LANERI Nicola Org Performing Death Social Analyses of Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East...

8/13/2019 LANERI Nicola Org Performing Death Social Analyses of Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East and Mediterra

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Performing Death


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Performing Death

social analyses of funerarytraDitions in the ancient near east

anD meDiterranean

edited b

nicola laneri

with contributions bn l, e F. Ms, G M. Stz, rbt cpm,

Mssm ct, Mdt S. css, assd ns, adm T. Smt,D Ktz, St rds, Ss Pk, i rtfd,

J P, J rbb, andJms a. B

The orienTal inSTiTuTe oF The univerSiTy oF chicaGoorienTal inSTiTuTe SeMinarS nuMBer 3

chicaGo illinoiS


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lb f cgss ct nmb: 2007927320iSBn-10: 1-885923-50-3

iSBn-13: 978-1-885923-50-9iSSn: 1559-2944

2007 b T ust f cg. a gts sd.Pbsd 2007. Ptd t utd Stts f am.

The Oriental Institute, Chicago

Second Printing with Minor Corrections, 2008

Orientalinstituteseminars nO. 3

Series Editors

ls Sm

and

Tms G. ub

with the assistance of

Kt l. Js

Front Cover and Title Page Illustration

e36177. egpt, rf fm F St, n Kgdm, Dst 19/20 (13061085 b.c.),

sdst, 111.8 84.5 12.1 m, Msm Ps Fd, 1920.264.rpdt, T at isttt f cgPtgp T at isttt f cg

Printed b McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan

T pp sd ts pbt mts t mmm -qmts f am nt Stdd f ifmtSs Pm f Pp f Ptd lb Mt-s, anSi Z39.48-1984.


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To my wife Karen


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TaBle oF conTenTS

liST oF aBBreviaTionS ...........................................................................................................

liST oF FiGureS .......................................................................................................................... liST oF TaBleS ............................................................................................................................

PreFace .........................................................................................................................................

inTroDucTion

1. a ag f F rts..................................................................................... 1Nicola Laneri, Universit of Chicago

SeSSion one: a PowerFul DeaTh: exerciSinG auThoriTy ThrouGh TheenacTMenT oF Funerary riTualS

2. Sf f t Stt: Fst Dst r Fs d t rts tMms rtg ...................................................................................................... 15Ellen F. Morris, Columbia Universit

3. Stts, idg, d Mm Td-mm S: r Tmbs tumm -M ....................................................................................................................... 39Glenn M. Schwart, Johns Hopkins Universit

4. Mt rts, S rts, d idtt Stst Sp t lt Tdt e Sd M B.c. ............................................................................................. 69Robert Chapman, Universit of Reading

5. cmbd effts t Dt: F rt d S Sttmts t age Bz ag .................................................................................................................. 81Massimo Cultraro, CNR-IBAM, Ital

6. rmmbg d Fgttg e Bz ag Mt Pts tStst Dd S P, Jd ..................................................................................... 109Meredith S. Chesson, Universit of Notre Dame

7. ets St f Dg: F att, Tmb Gps, d S rg tc d its htd dg t StSt cts b.c. ..................................... 141Alessandro Naso, Universit of Molise, Ital

8. T Pts f lss: cmmts Pf Dt ......................................................... 163

Adam T. Smith, Universit of ChicagoSeSSion Two: MeMorialiZinG The anceSTorS: DeaTh aS a ForM oF culTural

anD Social TranSMiSSion

9. Sm F rts ctt ................................................................................. 167Dina Kat, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden

10. Dt d Dsmmbmt Msptm: Dspt bt t Bdd Bd Pt .................................................................................................................... 189Seth Richardson, Universit of Chicago

11. Dt f hsd ............................................................................................................ 209

Susan Pollock, Binghamton Universit 12. as d t Ss wsts rt: Pfmg Dt G d at .............. 223

Ian Rutherford, Universit of Reading


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13. rtzg Dt rpb rm: Mm, rg, css Stgg, d tw ast Msk Tdts og d if vst Ptt ................... 237John Pollini, Universit of Southern California

SeSSion Three: archaeoloGy oF Funerary riTualS: a TheoreTicalaPProach

14. B Ttmt s Tsfmts f Bd idg ..................................................... 287John Robb, Cambridge Universit

15. Mt Pts f t Td Mm: 19662006 ................................................... 299James A. Brown, Northwestern Universit

16. cdg Dsss .......................................................................................................... 309

TABLE OF CONTENTS


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liST oF aBBreviaTionS

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liST oF FiGureS

2.1. Fst Dst abds .................................................................................................................. 29 2.2. nmb f Sbsd Bs t abds ................................................................................... 30

2.3. lbs Sg hm Sf. h-s Tmb t abds; Mstb 3035 t Sqq ....... 31 2.4. Mms cmt t Sqq........................................................................................... 32 2.5. Mstb 3503 .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.6. St f Fts fm Mms cmt ..................................................................... 34

3.1. S, t Jbb P ist ...................................................................................................... 55 3.2. umm -M ............................................................................................................................. 56 3.3. aps ct ets, umm -M ........................................................................... 57 3.4. ost S is, Tmb 4 l l ................................................................................. 57 3.5. i Stt es, Tmb 4 l l ..................................................................................... 58 3.6. Tmb 4 upp l ................................................................................................................... 58 3.7. Sptd vsss fm istt B, b istt D, istt D,

d Tmb 4 upp l ............................................................................................................ 59 3.8. istt D, lkg est........................................................................................................ 59 3.9. S vsss fm Tmb 4 upp l ................................................................................... 60 3.10. S d Bz vsss fm Tmb 4 upp l ............................................................... 60 3.11. Mmt 1, lkg Stst ............................................................................................... 61 3.12. Mmt 1, lkg est ......................................................................................................... 61 3.13. agt Db- Bd Fd nt f Mmt 1 ............................................................... 62

5.1. Mp f e hd Gs Md G t t Sts Mtd t Tt........ 94

5.2. l, Ftfts d hs f t Ts; Ts, T c Bdg ............................ 95 5.3. Mk, eb: P f t e hd Sttmt d cmt; P f t cmt. 96 5.4. as Ksms; P f t nt cmt .............................................................................. 97 5.5. Sm cgs d Pm Fts t e hd iii St

Md G ........................................................................................................................ 97 5.6. T M F Stt f e hd G: as Ksms, cst G;

Mk, rk-t Tmb; nd lfks, Tm r26 d r27 ............................................. 98 5.7. nd lfks: P f t Tms cmt; T Dstbt f t wt

Dstt Gs adg t t Bgs rstt .............................................. 99 5.8. nd lfks: G Gds f Tms r17 d r4 .......................................................... 100 5.9. nd lfks: G Gds f Tms r1 .......................................................................... 101

5.10. nd lfks: Dstbt f t G Gds mg t M F assmbgs .... 102 5.11. Mk: Dkg Ptt assmbg fm t cmt ................................................... 103 5.12. Sbt Spt Fgmts Tmtg Bs d rms hd, fm Ts;

T-tt Fg f ykd P f o, fm Tsgz; T-tt BFg, fm lts .............................................................................................................. 104

6.1. Mp f e Bz ag cmt d Sttmt Sts t StstDd S P ............................................................................................................................. 129

6.2. rstt f t wd T f Bb d-D d t Sdg ldsp .......... 130 6.3. Smt P f e Bz ia Sft Tmb a114n. Bb d-D, Jd ..................... 131 6.4. P f c hs a41. Bb d-D, Jd .................................................................. 132

6.5. rstt f e Bz iiiii c hs t Bb d-D, Jd ...................... 133 6.6. rstt f e Bz ia Sft Tmb t Bb d-D, Jd ............................... 133


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7.1. abdmt f F Bz ag Sttmts St et ........................................ 147 7.2. T Stts t Tmb f t Stts c ..................................................................... 148 7.3. T hf, P Bs; Z, cm Bs; T Tt, T Fgmt;

Pf Dgs f Sm Tm c ................................................................................ 149 7.4. c, t Gt Tms ii t Bdt nps........................................................ 150

7.5. v fm t a f t Bdt nps: Tms Mgd Tms f t c a t lg f t Tm ........................................................ 151 7.6. P f St f t nps f P d cs ......................................................... 152 7.7. P d Sts f t Tmb P d cs 17 .............................................................. 153 7.8. P d Sts f t Tmb P d cs 7 ................................................................ 154 7.9. P d Sts f t Tmb P d cs 31 .............................................................. 155 7.10. ets ispt f B B fm t Tmb P d cs 17 .................... 155 7.11. ismt v f t nps f cfss d Tf ot.......................................... 156

10.1. Sk f Dt-sqd vtm, lft epsd; e P, e Sd, 1982 ............................ 19010.2. Sg Mkg t St f o f amst 100 Mss Gs usd b t Km

rg t Mdlt 1970s; Sm rp, cmbd ............................................................... 19010.3. Dt f t cstt f B Md ft Btt. vs, St f t vts ........... 195

13.1. rm G rf, nt ag Msm, cpg ...................................... 26313.2. Bb Togatus, Ms Mtmt ct, rm .......................................................... 26413.3. Dmst S, hs f Md t Pmp ...................................................................... 26613.4. Ptt Bst ad fm t Tmb f t ht, Ms Gg Pf,

vt ........................................................................................................................................ 26713.5. w Ptg f rt M f Dsd ast t ogg Gd

fm DmstLarariumt Pmp ....................................................................................... 26713.6. Mskd Pfm, Ps, fm w f lt St-t b.c.ets Tmb

f t ags ............................................................................................................................... 26813.7. Stt f nm Pmps fm t atm f t hs f t vsts, rmFm .......................................................................................................................................... 268

13.8. Ds (54 b.c.) Sg img f l. is Bts ............................................................. 26913.9. T-tt hd fm t cmp ct, l, Ps .................................................. 26913.10. itd img f hm, Msm f F ats, Bst ......................................................... 27013.11. itd img f hsd(?), Ms nz ag, nps .................................. 27013.12. hst Ptt f Gk, n csbg Gpttk, cpg ...................................... 27013.13. hst Ptt f egpt Pst fm t at ag........................................... 27113.14. rm rpb Ptt f M, n csbg Gpttk, cpg .......................... 27113.15. rm rpb Ptt f M, n csbg Gpttk, cpg .......................... 27113.16. rm rpb Ptt f M, n csbg Gpttk, cpg .......................... 27213.17. Gd Stt (196b.c.) t Ptt img f T. Qts Fms .................................... 27213.18. Ds (50 b.c.) t Ptt img f M. cds Ms (cs, 222 b.c.) ............. 27213.19. cpt Bts, Pzz d cst, rm ............................................................... 27313.20. rpb Ptt f rm it fm Ds ............................................................... 27313.21. Ptt f Ms, M Gpttk ................................................................................... 27313.22. Ptt f S, M Gpttk ...................................................................................... 27413.23. Ptt f ct t yg (utss), Ms ds atqts psmqs,

rbt, M ........................................................................................................................... 27413.24. Ptt f Pmp t Gt, n csbg Gpttk, cpg ........................................ 274

13.25. Ptt f M. ls csss, n csbg Gpttk, cpg ..................................... 27513.26. Ptt f M. ls csss, l, Ps ............................................................................ 27513.27. Ptt f c. is cs fm Tsm, Ms datt, T ..................................... 276

LIST OF FIGURES


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13.28. Ptt f c. is cs, Ms cmt, vt.......................................................... 27713.29. M rpb Ptt, Pzz cm, osm, it....................................................... 27713.30. Ptt f rd rg b rbb c ............................................................................... 27713.31. Ptt fm rm G rf, n csbg Gpttk, cpg ............................. 27813.32. Ptt f uk rm, Ms cmt, vt .................................................. 278

14.1. B Pts Md wst Sts ........................................................................... 29414.2. B Pts t Stt-t h ................................................................... 29514.3. B Pts eMdd nt St d ct it .................................... 295

LIST OF FIGURES


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liST oF TaBleS

6.1. Pm Pbsd Dt Tmb Sz, Skt rms, d nmbs fSt objts Smp (Gp iv) e Bz agia Tmbs.

Bb d-D, Jd ............................................................................................................... 125 6.2. Smm f ctts f e Bz agia Sft Tmbs b etd cst

f Tmbs d cmbs. Bb d-D, Jd...................................................................... 127

6.3. Smm f e Bziiiii c hss d ctts, idgPm Mnis d G Gds. Bb d-D, Jd................................................... 128

10.1. e vt B Mds: a Tpg ............................................................................... 194

12.1. cmps f Ss wsts rt d t id..................................................................... 231


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PreFace

Ts m psts t f tbts pstd b t ts dg t

Sd a ust f cg ot isttt Sm Pfmg Dt. Sass f F Tdts t at Mdt, 1d t t ot isttt,Fb 1718, 2006. T pp m f t t-d sm s t tpt t s stg fm t tmt f f ts t t bd-g Mdt- bs fm pst pds t t rm g. i m s t sms gz,m ffts ttd tg p mpsd f ss t ds bk-gds tpgsts, sts, gsts, t sts, d pgsts dt kdg d pts t t dsss tg t pstt f s-stdskd t bt tt d g ds fm t Mdt g. Fd-mt t t sssf zt f ts s pss s t t dg bt

ss f dfft bkgds. Ts mmt gs pdd t ppttt tgt dfft pps d tptts g t pd b t pf-m f t f ts t g st d, s st, pd dfg t tm tds t tptt f t mmts bs. Fgts pmss, t f s sttd t t fst d ddtd t t psttf s-stds (Sss 1: a Pf Dt: esg att Tg t etmtf F rts; Sss 2: Mmzg t asts: Dt s Fm f ct dS Tsmss), t sd d fsd tt pps (Sss 3: a-g f F rts: a Tt app) d t s dsss.

atg t ts td ts m f t d f t pps ddt t f, i ddd t t stt t bk t t sts fg tt-sss gzt f t sm, bs, s t d t, mst f t ppspt sm pp tmgg dfft tt fmks td t ttsp bt t pt f f ts d t s dms f t mmtf t g t tptt f t zd s-stds. h, t pp ddb Bs b dd spt s st. i ddt, tspt ft f dsss s b dd t t d f t bk (s cs Dsss) d t pd sm ft sgts t t ds pstd t t f. Bsd tssmpt tt t s dfft t t t dms f t sm tt bk,

i p tt ts m pts t ss f ts t-d pfm f sststd t dfft tgt f zg d tptg dt td t t pt f -t f ts.

i s, t sss f ts sm d t b pssb tt t sp-pt f t Dt f t ot isttt, G St, t m i m dpst gttd, s s t ss f ts sttt. Tks t tm i b g t tdpptt f gzg ts mptt sm, s b bt tg gd gt . i s d k t td m tks t adm Smt d em Tt,

1D t t ft tt sm tt s f t pstt s d b pbsd b pbsd, M Dt d Stp h

ddd t t sbmt tbt f t smpdgs.


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t spdts f t fst t ssss, d t Jt h, Dd S,d T v d ht, td s s f t t ssss. i d s k t tko Bd, Tm ub d t Pbts off, M Kssk, Bk yz, lwg, Kt Gssm, d Jst Jms f t d k d pt sppt mtts g t sm. i d s k t td m tks t t stdts f t

s F rts t at n est f t bgt d pf dssssdg ss, stmtd ds td t t tps tt td dg tsm.

PREFACE


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AN ARCHAEOLOGy OF FUNERARy RITUALS 1

1

1

an archaeology of

funerary ritualsnicola laneri, univerSiTy oF chicaGo

et ft s g, Jms B gzd pt-bkg smpsm ttd TS Dmss f Mt Pts t t mtg f t am atp-g asst, t tt tm s d Pttsbg. T pbsd pdgs fts f (B 1971) t t f pt st sp f tm. as mtd bJms B ts m, ts t mkd t d f dffsst/st pp tt ss f bs, s fsd t b s bjt, d sgd t bg-

g f t tptt f mt pts s f s d ttt f t mmt f t g (B ts m). aft t pbt f ttm, gsts bg t b m d t sss td t t ss dtptt f g dt td t b pts, s s t s sptsmbddd t pt f f ts b t mmts (s Bfd 1972; cp-m 2003; cpm, Ks, d rdsbg 1981; Pd 1982; Pk Ps 1999; oS1984). Ts, i ppd f t ot isttts pst-dt fsp, i bdtt t 2006 mkg ft s f tt dpmt s tt sgft m-mt 1966 pstd td pptt t tk spt fm t mm-tm gtd b ts t gsts, b gzg sm tt d bgtgt ds pps d mtds f t ss f t f pts, t t sm tm sttg gd f ft dts ts spf fd. i 1966 Bd s gs d pd g p t m stf pp tt ptdt s f mpt ps t tgp s-stds t ss f t bs.F ts sm i sd gg t dsss t tptt f t pt ff ts t mmts t bd mb f ss, dg t -gsts d tpgsts, bt s sts, pgsts, d t sts.

T ds t s t Mdt d n est gs s fs f mp-g dfft ptts f f pts gg fm t nt t t rm pds

s bsd t ft tt s t fst g dmtd f ts ddg t Mdd Pt t st lt, ts bd s b tzd b g-tm pss f t d tsfmt t b pts f t mmtstt pptd t dg t tms. i ddt, t m f ts m s t stgt tttg ts tt m t p bt dds f g gp spf s-t tt t pfm f f ts s td. at t sm tm skt dstd t s t dds gt dm g t ppt,mmzt, d tsmss f spf kdg s sttd tg t mt-zt f t t ts ps. i s dg, t pm bjt f ts stgts st ggt, fm st pspt, t pt f ts tst tts s

t dfd d gttd t fmks f s tts f t ts d t t f t s d t s (.g., tt ts, fm d


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2 NICOLA LANERI

ts-fm s tks, t mmb f t dd sts, t.), tt s-s f t sttt f t s tt f g gp.1

Ts, ts tdt t t m fst stgts t fdmt spts f t-st pfm t pt mpss t tst (.., rites de passage) ds dmss f f ts. Ts d s pt f t fmt f t

s tt f g mmt. T f st fsss t t tms ttmgd dg t f d tt pt t t ft s f s tsfd.

inTerPreTinG riTualiSTic PerForManceS

S t bgg f t ttt t, t ss d tptt f t dmd ts s b t m f bt gsts d tgps tstd dfgt pd b ts pts t t stt f mm tg b g m-mts. T fst ttmpts t tpt tst pfms dtd tds t b-jtft, ssft, d dstt f ts s fdmt pt f gs-sdtgt d b t d md mmt. i ts tptt, t sd s bg dt ppst t t pf tts f t st (Dkm 1995),s s bg pt f bd s t gs bfs f t mmt ptd d pb mmtd (Smt 1956). M t, t s b ds-d fm dfft pspt. it s b tptd bd s ss, dt s gs pm, bt s s s p, gzb t s sst bt t d smb mg (B 1997: 91171; Dgs1996: 119; rpppt 1999: 2368). Ts, t ss ts pf f ts s

tts t tsp bt mg d t s tdpdt, fgt s tt f t mmt t s pfmd (hbs 1992: 84119).Fg ts pt f , t t sd s b sdd s pss tt st mm d stg ks t pst t tp pst (Dgs 1996: 105).

r. a. rpppt, s dtd d mpss ss f t t bk, Ritual andReligion in the Making of Humanit, s td t smmz t m dfft spts ft tg f pdmt fts (1999: 3250), b td b t f-g sttmts:

1) pfms f ts f ds stbsd b ts (32);2) ts pfmd spf tts, f t ptd t g tsdtmd b tm t t k, t d, d t ft spps (33);3) t s m ss t (36);4) t b t tt pfm (37);5) t ts d t [ss] pd pt sts (46).

wt ts pspt, fmt mg d t spf s d pf-m pp t b mg t mst mptt mts tt m t p dg t tmtf ts. as mtt f ft, t s mpssb t s t tt tmt s-

1wt ts , i g t Gdds sttmt (1984:3): m t s s dure, ts ff dt, s ds gt.


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stg t t t tmt f pfm (s S 1988; T 1982; Tmb1979). rt pfms s s ts d ppts bt t d d d mmtd b d t g st (imt d cb 2006: 17).adg, t t pfm mbds t dm, t, d mmt -pss f t t, t ptpts bm t gts t t f sm-

b gg ptd d mmtd tg t tst p. Ts ggf t s mmtd tg t mbd s f dfft md tt t ss- ppt f t d dds ss t stgt t mmt p ft mssg dd (Ks 1992; Ms ts m), d ss t mpt t p ft t ts t gt ft (Mc d ls 2002). Ftm, t s d-g t tst pfm tt t mbt f spk tts (sstd t t -g tt tts), tms, ms, pfms-ds, fds, d ts mbd qp tt dmt ds t ppt d mm m tg mpbd mp sstm f ss mmt (B 1974; Bd 1991: 10716; is2004: 132; rpppt 1999: 13968; Tmb 1979).

h, t t p s s mptt tsfmt mt. i ft, t t b sdd s q fm f p ddssd t dstt tgf ts (Bd 1999: 244) bs t mdfs t t tsf t t tsfmt ft d t t td. rtzt s pss dds d gps tsfmd, kg tdt t t pst. i s dg, t t pds d -p-ds t t f szt f dds mg spf gps, bt s s d b -t tts bt dfft mmts d b t sst f tsfmg t ss t s td.

ad f, s ptd t b B (1997: 235), ts d t bd mmt b sm-

p pssg stmts f t m; t d t b g ft, fsggs, szg ptpts t m mbg ds f smb b, gtt-g p ts, d fgg mgs b t ptpts tk f tmsss mbg t.

Funerary riTual aS a RITE DE PASSAGE

w kpg md ts b-mtd bd pmss bt t stt dm f t t, s d t tk t t t k f t ttt-ttpgst, a. v Gp (1960), dfg t tm f ss f t. i

s g md, t t s d s t f pssg tt gs t m stts ds dt f dds t t mmts. T pstmg ss f vGp (1960: 114) s bsd t ssmpt tt t mst mptt ts tzgt f f dds, s s bt, tt, mg, d f, tpttds tt s t dds pss f fst, spt; sd, tst; d td,pt, t s mmt. T mpt f ts tptt s sstdt t s mmt f dds, t fs t dm psss d t tmt f t t tsf. atg v Gp td t pp ts tptt sttt t ts zd s bk, The Rites of Passage, s gzd t dffsmg tm d t mpssb tsk f bst st, bst sst ft ptt f ts f pssg (v Gp1960: 11). ag ts s, , f mp, m-pszd t mpt f spt t tg f t f p f gst (v Gp1960: 14647).


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4 NICOLA LANERI

v Gps ttmpt t df g s f t tptt f ts s bstg tzd b s ts s bg t dtmst (Pk Ps 1999: 2123).Bt, tg s tt pp sd t b d s sstt fttg tt ds s tts t t s ppd, t kdg tt s t sstg fd wst tgt dfft fms.

at mptt pt md b v Gp fg r. htzs (1960) mst -tmps ss f f ts s t t std f t t ps-tt f dt s t mpt f t f t mmt f t g tptg td f t dd d tg t t tg t stt f gs bfs. i ft, tf t, s t m t psss f m t, mst s b tgt f s fm pstt f t dg pfm, td b t mmt f g b-gs t pt t pb d f f.

wt ts pspt htz (1960) tptd b stms t sp f tt pm f t sd dpst mg t Dk pp f B (ids),s fdmt mmt t stt f t t s f t mmt.csqt, ts tst p d t mts pssd b t g dg tt pt f sd b dpst, s s t p f mg, sd bstdd s sg fts tt, fg Dkm pp, ks f t t-gt f t dds t t mmt tg t p f t p-stt d pp t mm mt (imt d cb 2006: 23).

T t ss b t it tpgst, e. d Mt, g t t fmg st it d fm s-st pspt s bk La morte e ilpianto rituale (2000), ft stts t mg tt tks p dt s p-d b t mmt f t g s ds stg t sts t dms

ft s dmt t. i ts , t t bms t t f b sttd fsgs d smbs p g gp f ts gs bfs (.g., tsp f t dd sts), g t pt dms f t s t-sps f t tt.

Dg t st tt-f s, ts s pspt tds f pts sb sg dpd b ms s-tpgsts, s s M. B d J. P.P (1982), tptd t tmt f f pts s s pmdt kd t psss f t d fmt f t s f f g m-mt. ag ts s, f ts b dd t bd ss f -ms td t ftt, bs, s t ptd t b M. B s dg

mks t f pts f t M f Mdgs s bk, Placing the Dead:Tombs, Ancestral Villages and Kinship Organiation in Madagascar(1994: 222), t s tdd s d t tmb t ts p f f d t bt t tsf t.

Tf, s mts bm k fts t tk t sdt dg t -tptt f f ts, f t sps dg fmks d fs tstt f s, t, d t dtts, mkg t bt t p-fms f t t d t ts.

T t pt f f ts s fdmt mmt dg t ss f t g mmt d/ sd s fd, d t ps ms fts t, f mp, t tmb, std s f pt t s d mm dspf t st. T t f ts loci memoriaesppt t st dfg mtsf tt mmts f s d t g, s s b dmsttd b Bsps mtd ss f t s f tanindraanab t M Mdgs (B


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1994: 10574). Tf, dt, fm bt mtg d tst pspt, sdt b d s stt mmt g t d f f, bt t s dm mm-tm f t d smpt f f b t mmt f t g.

Ts, t f t, s t m t psss f m t, sd b -tptd s fm pstt f dg pfm tt s ptd b t m-

mt f g bgs d s d t t pssbt t tz t t df f. i t ds, t stt f t f t tsf s bsd t t f smb gg tt s bt p dfft fms f mmt b t gp t t dd dd bgs, d t mts f t mt t t bjtsmpsg t f st, t dd bd, t mtg sts, t gs bfs, tsgs d mtts f t g pss t d t tsfm gt t,s s dt, t pst (Gd 1962: 2852), bs, s Mtf d htgt ptd t (1991: 108), t mmt f dt s td t t t pss f ft-f, bt s t t pss f g, gg d pdg pg. h, t pfmf f ts s mk mmt f mtzt f dg dss bttt pfmd t bd s t s tt f g gp(.g., fm, sd, stt, t.) s t d (s Ms, Pk, rds,d Stz ts m). wt ts pspt md, t s s mptt t stt S.Pks tgt tptt f td-mm b.c. f pts stMsptm (1999: 21617), dt [bms] tstd m smts t st mptd f t f t dd jst s t mptd f t ft b d pdts f t g. as sq, t stt f t fts b ss sd b dtd tg pss f tptt tt gds t -ms f t mtt f t pt (.g., t g, tt, d tst mts)

s ms f dfg t gt mpt f t t pfm t stt ft s d t dmss f t mmt f t g (.g., gs bfs, s-mgs, dgs, dtts).

F ts ss, i b tt ss d t std d tptt f -t f ts sd z b pts t tt t td,t spf mpss t tsp t t tts pfmd b t mmtf t g, bs t ts (t) d ds (mts) d t pt f f- ts m sg tss f g ms f kdg (Jgs 1982) mbd-dd t t s stt f g st (Ms 1992: 130), ptg t t sd t ts f t stzd pst (Bd 1999).

Ts, smmzg ts tptt f f ts s t f pssg f t sf f g st, t s pssb t pd t fg ss s t f ts fdmt f t tptt f bt t d md sts.

Fst, f ts ss t spt t d f t g fm t m ft dd, fg t mm f t dptd dds s fdmt pt f ts ts f t g.

Sd, f ts s, t, d gs dtts t b sttd,gttd, d tstd tg smbs d mtps tt pt f t mtt f tpfm f t ms sstd t b pts.

ad td, f ts fdmt mmt t t mmtstgts ts s stt d/ dmt dgs tg t mfstt f m-m bfs.


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6 NICOLA LANERI

PerForMinG DeaTh: whaT FuTure For an archaeoloGy oFFunerary riTualS?

n, t t dsgt gd fm pg t ts g f fmt tk p dg t t-d sm d t pssbt t tg -d

f t d d tbts, t ms mm tms tt mgd d-g t f pt . M spf, bsd m tptt f tds pssd t pstd pps, i b b t dtf t k tps m md pt t t mtdg d tt ss f t s-stds s . w t fst t pts dt td t t t tms f t smst m ssss the sociopolitical value of the funerar rituals d the remembrance andmemorialiation of the dead, t st pt the absence of the burial in the archaeo-logical record psss t mt bgt t gt b S. rds dJ. rbb b f t fstg pps d mmts.

are Burial PracTiceS PoliTical or culTural evenTS?

T s spt f b pts s d pstd d dbtd dg t sm-.2Mst f t tbts sdd t pt f f ts s pt f bd s s t f t ss s ms t t, f, dmtz dg dss g t p f t g ts. T dgspt f t pt f f ts pps t ss f t gdt sstd t f pts s td t dstdg f g-kd dd-s b stms s s f pt tt.3Ts spt f t mtzt fdg tts t pt f f ts pps s tt f t ss pstd b Ms (t Mm f mp f t Fst Dst fegpt), ns (tm f t i ag ct it), P (t b tdt f t msk rpb rm), Pk (t r cmt f u st Msptm),d Stz (t mmt f mp t umm -M S). i ddt, tmpt f t pt dms f b pts t sts s stg t s stt f g mmt ts dmt s, m, dt tsfmts. i ts mmts, st t ts f g s t d tgd ts s, t, d m stt p dg ss. Ts,t -sttg f t mt dms b sf s fttg t df-

t f t s d t fmks f mmt tt s gg fms f pt- d gs tt. T s-stds pstd b cpm (e Bz agpd Stst Sp), css (e Bz ag St lt), ct (eBz ag pd t ag g), d ns (i ag ct it), pt-mz t ft tt gs f pts s td g sttsfms ts m (.g., sft t s f sbsst ss), pt (.g.,tzd ps t t stt f ftfd ts), d t (.g., t t f

2Ts st s d fdmt sgts fmbt Dts pp s s adm Smts mmts

t pps pstd dg t fst sss ttd aPf Dt: esg att Tg t e-tmt f F rts.

3wt ts pspt, i d dft g ta. Smts sps t t pps dd t fst

sss (ts m) t dg dmsf mmt s dt mbddd t pdtd smpt f t mt t d std tt d f t f g mmt.


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ts f t mmb f t sts) stts (l 2007). it s dg ts d-mt mmts f s tsfmt tt fmzd s f s Praxis t - stbsd fd t bss f ps kdg (c 1987: 297302). Ts,t s tg t sttt f s f s pts s s fms f mt kdg(Gdds 1984: 45) tt t s ts f t dds f g st pdd

d -pdd (c 1987: 30406).4ag ts s, t s mptt t md sstt t s tg t g f kdg gdg t bgp, t, d sttbts f dds ps d s dtts tt t-sgs td t spf s tt (Gffm 1971: 188237). Ts, i b tt dtm btt d pts t ss f t pfm f f ts s fs . wsd s t f ts s t psss f t s ts f dd- m bgs t t gzd mt bs t ss m-g d t dt f t s sstm f g st. atg ts ts bt t (t) d t (mt) dms (wb 1947: 10717) d gtd b t t ts tt mkd t f f t dd (s rbb ts m),t sms ss t spt t t f f t dds fm t s pts ft mmbs f t s tt. adg, i g t dfg ds btPts d pts, s s sttd b Dt dg t f (s cdgDsss ts m), Pts stds f fmzd pstts f - tsps, pts ss t s tk stbsd b ddsg g mmt. i s dg, t t pfm f f ts pssst tt bt t dd d t gps pt kdg f t tf t t s s f t pt f t pm d (Fkft d Fk-ft 1946: 17) s dt s t t tt s t s, t t, d, f t

mst pt, t mt dmss f t g dds. ad t s tg td pt p f ts t f mp, tg t pfm f t t tt dd m bgs b t m t ss tt s s st f dt dj t s tt b mpssg t dd t t mmts tmps dsp f mp, tg t stt f tmbs spf ps s s pst-mtm t dpsts (B 1994: 10537). Ts, t s tg t ssf t ds f t t pt ts tmp-st dms (Gdds 1984: 3)tt df bt t s d t fmks f t s tt f t -g. Ts mt s dt t fm t g dt, bt s fm t-t ds, s s b dmsttd b Ktz (ts m) ss f t t

Sm tts, d b rtfd (ts m) mpg t t ttt-t b.c.ss sts t tt, tt dsbs t pfm f httt f t at, t t hm dspt f Pts f td b as. h,ts p s t fm d sd b dstgsd dg t t d s- bs tt sstd t dstt mts f dds s d ts. its spt, rbbs pt f t bgp f dt ptmzs t dffs d -ts b tmts tt stt td b gsts, bs, s -t sttd b i. Kptff (1986: 68), ps s m bgps tt dfdb t t spg f t dd s s s dfft s dtts (.g., f-

4 i ts tt, i d k t f t Gffms(1971: 189) pt f d ts tt -spds t t stbsmt f fmk f mt

kg, ts, gzs, d pps t p- t ds f t.


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8 NICOLA LANERI

m, pt, gs, t.) td t s sstm f t tt (Kptff 1986:8790). Ts, t g ds f ts b ts sd b tptd sbg kd t t , , d f spf dds dt, bs, s -gd b rbb s tbt (ts m), t pppt s t d f ppt dfft bgps, d s, t m f dt ffts pt bg-

p s dstd.

MeMory anD MeMorialiZaTion: reMeMBerinG The DeaD

B pts dp gdd g-stdg mm pss tt ks tf t t mtg pst sttd t t t mm f t st tsf(rds 1993). Ts, tst pfms, s s t t f f mmtsd mps d t tg f mtg sts, sttt t fdg fmk f t mm (hbs 1992) f g sts t (kulturelle Gedchtnis,assm 1992), d, sbsqt, f t s bds f t mmt ts tst pfms td. i ddt, fg M. hbs ss ft pd b mm sttg s tts, sd s t dffttps f mm: (sg/tbgp) tt s kd t dds sttd t sm s gp tg ts f ksp (hbs 1992: 24,5483), d sd , ts- (st), tt tsds t s fmk ft fm d t pst s std d tptd b s sttts (hbs1992: 24). wt ts pspt md, t s s mptt t stt tt ts t dfftmm fmks tmgd, bs, t sts, t dg dpt sttgs f t s sttts mb dss f mmbs,

tdts, d ds td t ts f spf g fms (hbs 1992: 8487).as sttd b P (ts m), t pt fms f rpb rm sd t msks f t sts dg t pfm f f ts s pt sttmtgst t pb fms dg st ps tt ssttd t dpmt f sttgs f s dfftt mg rm fms. i sm , Pk (tsm) bgt t ttt t ft tt t s md-td-mm b.c. fts (e Dst iii) pfmd t t r cmt f t st Msptmt f u, sd b tptd s t dt f gt sds (oikoi). Ts s tf dmt tt mbdd t t f t mgg fms t mpt f tt f t sttt p tg pb pfm sg t p f f

d dt (a. c. c 2005). addt, t t f t mmzt f std dd sstg mpszd b t dsps d/ dstt f mt t (.g., bjts, mbds, ms, fd, dks, t.), s s b t stt f mmt stts. ast ptd t b rds (1993: 14647), ts tst pfms (dpst sf) d t ft s d mms tds t pst, bt t s mbddmms tt s f t pst, d, mst f , f t ft.5Ts, ts ts fmmzt td tg t pfm f s d ppt dsttf ts (s Pk ts m), s s t stt f mmt sttsddtd t t mm f t dds (s Stz d Ms ts m)

5rbb s tbt t ts m s mp-szs bs sd t b tptd s pm-

t, sst dpst, bt t s stg f tmm.


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t stzd d stttzd tg t t mtt f t mmb bt s tt bt t mt (.g., mgt, mtg, t.) d ps (.g.,dsp, t pfms, t.) dms f mmts dds (Bd 1998).6wt ts pspt, t tmb f t bms st f axis mundif t stssmg, bs, s mtd b B s dg mks dg t sm, t

mpsss d mbs t mmt d ts s sstm (wt 1992). Tb fft ts mp sstm f mmbg, d t ss fgttg, t mmf t dd s t b pfmd tg mbt f md tt, s dmsttd b tpps pstd b Ktz d rtfd, d tgt t t pfmt spts,s s d tt mts (B 1974; rds 1993). Bt, t s tg t tpfm f t t tt t t tsmss f t mmts mt kdgs fd, bs, s ggtd b Mc d ls (2002: 38), t tsmssf ts ft sts t stg tts bt ptpts mms f t tts. T mptt pd b mm zg t ms f t fts s s mpszd, fm dfft pspts, b css d rds. Mspf, t s f t e Bz ag bd bs dsd st ltd pstd b css (ts m) pps s mp t pss f dstdgt p mbdd b t bd f t dd d b ts t tsfmt/sgmtt tsfmg s ps t -g tt tg sttd mmbg dfgttg. T pst-mtm ttmt f t bd s s t rdss pp (tsm). i ts s t fs s t bds f t ms d t mt bt ttd s pstts f mt ts d dg t md-t td mmb.c.(e Dst d akkd pds) d t fst mm b.c.(t n-asspd) Msptm. i bt ss, t bs f t pss f t dftd ms t

mpszs tzt f t mmttd b t dmts t t dmtd,bt t s ptmzs t mmzt f t s t t ts, tt, ts f t md-t td mm b.c., s s pssd b t t f mmtmds bt t t dsp f t qd ms.

Burial or non-Burial, ThaT iS The QueSTion!

agsts stt d bt t t btts f gst bd t dd (.g., tm mts, tm dpsts, mmt m-ps, t.), bt t tk t t t sbt f ts , f dfft -

ss, dd t pp b. Ts tstg pt s t t bt rdssd rbbs pps (ts m), t tst t mpss g t t pfmf f pts d std fs t ttt t bd d, sp, t pst-mtm ttmt f t bd. as ggtd t tt (s hmks, Pk,d T 2002), t bd f dd dd mbds t s d t stt stg fft f t s ts f t sstd mmt. adg tt tstg tss ppsd b rbb ts m, ts s stg td t tm bgp f t dds d tg bd t t s d t p-ts f t bd. wt ts pspt, rbbs pt f m bgp tsds

6F rds (1993: 144) mmbg s fmf k d s spb fm t mt t mm-z.


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10 NICOLA LANERI

Bfds pt f t social persona(1972) tg t stt f ddsf t sq f s d t pts. Ts bgps , ft, stsf pt bd (rbb ts m) tt, s s ptd t b css (ts m), td t t mmt tg t s f t ms f t dd bd. Ts,t b pps s ttmpt t mz, tz, d fz bgp

g f s stt d pdt tg t t f gd dt.w t m bgp ts bm dt (.g., sd, dt t ,bs f t bd, t.) d, s sq, t k f pp b, t st s tfd s t m t t f t g sd b gsts d mt spts, bs,s sggstd b B (ps mmt d dg dsss), t s fdmtf t stbt f t mmt t s t mm f t dd ts mbk s gt mts (.g., gsts). as sq, t bd d ts spt dm-s t b sdd s t t t f pts f g st, bs, sdmsttd b rds d Ktz, t k f pp f t bg btgt sqs f t s tgt f t t mmt. ag ts s,gsts sd s b tt t g ds f t pfm ff ts pt d mt bs t pstts f t s- d f t mmt f t g, bt t t pst t -pppt f tm bgp f t dd b t mmt.

concluSion

Ts, ft s ft Jms Bs f t t mtg f t amatpg asst, t s dm f t b pts pps t st b

t t t g stgt. h, mts s b bgt b t ss ptptd t sm. T t bgp f t dd, t s ft bd f t dd f t t tsmss f mt kdg f t st, tt f t gts t t pt f t pfm, t dstdg f tttg f dfft md mmtg t tst p, d t bsf t b pbb t mst mptt tms tt dd dg t sm.Bt, s sggstd b t tt f ts m, t pfmt spt f t f t sst pt t b s sd s dds t ptpt t s ts d pts f t mmt. M, t ms ft b tdds dg t tmt f f ts d gtd b md ss, p-

st t mtt f ts pfm s s ts st dg. i ts pspt,t bd d t mt t sstd t t t d s st f t ddbms t t f t s pts kd t ts mp fm f b d --b mmt. it s tg t mtt f ts s d t pts tt tmm f t dds dt qs pt tt fft t t (.g.,fm) t ts- (.g., stt) f g s tt. i s, t s mp tt s st f ts sm ss d t std f t f pts st t ft tt t gs fm dfft stf bkgds tpt-g t d-ms f t b pts s t mtzt f s ts d t st dms, s g-tm pss f g d tsmttg mtkdg bt t s sstm t tt s mbddd.


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2002 Thinking through the Bod: Archaeologies of Corporealit. n yk: K a-

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15SACRIFICE FOR THE STATE

2

sacrifice for the state: first

Dynasty royal funerals anD therites at macramallahs rectangle

ellen F. MorriS, coluMBia univerSiTy

of pt ts td kgdm, ts d fs tp mgt mst s d g tzd. at ts t t jts, t pd f t mt-t f t bd t d t mmtt f t bd pt mst b fd, d, dtmpd f d s t t t st. T dt f kg ts s. Ts s t

qtsst mmt f sbjt tts t b, f tsds t ttk, d f p-g fts t t stt t sq ff. if t dt f kg ts , t kgsf d s ssss t dsgd spf t st d d, m,t pmt ts d, pb, s t t ppt s .

if t dt f mks g d db ss t f f stt, t t sts t s pssb t s ts ss ttd psgft. T fst s t dt f s t pt stb pd tt stts st. i t g ft dtd mRituals of Roalt, a cm(1987) d am Kt (1987) pstt s t ( t sts t -t tms) bt pmp d pgt, t d, d pt p d stbt

t t. i Bb, Bztm, d m t stts bsds, t sggst tt smpf t pp f p d t ts f t t f tt s. Tstt s, t , t pt qt f smptt mg, d t tgt t-s dsgd t ss bst p tt stttd m f g t t p-st t st-dt ts f ttd ms. M t sm sttgzg, , sds b ptd t stt s d s t t ptd pt f t t d ftgs.

wt t mpst f stt s std bf, f s tsfmd s s d gts bg t stt st. i Fst Dst egpt, t s f ts sstd f t, t ffts f t stt stk sb t gd. wt t dt f t stt, f mp, tdt sttmt ptts dtd. Fm t st bd ftss t ept t ts dfs tdg pt ft f s t t wt ws f Mmps, bsts f stt d-g stbsd d pmtd. T tt st, s t pt pt f t Kgdm fupp d l egpt, stttd t f mpt pmt sttmtptt (wk 1997: 41). w g pt tms, fm pt tss s hkps d ngd sk sz d ft sftd t t t tsm g . idd, t t f sttmt s t t fdp bsbt hkps ffs tstg p t t dt d sft tds t f

Km ft ts qst t n Kgdm (wks 1996: 8788; Bt 1991: 114). ibt ss, g ps m mpsd s sfts d t d t d sm b.

15


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16 ELLEN F. MORRIS

i t mt d, t ffts f t stt sm. od, stbsd t bgds t sts k ngd, hkps, amt, d Tk, f mp, bdd f f mts s tt ft t dfft tps f tmbs (wks1996: 86). lks, f -ts, t ptgs f pp bd mb tmbs skk-t.Gs bm tg s , d tdts bt t pp tt f ps

tt d std f m bg t mb sm ps d mpt spdd ts (csts 1982). Ts, bf t bm tzd m sss tsd dsts, t stt egpt, s s, d b t t, d tt d mpt tsfmd t s (d dts) f ts sbjts.

T ms f t Fst Dst, t, ggd t pjt f tg t t-z smtg tt s t tt pt ddd t. at t sm tm, gpqtg t kg t t f gd hs sggsts tt ts dds t p-mtg t dg tt t d f stt s dt t. T ss f t dt f tbd t d t mmtt f t bd pt s smtg tt s, dmtstts t gpp t ft sssst t ptd dt, bt ts sss g mpfd pt dg kg mst b tsfmd t dg gd.

conSPicuouS conSuMPTion anD royal FuneralS aT aByDoS

F ts ss, d f dbtd m m bsds, d mg dg pfm tt d b m f sptd m g gdt f Fst Dst egpt. hpp, g ms sd gt t st t stgs t m (fg. 2.1). n t s dg d s pm-t t t tmp f t mt gd Ktmt, f ss mkd t sd

pts ts mst t td t dsd kgs . Fm tss, pss d kd d t g ms s t d tsspgms t fg t m std f kmt d f t t tmbs t umm -Qb.

i s ts f t tmbs, w. M. F. Pt (1900: 18, 1901: 41) s stddt t m tsds f st d ptt sss tt d b td t ts kgs,t s tg f t td qtt f pstg gds tt d tttd t pdst pg tm ptd. B t od Kgdm, t sms tt g s f ffg bsbgg g gds t t tmb sst d pb pt f t f t(.g., Bd 1978: 3233, fgs. 4243), d f mgs tm dsd t

tmbs s g b d g b spf ps s pt f pss, t smpt f ts pt f t f t b f pptd. B t tm t tmb sf qppd t mt gds, bt ptpts d bss d pssssd t-gb d f t kgs -spg p, dt, t mmd ss fm pts f egpt d fm ds bd. h, t kgs p t, t s rightst,t ts ps gds f s s s t ftf m mptd t mst mp-tt mssg t stt d t ff.

i t, Td ag f Bd d S, Ss Ks (1992: 172) sgd gsts t t g t sssss f t ts, pt tstt sd dt. T g f ms, t tm mmts f ds, t -tts f psts, d bg ds f s mts tgd tdpts f pt fs d , kd, pt d p f ts mt ts s . ct, t m pspk Pt fd msf pt-


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d tsptd bk t pt f t f f Kg Smkt d tt t t tmb. i s t pt ts, h t sp s fd t t ftdp t sd sttd t tmt ddgts f t mst b pd t, d t st s s stg ttg ts sd tt t d b smt tt tmb (Pt 1900: 14). S, t t tp gs tg tt t ps f

gd d b pd fst tg t t f s d st s f mpt ,f t t f t sm f gd t t f d pps d t t mpss mgt ms f t kgs tsfgd spt mg tm.1if ddgts f psgts ts dd t k t d f d ps t ssmbd d (d dbt t spd d f ts pf gs p f d d), t tpdt d b t t t kg-mks d t kg k.

SacriFice For The STaTe

T s f stts, d f stts sp, ts f dtsg t ptg t sps smpt f t. ls bqts, g gpd pgsss f g, mss mmt ps d tmbs, ts t mks ft stt tt dts ts gts t t pd d b f ts sbjts. T mst sfftg fm f sps smpt, d t tst pm- f stts t fst fs f fs s t sps smpt f ms.

i Fst Dst egpt, t sfs b dsd d t f -ss d t tmbs t abds. Ts tdt, s f s st, bg tt f f t fst kg f t Fst Dst, h-. T d mp ts

fdg ft f t fd kgdm, tt-f pp s t s tmb d tm d t st d t t f ss tt dt t s g (Bstkftmg). Ts pmt pps t b d sssf, f t t f fh-s sss, sm 318 pp td d t tmb, t269 gd t f s. as s ppt fm t gp fg 2.2, tst mbs f sbsd gs sttd d t tmbs d f ss,ts t s s td ft f gts d b psstd t t SdDst.2i ts ptt, egpt bts smts t t stts tt pmtdt ts fm f mmtg qt t t t sbjts t d tt t stts t dg f.3

T tkg f t m s (s s mpt t t f tg s sts,s, ffs, sds t sf dt) qs mss stmt d-g tt d ts pp tt t sf f t s f t ftf f t,st m td m bg d s gt gd. Ft, ts dg ds t t fms d t d s f ts tms tt t ts m-

1T ps f gd s pd fst b sm td bt ts f htspst d amtp iii.F dsss f t dstt st f gds, s h-g 1982: 13334.

2at st t skt Kskms tmbd Pt (1901: 13) tt t stm f tsf sd stg fm t t d f tSd Dst.

3lg s t sfs tp tssd stt sdd d dmt pds g-gp dm d p. at s tms tpt f t s p f fmt (cd

1945; Pk Ps 1999: 18, 16668). T mst m-pss g ttstd mps f ts p-m d Sg c, t Fst Dst fu Msptm, d Km.


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18 ELLEN F. MORRIS

t d dbtd m ss tt t d sff s s f gt gd. at-t ddt, t stt m d t td d f sp d f gts f dsps tt qtd t pp, t st, t t kgs ppt tt bgd tm dt.

at t pt t egpts gmt s stg t dg tt t

kg s gd d tt t stt s t dg f, fs mst stttd tmds spt, f t mss f dds m d tk p. ifKs ts ss t mg t sgts, sds, d sms f f ( f dds ), t g s dtg. Fsttg, t s mbt f mptpdg d t sttgs s mpd bt t s m t btt pp s dts mpd t kgs , s tt ts pp bd sd t tmbs d f ss t abds sstd dspptt f ds-ts d g dts t t pk f t ftt mt bt d s f ds, s t fts (D 1993).

G tt Pt sd t sks f t ts d tt dsbsd ts skst m t sttt, f ps tpgsts stdd t m ms. S.o. y. Kt d a. J. Bs (2006) mt f ft-f sks fm d t tmbs d ft-gt sks fm t bs sdg t f ss f Dj dDjt, , ps fmt s stds m b. Kt d B dsd,t ptd, tt t pp bd d t f ss pp t -jd btt t t ts d d t tmbs. Pt pstss ( psdfts) sk bt tt stss, ps t psts, t t pbms.atg t dff t ts d tst f pt pstss bt t tppts s t dmt, t s sttst sgft d sggstd tt t t gps

dd t s t sm s d/ pt dtgs.adg t Kt d B, t s pssb t tpt t dt t st t dffts. T dds bd d t f s m b t tts sdd t tmbs d ts jd btt tt d t dd d t f. o t t d, f t stg pd d t, t ssttss f t t gps m b sd. T sm dt, dg t t pd,d s sggst tt t fms f t pp bd d t tmbs d pssssdgt ss t st t sk d s tt g ppt f t pgd fm t tps f mts tt tp kd s sss (Kt dB 2006: 70). w s t t s, fsg t pfm f dt, t

mptt pt s tt g-s t sf ppd t abds jt t fs d tt t dffg s sttss f ts g t s s pt f tsm s kdgd t spt pttg f t pss dt.

idd, i d g s f s t pst tt t spt pttg f t ts dtqt k ftd t psts f ts dds t f tsf d pps, sm ss t st, t gmt t spt t t kg t stt ms. F tstss, t b f h- d s sfd ts s pps t mst tgg t m-. ct t spt ppt bt ts ts bd d t kgs fss d t ts bd s tmb s qt tb. o f s, fst, s sdd b s gs tt bgd t m, dd d fdtmt s, t m, d ft dd s ps s t b md(G 2005). T t t f ss pssssd t sbsd tmbs , df t t sb bds md fm ts gs, fm (l Bstk ps.


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20 ELLEN F. MORRIS

st tt f h- d s ts tmbs, t stst bk t m-ps s pps m k d t ds t pt p s tt t spt f t kgd f pssg tds t d dg t t g ffs t abds d tdst m bd (wks 1996: 236).

T pmt f t sbsd gs t spt t t tmb s ts

tgt t d f tm, t tk t ps f t mmdt b, ft f tmbs ts stst t. it s qt k, , tt t tgmt f t ts s s sbjt f . ct, Pt (1900: 8) ds-d t ms f dd mmbs f Kg Djts mt tg ptd d k t st s f t tmbs. S tts ftd psmb, t st pt, tp ffts t t mp gsts f pg 174 dd bds t t, pdt-md f stg ps.

T ss f ts ts mt t dts d t t pt t dd s tt t tmt f t kg s f bs tst f ttmptg t stt FstDst f t. T pks st t tt f sm ts t abds sd ps tpgst n l tt ts dds d b stgd(G 2005: 120). at pssb s f t dts, , s sggstd b tss f m sf dptd fg 2.3.

T t ppmst bs (fg. 2.3 [, ]) dsd b Pt (1901, p. 3.4, 3.6) h-s tmb mp. T tt f t t b s Mstb 3035, f t mstmss mstbs td egpt (em 1938: 36). Ts tmb, tmpt t g f Kg D t Sqq, f sdd Ds mmt t abds, d tsft tbtd t ems (1961: 7576) t ds tt Mstb 3035 ft st-ttd t sm kgs t tmb tp. M mm ts mmt s ttbtd

t hmk, t ff s m s ft fd pd t Ds sk t t tmb.6

Bt t abds d t Sqq bs dpt ps pgg mpmt t tst f t, t bd fm t d s f td b. atgt pssb pd ms f t tms d dt t stts s pss ss, tms m jst s b td t pt t qt t stt gtm t ptt t bd fm m. ab t pt s s t gd rsmh sp, pbb d smtg k g (fm) t st d t t. is pmt t t s f sf, bt bs s pt t pp t b sd m-gs tgt t t b ms, ppt fg t t fsg. o g t t ms psd t Pm St, t d pp k tt t g f tms

, dd, f m s fm t st d t t7d t fsg f t sdtms t sd t dtf t spf s t gs f h- d Dj. wts mptt fm t pspt f ts pp, , s tt bt ss, t sftk p tt (s mkd b t sk, p, d hs-stdd

6T ft tt hmks m s s dsd m-s tms t Ds tmb t abds, t Mstb3506, d sbsd tmb f fm tsstd t Mstb 3506 (em 1958: 47) s ttk t t. as i g ftmg t-

, t ms f t ffs t m t f FstDst Sqq mstbs g ttbtd fqt s dsd t abds tmbs.G tt t tts f ts ffs dmstt t

tt f stts d tt t sppsdmstbs g d g td m gdst t tmbs t ttbt f t Sqqmstbs t ts m s k t b t.7if sfd ts dd d fm t

st d t t, s dfft bkgds mgtt p t dfft ds f ptpstss fd t t ppts t abds.


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t abds ss d b t sk d m t Sqq s) s s d-t pmt t f mg (t m-wtfts t abds s d t mmmfmfg ts Sqq qt).8

G t tts f t t bs, t s pssb tt t dpt t t sg f t (s smb f ts p) jt t f. T sbsd

gs sdg Djs tmb d f s dsgd t d s t 600 -dds d t Sqq b mgt mmmtd ts mss sf. o tt d, g t ft tt t b s dsd t Sqq t t abds, ts t tgg pssbt. rzk Mm, dtkg sg -g t Sqq 1936, ptd td f t gst t mts kdd. i t g f Kg D, t sms tt 231 s dds d d d ts smts f smtg sm f tm mpt. atg t Sqqb dspt ts tt k dts t t g f Kg Dj, t m mmmt m tt smbd t d t Sqq f Kg D f t st.

MacraMallahS recTanGle anD royal riTual

i d t p t t pjt f mgg t st mmt t t t f spf f, t s sf t t t Mms tg (fg. 2.4), s ts stgmt s fm k. h s dstt gps f gs bdd g tsp t st t sds f 300 120 m.9T gs f ts gps gd m d s d, tk s , sm t pst stsf s ts tt d b td t psts tt t d ssmd f t

t tt t tm dts m sd d b ppttd f tt. u-k t gs f t ts tt sdd t tmbs d f ss t abds,t gs f t Sqq ts gt pdd. Ts stt f pst dMms f dg f t fds f sgt t t stm f msssf f ts t t abds mt pmts.

Mms mt s td wd abs kmt s fm tgt Fst Dst mstbs tt t spmt kg t t pt t fMmps. w t t td tt t t ssmbg f gs ppd t dt tt g f Kg D (Mm 1940: 2),10d f mppd t g-

8rt dssss f t ss d mst t bb-gp b fd cbz d Mdt-rs2000; Bd d et 2000; M 2001. T g-mt stdd td bt Djs sk d tmmmfm fg t Sqq b d tb tptd s dd dsdg t smtzd tmb, s t f spt f ts d b ft tsfd.9adg t s g-s mp, Mm (1940,p. 1) ds t pp t td t st,pps bs t stt sstd t tSpm d dstd d (Ks 1985: 47,

. 5). o t t d, Mm m bb t st tg sf s tst -ts tt t mt dd t td t ts .rt sstt k dtk b t Sqq G-

ps S Pjt d t f ftts t t mt, tg t mj g fts k s t st t stt stdt ts ppt mpt t sp (Jffs dTs 1994: 150).10Ks (1985: 47, 48, 50) gd tt t mt b-gd t Ds g. h, td s t ps-sb d f t dtg t t st dtm t sg f t tps f m d sss(Mm 1940, p. 46). Tp B d stdd -d sp, tp a pstd g (d pps dgdd) fm f t sm ss f

ss. as Ks ts, , tp a s mtd t tst dg f Gp B/c d t Gp D. as s bs, ts sm g s b f t pst t m-t. G t mkb t p f t


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22 ELLEN F. MORRIS

mt f ts gs t dstt sts d t s, fd fm sptbt t bs tft f ts gmt d sggstd smp tt d dsdu mt q d ss m d pp Sqq. Ts t, mpbbs t s, std t 1985 w Ks td fs t t pt.

Bsd t smtt f t bs d t d gmt, Ks (1985:

5354) sggstd tt t mt bgd t ptpts mt t, ppstd t t bf Ds bd s tsptd t abds. Kss tptt ft mt s t st f tf psd t s dbtd t. Ft,g t ft tt f s t abds b fdt ssgd t Kg D,t s pssb tt t pt f t f tt fm tk p t t s dg tabds d b td t Sqq s tt t tzs f t pt mgt ptptdt t t st bs pt f t smts tt sdd t f-.11

i t bdst d mst bs , t mt sms t b dsgd t fmt t d ppt mpt ts mdst. it s tt Ks sd t kgsbd g f stt, d t, g t s f t sf, d pttt t ts d b s t ps f t fm sg. wt t stt sm t t abds f ss s sttd t s t bd d t pst ts pfmd ts s m dbtb. i t d, Ksjtd ts t d t t k f g d f mdbk stt dt t ft tt t abds s bs tp gd g s t t s sts, s t Sqq (Ks 1985: 5354). w Kss pts d, t smptt t mmb tt m f t ms f Fst Dst ss t abds tm pm d tt t bs dstt sts (bt g gzd sb-

ddd t sts) bsd d bt t tmbs d t f sst abds. Ts, t m b tt t sm bs ds td smt dff-t t t d t st.

wt t s Mms tg s Ds mssg s, t dpp sf t ssm, s Ks ds, tt t kgs bd d t tm sd s ts f-s. Ft, t gmt f t gs d s d t t sp sggsts f gp mt t mm t g psbd gmt f dds tstt ms. if pts tt t ts d d t kgs bd dts t d b f, , t s st ss f tt t tgpp. assmg t mt t b m ss mpt ts pst fm, d t

std kg b tdd t f s ts, d t sd s d f m s f std p s t t t? o, tt, d tkg d s ts fd t sm dt, t t tt d bd t kg spptg fs, s f ssmbd tgt bf mg tg t sttfst?

mt d t tft tgs, t s tmk tt d ss tp a s smp -tmp, ss ps s f tp B.11F ss bgg t Ds Fst Dst

ssss s b s dtfd tabds, d s t s pssb tt ts kgs s -btd s ts t t. T dst d-t t s f t sfs ft t g f

D, bsb fm t sbsd gs sdgt tmbs, k d b pd ts ms f s ptd t t.csdg ts dt s, t ts t

s f wd abs, d t ft tt Mms -tg s dsd d t sg k, t s tmpbb tt qt sf mts -g t kgs dd ds.


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w , f s, k t s t ts qst dft, bt g-stdgs f dm tt gd dpts f dds f dfft stts mgt pps f t tt f t t pts t b pfd. at stt fts t egpt, t sspf sttd tt b d ff s md t std dg t s k (uk.iv, p. 1867, s 59), d t d pp k tt s tdt s fdmt t t

m s g. ad a Pd d od Kgdm t, t s ppt tt tmst mptt ps stt gpg s pstd t gt f t pp dptd. i gpg f t m dds, , t mst mptt pss pd t t t f t gp t t sd mst d dd sttd t sgt. Ts tt t gt-d sd s t pst f gst spt psstd tg-t egpt st d s ftd s t s t n Kgdm t tt f-b t kgs gt (Fs 1984). it s pps sgft, t, tt b f t mstpstgs st f t gs, Gp e, d b td t t gt f t kgf bt t ts d t kg td td t st.

Bs t mt s dd sts d bs t ts bd f ts gps sm t fmd m ss t t, dffd fm tts g s, i dsss t mt fst ts sttt pts. T m stssst f Gp e t t st, Gp F t t st, d Gps a, B/c, d D t t t.a sm d g dstbd t f gs td bt Gps B/c d Gp F m Kss (1985: 5051) Gp G s t dsssd d t ts sm sz d t-gs t. F t bs f t m sts, i fs p spt dgpps t t gp, t pssb s d t s f t ts tmss, dt dg f tt t stt dt pd p t sf s msd b tfft pdt tt t t t stt f t gs, b t qt d qtt f

t gds td t tm, d b t p f pdg.B f ts st dstks dsgd t st t t d/ stts, tst- gs gd s tt stttd Gp e b f t mstmpss.12Ts gp td g t gst d mst dp t tmbs tmt,13d t s sgft tt t f t tmbs Gp e d b pdd.w st f gs d spd t, t g bbs dt ppd ttd pgmt. as s dsssd, t s f t mt ft g tdft bf smpg sttg dmsttd tt t pssssd tt f ts .T ft tt f gs Gp e d b ft tt, t, dts tt tpds d stk gd t mtp, s t s m b.

12T s dsps bt Mm-s p d g gst. Ts, f m ssd t p f t mt dd fg 2.4,i md t fg m djstmts. iGp e, Mms mp ds t sts fgs 185 d 187. i 9, i st t mssgg 158 f 185; 11, i st t mssgg 177 f 187. i Gp B/c, t stmst g t fst ks mb; i psm t t b tmssg g 99. i t td f Gp B/c, g

129 s dpt. Mm d tddt p t mssg g 121 , bt ts s bt-t pd Kss Gp G. Gp D psssss tg mb 125s; t ft g 125 i st s

t mssg g 126. T dpt g mb 14,i st s t mssg g mb 142. T dp-t g 181, i st s t mssg g 131. i ddd gs 123 d 124 t t p GpD s ts gs ppt dtt mttdfm t mp. i s ddd gs 148 d 100 tt mp Kss Gp G f t sm s. Tmbs d sttsts sd ts pt, t t -pt f t g g szs, tdb Ks (1985), m .

13Ks (1985) gs t g g szs f ts gps s fs: e 192 1.1 0.85 m; F 1.92 1.11 0.85 m; B/c 1.29 0.82 0.84 m; D 1.34 0.83 0.78 m; a 1.24 0.82 0.84 m.


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24 ELLEN F. MORRIS

ct ft pdg, t g gds tp dsd Gp e tt t dd ts qppd. abst d sst st dss d tbss mm tgt, d g, m stg js14 pdd s mtt fs. Ft, t ps f j stpps s mpssd t Ds s sggststt ts dds d b psd b t t s pk f gg t sttt

pt f t kgs tg t t d.i tms f t dmgps f ts ppt, Gp e s, sgft, t s-

t t mt t sg fm d b dtfd tg ps ms.Gtd, d t pdg, t pss m ft dstbd t s tmt, bt t s st tb tt f t tt-s sb bds, m. lk-s, t sd b sttd tt fft-f bds f dts fd s ppsd t fg pp d t d d. Ts, s f s t s pssb t t, t gt bkf ts ppt s mpsd f stbsd m, s kdgd st t m b ftd t pgd pstg s--s t kg d t sz d tf t tmbs. Pps t s s sgft, t, tt t dd s m spsd Gp e dtfd msf pt t t gp dtmt tt d-td ps f b ss (Gd 1988: 447, . a50).15

T t gs tt md p t fst f Gp e b f t gst d mstbt t t mt. it s f gt tst, t, tt t stmst f ts tmdbk tmbs d t d jst t t gt f t gst tg t ft f td tds t st td sbd sstss tt b t tt f hm-st f pt hwt-stt. Ts sm hwt-stt, kd-htp, s s tssd b dsd Kg Djs tmb (Pt 1901: 2829, 51, p.12:3) d sbd st b fgmt fd adjbs tmb (Pt 1900: 20, 39,

p. 6:8). i bt ss t hwt-stt s pstd sst t m, tg Djs tmb t b s b t m f Skmk, -k ff, t dtt t f dm f Kg Djt.16Jst t kd-htps d t ftds ftt ss t s ts gt s sttt. i t a Pd, t tmhwt sms mst ft t dsgtd m fdt tt sppd t f-fs t pt mmdt (wks 1996: 118, 12324). T ps f ts tt t tmb f f t ts sfd t Sqq, t, pps sggsts tt ts ptstt fsd t gds t d t kg s ftf bt s pps ps.

i Gp e, t, fds pt pstgs st f tmbs td t t stf t mt s . Ts pp t bgd pdmt t dt m

dmd t mt gs tt dd tm dstt fm t btts f t m-t. w t -ps pdg mg t t gs t abds stms pssbt f kg f p gmts t tt st, t sfs gd sm ft mss Fst Dst mstbs t Sqq. Gtd, ts mstbs qppd tf f ts t sdd t tmbs t abds; , t Sqq sbsd- bs ss dstbd d btt dd. Ts, t t mstbs d t s-std sfd ts pst q pptt t s f ps t t sptgmt f Mms tg t g t sm tm pd.

14Mms tps cF (1940, p. 46).

15Ts gt d m, s m s t-t st ds, pd t tt g mb190. hs tmb s dd j stpp mpssd tDs sk, t ptt sss, d gt st s-

ss (Mm 1940: 21, 58). o t -

ps m s dsd t mt.16F -dpt std f t f Skmk, sMs ftmg.


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Mstb 3506, t mstb dtd t t g f Kg D tt s qppd tm sfs, pssssd t t gs d ts gd t t td st f t tmb. i t g f Q Mt, k sd s gt f sD, , Mstb 3503 s sttd d qppd t tt sfd ts g t d sm tstg ps t t t gs Mms tg

(s fg. 2.5).17F mp, t sfd ts d t st t t st dg f Mstb3503 s pp t b mpsd f dt ms.18Ts st gp f gss sm tfttd t g stg sss d s dspptt pdd. 19F-t, t s t smt bt t t st t mts. i bt sst s pp bd t t st tt dd mg t b qpmt mds fbts, pps tdd t s t sm pps s t f-sz bts dsd sst t f t f ss t abds, t t g mstbs tSqq, d t sm mstbs t h.20

T pstg f t pgd Gp e t t st gt f t t sp pdss t s t t spt g bd t gzt f t mt d pps st f m tsf. a s mt f t st s mts sd -dg pp d t s t mt s m tt tstmst s g st tdd t b tt btt ff t t s t t t.F mp, mt ffgs t t dd dsd Gp e, d f gs td t ft f t gp (s 13, 5). Ts m bs sstd f bds,tps, d t fst f tt.21T ffg f fg f b s t pt f fs mmzd tss od Kgdm tmb fs, d ts tbs dsd t ts ft gs m pd gmps t t mt tspfmd f t mst sts ts t f s. Sm t m

bs, fg js s fd tds t ft f Gp e (s 13, 6), s st s s t pp bss (s 4, 6), s mts (s 45, 7), ts f f fb- (s 56), bts ( 6), d t pt ds (s56, 9).

wt s tstg t, s tt t g bsb ft tt dst-gsd gs t t f f st e fm ts t st f (pt ft bs f s stts mks) s t ps t fm f t st gt sts t dsd d b pdd t st f t d sss.22w tmgt b ppsd tt ts sss smp t bdgt qt f t bs-

17T t gs f Mstb 3503 dsssd ddptd ems (1954: 14358, p. 38) pt.18T s s dd f bt f t s stbs. em sms t fgtt t d t sf t pt f sbsd b F, bt tks tmd bts fd t g t t skt t b sg f t pts pfss (em 1954: 148).Psmb, f t skt d b sd fm mgt d m dfft g t ts -s.19F t f s f t st gs p-

dd, t t t gs bgg tMstb 3503 sffd t sm ft.20Md bts fd Mms gs 224d 175 d g F f Mstb 3503. Md bts

t fd t sbsd g tts tSqq. F dsss f bt bs g, swks 1995.21ctt d bs b d fm m ft mst mmt tmbs f t Fst Dst. em-ps d Qs tmb t umm -Qb (Pt 1900,p. 60), Tk Mstb 1060 (Pt, wgt, dGd 1913: 15), d Sqq Mstbs 3357 (g bs spfd; em 1939: 78), 3507 (em1958: 79), 3111 (em 1949: 9899), d 3120 (em1949: 123).

22Sts f t d sss fd s s,gt, (t mps), d t (f mps).


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26 ELLEN F. MORRIS

t d ss, t s f st e pssssd pt f mps f ts tp fst ss. it s t m tt t fd t d t dts f tft fqs tMms tg; i bg p ts sts f t d sss s bst tssd t gp Gp a, s spt t sst f tt t sts t t t sp.

i Gp a, t s sts f t d sss fd d t mbm g b g bf t g bbs d, g t ms sts fs, gt, s sss s dsd t st. i g Gps B/c d D, bd a t t t, s sts f t d sss g bst, s d sss s g gd mb.23Pps, t, ts g dstt -tft tp bts s t bt t dtts f t dds mpsdt st s f Gp e d ts fmd t fst t st f Gp a.

Demgrpy, te tree rter grps (a, B/c, d D) re retvey smr. cdremke p yere frm 7 t 13% f te ppt, d femes vry betee 10 d 26%. its mprtt t te ts respet tt me d dre ere y brey represeted tegrve grps tt brdered te mysters etr spe t te est d est, respetvey. oeter dfferee betee tese rter grps d te grps t te est d est s tt ygdts betee te ges f sxtee d tety-fr mde p yere frm 24 t 29% f teppt. Ts s te sme ge rge s ere mst f te mes bred ppret mrgrder bed hr- t abyds d s my f te dvds bred jt tter kgs s e. wt regrd t Mrms emetery, ever, stsfyg ddtesfr spty dstt ssembges f Des yg ves r sders d be sted.

Pps t f g ptgs f m, g dts, d d t tgps m td f t ss stts f ts sts t spt t Gps e d

F. T t gs, f mp, smpd b pds d t bdd, psm-b s t t t fft f g. Pt ttt t t ts s GpD, s t ftst fm t t pt f t tg d s t pst f tg gps.24Dzs f Gp D t td t t st ptt ssst t gs t gps tp qppd,25d std f g f-fs, ts dds d b d g b ppd d mts.26o t sd f Gp B/c t bds ttd ts m. idd, ts st ft pds ftd f spt dg b k t sts s s bt tm. T pff ft ( st) stg t t pt f t mt b bsdt spt t t qtts f ptt fd t t sts s . F mp, 71%

f t gs Gp a d s m m sss, ts s t f 11% ft gs Gp B/c d t t tmst Gp D.

i t t gs, t, t dstt gpgs f dds, mpsdf m, m, g pp f bt ss, d d. T dtt f t pp md p t mst pgd ssmbg (Gp a), sms t b gd t t -

23T gs Gp B/c pssssd sts f t -d sss, ts tp f j s dsd ss mbs f t gs. T gs Gp D, f tt mtt, t tt -

mps.24w 95% f gs Gp e d b pdd,t ts f t spt t t t s-ts. i Gp a pdd gs md p 32% f t

, Gp B/c 17%, d Gp F mdst12.5%.25o t f t tt-f gs pssssd pt-t sss, st sss fd t

gs.26T t f d mts t d ffs s 5:1, d f f t tt tmbs t bds t pddt bsb ptt ts.


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pts f t bk f s f Gp e sggstg pps tt ts pp mt md t t t b pd f tt t kgs gt d, t tssmkd t s sp b t g gds. T st stts dds, ts s dtst stt d fd t t t mpst, pd Gp D, td ftst fmt t. idd, f ts pp d std dg t f m t ps tt

t pd dt, s i d g s k, t d d dfft sg.T st st f t, Gp F, s pps t mst tgg. T gs dg

gd stgt tt s td m ss d t d btd f tmps jgs d jgs mm t t t s f gs t mt.27Ft, GpF s t gp t t gs btd sgft t ts sz. o g, t gs f Gp F b sm t t mjt f ts Gp e, d k t tt t pp g t b qppd. Pd-s d fm skd t gs Gp F d f gd s, s s sggstd b t ds, bts, d f bds tt t pds d ft bd. Tgs Gp F, k ts Gp e, s pdd fqt t g stg js tg t st sss d ffs fd mm Gp e mst tbst Gp F.

wt mks ts st gp pt fstg, , s t ft tt ft mp-mts dsd 41% f t gs. n ts fts m b bds d/sps (s fg. 2.6), Mm ds t dfftt t g gsts. T gptg f dt ms mg t sb bds d t pssbt tt t m b qppd t bds, t d d t spt tt ts m stttd tkgs bdgd, d d t sd f t m. T pbm tts stt, , s tt f f t s sb bds m, fts

s fd t s fm g ts gp d s t g f d.w fd fqt, fts s t mt ft sstd t -t t tmbs.28it s ts t f t tt t sg pst g gp, Gp D,pssssd fts t . Ft, t t sm tp f ft ssmbg f bds d sp-s pps t sttg fq t mst bt bs t t: mm-t tmbs s spss tt dbt d ffdd pp mpmts (d sf mt ts dd ft fd t sm tmbs).29T ft ts bds d sp-

27Sm (1991: 397) sggsts tt t gd tst tt f Gp F ss mm dg-

tdt t t sm td Sd d TdDst gt tg mmts s kfm Mdd Sqq, tg ttmpts b tm fmedbg t fd t s f s stt st fGp F fd.28Fts ts dsd f gs Gp e (161, 175, 184, 201, 210), t gs Gpa (7, 25), d t gs Gp B/c (59, 62, 69; tfst f ts gs td ms bs sbdt t m ip-K tt mtd s gds[Mm 1940: 1618, 36]). Mm (1940:3) ts tt t fts f t f tft

tps t mt s tt g ds-d sd ff.29et t sm tp f ft kt s b dsd,f mp, Tk Mstb 1060 (Pt, w-

gt, d Gd 1913: 16); Gz Mstb v (Pt1907: 1, 6); d Sqq Mstbs 3036 (em 1949:

76, 7980), 3506 (em 1958: 51), 3507 (em 1958:8485), 3038 (em 1949: 9294), 3111 (em 1949:9899), 3505 (em 1958: 1415), 3500 (em 1958:103, 105), 3504 (em 1954: 6768), d 3471 (em1949: 64). M s tks d t c Gs-B, s t fsg dsstt ttdT idg Sgf f Ft Dst egptt t isttt f ag, ust cg l-d, f fmg m tt t sm tps f fts fd Mms tg mm spf t d mt tts (dg ttmbs f mst f t Fst Dst kgs; s Sp

1980: 9698, p. 76, s. 70925) t e DstPd d, bt t ss tt, tgt t odKgdm. T ppt pdst psst ts fms. adg t Gs-B, sm f


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28 ELLEN F. MORRIS

s md f t mm mt, t bt kd, d t pp sm f t st gs f t Fst Dst s s d sggsts tt t pt- ppss t ft ts m b pb f sg s s sg, spg, sg t s mbd t smb mg. T m, f mp, sd t pps, s dd t ft ts mpd t pg f t mt m

(c. Gs-B ps. mm.). ct, f ts fts dd mpd t s-std t t f, m fdt stt tt t dds Gp F s s sm f t mst mptt ts t mt s d btmt d t.

it s td tt t st Gp e d t ts t t st fMstb 3503 sd mb f smts tt dd t ff, m s, d pdt f md bts. Ts sm mstb s s tstg t spt t ps b-t ts st ts d t st Gp F Mms tg. as t GpF, t s sfd ts pstd t t st f Mstb 3503 s sstd, s fs t s pssb t t, f ms d sg fm. lk Gp F, t gdts pst, tg t d Gp F s t pd Mstb 3503. of gt -tst, , s t ft tt t s ks dsd t t gs, bt pps, fd t t st.30lks, t sd b td tt f t st-t sfd -ts tt sdd t sgt Mstb 3504, ts bd t st sdd b qppd t fts (em 1954: 2437).

S, t, t b dd f bt t pt f Fst Dst fstt d t sf f ts? ct stt tt ts ts pp tst t g f D t t b mgs gp, bt t t dd mb f dds f g dts d sttss. T dts f sm f ts dd-

s, t stt sms mst t tk f gtd, t ts m gd t ft sg s g s t pgd stts s kdgd gtd t kgs f d mmdt ftd t . Ts mtzt f stts sftd t t sz f gs d t tppgs, bt s t pstg tspt t t t , t kgs bd psmb d f stt. Ts dt s f, t ptpts f t t st ts g t s t ts p sm t b f dd dg t k, s fft,d pps s dg t t s d smb ssts bt t dt-ts d t mgs sbd t t d dts.

T dff bt t d gpgs f s p s f s sggtd,

bdt ts fm t f m mss gmts dsd tmp gmts s stk. i t mts, pp bd t dfft tms d sptspsmb dttd b t ffts t, t fms, d t mmts d t bmptt. o d d mg, b tst, m fttg mtp f t dg f stt t Mms tg, t dts f dds f dds db sttd d dd f gpd d t ps f tt ttt pmtd t mmtt f t bd pt.

ts sts f fts pp fm d f fts t b mftd t t tmb st tsf d f s sgs f .

30em 1954: 14358. T s f t f t stts d t b std.


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Fg 2.1. Fst Dst abds (ft Bstk ftmg, fgs. 1, 10)


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30 ELLEN F. MORRIS

Fg 2.2. nmb f Sbsd Bs t abds


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Fg 2.3. lbs Sg hm Sf. (a) h-s Tmb t abds; (B) Mstb 3035t Sqq (ft cbz d Mdt-rs 2000: 30; em 1938: 35)


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32 ELLEN F. MORRIS

Fg 2.4. Mms cmt t Sqq (ft Mm 1940, p. 2; l 1997: 83)


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Fg 2.5. Mstb 3503 (ft em 1961: 67, fg. 30)


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34 ELLEN F. MORRIS

Fg 2.6. St f Fts fm Mms cmt (ft Mm 1940: 19, fg. 19)


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aBBreviaTion

uk. iv K. St, Urkunden der 18. Dnastie. rpt f 1914 dt. lpzg: J. c. hs,1984.

BiBlioGraPhy

Bd, a. 1978 The Tomb of Nhetep-Ptah at Gia and the Tomb of Ankhmahor at Saqqara. u-

st f cf Pbts os Pps 11. Bk: ust f cf- Pss.

Bd, M., d M. et 2000 l t t: u t mq sf ds gpt d i

dst.Archo-Nil10: 5577.Bstk, l.

Ftmg T et f r idg: n Dss fm t rg f a. i Ori-gins II. ot ls at. l: Pts.Bt, c. 1991 upp nb fm 3000 t 1000 B.c. iEgpt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistor

to Islam, dtd b w. v. Ds, pp. 11217. ld: Bts Msm Pss.cm, a. 1987 T cstt f ct rt: T BztBook of Ceremonies. i Rituals

of Roalt: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, dtd b D. cdd S. r. F. P, pp. 10636. Pst d Pst Pbts. cmbdg: cmbdgust Pss.

csts, J. J. 1982 ass f egpt Pdst d e Dst cmts: F c-

ss.Journal of the Societ for the Stud of Egptian Archaeolog 12: 2953.cd, v. G. 1945 Dt cgs F Pts dg 50,000 ys.Man4: 1319.cbz, ., d B. Mdt-rs 2000 ls sfs ms pq pdstq: lmp d p

dadm.Archo-Nil 10: 2140.D, G. 1993 a hdd ys t abds.Egptian Archaeolog 3: 1012.em, w. B. 1938 The Tomb of Hemaka. ets t Sqq. c: Gmt Pss. 1939 Excavations at Saqqara 19371938: Hor-Aha. c: Gmt Pss.

1949 Great Tombs of the First Dnast,vm 1. c: Gmt Pss. 1954 Great Tombs of the First Dnast, vm 2. et Mm 46. ld: egptept St.

1958 Great Tombs of the First Dnast, vm 3. et Mm 47. ld: egptept St.

1961 Archaic Egpt: Culture and Civiliation in Egpt Five Thousand years Ago. PBks a462. Btm: Pg Bks.

Fs, h. G. 1984 rts d ks. iLexikon der gptologie 5: Pramidenbau Steingefsse, d-

td b w. hk d e. ott, s. 18791. wsbd: ott hsstz.G, J.

2005 abds, lf d Dt t t D f egpt czt.National Geographicap 2005: 10621.


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36 ELLEN F. MORRIS

Gd, a. h. 1988 Egptian Grammar: An Introduction to the Stud of Hieroglphs. Td edt. o-

fd: ofd ust Pss.hss, Z. 1995 T Pgms f t r F cmps f t Ft Dst. iAncient

Egptian Kingship, dtd b D. B. oc d D. P. Sm, pp. 22162. P-

bm d gptg 9. n yk: e. J. B.hg, e. 1982 Conceptions of God in Ancient Egpt: The One and the Man. Tstd b J. Bs.

it: c ust Pss.Jffs, D., d a. Ts 1994 T hst ldsp f e Dst Mmps.Mitteilungen des Deutschen

Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 50: 14374.Ks, w. 1985 e Ktbzk ds Kgs D Skk.Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archolo-

gischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 39: 4760.Ks, w., d G. D

1982 umm -Qb: ntsg m ft Kgsfdf. 2. vbt.Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 38: 21169.Kt, S. o. y., d a. J. B 2006 vt Pt hpstss t r cmt cmp t abds, upp

egpt: a S itptt.Antiquit80: 6473.Kt, a. 1987 uspt, cqst, d cm, fm Bb t Ps. i Rituals of Ro-

alt: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, dtd b D. cd d S.r. F. P, pp. 2055. Pst d Pst Pbts. cmbdg: cmbdg u-st Pss.

Ks, S. 1992 Td ag f Bd d S. iRepresentations in Archaeolog, d-

td b J. c. Gd d c. S. Pbs, pp. 16877. Bmgt: id ustPss.

l, M. 1997 The Complete Pramids. ld: Tms d hds.Mm, r. 1940 Un cimetire archaque de la classe moenne du peuple Saqqarah . Fs

Sqq, S ds atqts d gpt. c: impm nt Bq.M, B. 2001 Ms mt m t pmts ss i 1Dst (nm-

D).Archo-Nil11: 16377.Ms, e.

Ftmg Pt d idg P t t D f t Stt. i The Archaeolog andArt of Ancient Egpt, dtd b Z. hss d J. rds. c: Spm c fatqts.

Pk Ps, M. 1999 The Archaeolog of Death and Burial. Ts a & M ust atpg S-

s 3. cg Stt: Ts a & M ust Pss.Pt, D. c. 1991 T og d Dpmt f ubsm at egpt: a rg Std. P.D.

dsstt, ust f Ps.Pt, w. M. F. 1900 The Roal Tombs of the First Dnast 1900, Pt 1. et Mms 18. ld:

egpt ept Fd. 1901 The Roal Tombs of the Earliest Dnasties 1901, Pt 2. et Mms 21.

ld: egpt ept Fd.


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1907 Gieh and Rifeh. Bts S f ag egpt Pbt 13. ld:S f ag egpt.

Pt, w. M. F.; G. a. wgt; d a. h. Gd 1913 Tarkhan I and Memphis V. Bts S f ag egpt d egpt r-

s at 23. ld: S f ag egpt.Sp, a. J.

1980 Catalogue of Egptian Antiquities in the British Museum, vm 5:Earl DnasticObjects. ld: Bts Msm.

Sm, n. 1991 Sm rmks t Gt rtg Mmts f Mdd Sqq.Mitteilun-

gen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo47: 389402.v, M. 2002 Abusir: Realm of Osiris. n yk: am ust c Pss.wk, r. J. 1997 ct-Stts, nt-Stts, d Tt Stts: T Pbm f egpt.iThe

Archaeolog of Cit-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches , dtd b D. l. ns dT. h. ct, pp. 2749. Smts Ss ag iq. wsg-

t, D.c.: Smts isttt Pss.wks, T. a. h. 1995 a r-mt f t e Dst nps t h. Mitteilungen des

Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo51: 33754. 1996 State Formation in Egpt: Chronolog and Societ . Bts ag rpts

itt Ss 651; cmbdg Mgps af ag 40. ofd:Tmps rptm.


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39STATUS, IDEOLOGy, AND MEMORy IN THIRD-MILLENNIUM SyRIA

3

status, iDeology, anD memory in

thirD-millennium syria: royaltombs at umm el-marra

Glenn M. SchwarTZ, JohnS hoPKinS univerSiTy1

i t std f n est mp sts, S s ftd s mp-mt t Msptm, t d f zt, pdg d f tt tjtst mpt d pg t dsp ssmpts f n est bsm s fm p-m (akkms d Stz 2003; F d Sg 1995; e 1997: 64; St

1998: 15). cmp sts mgd S dg t e Bz ag (. 30002000b.c.), t ts, stts, bsm, mmt tt, tg, d tsfd mspzt dsb b t st 2500 b.c.(akkms d Stz 2003: 23387). atP G t eb, pt gp stt f t s t, ts -d mt d f td t stbsmt tt ft tsdsf fm tbts dtg tt sttts dmstt s (Mtt, Pk,d Sd-Mtt 1995).

as s t s t mst dpg b zts, S mp sts tzd b pt d s qt, t qd dspptts f pt d m p. w t m b d f bt s d

pt fgts f p (Bt 1998; Pt 2002b; cp 2006b), ts qst tt b sts S psdd b t sm mbf dds. T eb tts dt tt eb d t pts td-mm S dmtd b pt ts tt dd kgs, qs, d ds, t tt ppspstts f mptt k gps (a 1988). i S, s t t mpsts, mj g f gsts d sts s t dtm t dmtpf dds gps qd p, t mgd t t t, d tst f t pp qsd s mpd t pt t qts f t st (ns 2002: 74).

o g f sdt f ts sss s mt d, s g sd s s f stdg pst s sstms. ag pps tmt dt d fm fs s k, bsd t ssmpt tt sttsdffs f ftd ttmt p dt (Bfd 1972; S 1970), t t -gt tt t ftm stts mpsmts f t dsd m b sbstt ms-pstd dt: fs , tstd ts s s mptd,qd d dsdd (Pk Ps 1999: 32). i t tt pspt, t fs s t ss d t ffmd d gttd dd d gp dtts tgt mdm f mt t (.g., Gsp 2001). Ts dffg pspts m b

39

1i m gtf t S Dm d Td ls f d-g d mmtg dft f ts pp dt M h f ssst ppg t st-ts. M f t ds mtd dsssd

t s f ts t umm -M t hscs, Bb Stt, d t mmbs f t p-dt tm.


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40 GLENN M. SCHWARTz

jd tgt pp (Gmb, wk, d rss 2001; css 1999) -mg s gzt d stts ddt t sdg t s tt ss sdmt t t stt s dtt d p d pstg.

i st S, mptt sq f t k s b t ds fmmt tmbs t s tts td t ts f mmts. at sts t

epts r k Jbs Tt, T am, T Bt, T B, d M, f- dt f t sdt f gg s ts t td mm b.c.(Ptbg 1999; Pt 2002b). Sm 40 km st f t epts, t ts t Tumm -M t pdd fs d smt s fs f t mt- dt tt f pspts s d ts stbsmt eBz ag S. i ts pp, i pst dt fm umm -M d g tt t mt- mp t t st b dstd s mtzt f t dg (DMs,cst, d e 1996; e 1997: 143, 150) d s sstd t ttt md mfst t ps d. Ft, i g tt ts dg mdsstt s f s mm t st t tt, d tt mm d b bt m-pszd d dd t pss f gttg, tstg, d fg s d pt- p.2i ddt t t pt spts f t mt mp, i s ttmpt bff t ts tptt s t st f gs t.

at bt 25 ts, umm -M s t gst Bz ag st t Jbb pf st S (fgs. 3.12).3T md s b t sbjt f std b jt pd-t f t Js hpks ust d t ust f amstdm s 1994 (csd Stz 1997; Stz t . 2000; Stz t . 2003; Stz t . 2006). 4i tJbb p, f gt s pssb t t d st zs, t stz s d stpp, st t ps f md pststs. ltd bt ts

t mt gs, umm -M m ftd s tmd pt ft g f pdts, fmt, d ps. T st psmb s dd sgf- fm ts sttg t t dg fm t epts f Msptmt s ft st. opd tgt t Bz ag, umm -M s pbb g t sbst t mj ps k eb d app; t s b ttt d-tfd s t Db Tb, pt f sm kgdm mtd fqt t ebs (Mtt 1979; ctgt 1991).

The uMM el-Marra MorTuary coMPlex

T tmbs d td stts dsd t umm -M td gpt t t f t st ps, ft . 150 150 mts t st -

2S mm b dfd s t stt f t t (t dd bf) bt t tgs t pst (v Dk d ak 2003: 2).3T dmtd b d dg t t m-pts s . 20 ; t 25 stmt ds d-

tmt t f t md pst d bg ss t dts f mdd tpgpd sf sds (s Tf 1981/82, fg. 40).

4 T umm -M pjt s dtd b GStz (Js hpks ust) d hs cs(ust f amstdm). w gtf t tDtt-G f atqts d Msms, S,f ts sppt d gmt. amg t m-

j tbts t t pjt t nt SFdt (Gts SBr-9818205 d BcS-0137513),t nt Ggp St, t at d isdDm Fdt, d t Js hpks ust.


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t pt f t st. o t aps ct, s tmbs b td ts f,5d tsttgp d tts dt tt t bt d sd sq tt spd t t ts, fm t tt-st t t tt-td ts (Stz t . 2003;Stz t . 2006). T tmbs ft bt djt t t, t t mppdg zt (fg. 3.3).

T t st tmbs pp t b Tmbs 5 d 6. atg Tmb 5 d b dstbdd ts t t st bkd t bds, ptt f t md-td mm d tbs f dt m d ft fd t.6Tmb 6, t gst ts f ds-d (. 9.6 4.8 m), s pt dstd b Tmb 7 bt td t bs f dtm pt fd sd t ms f d ff, sstd t gd d s tggps d bds f ps z, gd, d . T t st, Tmb 3 d b m ds-tbd d ts t bkd, k Tmb 5. as k Tmb 5, t ms f dt d dst d.

i tst t t dstbd Tmbs 3, 5, d 6, Tmb 4 t t st td bdf mt dpstd t s. i t t dt dds, dg fm td sd. J f gd d s, mts, ft sf st s (fg. 3.4), mt bst tbs, d t bjts dtfd, dg p f stt s fm sm sq sft t tmbs tst (fg. 3.5).T pp, t f Tmb 4 (fg. 3.6) s td t bds: dt m bdsd d t pm bs f d d dt fm. i ts bjtsk gd tgg ps, s dbds, s tq, d s sss. T sd -tmts Tmb 4 m pst bds md sd d t mk m f s.att, t m t dds d t b td t t pp tm, fss s s t stts t ptb mmts t p bd t tmb

t d t mt t ss ss f pp ( mpss s) m(B 1971).nt t g sq, Tmb 1 s psd tt d td t -

s f bds. at t tp t g m sd b sd,7 t bb, mpdb fsgs f gd, s, d ps z. i tst, t b, ppt dpst-d t t sm tm, td t dt ms t m sm mb f bjts f sd bz, dg s, bz dgg d spd, d bb ff t t sd.B tm s dt f mbgs s fd t fgmt s p d tggps. F, t tst tmb, Tmb 7, dtg t bt t tt-td t b.c., dffsfm t pdg tmbs ts ts t t Tmb 6 d ts mtp mbs,

f s s f b td, dd t ms f d gdst.

T mt mp dd t tmbs bt ddt stts. Ts f-ts td t skt ms f ms, pt qds, d smtms mfts. istt a, f mp, td f qds d t skt ms f bb;istt B td t qds stdg pgt t spt mptmts, t t

5F dtd pstt f dt fm t tmbs ddsss f t g, s Stz t . 2003;Stz t . 2006.

6 agg d sg f t skts t umm -M tmbs s dtd pm b BbStt, t t ssst f e S d admMsk, d b B F d Jdt lttt

f Tmb 1. M dtd ss b est Bt(ust f akss) 2006 s mdfd sm ft pm ss.

7Dtd skt ss dtd tt t dtf-t f f ts dds (Skt D) s fm,ps qstd (Stz t . 2003: 330), spbb t (e. Bt ps. mm.).


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42 GLENN M. SCHWARTz

sks stg dg t t sptd j (fg. 3.7:1). as ts stt t stsf t ppps d m ft. istt c td t stdg qd, istt D (fg. 3.8) d t st s qds, sptd j (fg. 3.7:3), d m ft -ms, ddt t t qd sks, sptd j (fg. 3.7:2), d g j tg tms f t m fts8dpstd t t d sgt g t t ft. o d-

dt qd skt s fd st f istt D pd gst t st f st-t f s t k ft. c, t tmt f ms, sp qds, s s fts, mpd b ts f pg mpd b t sptd sss, s mpttmpt f t pds td t aps ct mt mp.

T b dt pmt t sdt f ms s sss dg s -bs s p, dtt, d gd, bt t sd b mmbd tt ss f t tmbtts s st pgss d m ss t skt, f, d tft -ms m q s t ft. Ft, t f t tmbs td ts fd tts tt spd sbstt dstb, s t qst f g tmb smp, fpssb, s dsb.

Social iDenTiTy

a dst f d sppts t s tt t umm -M mt mps sstd t dds f g s k, pps t gst t mmt.objts mpsd f d b mts k gd, s, d ps z g- sstd t t t ts pd (cs 2000; rss 1999).9Ft, t mps td pmt d sps pt f t st: t stts t st ptbgd, td t t f t st, d sttd g pt tt d

dmtd t st f t mmt d pdd psstt s dmk f ts -btts. T pgd pst f ts ps s mps t sp t f tpss bd t, stts dsd b t bs f dt bs t tdBz ag tts t umm -M, sggstg tt mt dds s b-d ff-st.10Ts ptt s tt f tt-t a.d.Mdgs (M. B ps.mm.), t tmb f t s pd t t f t mmt pstdd mbdd b tt dd. Sm, a Gk ts, t fdgs bd t mmt t t dds td tm-, mpszg t sp stts d tg f t s t mmts tstbsd (Mk 1987; ekt 2002).11

it d b gd tt t st g gds f t umm -M tmbs ft sp-ts t t stts s ppsd t g pt f g k. Fs m b pp-tts f gttg, tstg, d tg s stts, d t tts f tmbs

8adg t ss b e. Bt (ps. mm.), ttts f ts j, ps ptd t t s-g ft (Stz t . 2003: 338), dd t -ms f t dds.9cst (1994: 155) ts tt j s ft gdstts mk bs t s sb, qs sdbb t pd, d s ft md fm d -

b mts.10at tmps sts t epts r t t st, -t pss s bd sb-

t gs tm mts, m-mt tmbs ft tm d bgd(ct d Pk 1995). apt fm t apsct mt mp, t f tmtsgzd t umm -M t td mm pssb t (Tf 1980: 90) sb-f ft

j bs dtfd t aps est.11Bb ss s sggst tt t kgs f Jd bd ps sd t s fJsm t dds td tm- (x 1995: 2068).


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d t ss mp ft s pst f t pts (Dat 2001: 468). wt m

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LANERI Nicola Org Performing Death Social Analyses of Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East...

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