill.
Bukit Bakri is an unsanitary landfill and open dumping has caused environmental
problems such as unpleasant view, bad odour, leachate contamination of the receiving
streams and groundwater, proliferation of flies and other pests that may lead to public health
issues, increase in the number of scavenging birds and fire hazards due to improper
management of methane gas. Recently, these environmental problems have led to complaints
from nearby residents.
The proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar is critically needed for
the following reasons:-
i. To cater the increasing volume of wastes from Muar District due to rapid
growth in population and waste generation;
ii. The existing Bukit Bakri landfill site has exceeded its full capacity and is due
to close on July 2011;
iii. To recover material from waste which is in line with Malaysia‟s recycling
target of 20% by 2020;
iv. In line with the national commitment to protect the environment, safeguard
public health and provide high quality of life to the local population;
v. To ensure that wastes are appropriately disposed without compromise to the
environment and health;
vi. To reduce or even eliminate problems normally encountered in unsanitary
landfill or dumpsites;
vii. To fulfill future and long term planning needs for solid wastes disposal; and
viii. To counter the rising cost of environmental remediation
5.0 PROJECT OPTIONS
5.1 Project Options
The available project options can be classified as follows:-
a) Option 1: The proposed project (i.e. sanitary landfill)
In Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Muar (2002-2015), a sanitary landfill has been
planned due to the closure of the existing Bukit Bakri landfill.
b) Option 2: Other waste management options such as incineration, composting
and recycling
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-3
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Currently, the incineration method is not considered as the preferred option of waste
disposal solution based on budgetary, time constraint, capital cost and labour cost.
Composting does not completely solve waste disposal issue because not all types of waste
can undergo this treatment. It requires effective segregation of the organic fraction from
waste. In addition, the market for compost products is not very encouraging in Malaysia due
to the issues mentioned above. Similar with composting, recycling and reuse are not
applicable to all types of waste. Their function is more to reduce the volume of wastes that
goes to disposal site. It should be noted that recycling is a part of the proposed Project
(Option 1). It is expected about 10% of waste that will be dumped at the proposed Project can
be recycled.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that these waste management options of incinerator,
composting and recycling are treatment method that still require landfill for final disposal of
residual waste. Integrated waste management facility that includes waste treatment facilities
and final disposal facility at landfill should be the preferred option when time and budget
permit. Construction of this proposed landfill does not prohibit the addition of other treatment
facility later.
c) Option 3: No project option
Under the „No Project‟ or „do nothing‟ option, the sanitary landfill will not be
constructed and there will be no place to dispose the increasing waste volume. Based on the
current situation of the existing landfill which has exceeded its full capacity, the extended
lifespan will cause adverse impacts to the environment.
Of the three options discussed above, Option 1 is considered as the most suitable
Project option.
5.2 Process Options
5.2.1 Categories of landfill site
Landfill sites are categorized according to the levels such as follows:-
a) Level 0: Open dumping
b) Level 1: Controlled tipping
c) Level 2: Sanitary landfill with a bund and daily cover
d) Level 3: Sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation
e) Level 4: Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment
For this proposed Project, a level 4 sanitary landfill (in accordance with “The
Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation, August 2006 by the
Department of Local Government, Ministry of Housing and Local Government) is required to
be provided.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-4
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
5.2.2 Categories of landfill structure
Landfill sites are also categorised according to their structure such as follows:-
a) Anaerobic landfill
b) Anaerobic sanitary landfill
c) Improved anaerobic sanitary landfill
d) Semi-aerobic landfill
e) Aerobic landfill
For this proposed Project, semi-aerobic landfill structure is chosen to be implemented.
This is one of the methods considered most suitable for landfills in Malaysia as proposed in
“The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation, August 2006 by the
Department of Local Government, Ministry of Housing and Local Government”. Besides,
there is advantage where the generated leachate has lower organic content because air
ingression in the dump waste allows faster decomposition process. In addition, waste
stabilisation can be achieved faster.
5.2.3 Types of Cell Construction
There are three common methods of cell construction which are valley method, cell
method and open dumping method. For this proposed Project, cell method is chosen to be
implemented by considering its environmental benefits. In cell method, each cell is an
independent filling area, hence each cell acts as a fire breaker. Cell method also prevents the
solid wastes from being scattered, emission of bad odours and harmful vectors from breeding.
5.3 Site Evaluation
The proposed Project at Lot 354, Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Daerah Muar, Johor has been
proposed by Muar Municipal Council since 2002 and gazetted in the Rancangan Tempatan
Daerah (RTD) Muar 2002-2015. The evaluation of the site according to the site criteria is
presented in Table ES-1.
Table ES-1: Site Evaluation for the Proposed Sanitary Landfill
Site Criteria Justification
Haul Distance - The proposed sanitary landfill is located within the
District of Muar.
Location Restriction - It is recommended by Majlis Perbandaran Muar, hence
there is no restriction from local authority.
- No land acquisition. Hence, socio-economic problem
due to relocation can be avoided.
Available Land Use - The identified land area on Lot 354 is about 60.298
hectares.
- The developed landfill facility within this land area is
capable to cater 400 tonnes per day of solid wastes for
more than 8 years.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-5
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Site Criteria Justification
Site Access - It is accessible via one of the main interchanges on the
North-South Expressway (Exit 238) and two other main
roads, i.e. Jalan Muar-Labis (J32) and Jalan Pagoh-Parit
Sulong (J23).
Location Environmental
Conditions
- The area is already been disturbed and no significant
loss in term of commercial opportunity and natural
resources such as timber or forest value.
- Sufficient distance from water intake point and there is
no aesthetic or historical places identified.
- Buffer zone is sufficient, where the nearest residential
area Kg. Tanah Merah is located about 2.2 km from the
proposed site.
- Ex-iron ore mining area, no deforest activity required.
- Gradient less than 15°, hence slope hazard is not
anticipated.
6.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
6.1 Project Location
The proposed Project is to be located on Lot 354, an area of 60.298 hectares, in
Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor. The site is located approximately 12 km from the town of Pagoh
and 39 km from the town of Muar. It is accessible via one of the main interchanges on the
North-South Expressway (Exit 238), the major expressway on the west coast of Peninsular
Malaysia. It can also be accessed from two main roads, i.e. Jalan Muar-Labis (J32) and Jalan
Pagoh-Parit Sulong (J23).
The site is an ex-iron mining area where there are various sizes and depth of remnant
ponds over the scarred land typical of ex-mining areas. Except for Pagoh and Parit Sulong
which are the two main small towns, the surrounding area is basically an agriculture area,
where oil palm is the main agricultural product. The area is also famous for its poultry
(chickens and ducks) farms, vegetables farms, domestication of other livestocks, buffalo
grazing fields and other related agricultural activities.
6.2 Conceptual Design
6.2.1 General Concept
A Level 4 Sanitary Landfill with a capacity of 400 tonnes per day of solid wastes (in
accordance with “The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation -
August 2006 by the Department of Local Government, Ministry of Housing and Local
Government” is required to be provided. Such a landfill will have the following:-
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-6
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
a) All-weather access road
b) Temporary sedimentation ponds
c) Containment bunds
d) Surface and perimeter drainage system
e) Composite bottom liner system
f) Leachate collection, recirculation and treatment system
g) Gas collection venting and flaring/ utilisation system
h) Daily and final cover system
i) Ground water monitoring facilities
j) Site staff office amenities
k) Litter control facilities
l) Provision of buffer zone
Other facilities to be provided include:-
a) Material sorting and recovery facility
b) Weighbridge and bridge-house
c) Wheel wash troughs
d) Fencing, gates and guard-house
e) Parking area for landfill equipment
f) Utility and services
The landfill shall also be designed to be semi-aerobic. This is one of the methods
considered most suitable for landfills in Malaysia as proposed in the above guideline.
6.2.2 Cell Development
The cell shall be developed in two phases. Phase 1 consists of two cells with operating
period of 5 years. Cell no.1 will be located at the south east of the site while the south west of
the site which is hilly area will be excavated and developed as Cell no.2. Hence, the low area
will not be disturbed. The reasons of having this cell arrangement are as follows:-
a) To retain the pond area to minimise disturbances to the drainage system
b) The pond is used as stormwater retention pond which can mitigate the flooding
problem. The pond is also used as holding pond for the treated leachate prior to
discharge into the river system. This system allows further reduction of pollutant
concentration discharged into the environment by dilution effect with the water
retained in the pond.
c) The pond also allows discharge of treated leachate to be regulated especially
during low flow period which normally has higher impact from leachate
discharged. It is expected that there will be a minimum discharge into river system
during low flow (dry season). During dry season, most of the leachate can be
recirculated into the landfill and only excess treated leachate could be stored
inside the retention pond. Water from the pond will be released during the raining
period together with the collected stormwater that results in low impact of
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-7
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
pollutant to the receiving river due to the dilution effect of stormwater and high
flow of the river.
Phase 2 with Cell no.3 will have operating period of 3 and half years.
6.3 Construction phase: Landfill Development
6.3.1 Construction Activities
During site preparation, the activities anticipated are site clearing, cut and fill works,
excavation, cell preparation, construction of access road to the proposed site and approach
road, construction of earth drain, berms and bunds along the perimeter of the facility and
perimeter fencing.
6.3.2 Access Road and Internal Service Road
The access road to the proposed Sanitary Landfill is about 1.025 km long. Initially the
access road will traverse Lots 4081, 4083 and 5482 (i.e. the existing access road). However,
re-alignment is carried out to avoid socio-economic problem (i.e. land acquisition) where the
access road will only traverse Lot 5482 and small part of Lot 4081. The service road extends
about 750 m into the proposed Sanitary Landfill facility.
6.3.3 Leachate Management System
Leachate management system for the proposed Project includes surface water
management, landfill liner and leachate collection system, leachate recirculation and leachate
treatment.
Surface water management
All the surface runoff shall be collected by the building drains and the proposed storm
water retention pond, which finally will be discharged into Sg. Pagoh.
Landfill liner and leachate collection system
It is recommended to use Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL) as landfill base to prevent
the escape of contaminants from landfilled waste into underlying soils. High-Density Poly
Ethylene (HDPE) will be used as liners material which is acknowledged as being one of the
most appropriate products for lining bottoms and slopes in landfills. According to US EPA 40
CFR Part 258 Subpart D, HDPE thickness should be at least 1.5 mm.
The drainage layer will be 500 mm thick (The Technical Guideline for Sanitary
Landfill, Design and Operation, August 2006) and will be made of rounded gravel of 20 mm
single size. Gravel will be spread carefully so as not to damage the liner.
The leachate collected from landfill will be drained by gravity to an Inlet Pump
Station. The inlet pump station will be equipped with a coarse mechanical screen with a 25
mm gap. The pumps will deliver the leachate to a Balancing Tank with capacity of 7 days.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-8
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Leachate recirculation
Some of the leachate collected in the Balancing Tank will be recirculated to landfill.
The benefits of leachate recirculation are reduction of organic content in leachate and
increase in recovery of landfill gas and waste stabilization rate. In addition, recirculation
reduces the pH of leachate and also reduces release of heavy metals.
Leachate treatment
Leachate in Balancing Tank will be channeled to leachate treatment plant. One
potential treatment system is sequencing batch reactor (SBR) followed by activated carbon.
Subsequently, the effluent is channeled to retention pond before discharge into wetland which
further flows to Sg. Pagoh.
It has been identified that wetland plants like Typha angustifolia, Scirpus juncoides
and Eleocharis dulcis, among many others, are good water purifier. For instance, Bukit Tagar
Sanitary Landfill purposely constructs wetland (i.e. reed bed) as final polishing step in its
leachate treatment system. Records of existing flora show that Eleocharis dulcis grows at the
wetland of the Project site.
6.3.4 Landfill Gas Management
Gas venting facility will be constructed at the same time as the landfilling works
progress. Gas vent will be constructed after giving due consideration to the gas flow. In most
cases, gas migrates along the slopes around the landfill site or along landfill layers. Thus, the
gas venting pipe positioned along the landfill slopes would be able to collect the generated
gases effectively. The gas will be flared once the gas generated is of sufficient amount.
6.3.5 Material Recovery Facility
The Material Recovery Facility (MRF) to be provided at the proposed Project will be
a covered facility consisting of two parts. One will be used for receiving the already sorted
waste (from collection crews) and storing in appropriate bins before being hauled for sale/
disposal and another will have a simple conveyor for sorting of co-mingled wastes obtained
from recycling bins and targeted dump trucks such as from paper or plastic industries. The
recovered materials will be sent for further processing at other recycling facilities.
6.3.6 Site Amenities
Site amenities at the proposed Sanitary Landfill will include administration building,
truck weighing scale system and truck washing facility.
6.4 Operation phase: Landfill Operation
6.4.1 Waste transportation route
Collected waste will be transported to the proposed Sanitary Landfill site using
federal road. Two options of waste transportation route to the site are as follows:-
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-9
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Option 1
Muar – Jalan Pagoh-Muar (J32) – Intersection Muar/Paya Redan – Jalan Pagoh-Parit
Sulong (J23) – proposed Sanitary Landfill site
Option 2
Muar – Jalan Bakri (J24) – Jalan Parit Sulong-Muar (J24) – Intersection Kangkar
Senanggar/Batu Pahat – Jalan Pagoh (J23) – proposed Sanitary Landfill site
6.4.2 Waste acceptance criteria
The proposed Sanitary Landfill is only allowed to receive controlled solid waste as
defined in Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672) Part I:
PRELIMINARY (Interpretation).
6.4.3 Landfilling activities
Landfilling process includes activities such as delivery of waste into the landfill site,
record of waste quantity, inspection of incoming waste, spreading and compaction and
applying daily cover and final cover soil. The cover soil will be taken from on-site. It has
been identified that the available cover soil at Project site is sufficient for Phase 1 and 2.
6.5 Landfill Closure
The components of landfill closure are as follows:-
a) Final cover and landscape design
b) Surface water and drainage control sysytem
c) Control of landfill gas
d) Control and treatment of leachate
e) Control of land subsidence
f) Environmental monitoring system
6.6 Post Closure Management
The Project Proponent will be responsible for post closure management of the
proposed Sanitary Landfill. Post closure management involves routine inspection,
infrastructure maintainence and post closure land use plan. At the proposed Sanitary Landfill,
turning the area into a green area or park is considered the best option. Some restoration
works will be done as the operation progresses and will be completed when the site closes.
The vegetation grown is normally grass but trees can also be grown. However, the selection
of the trees will have to be done carefully so as not to perforate the watertight coverings.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-10
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
7.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
7.1 Physical Environment
7.1.1 Topography
Generally, most of the Project area is low-lying with ground elevation below 20 m.
The only exceptions are to the eastern and northeastern regions which rise to more than 100
m above mean sea level. Most of the lowlands are connected to swampy and water-logged
areas, especially to the west, north-west and south-west. The main drainage of the area is Sg.
Pagoh, which flows northwesterly into Sg. Muar.
The Project site is situated in the undulating areas with an average ground level of
+9.7 reference level (RL). The highest level is at the north of the site, 35.838 m RL and the
lowest level is at the bottom of the existing pond with -26.116 m RL. Most of the site is
situated on the old iron ore mine. There are seven existing ex-mining ponds within the
boundary of the site where the levels at the bottom varies from -26.116 m RL to 14.107 m
RL.
7.1.2 Geology and Geotechnical
Nine boreholes were performed by Kumpulan Ikram Sdn Bhd at the Project site in
order to examine the up-to-down profile of soil and bedrock properties.
7.1.2.1 Geological Condition of the proposed Sanitary Landfill site
Based on observation at the site, the bedrock has undergone severe weathering
process and become completely weathered leaving a very thick sedimentary residual soil
which varies from silty clay to silty sand.
The bedrock of the site consists of sedimentary rocks. It mainly consists of shale with
beds of sandstone and siltstone. The shale is light to reddish brown in color, very stiff, and
medium to fine grained.
7.1.2.2 Soil Characteristics
Based on the boreholes carried out at the proposed Sanitary Landfill site, the
subsurface soil stratification can be subdivided into four layers as follows:-
i) The top layer: Soft Sandy CLAY/SILT with thickness of 3 m
ii) Second layer: Firm to Stiff Sandy SILT with thickness of 6.0 m
iii) Third layer: Very Stiff to Hard Sandy SILT with thickness of 13.5 m
iv) Fourth layer: Hard SILT with thickness of 27.0 m
The sub-soil was found to have hydraulic conductivity greater than 10-7
cm/s. Hence, a
liner should be used to prevent infiltration of leachate into the ground.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-11
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
7.1.3 Hydrogeology
7.1.3.1 Groundwater flow and usage
Groundwater flow in the vicinity of the development is generally westerly or
southwest towards the sea. No groundwater extraction bores are located within the site.
7.1.3.2 Groundwater Quality
Groundwater sampling was carried out at five groundwater sampling stations. The
results of analysis are compared with Malaysia National Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water
Quality. All the tested parameters are below benchmark values except for selenium, iron and
manganese.
7.1.4 Surface Water Hydrology
The Project site lies within Sg. Pagoh catchment area which is part of Muar River
Basin. Sg. Pagoh catchment has an area of about 17 km2 and has numerous tributaries before
flowing toward Sg. Muar. Sg Pagoh meanders and flows for about 16 km before reaching Sg.
Muar. The major land use within Sg. Pagoh catchment include traditional villages, fields,
bushes and shrubs, oil palm rubber plantations and ex-mining ponds.
A large portion of the Muar River Basin is located within the rural areas dominated
by natural forests, fields, and swamps. Meanwhile, the largely populated area made up towns
and cities such as Muar, Segamat, Labis, Gemas, and Kuala Pilah. There were many forest
areas that had been cleared for agriculture since the 1970‟s due to the FELDA and KEJORA
development program, especially at the upstream area of Sg. Muar such as Sg. Palong and
Juasseh catchment area. The changing of land use from forest to agriculture and development
areas causes an increase of peak flow and volume in surface runoff water.
Muar River Basin receives an annual rainfall average of approximately 1900 mm.
The lowest value of average annual rainfall is recorded at Kuala Pilah (1600 mm), while the
largest is at around Labis (2500 mm). There are three stream flow gauging stations within
Muar River Basin located at Buluh Kasap, Jln Gemas, and Sg. Segamat. The annual average
flow rate observed at the gauging station in Buloh Kasap is approximately 47 m3/s.
7.1.5 River Water
7.1.5.1 River System
The main river, a tributary of Sg. Muar, that drains the proposed Project site is Sg.
Pagoh, which begins from the Ma‟Okil Range about 4 km from the Pagoh Rest Area of the
North-South Highway. The stream that directly drains the Project site is Sg. Air Hitam.
Sg. Muar is an important water resource for both the states of Johor and Melaka.
There are three water intakes upstream of the confluence of Sg. Pagoh and Sg. Muar. Two of
it is water intake for local usage operated by Syarikat Air Johor at Gersik and Panchor 4.
Another one is water intake at Hujung Tambak, where raw water is pumped to Melaka as the
state is water resource-poor. Although the location of the water intake is upstream of the
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-12
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
confluence of Sg. Pagoh with Sg. Muar, tidal influence would push water from Sg. Pagoh
upstream. In addition, there are two water intakes downstream the confluence which are
Panchor 1 and Panchor 2.
7.1.5.2 River Water Quality
The water samplings were carried out at six sampling locations. The analysis results
indicate the river water is relatively clean except for the total suspended solids (TSS) in the
lower portions of Sg. Pagoh and in Sg. Muar itself. This is probably due to the agricultural
and other land clearing activities within the watershed.
7.1.6 Ambient Air Quality
Sampling was conducted at three locations such as follows:
a) Within Project site
b) Kg Tanah Merah (2.2 km from Project site)
c) Kg Muda Jaya (3.7 km from Project site)
The monitored air pollutants were total suspended particulate (TSP), particulate
matters less than 10 μm (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur
dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The analysis results show that all pollutants are well below the
stipulated limits.
7.1.7 Noise and Vibration Level
Noise and vibration measurements were carried out at locations similar to air
sampling. With the existence of Pagoh-Parit Sulong road in Kg. Tanah Merah, the PLUS
expressway nearby Kg. Muda Jaya, and with medium housing density at both villages, it can
be concluded that the baseline noise level during day-time (DT) and night-time (NT) at all
measured locations are within the DOE‟s limit of Maximum Permissible Allowable Sound
Level. The limits are 55 dBA for DT and 45 dBA for NT with permissible ±3 dBA (Annex
A: Schedule 1 and Schedule 3 in The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits
and Control of DOE).
As for vibration, it has been found that the levels were quite low ranging from 0.14
mm/s to 1.12 mm/s peak velocity. These results are well below the limit specified in the DOE
guidelines, which is 3.0 mm/s peak.
7.2 Biological Environment
7.2.1 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
The Project site is an already disturbed land and could be divided into two broad
categories of habitat-types such as follows:-
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DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-13
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
a) Wetland type comprising ex-mining ponds and small lakes with typical marginal of
mainly Eleocharis dulcis.
b) Fringe-vegetation of Nepenthes-Gleichaena-Ploarium –Scleria association and the
spragse and varied scattered colonization by a mish-mash of common shrubberies and
roadside weeds with a few medium-sized trees of Alstonia and Vitex pinnata present.
The site is hemmed in by oil palm smallholdings of various ages and sizes on the
north, east and west fringes. Interspersed are small plots of orchards, mainly planted with
durians, some jambu air, bananas, lime, papaya, duku langsat and small or single stands of
other fruit species like nangka and cempedak. On the south and northern flanks are the Air
Hitam Forest Reserve, with signs that part of it having been already logged with little of the
natural forest standing while at the northern flank, clearing of the swamp forest was noted to
be in progress during the site visits.
From the site, 51 species from 34 families of plants were recorded. None of these are
listed under any category of being under threat or endangered of facing extinction. There
were also 13 species from 10 families of birds recorded. The total number of bird species is
rather low and could be attributed to an unattractive habitat. In addition, three larger
mammals were recorded. Tapirs and Eurasian pig were recorded based on tracks while
squirrels were found to be common.
7.2.2 Stream Ecology
A total of 5 sampling stations were established covering the ex-mining ponds at the
Project site and also at streams located within 5 km of the site. The dominant fish family in
the study area is the family Cyprinidae. Fish population was higher at the tributary of Sg
Pagoh located nearly 5 km away from the Project site. The other river systems near the site
are poor in terms of fish population and diversity.
Despite being a significant waterbody area, the ex-mining ponds at the Project site
have poor fish population. Water quality, disturbed land use conditions and human activities
may be the main factors affecting fish population and species diversity in the river systems of
the study area
7.3 Socio-Economic and Human Environment
7.3.1 Socio-economic
The Project site is located within Mukim Jorak/Pagoh which is one of 18 suburbs in
Muar District. The size of the whole area of Mukim Jorak is estimated around 24,576 hectare.
Total population of Mukim Jorak/Pagoh is 17,548 peoples. Majority is Malay (49.4%),
followed by Chinese (35.8%), Indian (12.5%), and others (2.3%).
In general finding indicates that large area of reserved land, plantation land, farms and
some mixed development falls within 5 km of the proposed Sanitary Landfill site.
Traditional villages within 5 km of the Project site are Kg. Tanah Merah, Kg. Lubuk Bakul,
Kg. Muda Jaya, Kg. Tambak Dapor and Kg. Sri Makmor. Meanwhile, the traditional villages
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that are located about 6-8 km away from the Project site are Kg. Panjang Sari and Kg. Sari
Baru. The housing development is basically in Pagoh which is the nearest town from Project
site. There are five housing estates, which are Taman Dato Abd Rahman Mahmod, Taman Sri
Takdir, Taman Pagoh Jaya, Taman Sri Pagoh and Taman Pagoh Indah.
Based on survey, about 24.6% of the respondents are aware of the proposed Project,
while 76.6% respondents are not aware of the Project. In term of the perception on the impact
from the proposed Project, about 50% respondent perceived that the landfill would have no
effect on them, 35.5% agreed that the existence of the landfill would have some negative
impacts upon them, especially their health while 14.5% was not sure of its impact.
At present, the respondents are facing problem with abundant of houseflies, rats and
mosquitoes. It is initially guessed that the houseflies‟ problem is due to the existence of
several poultry farms in Pagoh. However, further investigation shows that it is actually due to
the usage of manure as fertilizer in agriculture activities.
There are a few proposed developments in the vicinity of the Project site. First is the
Kg. Tambak Dapor which will be developed as an agro tourism centre, in order to support a
proposed homestay project in Batu 28, Lengan, Muar. An allocation of RM 2 million has
been allocated for electricity and water supply in that area. Another area is Kg. Paya Kopi
which is located about 3 km from the Project site. It is now basically a grazing field which
will be developed into kampung tersusun where each participant in the project will be given 1
acre of land. About 600 participants are likely to join the project. It should be noted that the
development is not for residential, but for agricultural lot.
7.3.2 Existing Traffic Pattern
The Project site is located approximately 12 km from Pagoh and 39 km from Muar.
Access to the site is via Jalan Pagoh–Parit Sulong (J23) which is accessible from North–
South Highway (Exit 238) and from Jalan Muar–Labis (J32).
The traffic study involves one major road section (Jalan Pagoh–Parit Sulong, J23) and
two (2) intersections that are most likely to be affected, in terms of performance, by the
proposed Sanitary Landfill. The studied intersections are Muar/Paya Redan/J23 (J1) and
Kangkar Senanggar/Batu Pahat/J23 (J2).
In general, the hourly traffic along the major road section is reasonably low and the
variation of traffic flow does not indicate distinct peak hour periods. The average peak–hour
traffic compositions for the roadway indicates that vehicles categorised as light vehicles (i.e.
cars, light vans/utilities) are the major type of vehicles in the traffic stream.
The characteristics of traffic flow at each of the studied intersections are similar to
that of the roadway traffic. The flow at J1 is relatively higher than that of J2 since J1 is
located nearer to Pagoh town. Similar to roadway traffic characteristics, light vehicles
majored the traffic stream.
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Road capacity analysis indicates that the average operating level of service (LOS) for
the major road section is D, which indicates an acceptable performance. For intersections, the
analysis indicates that during morning and evening peak–periods, the stop–signed
intersection J1 is at present operating at poor LOS F. This poor LOS is influenced by the long
delay experienced by drivers on the minor approach. On the other hand, the stop–signed
intersection J2 is at present operating at a good LOS A.
In addition, the average travel time of the dump truck from collection point in Muar to
the proposed Sanitary Landfill site was also determined. The journey from Muar via Pagoh
(J1) takes about 1 hour and from Muar via Bakri and Kangkar Senanggar (J2) is about 1 hour
15 minutes.
7.3.3 Public Health
The health survey is the house to house survey conducted among populations in the
five villages residing within 5 km of the proposed site. An Orang Asli village (a Jakun‟s
tribe), Kg. Tambak Dapor was included in the survey as a special group of concerned.
The community concerns regarding the proposed Project were indicated by their
concerns on the pollution that they perceived the proposed landfill development might pose
such as water contamination, air pollution, foul odour and insects and rodents infestations
from the Project site. In term of the vectors population that may give rise to their health
problems, they anticipated that the mosquitoes and houseflies are their main issues. Due to
these concerns, a total of 75% of the respondents do not agree with the proposed Project.
7.3.3.1 Vector disease
It is found that the study area has risks to Japanese Encephalitis (JE) since the vectors
to the disease are found in almost all villages. They will get benefit from the proposed landfill
as it will serve as the habitat for Culex larvae especially for Cx. Gelidus and Cx.
tritaeniorhynchus, since they breed in highly organic water, a side product from leachate. It
will proliferate the Culex spp. population mentioned above.
Three locations were selected in order to determine the flies‟ density in the
surrounding area; 1) proposed Project site itself (0 km radius – center point), 2) Kg. Tanah
Merah (2 km radius from the center point) and 3) Kg. Sri Makmor (which is approximately 5
km radius from the center point). It is suggested from the study that the sampling area was
highly abundant with flies, perhaps due to the active agricultural activities taking place.
7.3.3.2 Zoonotic disease
A total of 49 small mammals‟ traps were set at the three sites to detect the presence of
small mammals which indicated 10.2% of success rate. A total of five rodents were trapped;
3 were Rattus tiomanicus, 1 Mus musculus and 1 Rattus exulans. The method employed was
non-invasive as the rodents were released back to the wild after identification. A 10.2%
success rate could be considered for moderately present in term of small mammals abundance
in the area.
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8.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, RECOMMENDED
MITIGATING MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS
This section presents the potential impacts and the corresponding mitigating measures
on the various physical, biological and social components of the environment. The potential
impacts and the corresponding mitigating measures for Project activities during pre-
construction, construction, operational and closure phase are summarized in Table ES-3.
8.1 Physical Environment
8.1.1 Geology and Geotechnical
8.1.1.1 Potential Impacts
The proposed Project might cause soil erosion during construction and operation
stage. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to estimate soil losses from
rainfall and runoff. The average soil erosion loss at the Project site for different scenarios is
as follows:
a) Before construction (i.e. existing condition) = 36.70 tonnes/ha/year
b) During construction (i.e. worst-case scenario) = 183.51 tonnes/ha/year
In addition, the proposed Project may also cause landslide occurrence. Slope
instability usually occurs during heavy rainfall because water acts as destabilizing agent. The
potential for slope failure at the site is considered low as the site is considered relatively flat.
Therefore it can be concluded that the natural terrain and slope conditions at the proposed site
is not a geohazard area. However, landfill activities such as tipping of waste, compaction of
waste and application of daily cover can cause slope failure.
8.1.1.2 Proposed Mitigating Measures
In order to minimize the impacts of soil erosion and sedimentation from the proposed
Project, Erosion and Sediment Control Procedure (ESCP) will be implemented. In addition,
the following mitigating measures are proposed:-
a) Regulating the phases of construction
b) Reduction of working area
c) Maintenance of buffer strip
d) Covering bare slopes
e) Compaction of earthfill
f) Control of earthworks
To preserve the stability of the landfill slopes, fill slope of 1:3 (i.e. vertical to
horizontal) is used for solid waste to ensure slope stability and to prevent slope failure of the
filled mass of solid waste. In addition, slope stability factor should be at least 1.5. Suitable
surface drainage systems shall be installed, such as berms and drains, on the slopes to ensure
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there is proper drainage for surface run-off within the landfill. Regular inspection of slope
conditions should be carried out especially after heavy rainfall to detect any sign of newly
developed source of instability (e.g. tension cracks, toe undermining, gully erosions, etc.).
8.1.2 Groundwater Quality
8.1.2.1 Potential Impacts
Cell preparation involving excavation work will cause some contaminated
groundwater. The excavation work with average of approximately 5 m deep will invariably
puncture through the unconfined layer of the groundwater table. Hence, there is a need to
drain and contain the surface and groundwater that is pumped out to a retention pond prior to
lining of cells. This will ensure settlement of the sediments and reduce pollution in the river
system.
Since the proposed Project will be developed as an engineered sanitary landfill
equipped with liner, leachate collection and treatment facilities, the possibility of
groundwater contamination by leachate is generally absent. Groundwater contamination can
only occur if the liners are punctured. If this occurs, there will be repercussions on
groundwater quality.
Groundwater modeling shows that the groundwater flow direction is generally to
westerly or southwest towards the sea. In addition, modeling simulation results show that the
movement of contaminants in unconfined and semi-confined aquifer is slow due to very low
soil permeability. Hence, the potential impact to groundwater quality due to the operation of
the proposed Sanitary Landfill is very low.
8.1.2.2 Proposed Mitigating Measures
The water resource affected by the soil and earthwork operations can be overcome
through the use of drains, silt ponds and vegetation cover. Erosion and subsequent siltation
should be confined within the site thus impact on water quality is expected to be minor. In
addition, site stormwater should be treated according to Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
(MPCA) requirements before release and infiltrated water would be stripped of any
remaining sediment by passage through the soil.
Groundwater contamination by leachate can be mitigated by adequately designed and
professionally installed liner system. Incorporation of double protection liners in the design
of the proposed Sanitary Landfill will prevent leachate from entering the soil and
groundwater beneath the landfill. The base lining is geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) with
High-Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) on top of it. In addition, periodic monitoring of the
groundwater quality from the established groundwater wells outside the Project site can
detect any infiltration from the landfill site. Currently, there is no groundwater utilisation in
the vicinity of Project site.
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8.1.3 Ambient Air Quality and Odour
8.1.3.1 Potential Impacts
The proposed Project might cause generation of air pollutants such as follows:-
a) Generation of odour from the solids wastes (and its leachate) being transported by
compactor trucks to the landfill including the potential leakages / spillages of
leachate on the roads from the compactor trucks;
b) Generation of odour from the leachate treatment plant; and
c) Generation of landfill gases from the decomposition of organic wastes within the
landfill (i.e. CO2 (aerobic) and methane (anaerobic)) and trace landfill gas such as
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3).
Based on the estimated CO2 and CH4 generation rates using waste data of the existing
Bukit Bakri landfill, the total estimated 100-year global warming potential (GWP) is 477,192
metric tonnes per year of CO2 equivalent.
To determine the dispersion of odour from the proposed Sanitary Landfill during its
operational phase, an odour sampling exercise was conducted at the existing Bukit Bakri
Landfill. It was found that within the premises of the landfill, odour level as indicated by the
concentration of H2S had exceeded the odour threshold of 24-hour exposure by WHO.
However, at approximately 400 m downwind of the landfill the odour level had reduced to
the level within the lower limit of minimum human detectable level. Further downwind i.e.
approximately 940 m the odour level had reduced to undetected level.
Measurements were also conducted for NH3 at similar locations. The measurement
results showed that NH3 levels were very low and below the detection limit ( 0.02 mg/m3) of
air sampled at all four locations. Based on this finding, the propagation of NH3 levels to the
surrounding environment are not expected to be an issue for the proposed Sanitary Landfill.
It is important to note here that the H2S levels measured as indicator in this sampling
exercise represents the worst case scenario in relation to the operation of the proposed
Sanitary Landfill. The proposed landfill, with daily soil cover and proper leachate collection
and treatment system, will never give rise to the odour levels as measured in this sampling
exercise at Bakri Landfill. The proposed Sanitary Landfill adopted the concept of „control at
source‟ whereby the odour levels will be suppressed to the minimum level possible via daily
soil cover to prevent the odour from propagating to the surroundings.
8.1.3.2 Proposed Mitigating Measures
The following measures are recommended to be carried out to prevent the air quality
and odour impact from the operation of the proposed Sanitary Landfill:-
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Design Stage
a) The landfill is designed as a semi-aerobic landfill. Semi-aerobic landfill results in less
methane gas generation (in the region of 50% reduction) compared to anaerobic
landfill. Methane has higher global warming potential (25 times higher) than carbon
dioxide.
b) The reduction in methane generation give rise to drastic reductions in the number of
fire and explosion accidents due to methane gas generated from landfill sites.
Operational Stage
a) Providing monitoring stations for parameters of hydrogen sulphide at areas whereby
potential exposure might occur, such as at nearest residential area (Kg. Tanah Merah
located 2.2 km southeast of the landfill site).
b) Develop a reponse plan based on measured hydrogen sulphide concentrations.
c) Ensuring proper application of daily cover, operation of garbage trucks, landfill gas
collection and venting and also leachate treatment plant.
8.1.4 Noise and Vibration
The noise impacts are only significant to the workers at the Project site. The highest
predicted noise level is 109 dBA during construction and 114 dBA during operational phase
(i.e. from bulldozer, excavator, grader and truck haulage). Hence, workers should be provided
with hearing protection. In addition, heavy machineries and equipment should be lubed and
maintained regularly.
Operation of equipment for earth moving, material handling and site impacting will
produce ground borne vibration. Scheduling operation of these units should be carried out so
that they will not be operating at the same time.
There is no significant noise impact to the nearest residential areas as they are located
at distance where the noise levels are below permissible limits. As for vibration, there is also
no significant impact being identified.
8.2 Hydrology
8.2.1 Surface Water Hydrology
8.2.1.1 Potential impacts
Two potential impacts from the proposed Project are as follows:-
a) Effluent loading during low flow
b) Flooding issue
Result of low flow study shows that the amount of effluent from the proposed
Sanitary Landfill that could be absorbed is small as the minimum flow during critical period
is very low.
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Based on hydrological modeling, it is found that post-development peak flow at the
outlet is higher than pre-development. This will likely cause flooding at downstream of the
proposed Sanitary Landfill site.
8.2.1.2 Proposed Mitigating measures
Impact during low flow is mitigated by the retention pond at the proposed Sanitary
Landfill (i.e. the existing ex-mining pond). It allows further reduction of pollutant
concentration by dilution effect with the water retained in the pond. In addition, discharge of
effluent can be regulated.
It is found from hydrological modeling study that the retention pond is capable to
cater for the post-development storm flow within the Project site. The retention pond can
regulate the post-development storm flow to less than the pre-development level as required
in the Urban Storm Water Management (MASMA). The percentage of peak flow reduction is
76 %. It is indeed a beneficial impact as it will improve flood scenario at the Project area.
8.2.2 River Water Quality
The results of the water quality modeling (QUAL2E) for the treated leachate indicate
minimum impact even during the low-flow period. On the other hand, the impact of the
organic pollution by the untreated leachate as indicated by BOD, COD, ammoniacal nitrogen
as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) are relatively high in Sg. Pagoh but the dilution factor of
Sg. Muar even at a low-flow period negates the impact in Sg Muar.
The possible heavy metals pollution from the leachate (treated or untreated) are also
low in concentrations and also negated by the dilution factor Sg. Muar even during the low
flow period.
Therefore, the water intakes downstream the confluence of Sg. Pagoh and Sg. Muar
such as Panchor 1 and Panchor 2 (about 1 km away) and upstream such as Panchor 4 (about 1
km away), Hujung Tambak (water intake for Melaka about 3 km away) and Gersik water
intake (about 3 km away) would not be compromised.
8.2.3 Leachate
8.2.3.1 Potential Impacts
During operational phase, it is estimated that a maximum of 700 m3/day leachate will
be generated. The potential impacts of leachate generation during landfill operation are
outlined as follows:-
a) Potential impacts to surface water
i. Raw leachate has high BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitrogen which are
harmful contaminants. Discharge of raw leachate into the receiving
streams/rivers would affect the surface water quality and the aquatic system.
ii. Water quality modeling of Sg. Pagoh shows that the impact from discharge of
raw leachate in Sg. Pagoh is significant. However, the dilution factor of Sg.
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Muar even at a low flow period negates the impact in Sg Muar. On the other
hand, release of treated leachate indicates minimum impact even during low
flow period.
b) Potential impacts to groundwater
i. Infiltration of raw leachate from the landfill site into the ground would
contaminate the groundwater and soils in the area.
ii. Groundwater modeling shows that movement of contaminants in unconfined
and semi-confined aquifer is slow due to very low soil permeability. Hence,
the potential impact to groundwater quality due to the operation of the
proposed Sanitary Landfill is very low.
c) Potential impacts to leachate facilities
i. Raw leachate is acidic and can be corrosive. It has the potential to corrode
metal piping and other metal related materials.
8.2.3.2 Proposed Mitigating Measures and Residual Impacts
Environmental impacts from leachate can be mitigated by minimizing leachate
generation, leachate containment, collection and treatment. Leachate generation can be
minimised by diverting the stormwater away from the landfilling site and provision of daily
and final cover which minimizes the amount of water able to infiltrate into the landfill. In
addition, recirculation of the collected leachate also minimise the amount of leachate that
requires treatment. Recirculation has additional benefits such as increase in recovery of
landfill gas and accelerates waste stabilization.
The generated leachate can be contained by installation of liner system. Then, a
gravity leachate collection pipe channels and collects raw leachate in holding/balancing tank
and subsequently to leachate treatment plant. Leachate treatment plant should be operated
and maintained according to design specification and operational requirements to ensure that
the effluent meets the Acceptable Discharge Limit under Environmental Quality (Control of
Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station or Landfill) Regulations 2009. In addition,
continuous monitoring of leachate production, storage and treatment should be carried out.
After leachate treatment, the environmental impacts due to leachate may still exist. To
mitigate the residual impacts, the treated leachate will be channeled to the retention pond (i.e.
existing ex-mining pond) where it will mix with the stormwater. This will dilute the treated
leachate. Then, the effluent will be discharged to wetland which further flows to Sg. Pagoh. It
is recommended to discharge the effluent from retention pond during rainy season so that the
effluent is further diluted.
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8.3 Ecological Environment
8.3.1 Terrestrial Flora
8.3.1.1 Potential impacts
The proposed Project will likely cause the loss of plant cover which is permanent and
further cause the loss of surface soil due to erosion. However, since most of the species
identified are common weeds and plants that are not rare or threatened, the losses are not
significant.
The treated leachate that will be discharged into wetland may give impact to wetland
plant. However, it should be noted that the discharge does not contain oil. Hence, no adverse
impact is expected to occur.
After landfill closure, the area will be left bare of trees making the whole location
uneco-friendly. In addition, there will still be the threat of soil erosion on the slope of the
landfill.
8.3.1.2 Mitigating measures
Greening of the ex-landfill will assist to curb slope erosion, and tree will also assist in
carbon sequestration. Certain tree species like Acacia mangium, Hopea odorata, Intsia
palembica and Switenia macrophylla have been shown to be rather effective in
phytoremediation of cadmium and lead in the soil. These trees should be planted to assist the
re-establishment of the fractured ecology at the ex-landfill.
8.3.2 Terrestrial Fauna
8.3.2.1 Potential impacts
The loss of habitat for fauna will also occur due to the proposed Project. It is
anticipated that most fauna will move out to the surrounding area (i.e. small orchards and oil
palm smallholdings, remnant vegetation on the fringes as well as the forest reserve). Birds
are more mobile as they can fly to other areas to feed. Since the Project site is not a major
habitat and resident animals are few in species and number, the impacts are considered not
significant.
During operation, the food waste dumped at the landfill may attract rats, crows and
flies. With a bare landscape after landfill closure, fauna like birds and small mammals may
not return as the altered man-made habitat would have rendered the area unsuitable and
unfriendly.
8.3.2.2 Proposed Mitigating measures
Some suitable preventive measures in sanitary landfill such as the installation of
fences and application of daily and final soil cover are expected to mitigate rats, crows and
flies problem. As three species of rats (Rattus tiomanicus, Mus musculus and Rattus rattus)
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have been confirmed to be found within the study area, the use of rat bait (e.g. Warfarin and
Matikus) may have to be used to curb their spread.
Greening of the ex-landfill will assist in the re-establishment of the fractured ecology
at the ex-landfill. There are tree species that can provide food and shelter to birds and small
mammals and should be planted. These include Eugenia polyantha, Ficus benjamina and
Cinnamomum iners.
8.3.3 Stream Ecology
There is no significant impact of the proposed Project to stream ecology due to the
low fish population in the waterbodies near the project site. However, sedimentation problem
during construction that is expected to occur should be the main concern. Sediments can
impair aquatic habitat by reducing permeability of streambeds and thereby reduce dissolved
oxygen (DO) concentration. The protection of nearby aquatic habitat from sedimentation can
be done by proper road construction and maintenance, buffer zone and usage of silt traps.
In addition, the generated leachate during landfill operation might also affect the
aquatic habitat. Major impact might occur if there is raw leachate discharge into waterways.
This can be mitigated by effective leachate management system.
8.4 Socio-economic and Human Environment
8.4.1 Socio-economic
8.4.1.1 Potential Impacts
The socio-economic impacts of the proposed Project are summarized in Table ES-2.
Table ES-2: Summary of socio-economic impacts
Category Impact
Land uses
- Adjacent lots Construction of access road will involve two lands acquisition
- Agricultural There is vegetable farming nearby the Project site, hence there
has been a protest from the Persatuan Penanam-penanam Sayur
dan Buah-buahan Muar Selatan, claiming the severe impact of
the proposed Project on the vegetation
- Residential The impact is likely negligible since the nearest residential area
is located about 2.2 km from Project site
- Proposed
developments
The impact is not expected to occur since the proposed
developments in Pagoh are located about 12 km from Project
site.
Infrastructures The dump trucks will increase the loading capacity on the road.
Any spillage at residential area will become a nuisance to the
residents.
Economic It is anticipated that the proposed Project will create job
opportunities for local residents.
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Based on the evaluation of potential impacts to the nearby landuses only the nearest
residential area in Kg. Tanah Merah and agricultural-based landuse around the proposed
Project are expected to receive impacts from the proposed Project and may lead to social
conflict. In addition, the land acquisition for construction of access road to the proposed
Project might cause problem if not handled properly.
However, it should be noted that with the proposed developments at Pagoh such as
education centre, fire station and museum, it is anticipated that a sanitary landfill will be
highly needed. This is because the increasing populations at Pagoh will definitely generate
more solid waste, thereby an efficient solid waste management should be planned concurrent
with the proposed developments.
8.4.1.2 Proposed Mitigating Measures
To ensure construction works can proceed as planned, the proposed limits of land
acquisition will be submitted to the Land Office to initiate the land acquisition process.
The total acquisition of private land, no matter how small in area, requires proper
planning and should be professionally handled in order to prevent any protests from the
landowners. The terms of compensation of land should be discussed among all affected
parties in order to reach a fair and amicable agreement among the parties.
8.4.2 Public Health
The health risk assessment on air pollution indicates that the landfill trace gas H2S
(based on measurement at Bukit Bakri unsanitary landfill) would most likely pose public
health hazard. However, beyond 940 m from the landfill, concentration of H2S reduced
drastically and would unlikely pose an acute effect to the community. It should be noted
that the H2S hazard quotient is based on H2S data measured at unsanitary landfill. The
proposed landfill is sanitary and semi-aerobic, hence with all environmental protective
measures such as application of daily cover and the presence of ventilation system will
reduce H2S emission. In addition, a reponse plan based on measured hydrogen sulphide
concentrations should be developed.
For water pollution, the possible pathways of exposure from the proposed Project are
through direct contact with river water from recreational activities and ingestion of water.
The health risk assessment findings indicate that water contaminants from the proposed
Project would not likely to affect the raw water quality of Sg. Pagoh for drinking water
source. The direct contact to water through swimming are also not expected to pose any
health risk as all the contaminants were below the acceptable screening level for recreational
activities.
Other potential health risks are the vector-borne and zoonotic diseases as landfills are
potential places for breeding sites for rodents, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches. The
existing environment showed a very high density of flies‟ population in the area especially C
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megacephala and Musca domestica. It is expected that the presence of wastes at the proposed
Sanitary Landfill will aggravate these flies population density.
Compaction of waste and application of daily cover as part of sanitary landfill
operation will help to mitigate the mosquitoes, rodents and flies problem. This will ensure
the food and shelter place are destroyed and diminished. Rodent control such as baiting is
recommended to be carried out regularly. It is also recommended to establish a Disease
Control Unit in the safety and health program of the landfill management in order to
prevent infectious disease due to the flies, mosquitoes and rodents population.
8.4.3 Traffic and Transportation
Traffic impact assessment involves traffic forecast at the opening year 2012 and after
5 years operation which is 2017. For roadway Jalan Pagoh–Parit Sulong/J23, the increase in
the peak-hour traffic volumes will be relatively small and has little effect on the
volume/capacity ratio for both 2012 and 2017 with percentage increase of 0.6-3.3% and 0.6-
3.0% respectively.
As for intersections, the Muar/Paya Redan/J23 (J1) is expected to operate at LOS F
with or without the proposed Project. On the other hand, there will be no significant reduction
in the performance of Kangkar Senanggar/Batu Pahat/J23 (J2) in terms of LOS.
For more efficient traffic management and scheme and safety as well,
recommendations for intersection improvement are made based on standards stipulated in
JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 11/87. Intersection J1 requires upgrading in terms of geometry
and land configurations, particularly on the minor approach. In year 2017, the intersection
may need to be upgraded to a signalized intersection to accommodate relatively heavy
turning traffic during peak-hours even without the proposed Project. Intersection J2 only
requires improvement in terms of geometry to increase lane saturation flow.
The opening of the proposed Project will require a new intersection to be created on
Jalan Pagoh–Parit Sulong/J23 road section. This intersection will be of a stop–controlled
type. However, a proper channelization is required to ensure safe operations of traffic on the
road section. An exclusive right–turn and left–turn lane must be provided on the major road
approaches.
Based on traffic assessment, although the impact of waste trucks to traffic is not
significant, it is advisable to use Muar – Bakri – Kangkar Senanggar/Batu Pahat/J23
(J2) as waste transportation route to minimize the environmental impacts by avoiding
intersection at Muar/Paya Redan/J23 (J1) to reduce the possible queuing time at such a
junction.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-26
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
9.0 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT (QRA)
The risk assessment study is first carried out qualitatively due to simplicity of landfill
facility (i.e. landfill is not a major installation such as chemical industry). The outcome of the
qualitative risk assessment will indicate the imperative rating of all possible hazards. Any
hazard that has higher hazard rating will be subjected to QRA in order to assess quantitatively
its likelihood and consequence.
Significant hazards are identified from three major landfill components such as
transportation, operation and reaction occurring in landfill. The results of Qualitative Risk
Analysis show that the risk associated with the proposed Project is in the category between
Low to Medium. However, the consequence of the possible fire and explosion of the landfill
gas (i.e. methane) is slightly high. Hence, QRA is carried out to assess its consequence and
likelihood.
The result of the QRA indicates that the probability of the occurrence of methane
fire/explosion would be 3.3 x 10-7
/yr. This value is below the tolerable value set in the
regulation that is 1.0 x 10-6
/yr. Thus, it could be concluded the risk associated with methane
fire/explosion is considerably low. However, proper mitigations are still required for the
safeguard of the surrounding landfill area.
In order to reduce the risk associated to the proposed Sanitary Landfill, the landfill
management should establish effective procedures that could cater the three major landfill
components such as transportation, operation and reaction occurring in landfill. The
procedures should include the folowing:
a) Transport procedures
b) Safety procedures in landfill operation
c) Safety procedures for workers
d) Safety procedures for monitoring landfill gas and groundwater
In addition, systems such as leachate treatment, groundwater protection (liner) and
monitoring, gas flare and landfill gas monitoring must be ensure to be working effectively.
10.0 CONCLUSION
Based on the findings from all sub-studies in this DEIA, the main concerns are
erosion during construction and leachate generation during landfill operation. However, with
the proposed mitigating measures, it is expected that the proposed Project will not impose
significant adverse impact to the physical, biological, socio-economic and human
environment in the vicinity of the Project area. The mitigating measures adopted during
design stage of the proposed Sanitary Landfill have mostly lessened the anticipated
environmental impacts.
The conclusion for each sub-study is derived as follows:-
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-27
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
10.1 Physical Environment
Geology and Geotechnical
The impact of soil erosion during construction and operation stage is inevitable.
Hence, implementation of control procedures as outlined in Erosion and Sediment Control
Plan (ESCP) are necessary to mitigate the impact.
Groundwater Quality
The proposed Sanitary Landfill which will be equipped with liner and leachate
collection system is unlikely to cause groundwater contamination by leachate. Groundwater
modeling shows that the movement of contaminants in unconfined and semi-confined aquifer
is slow due to very low soil permeability. Hence, the potential impact to groundwater quality
due to the operation of the proposed Sanitary Landfill is very low.
Ambient Air Quality and Odour
The main issues are generation of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) and odour (i.e.
H2S and NH3). However, with mitigating measures adopted at design stage (i.e. designed as
semi-aerobic) and at operational stage such as H2S monitoring, develop a reponse plan based
on measured hydrogen sulphide concentrations, ensuring proper application of daily cover,
operation of garbage trucks, landfill gas collection and venting and also leachate treatment
plant, the impacts should be minimal.
Noise and Vibration
There is no significant noise impact to the nearest residential areas as they are located
at distance where the noise levels are below permissible limits. As for vibration, there is also
no significant impact being identified.
Leachate management
Effective leachate management through minimizing leachate generation, leachate
containment, collection and treatment will largely lessened the impacts to environment. In
addition, management of residual impacts through utilization of retention pond and the
surrounding wetland will further minimize the environmental impact.
Surface Water Hydrology
Cell arrangement that retains the pond area (i.e. the existing ex-mining pond) can help
to minimise disturbances to the drainage system. Further, the use of the pond as retention
pond can mitigate the impact during low flow as it allows further reduction of pollutant
concentration. In addition, it can cater for the post development storm flow within Project
site. The retention pond can regulate the post-development storm flow to less than the pre-
development level as required in the Urban Storm Water Management (MASMA). It is
indeed a beneficial impact as it will improve flood scenario at the Project area.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-28
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
River Water Quality
The results of the water quality modeling (QUAL2E) for the treated leachate indicate
minimum impact even during the low-flow period. On the other hand, the impact of the
organic pollution by the untreated leachate as indicated by BOD, COD, ammoniacal nitrogen
as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) are relatively high in Sg. Pagoh but the dilution factor of
Sg. Muar even at a low-flow period negates the impact in Sg Muar. This indicates that the
water intakes closest to the confluence of Sg. Pagoh and Sg. Muar will not be affected by the
proposed Project.
10.2 Biological Environment
Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
It should be noted that the Project site is indeed an already disturbed land. The
proposed Project will likely cause the loss of plant cover which is permanent and further
cause the loss of surface soil due to erosion. However, since most of the species identified are
common weeds and plants that are not rare or threatened, the losses are not significant. The
loss of habitat for fauna will also occur due to the proposed Project. Since the Project site is
not a major habitat and resident animals are few in species and number, the impacts are
considered not significant.
The impacts to flora and fauna due to the proposed Project can be mitigated during
post-closure stage. Greening of the ex-landfill by planting certain tree species will assist to
re-establish the fractured ecology at the ex-landfill.
Stream Ecology
There is no significant impact of the proposed Project to stream ecology due to the
low fish population in the waterbodies near the project site. In addition, the possibility of raw
leachate discharge into the waterbodies is considered very low due to the well proposed
leachate management system.
10.3 Socio-economic and Human Environment
Socio-economic
The socio-economic impacts from the proposed Project can be considered as
beneficial provided all the proposed mitigating measures be implemented. It should be noted
that with the proposed developments at Pagoh such as education centre, fire station and
museum, it is anticipated that a sanitary landfill will be highly needed. This is because the
increasing populations at Pagoh will definitely generate more solid waste, thereby an efficient
solid waste management should be planned concurrent with the proposed developments.
Executive Summary
DEIA for Proposed Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-29
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Public Health
The proposed Project is a sanitary landfill which means that not only environmental
protective measures will be practiced but also the landfill will be kept clean and healthy for
people to live nearby. Hence, the impact of the proposed Project to public health is
considered very minimal.
Traffic and Transportation
Based on traffic assessment, although the impact of waste trucks to traffic is not
significant, it is advisable to use Muar – Bakri – Kangkar Senanggar/Batu Pahat/J23
(J2) as waste transportation route to minimize the environmental impacts by avoiding
intersection at Muar/Paya Redan/J23 (J1) to reduce the possible queuing time at such a
junction.
10.4 Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
The risks associated with the proposed Project are assessed as not significant.
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-30
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Table ES-3: Summary of Potentially Significant Impacts and Mitigating Measures (Pre-Construction, Construction, Operational and
Post-Closure Phase)
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
1.1 Geotechnical investigation
and site survey
Geology
- Establishment of access
tracks and the stationing of
equipment and personnel
N
- No mitigating measures required, the
areas to be cleared for investigation
works are not large and the land has
already been disturbed
1.2 Land acquisition Socio-economic
- Acquisition of private land
for access road might cause
protest from land owner if
not handled properly
S
- The terms of compensation of land
should be discussed among all affected
parties in order to reach a fair and
amicable agreement among the parties
2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
2.1 Site clearing and
earthworks (i.e. drain,
berms and bunds)
Flora
- Loss of plant cover
Fauna
- Loss of habitat, most fauna
will move out to surrounding
area
Geology
- Soil erosion
P, N
P, N
S, Si
- Re-vegetation after completion of
earthworks
- Works must not be carried out at night
to prevent disturbance to the night
creatures that come out to feed or
migrate
- Regulating the phases of construction,
construction of sedimentation ponds,
control of earthworks
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-31
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Hydrology
- Localized flash flood
Noise
- The highest predicted noise
at construction site is 109
dBA which exceeds the
stipulated limit (workers at
the site will be affected the
most, the nearest residents
will not be affected as they
are located at distance where
the noise level has reduced to
42 dBA)
Vibration
- Operation of equipment for
earth moving and site
impacting will produce
ground borne vibration
S, N
S, Si
S, N
- Dumping of biomass and construction
waste into ex-mining ponds and nearby
streams should be prohibited
- Diversion channel and temporary dyke
should be constructed to avoid
blockage of drainage pattern
- Workers should be provided with
hearing protection
- Heavy machineries and equipment
should be lubed and maintained
regularly
- Scheduling operation of heavy
machineries and equipment so that
these units will not be operating at the
same time
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-32
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Economic
- Job opportunities for local
residents
S, B
2.2 Establishment of
temporary building
Landuse
- Alteration of landuse
Surface Water Quality
- Contamination of waterways
due to generation of sewage
and solid waste
Public Health
- Generation of unpleasant
odour, proliferation of pests
and pathogenic vectors and
spread of communicable
disease
S, N
S, N
S, N
- Areas utilized should be kept as small
as possible
- Proper waste management and
sanitation facilities should be provided
- No wastewater to be allowed to enter
waterways prior to treament
- Regular checks by Health Officer
2.3 Transportation of
materials and equipment
Traffic
- Minimum traffic impact due
to limited amount of
materials and equipment
transportation. Most of the
work involves land cutting
and filling.
S, N
- None required
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-33
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Ambient Air Quality
- Dust and suspended
particulate matters from the
movement of heavy vehicles
on bare earth surfaces
- Exhaust fumes from heavy
equipment, machineries and
trucks
Noise
- Noise from heavy vehicles
S, N
S, N
- The dirt roads should be watered down
periodically during the dry season
- Monitoring of traffic volume and
observation of speed limits for heavy
vehicles
- Proper maintenance of the vehicles
2.4 Storage and handling of
construction materials
Ambient Air Quality
- Windblown dust from
stockpiles of construction
materials
Surface Water Quality
- Surface runoff from
stockpiles of construction
materials can cause increase
in total suspended solids
(TSS) in the receiving
watercourses
S, N
S, N
- Stockpiles should be wetted regularly
- Provide adequate cover for the
materials if deem necessary
- Construction materials should be
covered to prevent the generation of
TSS
- Temporary earth drain surrounding the
perimeter of the stockpile yard shall be
provided
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-34
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Vibration
- Operation of equipment for
material handling will
produce ground borne
vibration
S, N
- Scheduling operation of heavy
machineries and equipment so that
these units will not be operating at the
same time
2.5 Construction of access
road
Geology
- Soil erosion
Noise
- The highest predicted noise
at construction site is 109
dBA which exceeds the
stipulated limit
Ambient Air Quality
- Dust suspension
Surface Water Quality
- Increase of sedimentation in
waterbodies
Stream Ecology
- Sedimentation may impair
aquatic habitat
S, Si
S, Si
S, Si
S, Si
S, Si
- Reduction of working area and re-
vegetation of exposed area
- Provide workers with hearing
protection
- The dirt roads should be watered down
during the dry season
- Proper drainage system with silt traps
strategically placed to intercept silt
laden runoff into the receiving
watercourses
- Roads should not be constructed during
periods of heavy rainfall
- Establishment of buffer zone to help
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-35
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Socio-economic
Job opportunities for local
residents
S, B
filter out sediment from surface runoff
- Installation of silt traps
2.6 Construction of sanitary
landfill
- Cell preparation (i.e.
construction of liners and
sealing systems, leachate
piping system and gas
ventilation system)
Geology
- Soil erosion and siltation
Surface Water Quality
- Leakage of fuels and
lubricants will increase the
loading of oil and grease as
well as reduce the amount of
dissolved oxygen in the river
water.
Groundwater
- Excavation works might
cause contamination of
groundwater
Vibration
- Vibration emissions due to
dump trucks that haul soil,
clay, sand and rocks
S, Si
S, N
S, N
S, N
- The working area for excavation
activities should be kept at minimum
- Fuels and lubricants must be stored
properly. Storage in bunded area is
recommended for easy containment and
minimises pollution
- Used lubricants must be stored in a
secure site and properly disposed off
- Use of drain, silt ponds and vegetation
cover so that erosion and subsequent
siltation will be confined within the site
- Scheduling operation of heavy
machineries and equipment so that
these units will not be operating at the
same time
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-36
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Socio-economic
- Job opportunities for local
residents
S, B
2.7 Disposal of construction
and biomass waste
Ambient Air Quality
- Open burning of biomass
waste
Surface Water Quality
- Dumping of construction
waste in waterways
S, Si
S, Si
- Open burning should be prohibited
- Construction waste should be properly
disposed at the provided site
- Clearance services should be provided
at least weekly
3. OPERATIONAL PHASE
3.1 Waste transportation Traffic
- Impacts will depend on the
selected route:
a) JI (Muar/Paya Redan)
Already congested
b) J2 (Kangkar
Senanggar/Batu Pahat)
Existing LOS is good
L, Si
N
- Upgrading in terms of geometry and
land configurations during opening
year, need upgrading to a signalised
intersection in year 2017
- Improvement in terms of geometry only
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-37
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Ambient Air Quality
- Generation of odour from
solid waste and its leachate
transported by dump trucks
to the landfill
Socio-economic
- Spillage of waste at
residential area will become
a nuisance
Risk
- Accident involving dump
trucks
L, Si
N
N
- Ensure garbage trucks are equipped
with proper leachate collection tank to
prevent spillage of leachate which is the
main cause of odour
- Garbage trucks should be properly
maintained and equipped with the latest
technology to prevent leakage and
odour
- All dump trucks must follow the
procedure and traffic movement
guideline
3.2 Landfilling activities
a) Tipping of waste
b) Spreading and
compaction of waste
c) Applying daily cover
and final cover
Geology
- Landslide occurrence due to
slope instability
L, Si
- Fill slope of 1:3 for solid waste
- Apply slope stability factor of at least
1.5
- Surface drainage systems shall be
installed on the slopes to ensure there is
proper drainage for surface run-off
within the landfill
- Regular inspection of slope conditions
especially after heavy rainfall
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-38
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Ambient Air Quality
- Generation of odour from
solid waste
Noise
- Highest predicted noise level
at the landfill is 114 dBA
Vibration
- Vibration emission from
dump trucks
L, Si
Si
N
- Ensure daily cover soil is provided for
each layer of fresh wastes being
landfilled
- Workers should be provided with
hearing protection
- Compactors and bulldozers should be
lubed and maintained regularly
- No dump truck is permitted to slam its
body gate for any reason
- Use heavier trucks
3.3 Land clearing for opening
of more cell in stages to
receive waste
Geology
- Soil erosion
S, Si
- Soil protection and erosion control
measures such as detention ponds and
silt traps should be provided at
appropriate location
3.3 Leachate generation
Groundwater
- Infiltration of leachate into
groundwater
Si
- Installation of HDPE liner with
thickness of at least 1.5 mm and a layer
of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) at the
bottom of HDPE liner
- Monitoring of
groundwater
quality
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-39
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Ambient Air Quality
- Generation of odour from
leachate treatment plant
Surface Water Quality
- Discharge of raw leachate
into surface water
Hydrology
- Discharge of treated leachate
into retention pond which
also collects storm water at
landfill site
Flora
- Discharge of effluent into
wetland may affect the plant
in wetland
Si
Si
B
N
- Ensure the drainage system for leachate
is properly maintained
- Ensure proper operation of leachate
treatment plant by competent operator
- Leachate should be effectively treated
to meet the acceptable conditions for
discharge of leachate (Environmental
Quality (Control of Pollution from
Solid Waste Transfer Station and
Landfill) Regulations 2009)
- None required as the effluent does not
contain oil
- Residual
impact is
mitigated by
the large area
of wetland
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-40
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Stream ecology
- Discharge of raw leachate
can diminish bio-diversity
and reduce population of
aquatic species
N
- Leachate treatment
- Monitoring of
water quality
3.4 Landfill gas generation Ambient Air Quality
- Generation of landfill gas
(CH4 and CO2)
Ambient Air Quality and
Public Health
- Generation of odour from
trace landfill gas such as H2S
and NH3
Groundwater
- Groundwater contamination
due to dissolving of volatile
organic compounds
Risk
- Landfill gas explosion
Si
Si
Si
N
- Ensure proper collection and venting of
landfill gas to prevent formation of
localised gas pockets
- Application of daily cover
- Develop a response plan based on
measured H2S concentration
- Liner system
- Installation of landfill gas flare system
- Monitoring of
H2S
- Monitoring of
groundwater
quality
- Monitoring of
landfill gas
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-41
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
4. POST-CLOSURE PHASE
4.1 Final cover and
landscaping
Geology
- Soil erosion through breach
in the turfed or vegetated
landfill areas
Flora
- The area is left bare of trees
making the whole location
uneco-friendly
Fauna
- Fauna like birds and small
mammals may not return as
the altered man-made
habitat would have rendered
the area unsuitable and
unfriendly
N
N
N
- Implement and monitor post–closure
erosion and sediment control measures
- Vegetation on the final capping needs
to be trimmed for neatness and to
provide effective drainage and erosion
prevention
- Plant tree species that can assist the re-
establishment of the fractured ecology
at the ex-landfill
- Plant tree species that can provide food
and shelter to birds and small mammals
4.2 Leachate generation Surface Water Quality
- Discharge of raw leachate
into receiving stream
Si
- Continuously operate leachate
treatment plant
- Monitoring of
water quality
Executive Summary
S = Short Term, L = Long Term, P = Permanent, Si = Significant, N = Not Significant, B= Beneficial
DEIA for Sanitary Landfill at Pagoh, Mukim Jorak, Muar, Johor ES-42
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Activity Potential Impacts Signifi-
cance of
Impacts
Proposed Mitigating Measures Residual
Impacts
Groundwater
- Infiltration of raw leachate
into groundwater
Si
- Maintain the liner system in a good
condition
- Monitoring
of
groundwater
quality
4.3 Landfill gas generation Ambient Air Quality
- Generation of landfill gas
(CH4 and CO2) and trace
landfill gas such (H2S and
NH3)
Si
- Continue operation of landfill gas
collection facility, the collected residual
gases are to be flared wherever
necessary
4.4 Waste stabilization
Risk
- Land subsidence due to
degradation and compaction
of waste, uneven settlement
can cause tearing of landfill
liner leading to groundwater
contamination
N
- Monitoring of ground conditions and
levels