Landscape with Merchants (1630), by Claude Lorrain

Reformation created Opponents & ConflictProtestants and Catholics

battled for territory & authority

No room for compromise“only one TRUE faith”

Compounded by MonarchiesOne Ruler promoting One

FaithBelief of Nobles?

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)Monarchy, vast majority of

subjects were CatholicHalf of nobility were

HuguenotsFrench Protestants

influenced by CalvinPeasants side with

Huguenots. Why?

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre(1630), by Francois Dubois

French Wars of Religion (cont.)After many battles, Huguenots

winHenry of Navarre

Political leader of HuguenotsTakes throne as Henry IVConverts to Catholicism, why?Edict of Nantes (1598)

Catholicism still official religion…But Huguenots free to worship,

hold public office

Henry IV

Philip II, the “Most Catholic King”, wanted more control over his landsUsed religion to do soResistance in Spanish Netherlands

Calvinists destroy Catholic statues William the Silent, prince of Orange 12yrs of war = Dutch independence

Spain has large empire (where?) But also very large debt

King Philip II of Spain

Inherits throne from “Bloody” Mary

Repeals Catholic-Friendly lawsSought to balance power of

France and Spain If one seemed to be gaining power,

she favored the other

Led to war with Spain Spain wanted a Catholic England Spanish Armada fails

Queen Elizabeth I of England

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Battle over religion, politics,

territory Begins in Holy Roman Empire

Calvinists nobles (Protestants) Ignored by Peace of Augsburg

Hapsburg Emperors (Catholic) France, Spain, others get involved

Struggle for European dominance Devastated German people, land Peace of Westphalia (1648)

All German states able to choose religion

France now dominant, end of H.R.E.

Battle on the Charles Bridge (1648), Petri Krohn

Religious crisis creates need for stability Requires strong rulers that

resist change

Absolutism System where ruler has total

power “Who put this guy in charge?”

Justification: Divine Right of Kings King receives power from God Responsible only to God

Rise to power1643 Louis takes throne, age 5Cardinal Mazarin rules for him

Stops rebellion, strengthens crown

Dies when Louis is age 23 Louis XIV takes complete controlBuilds myth of “Sun King”

King Louis XIV, the “Sun King”

Palace at Versailles (VURH-sigh)Personal household of KingMany nobles moved in as

wellLouis encouraged it. Why?

Place where powerful subjects came to find favors, offices

Center of elite French cultureExamples?

The Palace at Versailles

King Louis XIV of France (cont.)Religious Policy

Goal: maintain religious harmonyAnti-Protestant policies

Hoped to Convert HuguenotsDestruction of churches, schoolsHuguenots flee

Economy & WarAdhered to mercantilistic policiesWaged four wars for fame, landOn deathbed: Regretted war,

overspending

Reception of Le Grand Condé at Versailles, by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1878)

War of Devolution 1667-1668Spanish NetherlandsGains 12 Dutch cities, costs $

The Dutch War 1672-1678Treay of Nijmegen=neutralityGains Comte-Franche (land); loses $

War of Spanish Succession 1700-1713Who will lead Spain? Hapsburg or Bourbon?Bourbon becomes King of Spain, but France

loses N. American territories and Netherlands

Pros:Efficient governmentIn touch with peopleWealth

Cons:Taxation systemPeasants and nobility

Reception of Le Grand Condé at Versailles, by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1878)

English Revolution Tudor Dynasty ends, enter James

I King of Scotland Believed in Divine Right of Kings Role of British Parliament?

Roots from Magna Carta Assumed King shares ruling power

Puritans (English Calvinists) Wanted less moderate Church of

England Gentry, landowners, Parliament

King James I of England and Scotland

English Revolution (cont.) Charles I

Supports Divine Right of KingsRefuses power to Parliament Imposes more religious ritual

Many Puritans head to America

1642: Civil WarCavaliers: support King

CharlesRoundheads: back

Parliament Led by Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

Charles I

English Revolution (cont.) Oliver Cromwell

Defeats, executes Charles I Cleans house in Parliament

Abolished monarchy, declared England a commonwealth

Frustrated by Parliament, set up military dictatorship

Restoration Cromwell dies, monarchy

returns Charles II: Catholic sympathizer James II: Devout Catholic.

conflict?James II

Charles II

Glorious Revolution James II had 2 Protestant

daughters His successor would be Protestant had son with 2nd wife, a Catholic

William of Orange (Dutch) Son-in-law of James II (Mary) Invited by English nobles to

invade “bloodless” Glorious Revolution William and Mary are monarchs

Accepted a Bill of Rights from Parliament Legitimized role of Parliament Granted individual rights No Catholic could be monarch

Solidified Constitutional MonarchyWilliam and Mary

Fredrick William the Great ElectorSmall, open land, no natural

defenseBuilds 4th largest army in EuropeCreates General War

CommissariatLevy taxes, oversees armyRuns civil servicesBureaucracy = chief tool for

ruleSon becomes King Frederick I

The Prussian State & Frederick William, the Great Elector

Holy Roman Empire collapses

Expand south & east (defeat Turks)

Gain large territory, but never becomes full absolutist state…Many different national

groupsLack of common identity,

cultureSeal of the Hapsburgs

Absolutist Russia Continual expansion (p. 446) Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”)

First czar, Russian for “Caesar” Crushed power of Boyars

(nobles) “Time of Troubles” = anarchy Peter the Great, 1689

Claims Divine Right of Kings Determined to Westernize

Updates Army, founds Navy St. Petersburg = window to WestRussian Expansion, St. Petersburg, and Peter the

Great

Effects of Enlightenment in Eastern Europe Prussia

Frederick I Strong bureaucracy to serve King Strong state through strong army

Frederick II (Frederick the Great) Big army to watch over bureaucrats Abolished torture Limited free speech & religion Kept rigid class system, serfdom

William I and William the Great of Prussia

Austria Maria Theresa (Empress in 1740)

Tried to centralize Austrian Empire

Give more power to stateease conditions of serfs

Joseph II, Maria’s sonAbolished serfdom, death penaltyAbsolute religious tolerationFailure, alienates those he tried

to help (too much too soon)

Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria

Enlightenment in E.Europe (cont) Russia

Catherine the Great (1762-1796) Open to Enlightenment ideas

of reform But does nothing, favors

nobility over peasants Absolutist ideals help gain

territory to the south and eastCatherine the Great of Russia