DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Impact of urban green on thermal comfort
on warm summer days in Utrecht,
The Netherlands
Dipl.Ing Wiebke Klemm
Wageningen University, Landscape Architecture Group
Dipl.Ing Wiebke Klemm1, Dr. ir. Bert Heusinkveld2, Dr. Dipl.Ing Sanda Lenzholzer3, Dr. ir. Bert van Hove3
1-3 Wageningen University, Landscape Architecture Group, 2 Wageningen University, Meteorology and Air Quality Group
4 Wageningen University, Meteorology and Air Quality Group/ Earth System Science Group
CCRR – CLIMATE CHANGE AND REGIONAL RESPONSE DRESDEN 2013
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Parks are ‘cool-spots’ in the city - thermal comfortable spaces
for inhabitants on warm summer days
... especially against the background of climate change and urban heat
island effects.
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
For landscape architect especially the spatial aspects of parks, which
cause those comfortable microclimates, are interesting.
Knowing those spatial aspects (and their physical and psychological
impact), landscape architects, are able to design thermal comfortable
urban green spaces.
Towards design guidelines for urban green...
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Research questions
1. What are the magnitudes of the cooling effects of various parks in a
city on warm summer days (Ta > 20°C)? Which spatial aspects of
parks influence the cooling aspect?
2. What are inhabitant’s spatial preferences and usage of parks on warm
summer days (Ta > 20°C)?
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Research methods I
Micrometeorological measurements,
(6 days, in July and August 2012, Tair average 24.5 °C)
Cargo-bicycles, equipped with sensors for
- air temperature,
- humidity,
- wind and
- radiation sensors.
Calculating
Mean radiant temperature (Tmrt)
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Air temperature in various parks in Utrecht July 24th, 2012 (12:00-17:00 UTC)
Air temperature in (°C)
Wind from SE
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Air temperature in 7 parks in Utrecht July 24th, 2012 (00:00-20:00 UTC)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
0:0
0
2:0
0
4:0
0
6:0
0
8:0
0
10
:00
12
:00
14
:00
16
:00
18
:00
20
:00
Air
te
mp
era
ture
(°
C)
Wilhelminapark Beatrixpark Park Transwijk Park Oog in Al
Marjellapark Gagel Park Giftpark Square city centre
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Temperature/ wind speed for 7 parks in Utrecht, 13:33-14:59 UTC, July 24th 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Win
d s
peed
(m
s-1
)
Tem
pera
ture
(°
C)
Ta Tmrt Wind speed
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Research methods II
Interviews with pedestrians
(181 in total, on 15 days from July to September
in 2011 and 2012)
1. Could you indicate how comfortable you would feel on a hot summer day
in one of the following urban spaces?
2. Where do you go to on a hot summer day within a time frame of: <2
hours, half a day, one day, one weekend?
3. Which specific places within the city you find most comfortable in terms
of temperature on hot summer days?
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Who were the respondents (n=181) ?
Sex
m w
Age
<20 20-30 30-40 40-50
50-60 >60 geen
Private outdoor space
nee balkon/terras tuin no response
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
1. Could you indicate how comfortable you would feel on a hot summer day in one of the
following urban spaces?
,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
Water
beach lake swimming pool canal
,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
Stone
parking lot shopping street
square outdoor cafe
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Greenery
forest rural area park garden
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
<2uur 4uur 8uur 16uur
Outside city
City
Neighb
Street
Garden
Inside
2. Where do you go to on a hot summer day within a time frame of: <2 hours, half a day, one
day, one weekend?
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
3. Which specific places within the city do you find the most comfortable in terms of
temperature on hot summer days?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
City centre
Park
Water
DIpl. Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Landscape Architecture Group, Wageningen University
Thank you for your attention.
Contact information:
Dipl.Ing. Wiebke Klemm
Email: [email protected]
Adres: Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands