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Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the...

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Language A Preview
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Page 1: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

LanguageA Preview

Page 2: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

LinguisticsWhat is linguistics and why is it important?- Linguistics is the study of how language

works.

- Language is central to virtually every aspect of human life.

Page 3: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Specialization for LanguageLungs

Lungs

Survival Functionto exchange CO2

and oxygen

Speech Functionto supply air for

speech

Page 4: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Specialization for LanguageVocal Cords

Vocal Cords

Survival Functionto create seal overpassage to lungs

Speech Functionto produce vibrationsfor speech sounds

Page 5: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Specialization for LanguageTongue

Tongue

Survival Functionto move food to teethand back into throat

Speech Functionto articulate vowels

and consonants

Page 6: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Specialization for LanguageTeeth

Teeth

Survival Functionto break up food

Speech Functionto provide place of

articulation for consonants

Page 7: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Specialization for LanguageLips

Lips

Survival Functionto seal oral cavity

Speech Functionto articulate vowels

and consonants

Page 8: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Specialization for LanguageNose

Nose

Survival Functionto assist in breathing

Speech Functionto provide nasal

resonance during speech

Page 9: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

A Creative SystemLanguage must be creative, allowing novelty

and innovation in response to new thoughts,

experiences, and situations.

Page 10: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Nouns Used as Verbs

Noun Use Verb UsePull the boat onto the beach beach the boat

Keep the airplane on the ground ground the airplane

Tie a knot in the string knot the string

Put the water in bottles bottle the water

Catch the fish with a spear spear the fish

Clean the floor with a mop mop the floor

Page 11: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Linguistic CompetenceSpeakers of a language are able to produce and understand an unlimited number of utterances, including many that are novel and unfamiliar.

a. prasp

b. flib

c. traf

Page 12: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

GrammarIt is the mental system that allows human beings to form and interpret the sounds, words, and sentences of their language.

Component Domain

Phonetics The articulation and perception of speech sounds

Phonology The patterning of speech sounds

Morphology Word formation

Syntax Sentence formation

Semantics The interpretation of words and sentences

Page 13: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar

Walbiri (an indigenous language of Australia)The two dogs now see several kangaroos.

a. Dogs two now see kangaroos several.b. See now dogs two kangaroos several.c. See now kangaroos several dogs two.d. Kangaroos several now dogs two see.e. Kangaroos several now see dogs two.

The word lu must be placed on the word for ‘dogs’ to indicate that it names the animals that do the seeing rather than the animals that are seen.

Page 14: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Parity: All Grammars are Equal

a. I seen that.

b. They was there.

c. He didn’t do nothing.

d. He ain’t here.

The analysis of language must reflect the way it is actually used, not someone’s idealized vision of how it should be used.

Page 15: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Two ways to look at grammarDescriptive grammar – a grammar that seeks to

describe human linguistic ability and knowledge.

Prescriptive grammar – a grammar that aims to state the linguistic facts in terms of how they should be.

Page 16: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

joan ellis on October 8th, 2007 4:24 pmDailywritingtips.com

I love your examples but am floored by our culture’s now constant use of “impact” as a verb. Can you clear this up.The growth of the economy will have an impact on millions of people that sounds right to me whereas The growth of the economy will impact millions of people sounds just plain wrong. Help! Joan Ellis

Page 17: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Maeve on October 8th, 2007 5:22 pmDailywritingtips.com

Joan,Alas, it’s not the culture, it’s the language. I

don’t know about other languages, but in English, it seems that ANY word can be used as a verb.

Shakespeare’s Duke of York uses “uncle” as a verb in Richard II: Tut, tut! Grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle.

That’s not to say that’s a good thing. I share your annoyance regarding the practice

of using the noun”impact” as a verb, but the only “explanation” I can come up with is that it’s possible, so people do it.

Page 18: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

I dislike other verb-related messing abouts, for example, using the intransitive verb “disappear” transitively as in Uzbek police disappear torture victim.

And it still sets my teeth on edge when people talk about “growing the economy,” or “growing a business.” As far as I’m concerned, people grow corn and other crops. They develop or expand businesses.

I suppose that all one can do is observe one’s own standards, and try to shed a little light on the usage of one’s nearest and dearest.

Page 19: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Jensita on January 3rd, 2008 3:53 pmDailywritingtips.com

Regarding “growing a business”, I think it’s used more as a metaphor than a literal phrase. In its early stages, a young plant, child or other living thing is usually very fragile and requires special needs. In that sense, a business must be treated in the same fashion in order to expand or “grow”.

Thinking of it in those terms makes me less inclined to cringe at the phrase “growing a business”.

Additionally, one of Merriam-Webster’s definitions for grow is “to promote the development of ”

Page 20: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Universality: Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways1. All languages use a small set of contrastive

sounds that help distinguish words from each other (i.e. /t/ and /d/ sounds)

2. All languages have more consonant sounds than vowel sounds.

3. Any language that has an /f/ also has an /s/. 4. All languages have a vowel that sounds like

‘ah’ in father.

Page 21: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Mutability: Grammars Change over Time1. Prior to 1200, ne before the verb and not after it.We ne seeth nawt the knyghtes.

(We didn’t see the knights)2. By 1400, not (or nawt) typically occurred by itself

after the verb.We saw nawt the knyghtes.3. Several centuries later, English adopted current

practice of allowing not to occur after only certain types of verbs (do, have, will, and so on)

Page 22: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Inaccessibility: Grammatical Knowledge is Subconscious

a. Hunted

b. Slipped

c. Buzzed

d. Flib

Page 23: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Inaccessibility: Grammatical Knowledge is SubconsciousI went to school.I went to movie.

• Mary ate a cookie, and then Johnnie ate a cookie too.

• Mary ate a cookie, and then she ate some cake too. • Mary ate a cookie, and then Johnnie ate some cake

too.• Mary ate a cookie, and then Johnnie had a snack

too.

Page 24: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Describe the meaning of each of these new verbs.a. We punk-rocked the night away.

b. She dog-teamed her way across the Arctic.

c. We MG’d to Oregon.

d. You should Band-Aid that cut.

e. He Gretzky’d his way to the net.

f. We Greyhounded to Columbus.

g. We’ll have to Ajax the sink.

h. We Windexed the windows.

i. You should Clairol your hair.

j. Let’s carton the eggs.

Page 25: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

PracticeCreate three new verbs from nouns. Build a sentence around each of these new verbs.

He Van Goghed him.

-Bob Costas

Page 26: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Which of the following forms are possible words of English?a. Mbood

b. Frall

c. Coofp

d. Ktleem

e. Sproke

f. Flube

g. Wordms

h. bsarn

It is your job to invent new names for new products. Create four new forms that are possible words of English and four that are not.

Page 27: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Part of linguistic competence involves the ability to recognize whether novel utterances are acceptable. Consider the following sentences and determine which are possible sentence in English.

• Jason’s mother left himself with nothing to eat.• Miriam is eager to talk to.• This is the man who I took a picture of.• Colin made Jane a sandwich.• Is the dog sleeping the bone away?• Wayne prepared Zena a cake.• Max cleaned the garden up.• Max cleaned up the garden.• Max cleaned up it.• I desire you to leave.• That you likes liver surprises me.

Page 28: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

Consider the following sentences, each of which is acceptable to some speakers of English. Try to identify the prescriptive rules that are violated in each case.

a. He don’t know about the race.b. You was out when I called.c. There’s twenty horses registered in the show.d. That window’s broke, so be careful.e. Jim and me are gonna go campin’ this weekend.f. Who did you come with? g. I seen the parade last week.h. He been lost in the woods for ten days.i. My car needs cleaned ‘cause of all the rain.j. Julie ain’t got none.k. Somebody left their book on the train.l. Murray hurt hisself in the game.

Page 29: Language A Preview. Linguistics What is linguistics and why is it important? - Linguistics is the study of how language works. - Language is central to.

What is the reaction of linguists to the claim that sentences of this sort are wrong?


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